Prosody in Indonesian Languages Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Contour of the Indonesian archipelago filled with a fragment of a Yogyakarta batik (collection of the KITLV, 37B-98, Leiden, The Netherlands). ISBN-13: 978-90-78328-44-5 NUR 616 Copyright © 2007 by the individual authors. All rights reserved. Prosody in Indonesian Languages Edited by Vincent J. van Heuven & Ellen van Zanten Leiden University Centre for Linguistics The research reported in this volume was financially supported by grant 95-CS-05 from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) within the framework of Scientific cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Principal investigators were W.A.L. Stokhof and V.J. van Heuven. Additional funding was obtained from NUFFIC and from the Nederlandse Taalunie. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Vincent J. van Heuven & Myrna Laksman 1.1 The proposal 1 1.2 Research on prosody 2 1.3 Researchers and projects 4 1.4 Products 5 1.5 Current employment 6 1.6 Contents of the volume 6 Acknowledgments 6 References 7 Chapter 2: Lexical tone in Magey Matbat Bert Remijsen 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The Matbat language 9 2.2.1 Language situation 9 2.2.2 Previous studies 11 2.2.3 Genealogic classification 12 2.3 Lexical tone in Matbat: phonological description 13 2.4 Lexical tone in Matbat: acoustic analysis 15 2.4.1 Motivation and approach 15 2.4.2 Data collection and data analysis 16 2.4.2.1 Speakers 16 2.4.2.2 Materials and procedure 16 2.4.2.3 Data analysis and statistics 17 2.4.3 Results and discussion 19 2.4.3.1 The effect of tone on f0 and duration 19 2.4.3.2 The effect of utterance context on f0 and duration 23 2.5 Conclusion and discussion 24 2.5.1 Matbat is a tone language with six tonemes 24 2.5.2 Comparison with the Ma»ya tone system 25 2.5.3 The origin of tone in Matbat and Ma»ya 26 2.5.4 Further research 29 Acknowledgments 30 References 30 Appendices 33 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 3: Stress and accent in Indonesian Rob Goedemans & Ellen van Zanten 3.1 Introduction 35 3.1.1 Background 36 3.1.2 Indonesian stress 38 3.1.3 The experiments 40 3.2 Production data 41 3.2.1 Method 41 3.2.2 Results and discussion 42 3.3 Perception experiments 45 3.3.1 Stimuli 45 3.3.2 Experimental paradigms 47 3.3.3 Listeners and procedure 48 3.4 Results and discussion 48 3.4.1 Javanese-based stimuli 48 3.4.1.1 Pairwise-comparison experiment 48 3.4.1.2 Evaluation experiment 50 3.4.2 Toba Batak-based stimuli 51 3.4.2.1 Pairwise-comparison experiment 51 3.4.2.2 Evaluation experiment 52 3.5 Discussion 53 3.5.1 The status of word stress in Indonesian 53 3.5.2 Accent in the Indonesian phrase 56 3.6 Conclusion 59 References 60 Chapter 4: A functional typology of Austronesian and Papuan stress systems Ellen van Zanten & Rob Goedemans 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Introducing metrical typology 64 4.2.1 Fixed stress patterns 65 4.2.2 Variable stress patterns 68 4.2.3 Weight factors 73 4.2.4 Summary 76 4.3 Stress in Austronesian languages 77 4.3.1 Fixed stress patterns 77 4.3.2 Variable stress patterns 78 4.3.3 Weight factors 79 4.3.4 Summary 80 4.4 Stress in Papuan languages 81 4.4.1 Fixed stress patterns 82 4.4.2 Variable stress patterns 82 4.4.3 Weight factors 83 4.4.4 To sum up 85 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 4.5 Demarcative, word-distinguishing and word-counter functions 85 4.6 Conclusion 86 References 87 Chapter 5: Melodic structure in Toba Batak and Betawi Malay word prosody Lilie Roosman 5.1 Introduction 89 5.1.1 Background 89 5.1.2 Betawi Malay 90 5.1.3 Toba Batak 92 5.2 Methods 93 5.2.1 Materials 93 5.2.2 Speakers and recording procedure 94 5.3 Acoustic analysis 95 5.3.1 Toba Batak 95 5.3.1.1 Stylization 95 5.3.1.2 Results 97 5.3.2 Betawi Malay 99 5.3.2.1 Stylization 100 5.3.2.2 Auditory analysis 101 5.3.2.3 Token frequencies of BM accent-lending pitch movement types 103 5.3.2.4 Acoustic properties of BM accent-lending pitch configurations 105 5.3.2.5 Pitch in [–focus] BM targets 110 5.3.2.6 Tonal accent in Betawi Malay 111 5.4 Discussion and conclusion 112 References 114 Chapter 6: The intonation of Manado Malay Ruben Stoel 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Lexical stress 118 6.3 Accent placement 119 6.4 Prosodic phrasing 121 6.5 The intonation of statements 123 6.5.1 Stress and accent 123 6.5.2 Focus and accent 125 6.5.3 Emphatic accents 