Prosody in Indonesian Languages

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Prosody in Indonesian Languages Prosody in Indonesian Languages Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Contour of the Indonesian archipelago filled with a fragment of a Yogyakarta batik (collection of the KITLV, 37B-98, Leiden, The Netherlands). ISBN-13: 978-90-78328-44-5 NUR 616 Copyright © 2007 by the individual authors. All rights reserved. Prosody in Indonesian Languages Edited by Vincent J. van Heuven & Ellen van Zanten Leiden University Centre for Linguistics The research reported in this volume was financially supported by grant 95-CS-05 from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) within the framework of Scientific cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Principal investigators were W.A.L. Stokhof and V.J. van Heuven. Additional funding was obtained from NUFFIC and from the Nederlandse Taalunie. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction Vincent J. van Heuven & Myrna Laksman 1.1 The proposal 1 1.2 Research on prosody 2 1.3 Researchers and projects 4 1.4 Products 5 1.5 Current employment 6 1.6 Contents of the volume 6 Acknowledgments 6 References 7 Chapter 2: Lexical tone in Magey Matbat Bert Remijsen 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The Matbat language 9 2.2.1 Language situation 9 2.2.2 Previous studies 11 2.2.3 Genealogic classification 12 2.3 Lexical tone in Matbat: phonological description 13 2.4 Lexical tone in Matbat: acoustic analysis 15 2.4.1 Motivation and approach 15 2.4.2 Data collection and data analysis 16 2.4.2.1 Speakers 16 2.4.2.2 Materials and procedure 16 2.4.2.3 Data analysis and statistics 17 2.4.3 Results and discussion 19 2.4.3.1 The effect of tone on f0 and duration 19 2.4.3.2 The effect of utterance context on f0 and duration 23 2.5 Conclusion and discussion 24 2.5.1 Matbat is a tone language with six tonemes 24 2.5.2 Comparison with the Ma»ya tone system 25 2.5.3 The origin of tone in Matbat and Ma»ya 26 2.5.4 Further research 29 Acknowledgments 30 References 30 Appendices 33 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 3: Stress and accent in Indonesian Rob Goedemans & Ellen van Zanten 3.1 Introduction 35 3.1.1 Background 36 3.1.2 Indonesian stress 38 3.1.3 The experiments 40 3.2 Production data 41 3.2.1 Method 41 3.2.2 Results and discussion 42 3.3 Perception experiments 45 3.3.1 Stimuli 45 3.3.2 Experimental paradigms 47 3.3.3 Listeners and procedure 48 3.4 Results and discussion 48 3.4.1 Javanese-based stimuli 48 3.4.1.1 Pairwise-comparison experiment 48 3.4.1.2 Evaluation experiment 50 3.4.2 Toba Batak-based stimuli 51 3.4.2.1 Pairwise-comparison experiment 51 3.4.2.2 Evaluation experiment 52 3.5 Discussion 53 3.5.1 The status of word stress in Indonesian 53 3.5.2 Accent in the Indonesian phrase 56 3.6 Conclusion 59 References 60 Chapter 4: A functional typology of Austronesian and Papuan stress systems Ellen van Zanten & Rob Goedemans 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Introducing metrical typology 64 4.2.1 Fixed stress patterns 65 4.2.2 Variable stress patterns 68 4.2.3 Weight factors 73 4.2.4 Summary 76 4.3 Stress in Austronesian languages 77 4.3.1 Fixed stress patterns 77 4.3.2 Variable stress patterns 78 4.3.3 Weight factors 79 4.3.4 Summary 80 4.4 Stress in Papuan languages 81 4.4.1 Fixed stress patterns 82 4.4.2 Variable stress patterns 82 4.4.3 Weight factors 83 4.4.4 To sum up 85 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 4.5 Demarcative, word-distinguishing and word-counter functions 85 4.6 Conclusion 86 References 87 Chapter 5: Melodic structure in Toba Batak and Betawi Malay word prosody Lilie Roosman 5.1 Introduction 89 5.1.1 Background 89 5.1.2 Betawi Malay 90 5.1.3 Toba Batak 92 5.2 Methods 93 5.2.1 Materials 93 5.2.2 Speakers and recording procedure 94 5.3 Acoustic analysis 95 5.3.1 Toba Batak 95 5.3.1.1 Stylization 95 5.3.1.2 Results 97 5.3.2 Betawi Malay 99 5.3.2.1 Stylization 100 5.3.2.2 Auditory analysis 101 5.3.2.3 Token frequencies of BM accent-lending pitch movement types 103 5.3.2.4 Acoustic properties of BM accent-lending pitch configurations 105 5.3.2.5 Pitch in [–focus] BM targets 110 5.3.2.6 Tonal accent in Betawi Malay 111 5.4 Discussion and conclusion 112 References 114 Chapter 6: The intonation of Manado Malay Ruben Stoel 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Lexical stress 118 6.3 Accent placement 119 6.4 Prosodic phrasing 121 6.5 The intonation of statements 123 6.5.1 Stress and