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TRANSITIONAL HOUSING SYSTEMS ISBN 3-910022-04-9 CIB Publication 169 Lay-out: Saara Sippo, Timo Tanninen Press: Gummerus Kijapaino Oy JyvZskyla 1994, Finland Distribution: Bauhaus Dessau Public Relationship Department Gropiusallt 38 D-06846 Dessau Germany Fax: Int. +49-340-615 222 Copyright O 1994 Bauhaus Dessau, CIB All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoco- pying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permis- sion from the publisher. TRANSITIONAL HOUSING SYSTEMS East-West Dialogue on the New Roles of Actors in Changing Housing Policies Editors Timo Tanninen Ivor Arnbrose Ola Siksio Foundation International Council for Bauhaus Building Research Studies Dessau and Documentation CONTENTS Preface.. .l INSTEAD OF A PROLOGUE Rolf Kuhn..3 The Way of Modernism, the Way of the Bauhaus - a Way into the Millennium? SE'ITING THE STAGE - THE HOUSING SITUATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Introduction... 11 Timo Tanninen, Regina Bittner & Holger Schmidt...l4 New Problems and Challenges for Housing Policy in East Germany - Lessons to be Learned from the German Case Inara Marana.29 The Present Housing Situation and Emerging Problems in Latvia Ewa Kaltenberg-Kwiatkowska ...42 Housing in Poland - "Interregnum" between Poor Socialism and ... ? Dusica Seferagic... 61 Privatization of Housing in Croatia Agnes Vajda-Babarczy ...72 Price Formation Factors in the Budapest Housing Market Birgit Schmidt...83 The Case of Zschornewitz - Renovation of a Garden City of 1920's under the New Societal Situation Barbara Verlic Dekleva... 97 Never-ending Transition of Housing Policy in Slovenia Stuart G. Iawe...lOS Towards a Social Theory of Housing in Eastern Europe AMELEORATING THE PROBLEMS OF LARGE-SCALE ESTATES - FROM TECHNICAL RENEWAL TO SOCIAL REHABILITION Introduction ... 121 Michel Bonet ti... 124 Upgrading Housing Estates in a State of Crisis - from Rehabilition to Integrated Urban Management Iskra Dandolova ... 140 Housing Associations in Bulgaria - A Challenge between Ownership, State and Market Timo Tanninen...l57 Large-Scale Housing Estates as a Societal Task in Eastern Gemany - A Planning Sociological Overview on the Basis of Scandinavian Experiences Maria Joao Freitas. ..l75 The Dilemmas of Rehoused Families - A Portuguese Case Holger Schmidt... 190 Halle-Neustadt - A Case for New Town Renewal in Eastern Gemany Eva T. van ICempen ...202 Beyond Filtering Down - Housing Decline and the Underlying Mechanisms TO OBTAIN AND MEASUKE QUALITY IN HOUSING Introduction ...223 Roderick J. Lawrence...225 Housing Quality - hi Integrated Perspective Ivor Ambrose ...243 A House of Mirrors - Reflections on Housing Policy and Housing Quality Dagfinn As...254 Houses, Dwellings and Homes - Attitudes toward One's Own Place of Living TOWARDS AN OBSCURE PUBLIC HOUStNG POLICY? Introduction ... 267 Satya Brink.369 Working through Partners - Challenge for Housing Policy in Canada Hamu Ruonavaara...284 Home-Owners in Distress - Financial Deregulation and the Crisis of the Finnish Housing Model Ola Siksio..300 The Social Construction of Housing Systems - On Institutions, Actors and Actions in Changing Socio-Political Contexts INSTEAD OF AN EPILOGUE Ivor Ambrose ...322 Border-Crossing: You Only Live Twice LIST OF AUTHORS ...326 PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS OF CIB-W69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the Europe of Che 1990s we live in a time of internationalism and increasing cooperation. nis book is a good example of this modern trend ne contributing scholars represent 17 different nu - tionalities and, during the editing phase, I have had the opportunity to cooperate with colleagues in five different countries. At many times in this work, as chief editor, I have felt like the happy conductor of an orchestra which is playing perfectly together. It gives me pleasure to thank the following persons and institutions: Miss Saara Sippo, the Na - tional Research and Development Centre for Welfa - re and Health (NAWH/Finland), for lay-out; Mr. Juha Nord (NAWH) for technical support; Elizabeth McNeil, student of the Psychology and Politics of the Built Environment at the University of Virginia, USA, for language correction in some of the arti- cles. Co -editor Mr. Ivor Ambrose, Danish Building Research Institute, has checked the English language throughout. For financial and administrative support, I want to thank Mrs. Helene Maron, Head of the Studio "City Renewal in the Emt" at the Bauhaus Dessau, and Mr. Ola Siksio, Coordinator of the CIB W-69 Housing Sociology, Swedish Institute for Housing Research. Mr. Siksio has contributed many useful comments to the text and actively taken part in the editorial process. Great