The Analytical Engine JOURNAL of the COMPUTER HISTORY ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA
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Floating-Point Package for Intel 8008 and 8080 Microprocessors
UCRL-51940 FLOATING-POINT PACKAGE FOR INTEL 8008 AND 8080 MICROPROCESSORS Michael D. Maples October 24, 1975 Prepared for U.S. Energy Research& Development Administration under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 I_AV~=IENCE I_IVEFIMORE I.ABOFIATOFIY University ol Calilomia ~ Livermore ~ NOTICE .sponsored by tht: United $~ates G~ven~menl.Neilhe~ the United States nor the United ~tates I’:n,~rgy of their employees,IIOr lilly of their eorltl’ilctclrs~ warranty~ express t~r implied, or asstltlleS ~t]y legld liability or responsihilit y fnr the accuracy, apparatus, product or ])rc)eess disclosed, represents that its rise would IIt~l illl’r liege privlttely-owned rights." Printed in the United States of America Avai.] able from National Technical. information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 Price: Printed Copy $ *; Microfiche $2.25 NTIS ""Pages _Sellin_.g Price 1-50 $4.00 51-150 $5.45 151-325 $7.60 326-500 $10.60 501.-1000 $13.60 DISCI.AlMBR This documeut was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Gnvernment.Neither the United States Governmentnor the University of California nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumesany legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, complete.aess, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use wouldnot infrioge privately ownedrights. Refarenceherein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation,or favoring by the United States Govermnentor the University of California. -
When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
Lecture 1: Course Introduction G Course Organization G Historical Overview G Computer Organization G Why the MC68000? G Why Assembly Language?
Lecture 1: Course introduction g Course organization g Historical overview g Computer organization g Why the MC68000? g Why assembly language? Microprocessor-based System Design 1 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course organization g Grading Instructor n Exams Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna g 1 midterm and 1 final Office: 401 Russ n Homework Tel:775-5120 g 4 problem sets (not graded) [email protected] n Quizzes http://www.cs.wright.edu/~rgutier g Biweekly Office hours: TBA n Laboratories g 5 Labs Teaching Assistant g Grading scheme Mohammed Tabrez Office: 339 Russ [email protected] Weight (%) Office hours: TBA Quizes 20 Laboratory 40 Midterm 20 Final Exam 20 Microprocessor-based System Design 2 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course outline g Module I: Programming (8 lectures) g MC68000 architecture (2) g Assembly language (5) n Instruction and addressing modes (2) n Program control (1) n Subroutines (2) g C language (1) g Module II: Peripherals (9) g Exception processing (1) g Devices (6) n PI/T timer (2) n PI/T parallel port (2) n DUART serial port (1) g Memory and I/O interface (1) g Address decoding (2) Microprocessor-based System Design 3 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Brief history of computers GENERATION FEATURES MILESTONES YEAR NOTES Asia Minor, Abacus 3000BC Only replaced by paper and pencil Mech., Blaise Pascal, Pascaline 1642 Decimal addition (8 decimal figs) Early machines Electro- Charles Babbage Differential Engine 1823 Steam powered (3000BC-1945) mech. Herman Hollerith, -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information. -
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University the Intel® 4004 Microprocessor, Introdu
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University The 1st Microprocessor The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971 An electronics revolution that changed our world. There were no customer‐ programmable microprocessors on the market before the 4004. It propelled software into the limelight as a key player in the world of digital electronics design. 4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum A Japanese calculator maker (Busicom) asked to design: A set of 12 custom logic chips for a line of programmable calculators. Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff Recognized the integrated circuit technology (of the day) had advanced enough to build a single chip, general purpose computer. Federico Faggin to turn Hoff's vision into a silicon reality. (In less than one year, Faggin and his team delivered the 4004, which was introduced in November, 1971.) The world's first microprocessor application was this Busicom calculator. (sold about 100,000 calculators.) Measuring 1/8 inch wide by 1/6 inch long, consisting of 2,300 transistors, Intel’s 4004 microprocessor had as much computing power as the first electronic computer, ENIAC. 2 inch 4004 and 12 inch Core™2 Duo wafer ENIAC, built in 1946, filled 3000‐cubic‐ feet of space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The 4004 microprocessor could execute 60,000 operations per second Running frequency: 108 KHz Founders wanted to name their new company Moore Noyce. However the name sounds very much similar to “more noise”. "Only the paranoid survive". Moore received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. -
Digital Radio Technology and Applications