accent 123 6.5.2 Focus and accent 125 6.5.3 Emphatic accents 129 6.5.4 Discourse particles 130 6.5.5 Final H tone in statements 134 6.5.6 Final level tone 136 x TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.6 The intonation of questions 138 6.6.1 Polar questions 138 6.6.2 Information questions 142 6.6.3 Echo questions 144 6.7 Special intonation patterns 145 6.7.1 Accent shift 145 6.7.2 Final H tone in tau/ and mau/ 147 6.8 Conclusion 147 6.9 Comparative intonation 148 6.9.1 Indonesian 148 6.9.2 Javanese 149 References 149 Chapter 7: Prosodic markers of the statement-question contrast in Kutai Malay Sugiyono 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Prosodic characteristics of statement and question; speech production data 152 7.2.1 Methods 152 7.2.2 Subjects and corpus 153 7.2.3 Analysis and results 153 7.3 Perceptual thresholds as markers of the declarative-interrogative Contrast 159 7.3.1 Technical procedures 159 7.3.2 Listeners 162 7.3.3 The experiments: variables and results 162 7.3.3.1 Experiment I: Effect of F0 excursion 162 7.3.3.2 Experiment II: Durational thresholds 164 7.3.3.3 Experiment III: Thresholds of the statement- question contrast 166 7.3.3.4 Experiment IV: Acceptability of basic sentence contours 167 7.4 Conclusions 168 References 169 Appendix 170 Chapter 8: Intonation of the Yogyakarta palace language F.X. Rahyono 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Production experiment 178 8.2.1 Method 178 8.2.2 Results of the production experiment 179 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi 8.3 Perception tests 181 8.3.1 Experiment 1 181 8.3.2 Experiment 2 184 8.3.3 Experiment 3 186 8.4 Summary and concluding remarks 187 References 189 Chapter 9: Concluding remarks Vincent J. van Heuven & Ellen van Zanten 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Intonation: questions versus statements 191 9.3 Presence/absence of stress 193 9.4 Stress and phrasing 194 9.5 Stress cues 196 9.6 Pre-boundary lengthening 197 9.7 Conclusion 199 References 200 Chapter one Introduction Vincent J. van Heuven* & Myrna Laksman** *Leiden University Centre for Linguistics ** Program Studi Prancis, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 1.1 The proposal In the spring of 1995 a call for research proposals was published by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), soliciting projects submitted jointly by Indonesian and Dutch research groups. A collaborative research proposal was then formulated by a small group of linguistic phoneticians at the University of Indonesia and at Leiden University, asking for a subsidy of around Mƒ 1.5 (now approximately k€ 680). The grant money covered five PhD projects, each of which was to result in a doctoral thesis, the appointment of two half-time postdoc for four years, and the transfer of equipment (computers, recorders, microphones) and speech processing software to a phonetics laboratory to be founded by the University of Indonesia. In terms of content the project was to do two things at the same time. First we would run a rather broad survey study on about 30 languages spoken in the Indonesian archipelago, in an attempt to roughly inventorize the prosodic systems of these languages. In a second stage of the work, each researcher would then single out one (or two) language(s) in his or her area for an in-depth study of the phonetic details of its (word) prosody. This work would be done by the five PhD candidates, two of whom would be supplied by Leiden University and three by the University of Indonesia. One postdoc would develop diagnostic tests that would allow the PhD candidates to efficiently determine the setting of prosodic parameters in perceptual experiments with native listeners. The second postdoc would expand the existing typological database StressTyp (Goedemans, van der Hulst & Visch 1996a, b) on stress systems in the languages of the world so that it could accommodate a wider range of word-prosodic systems, including tone systems, many of which can be found in the Indonesian archipelago (especially on and around Papua Province). 2 VINCENT J VAN HEUVEN & MYRNA LAKSMAN Within Leiden, the project was ground breaking in that it was the first to straddle the divide between the “theoretical” linguists in the Holland Institute of (Generative) Linguistics HIL and the “descriptive” linguists in the School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies CNWS.1 There were several boundary conditions on getting the grant, some of which were hard to meet.