thahto all of you! 10th August, 1994, Helsinki, Finland Timo Tanninen PREFACE Since the beginning of the 1980s, Europe has experienced an epoch of deep changes. Especially in Central and Eastern Europe this has been a time of political, social and economic upheaval, which has fundamentally questioned the existing societal structure. The "Welfare Project" in Western and Northern Europe, burdened by the increasing weight of state finances, or under the pressure of strong conservative or neo-liberal tendencies, has been put on the defensive. This has led to the restructuring of welfare states and has pushed housing policy further down the political agenda. Overall this has led to reduced state involvement in housing questions. Now, in 1994, the consequences of these changes are clearly visible in housing matters, which is reflected in this book. Concurrently pan-national trends have also developed on our continent. The European Union declared 1993 "The year of Europe", emphasising thereby its own geographical identity and its need for further consolidation of purpose. In October 1993 the CIB-W69 Housing Sociology Group met in Dessau, in the east of Germany; a setting which represented in a unique way the current transformation process in Europe. The venue was the renowned Bauhaus, itself an historic institution in the process of renewing its identity, developing new links of cooperation at all levels from the local community to the international networks of learning. At this meeting this book found its inception. CIB, the International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation, is an international organization of in- dependent building research institutes which also includes associated research dep- artments in other institutions, universities and centres of higher education. The Working Group on Housing Sociology was founded in 1977 and now numbers 50 members from almost 30 countries. Most come from Western and Eastern Europe but there are other members in India, Nigeria, USA, Canada, Brazil and Australia. The Working Group serves an active forum for the exchange of information and experience in sociological research applied to housing questions. A common goal of contructive east-west dialogue unites the interdisciplinary Academy at the Bauhaus and CIB-W69. The theme of the meeting was "The new roles of actors in a changing socio-political context", itself a pertinent subject for discussion at the Bauhaus, which is also seeking to define its role as an imovative actor in a regional context. The presentations at the meeting gave much inspiration to the partici- pants and it was decided that instead of preparing a collection of proceedings, a collective anthology should be published, describing societal developments in States undergoing transformation and, especially, current developments in housing. The articles in this book constitute a comparative perspective, examining housing with regard to its political, ideological, social, cultural, psychological and ecological aspects, not forgetting architectural design and planning. The east European transfor- mation process and its consequences in housing is, naturally, a central theme. From a theoretical, societal development perspective this process is unique: we can observe the developmental logic of western capitalism whilst being wary of the transfer of simple, deterministic develppment patterns from west to east. Tendencies towards crisis in the west indicate the need for reflection over mainstream thinking. For western researchers, the dialogue with east European colleagues forces us to be observe our own societal trends more sensitively. Comparative work of this kind is thus fruitful both conceptually and substantively. This anthology begins with an opening discussion by Bauhaus director, Professor Rolf Kuhn, under the heading, "Instead of a Prologue", focussing on the historical and intellectual path of the Bauhaus and its possible role in influencing the direction of future thought and action. The main body of the book is divided into four sections. The first section begins with a dialogue-opener from the host institution on the East German situation, followed by presentations from other East European countries, including the new democracies Croatia, Latvia and Slovenia. The second section concerns large-scale housing estates and their improvement. Here, consideration is given to the role of these estates both as part of urban structure and, more generally, as housing provision in the broader societal context. The third section considers qualitative aspects of housing, including methods and systems of measurement which take the perspective of housing, as it is experienced by users, into account. The fourth section examines housing policy and housing