129 6.5.4 Discourse particles 130 6.5.5 Final H tone in statements 134 6.5.6 Final level tone 136 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.6 The intonation of questions 138 6.6.1 Polar questions 138 6.6.2 Information questions 142 6.6.3 Echo questions 144 6.7 Special intonation patterns 145 6.7.1 Accent shift 145 6.7.2 Final H tone in tau/ and mau/ 147 6.8 Conclusion 147 6.9 Comparative intonation 148 6.9.1 Indonesian 148 6.9.2 Javanese 149 References 149 Chapter 7: Prosodic markers of the statement-question contrast in Kutai Malay Sugiyono 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Prosodic characteristics of statement and question; speech production data 152 7.2.1 Methods 152 7.2.2 Subjects and corpus 153 7.2.3 Analysis and results 153 7.3 Perceptual thresholds as markers of the declarative-interrogative Contrast 159 7.3.1 Technical procedures 159 7.3.2 Listeners 162 7.3.3 The experiments: variables and results 162 7.3.3.1 Experiment I: Effect of F0 excursion 162 7.3.3.2 Experiment II: Durational thresholds 164 7.3.3.3 Experiment III: Thresholds of the statement- question contrast 166 7.3.3.4 Experiment IV: Acceptability of basic sentence contours 167 7.4 Conclusions 168 References 169 Appendix 170 Chapter 8: Intonation of the Yogyakarta palace language F.X. Rahyono 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Production experiment 178 8.2.1 Method 178 8.2.2 Results of the production experiment 179 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi 8.3 Perception tests 181 8.3.1 Experiment 1 181 8.3.2 Experiment 2 184 8.3.3 Experiment 3 186 8.4 Summary and concluding remarks 187 References 189 Chapter 9: Concluding remarks Vincent J. van Heuven & Ellen van Zanten 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Intonation: questions versus statements 191 9.3 Presence/absence of stress 193 9.4 Stress and phrasing 194 9.5 Stress cues 196 9.6 Pre-boundary lengthening 197 9.7 Conclusion 199 References 200 Chapter one Introduction Vincent J. van Heuven* & Myrna Laksman** *Leiden University Centre for Linguistics ** Program Studi Prancis, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 1.1 The proposal In the spring of 1995 a call for research proposals was published by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), soliciting projects submitted jointly by Indonesian and Dutch research groups. A collaborative research proposal was then formulated by a small group of linguistic phoneticians at the University of Indonesia and at Leiden University, asking for a subsidy of around Mƒ 1.5 (now approximately k€ 680). The grant money covered five PhD projects, each of which was to result in a doctoral thesis, the appointment of two half-time postdoc for four years, and the transfer of equipment (computers, recorders, microphones) and speech processing software to a phonetics laboratory to be founded by the University of Indonesia. In terms of content the project was to do two things at the same time. First we would run a rather broad survey study on about 30 languages spoken in the Indonesian archipelago, in an attempt to roughly inventorize the prosodic systems of these languages. In a second stage of the work, each researcher would then single out one (or two) language(s) in his or her area for an in-depth study of the phonetic details of its (word) prosody. This work would be done by the five PhD candidates, two of whom would be supplied by Leiden University and three by the University of Indonesia. One postdoc would develop diagnostic tests that would allow the PhD candidates to efficiently determine the setting of prosodic parameters in perceptual experiments with native listeners. The second postdoc would expand the existing typological database StressTyp (Goedemans, van der Hulst & Visch 1996a, b) on stress systems in the languages of the world so that it could accommodate a wider range of word-prosodic systems, including tone systems, many of which can be found in the Indonesian archipelago (especially on and around Papua Province). 2 VINCENT J VAN HEUVEN & MYRNA LAKSMAN Within Leiden, the project was ground breaking in that it was the first to straddle the divide between the “theoretical” linguists in the Holland Institute of (Generative) Linguistics HIL and the “descriptive” linguists in the School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies CNWS.1 There were several boundary conditions on getting the grant, some of which were hard to meet.