Recommended publications
  • The Birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan Islands, Indonesia
    DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.23(2).2006.115-132 [<ecords o{ the rVcstCrJJ Australian Museum 23: 115~ n2 (2006). The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia R.E. Johnstone Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welsh pool DC Western Australia 6'1S6 Abstract This report is based mainly on data gathered during a biological survey of C;ag Island by a joint Western Australian Museum, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense and Herbarium Bogoriense expedition in July 1'197. A total of 70 species of bird have been recorded for Gag Island and a number of these represent new island and/or Raja Ampat Archipelago records. Relative abundance, status, local distribution and habitat preferences found for each species arc described, extralimital range is outlined and notes on taxonomv are also given. No endemic birds were recorded for Gag Island but a number of species show significant morphological variation from other island forms and may prove to be distinct taxonomically. INTRODUCTION undergo geographic variation for taxonon,ic, Gag Island (0025'S, 129 U 53'E) is one of the Western morphological and genetic studies. The Papuan or Raja Ampat Islands, lying just off the annotated checklist provided covers every Vogelkop of Irian Jaya, between New Guinea and species recorded, both historically and during Halmahera, Indonesia. These islands include (from this survey. north to south) Sayang, Kawe, Waigeo, Gebe, Gag, In the annotated list I summarise for each species Gam, Batanta, Salawati, Kofiau, Misool and a its relative abundance (whether it is very common, number of small islands (Figure 1). Gag Island is common, moderately common, uncommon, scarce separated from its nearest neighbours Gebe Island or rare), whether it feeds alone or in groups, status to the north~west, and Batangpele Island to the (a judgement on whether it is a vagrant, visitor or north-east, by about 40 km of relatively deep sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Management and Breeding of Birds of Paradise (Family Paradisaeidae) at the Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation
    Management and breeding of Birds of Paradise (family Paradisaeidae) at the Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. By Richard Switzer Bird Curator, Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Presentation for Aviary Congress Singapore, November 2008 Introduction to Birds of Paradise in the Wild Taxonomy The family Paradisaeidae is in the order Passeriformes. In the past decade since the publication of Frith and Beehler (1998), the taxonomy of the family Paradisaeidae has been re-evaluated considerably. Frith and Beehler (1998) listed 42 species in 17 genera. However, the monotypic genus Macgregoria (MacGregor’s Bird of Paradise) has been re-classified in the family Meliphagidae (Honeyeaters). Similarly, 3 species in 2 genera (Cnemophilus and Loboparadisea) – formerly described as the “Wide-gaped Birds of Paradise” – have been re-classified as members of the family Melanocharitidae (Berrypeckers and Longbills) (Cracraft and Feinstein 2000). Additionally the two genera of Sicklebills (Epimachus and Drepanornis) are now considered to be combined as the one genus Epimachus. These changes reduce the total number of genera in the family Paradisaeidae to 13. However, despite the elimination of the 4 species mentioned above, 3 species have been newly described – Berlepsch's Parotia (P. berlepschi), Eastern or Helen’s Parotia (P. helenae) and the Eastern or Growling Riflebird (P. intercedens). The Berlepsch’s Parotia was once considered to be a subspecies of the Carola's Parotia. It was previously known only from four female specimens, discovered in 1985. It was rediscovered during a Conservation International expedition in 2005 and was photographed for the first time. The Eastern Parotia, also known as Helena's Parotia, is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of Lawes's Parotia, but differs in the male’s frontal crest and the female's dorsal plumage colours.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Languages, Local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia a Case Study from North Maluku