it DIGITAL RADIO TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Proceedings of an International Workshop organized by the International Development Research Centre, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, and United Nations University, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 24-26 August 1992 Edited by Harun Baiya (VITA, Kenya) David Balson (IDRC, Canada) Gary Garriott (VITA, USA) 1 1 X 1594 F SN % , IleCl- -.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa Cairo Dakar Johannesburg Montevideo Nairobi New Delhi 0 Singapore 141 V /IL s 0 /'A- 0 . Preface The International Workshop on Digital Radio Technology and Applications was a milestone event. For the first time, it brought together many of those using low-cost radio systems for development and humanitarian-based computer communications in Africa and Asia, in both terrestrial and satellite environments. Ten years ago the prospect of seeing all these people in one place to share their experiences was only a far-off dream. At that time no one really had a clue whether there would be interest, funding and expertise available to exploit these technologies for relief and development applications. VITA and IDRC are pleased to have been involved in various capacities in these efforts right from the beginning. As mentioned in VITA's welcome at the Workshop, we can all be proud to have participated in a pioneering effort to bring the benefits of modern information and communications technology to those that most need and deserve it. But now the Workshop is history. We hope that the next ten years will take these technologies beyond the realm of experimentation and demonstration into the mainstream of development strategies and programs. -
The Genesis of the Mainframe Bob O. Evans
The Genesis of the Mainframe Bob O. Evans 1 Introduction by Wilhelm G. Spruth In 1927 the German author Stefan Zweig published a short book labeled “Sternstunden der Menschheit” (world hours of mankind). In it he descripes 14 historical events that changed history forever. I have always believed the appearance of System /360 in 1964 has been such an event, changing the direction of the computer industry in more ways than anything else in the last 50 years. The design of the S/360 architecture is rightfully credited to Gene Amdahl, Gerry Blaauw and Fred Brooks. Bob O. Evans has been the IBM executive who made it happen. It is impossible to have met Bob O. Evans and not been impressed. He was forceful, decisive, intelligent, an excellent engineer with a broad vision, an uncanny capability to understand the most complex issues, and an outstanding leader for the people working for him. He also had an overpowering personality. I will be forever grateful for his guidance. In 2002 I learned Bob O. Evans had written his memoirs, had considered to publish them as a book, and had been adviced by his friends not to do so, because the text contained too much sensitive material. I contacted Evans and asked him if I could read the manuscript. He gracefully consented and e-mailed me a copy. Bob O. Evans died in 2004. I believe Bob O. Evans personal account of such a monumental event as the S/360 announcement should be made available. Thus in 2007 I asked his son Douglas B. -
541 COMPUTER ENGINEERING Niyazgeldiyev M. I., Sahedov E. D
COMPUTER ENGINEERING Niyazgeldiyev M. I., Sahedov E. D. Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction Computer engineering is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware–software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture. Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal, and designing operating systems. Computer engineers are also suited for research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors. In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in–depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus. Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. -
Commemorative Booklet for the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop April 15-17, 2009 Programs from the 1975-2009 Worksho
35 Commemorative Booklet for the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop April 15-17, 2009 Programs from the 1975-2009 Workshops This file available at www.amw.org AMW: 3dh Workshop Prologue - Ted Laliotis The Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop (AMW) has played a very important role during its 30 years ofexistence. Perhaps, that is why it continues to be well attended. The workshop was founded in 1975 as an IEEE technical workshop sponsored by the Western Area Committee ofthe IEEE Computer Society. The intentional lack of written proceedings and the exclusion of general press representatives was perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of AMW that made it so special and successful. This encouraged the scientists and engineers who were at the cutting edge ofthe technology, the movers and shakers that shaped Silicon Valley, the designers of the next generation microprocessors, to discuss and debate freely the various issues facing microprocessors. In fact, many features, or lack of, were born during the discussions and debates at AMW. We often referred to AMW and its attendees as the bowels of Silicon Valley, even though attendees came from all over the country, and the world. Another characteristic that made AMW special was the "required" participation and contribution by all attendees. Every applicant to attend AMW had to convince the committee that he had something to contribute by speaking during one of the sessions or during the open mike session. In the event that someone slipped through and was there only to listen, that person was not invited back the following year. The decades ofthe 70's and 80's were probably the defining decades for the amazing explosion of microcomputers. -