    PB Wacana Vol. 14 No. 2 (October 2012) JOHN BOWDENWacana, Local Vol. 14languages, No. 2 (October local Malay, 2012): and 313–332 Bahasa Indonesia 313 Local languages, local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia A case study from North Maluku JOHN BOWDEN Abstract Many small languages from eastern Indonesia are threatened with extinction. While it is often assumed that ‘Indonesian’ is replacing the lost languages, in reality, local languages are being replaced by local Malay. In this paper I review some of the reasons for this in North Maluku. I review the directional system in North Maluku Malay and argue that features like the directionals allow those giving up local languages to retain a sense of local linguistic identity. Retaining such an identity makes it easier to abandon local languages than would be the case if people were switching to ‘standard’ Indonesian. Keywords Local Malay, language endangerment, directionals, space, linguistic identity. 1 Introduction Maluku Utara is one of Indonesia’s newest and least known provinces, centred on the island of Halmahera and located between North Sulawesi and West Papua provinces. The area is rich in linguistic diversity. According to Ethnologue (Lewis 2009), the Halmahera region is home to seven Austronesian languages, 17 non-Austronesian languages and two distinct varieties of Malay. Although Maluku Utara is something of a sleepy backwater today, it was once one of the most fabled and important parts of the Indonesian archipelago and it became the source of enormous treasure for outsiders. Its indigenous clove crop was one of the inspirations for the great European age of discovery which propelled navigators such as Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan to set forth on their epic journeys across the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Research Article Introduction
    Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 07, Issue, 11, pp.17307-17314, November, 2017 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access LOCAL SOCIAL AND CIVIL SOCIAL COMMUNITY MOI IN WEST PAPUA SORONG *Dr. Hermanto Suaib, M. M. Muhamadiyah University Sorong Indonesia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Moi community is one of the tribes that exist in West Papua that have characteristics different Received 05th August 2017 from other tribe who have local wisdom and social capital that until now still strong. Local or Received in revised form local wisdom wisdom is a local wealth associated with the way of life view that accommodates 15th September, 2017 policies based on tradition prevailing in an area so that local wisdom not only consists of norms Accepted 09th October, 2017 and values that exist in society but also all elements of ideas, including those has implications for th Published online 30 November, 2017 technology, health care, development and aesthetics especially in Moi community in Sorong. While social capital is a social resource that can be viewed as investai to obtain new resources in Key Words: Moi society in Sorong.Local wisdom and social capital Moi community in this research reveals Local wisdom, about marriage system, property distribution system, gender or customary system of woman, Social capital, customary rights, custom system in dead or death, education system, livelihood system, health Empowerment, care system and clan system. Besides, this study also describes the profile of Moi tribe Community Moi. community in Sorong city, West Papua.
    [Show full text]
  • Manado Malay: Features, Contact, and Contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected]
    Manado Malay: features, contact, and contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Second International Workshop on Malay varieties: ILCAA (TUFS) 13th-14th October 2018 Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Introduction / Acknowledgments: ● Timothy Brickell – B.A (Hons.): Monash University 2007-2011. ● PhD: La Trobe University 2011-2015. Part of ARC DP 110100662 (CI Jukes) and ARC DECRA 120102017 (CI Schnell). ● 2016 – 2018: University of Melbourne - CI for Endangered Languages Documentation Programme/SOAS IPF 0246. ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language (CoEDL) affiliate. ● Fieldwork: 11 months between 2011-2014 in Tondano speech community. 8 months between 2015-2018 in Tonsawang speech community. ● October 2018 - :Endeavour Research Fellowship # 6289 (thank you to Assoc. Prof. Shiohara and ILCAA at TUFS for hosting me). Copyrighted materials of the author PRESENTATION OVERVIEW: ● Background: brief outline of linguistic ecology of North Sulawesi. Background information on Manado Malay. ● Outline of various features of MM: phonology, lexicon, some phonological changes, personal pronouns, ordering of elements within NPs, posessession, morphology, and causatives. ● Compare MM features with those of two indigenous with which have been in close contact with MM for at least 300 years - Tondano and Tonsawang. ● Primary questions: Has long-term contact with indigneous languages resulted in any shared features? Does MM demonstrate structural featues (Adelaar & Prentice 1996; Adelaar 2005) considered characteristic of contact Malay varities? Background:Geography ● Minahasan peninsula: northern tip of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Background: Indigenous language groups ● Ten indigenous language micro-groups of Sulawesi (Mead 2013:141). Approx. 114 languages in total (Simons & Fennings 2018) North Sulawesi indigenous language/ethnic groups: Languages spoken in North Sulawesi: Manado Malay (ISO 639-3: xmm) and nine languages from three microgroups - Minahasan (five), Sangiric (three), Gorontalo-Mongondow (one).
    [Show full text]
  • THE PHONOLOGY of PROTO-TAI a Dissertation Presented to The
    THE PHONOLOGY OF PROTO-TAI A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Pittayawat Pittayaporn August 2009 © 2009 Pittayawat Pittayaporn THE PHONOLOGY OF PROTO-TAI Pittayawat Pittayaporn, Ph. D. Cornell University 2009 Proto-Tai is the ancestor of the Tai languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. Modern Tai languages share many structural similarities and phonological innovations, but reconstructing the phonology requires a thorough understanding of the convergent trends of the Southeast Asian linguistic area, as well as a theoretical foundation in order to distinguish inherited traits from universal tendencies, chance, diffusion, or parallel development. This dissertation presents a new reconstruction of Proto-Tai phonology, based on a systematic application of the Comparative Method and an appreciation of the force of contact. It also incorporates a large amount of dialect data that have become available only recently. In contrast to the generally accepted assumption that Proto-Tai was monosyllabic, this thesis claims that Proto-Tai was a sesquisyllabic language that allowed both sesquisyllabic and monosyllabic prosodic words. In the proposed reconstruction, it is argued that Proto-Tai had three contrastive phonation types and six places of articulation. It had plain voiceless, implosive, and voiced stops, but lacked the aspirated stop series (central to previous reconstructions). As for place of articulation, Proto-Tai had a distinctive uvular series, in addition to the labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal series typically reconstructed. In the onset, these consonants can combine to form tautosyllabic clusters or sequisyllabic structures.
    [Show full text]
  • April 2011 Asia Pacific Conservation Region Marine Program Report No 3/11
    April 2011 Asia Pacific Conservation Region Marine Program Report No 3/11 Report Compiled By: April 2011 Asia Pacific Conservation Region Marine Program Report No 3/11 Report Compiled By: Acknowledgements We would like to thank the communities of Raja Ampat for sharing their knowledge and detailed information on how they use their marine resources. We are grateful to Meta Ancelino, Yohanes Goram Gaman, Ferry Liuw, and Paulus Thebu for providing field assistance and helping to conduct interviews. Peter Mous gave inputs into the original survey questionnaire and helped categorize the types of fishing gear. Alan White provided input on research questions and feedback on early drafts. This work was supported by the Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan and Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BBKSDA) Papua Barat. This work was funded by AusAID, USAID, the David and Lucille Packard Foundation, the Schooner Foundation, and the HGH Foundation Report on a Coastal Rural Appraisal in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua, Indonesia Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ ii Contents ...............................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric Circles of Convergence Antoinette Schapper, Lourens De Vries
    Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence Antoinette Schapper, Lourens de Vries To cite this version: Antoinette Schapper, Lourens de Vries. Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of conver- gence. Linguistic Typology, De Gruyter, 2018, 22 (3), pp.437-494. 10.1515/lingty-2018-0015. halshs- 02931152 HAL Id: halshs-02931152 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02931152 Submitted on 4 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Linguistic Typology 2018; 22(3): 437–494 Antoinette Schapper and Lourens de Vries Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0015 Received May 02, 2018; revised July 26, 2018 Abstract: Using a sample of 116 languages, this article investigates the typology of comparative constructions and their distribution in Melanesia, one of the world’s least-understood linguistic areas. We present a rigorous definition of a comparative construction as a “comparative concept”, thereby excluding many constructions which have been considered functionally comparatives in Melanesia. Conjoined comparatives are shown to dominate at the core of the area on the island of New Guinea, while (monoclausal) exceed comparatives are found in the maritime regions around New Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistics Study on the Use of the Javanese Language in the Learning Process in Primary Schools in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
    International Education Studies; Vol. 7, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Sociolinguistics Study on the Use of the Javanese Language in the Learning Process in Primary Schools in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia Kundharu Saddhono1 & Muhammad Rohmadi1 1 Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Correspondence: Kundharu Saddhono, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 Surakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 24, 2014 Accepted: April 8, 2014 Online Published: May 20, 2014 doi:10.5539/ies.v7n6p25 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n6p25 Abstract This study aims at describing the use of language at primary schools grade 1, 2, and 3 in Surakarta. The study belongs to descriptive qualitative research. It emphasizes in a note which depict real situation to support data presentation. Content analysis is used as research methodology. It analyzes the research result of the observed speech event. The data are collected from three sources: informant, events, and documents. Results of the study demonstrate that the use of Javanese language is still dominant in the learning process at primary schools in Surakarta. Many factors affect the use of Javanese language as mother tongue in classroom teaching-learning process. They are (1) balancing the learning process, so that learners are able to better understand the material presented by the teacher (2) teacher’s habit to speak Javanese language, and (3) drawing student’s attention. The factors underlying this phenomenon are explained by teacher and student’s lack of Indonesian language vocabulary. In addition, there is an element unnoticed by teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • Register in Eastern Cham: Phonological, Phonetic and Sociolinguistic Approaches
    REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marc Brunelle August 2005 © 2005 Marc Brunelle REGISTER IN EASTERN CHAM: PHONOLOGICAL, PHONETIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHES Marc Brunelle, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2005 The Chamic language family is often cited as a test case for contact linguistics. Although Chamic languages are Austronesian, they are claimed to have converged with Mon-Khmer languages and adopted features from their closest neighbors. A good example of such a convergence is the realization of phonological register in Cham dialects. In many Southeast Asian languages, the loss of the voicing contrast in onsets has led to the development of two registers, bundles of features that initially included pitch, voice quality, vowel quality and durational differences and that are typically realized on rimes. While Cambodian Cham realizes register mainly through vowel quality, just like Khmer, the registers of the Cham dialect spoken in south- central Vietnam (Eastern Cham) are claimed to have evolved into tone, a property that plays a central role in Vietnamese phonology. This dissertation evaluates the hypothesis that contact with Vietnamese is responsible for the recent evolution of Eastern Cham register by exploring the nature of the sound system of Eastern Cham from phonetic, phonological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Proponents of the view that Eastern Cham has a complex tone system claim that tones arose from the phonemicization of register allophones conditioned by codas after the weakening or deletion of coda stops and laryngeals.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEWING LEXICOLOGY of the NUSANTARA LANGUAGE Mohd Yusop Sharifudin Universiti Putra Malaysia Email
    Journal of Malay Islamic Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 June 2018 REVIEWING LEXICOLOGY OF THE NUSANTARA LANGUAGE Mohd Yusop Sharifudin Universiti Putra Malaysia Email: [email protected] Abstract The strength of a language is its ability to reveal all human behaviour and progress of civilization. Language should be ready for use at all times and in any human activity and must be able to grow together with all forms of discipline and knowledge. Languages that are not dynamic over time will become obsolete, archaic and finally extinct. Accordingly, the effort to develop and create a civilisation needs to take into account also the effort to expand its language as the medium of instruction. The most basic language development in this regard was to look for vocabulary that could potentially be taken to develope a dynamic language. This paper shows the potential and the wealth of lexical resources in building the Nusantara language to become a world language. Keywords: Lexicology, Nusantara Language Introduction Language is an important means for humans to communicate and build interaction. Language is basically a means of communication within community members. Communication takes place not only verbally, but also in writing (Sirbu 2015, 405). language is also a tool that shows the level of civilization in humans (Holtgraves et al. 2014, 230). In order to play an important role as a means of developing civilization, language must continue to develop dynamically over time and enriched according to the needs and development of civilization. Likewise the case with Nusantara Malay language. This paper aims to describe how to develop Nusantara Malay language through the development of various Malay vocabularies.
    [Show full text]
  • Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ￿￿) As a Diffusion Center of Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates Frederic Pain
    ”Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ) as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates Frederic Pain To cite this version: Frederic Pain. ”Giao Chỉ” (”Jiāozhǐ” ) as a diffusion center of Chinese diachronic changes: syllabic weight contrast and phonologisation of its phonetic correlates. 2020. halshs-02956831 HAL Id: halshs-02956831 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02956831 Preprint submitted on 3 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. GIAO CHỈ AS A DIFFUSION CENTER | 1 "GIAO CH Ỉ" ("JI ĀOZH Ǐ" 交趾 ) AS A DIFFUSIO CETER OF CHIESE DIACHROIC CHAGES: SYLLABIC WEIGHT COTRAST AD PHOOLOGISATIO OF ITS PHOETIC CORRELATES 1 Pa n Freder c ( 白威廉 ) Laborato re Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale (LaC TO -CRS , UMR ,10,, Par s) 清華學報 , Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies , 50 (0) The present essay tac4les a part cular l ngu st c facet of the s n c sat on process n Southeast As a. The focal argument addressed throughout th s essay l es n the cla m that G ao Ch; should be granted a central pos t on regard ng the transfer of Old and M ddle Ch nese d achron c features—may they be transferred d rectly or "by-proxy" — nto Southeast As an languages from the commandery ( jùn 郡) of G ao Ch; 交趾 westwards down to the Gulf of Tha land as well as southwards to the Me4ong Delta.
    [Show full text]