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Was Moses Perceived As a Magician? WAS MOSES PERCEIVED AS A MAGICIAN? A SOCIO-HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF MOSES’ WONDER- WORKING IN THE NARRATIVES OF THE PENTATEUCH WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN AND ISRAELITE MAGIC A Thesis Submitted to The University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Julianne C. Burnett School of Arts, Languages and Culture Research carried out at Nazarene Theological College, Manchester, UK TABLES OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations…………………………………………………………………....8 List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….9 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………10 Declaration and Copyright Statement………………………………………………..11 Dedication……………………………………………………………………………12 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..13 Chapter One: Religion, Magic, and the Divine in the Ancient Near East: An Introduction………………………………………………………………………15 1.1. Methodology……………………………………………………………..…17 1.2. The Relation between Magic and Religion…………………………………20 1.2.1. The Challenge of Defining Magic………………………………...22 1.2.2. Magic in Scholarship……………………………………………...24 1.2.2.1. Overview of Early Social Science and Theories of Religion and Magic……………………………………………….25 1.2.2.1.1. Edward Burnett Tylor………………………….26 1.2.2.1.2. James George Frazer…………………………...27 1.2.2.1.3. Émile Durkheim………………………………..30 1.2.2.1.4. R. R. Marett……………………………………32 1.2.2.1.5. Bronislaw Malinowski…………………………33 1.2.2.1.6. Conclusion of Early Social Scientific Theories..35 1.2.2.2. Contemporary Scholarship on Ancient Religion and Magic…36 1.2.3. Divination and Magic……………………………………………..42 1.3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………45 Chapter Two: Interaction with the Divine in the Ancient Near East………………...47 2.1. The Egyptians and the Divine………………………………………………51 2 2.1.1. Malevolent and Benevolent Magic: Heka………………………...52 2.1.2. Specialists…………………………………………………………55 2.1.3. Divination…………………………………………………………57 2.1.4. Conclusion on the Egyptians……………………………………...60 2.2. The Mesopotamians and the Divine………………………………………..60 2.2.1. Malevolent and Benevolent Magic………………………………..62 2.2.2. Specialists…………………………………………………………66 2.2.3. Divination…………………………………………………………69 2.2.4. Conclusion on the Mesopotamians………………………………..75 2.3. The Hittites and the Divine…………………………………………………76 2.3.1. Malevolent and Benevolent Magic………………………………..78 2.3.2. Divination…………………………………………………………81 2.3.3. Conclusion on the Hittites………………………………………...85 2.4. The Persians………………………………………………………………...86 2.4.1. Religion and Potential Persian Influence …………………………86 2.4.2. Magi……………………………………………………………….90 2.4.3. Conclusion on the Persians………………………………………..91 2.5. Evidence from Ugarit……………………………………………………….92 2.5.1. Malevolent and Benevolent Magic………………………………..92 2.5.2. Divination…………………………………………………………94 2.6. Magic and Divination in the Hebrew Bible………………………………...96 2.6.1. Malevolent and Benevolent Magic………………………………..97 2.6.2. Specialists………………………………………………………..102 2.6.3. Divination………………………………………………………..105 2.6.4. Teraphim…………………………………………………………108 3 2.6.5. Necromancy…………………………………………………….109 2.6.6. Dream Divination……………………………………………….111 2.6.7. Prophecy and Divination………………………………………..112 2.7. Conclusion on Interactions with the Divine in the Ancient Near East…...113 Chapter Three: Magico-Religion in Ancient Egypt………………………………..116 3.1. Royal Contexts and Magic…………………………………………….….117 3.1.1. Maat………………………………………………………….….123 3.1.2. Personnel…………………………………………………….…..125 3.2. Temple Contexts and the Divine……………………………………….…128 3.2.1. Temple Personnel: Priests…………………………………….…134 3.2.2. Lector Priests………………………………………………….....136 3.3. Healing Contexts………………………………………………………..…139 3.3.1. Healing Specialists………………………………………………142 3.4. Legal Contexts…………………………………………………………….145 3.5. Funerary Contexts…………………………………………………………147 3.6. Literary Context: Tales and Stories……………………………………….150 3.6.1 Private and Official Examples of Magic………………………...154 3.7. Implications and Conclusions………………………………………….….156 Chapter Four: Reflections of Magic in the Moses Narratives: Selected Passages.…159 4.1. Summary of Source Critical Problems in the Moses Narratives……….…159 4.2. Signs and Themes Preceding the Plagues: Exodus 4:1-9 and 7:1-7……....163 4.2.1. The Hardness of Pharaoh’s Heart………………………………..172 4.2.2. Exodus 7:8-13……………………………………………………177 4.2.3. Specialists in Exodus 7 and Lector Priests……………………....180 4.3. Ritual Action and Performance: The Plagues and Beyond…………….…184 4 4.3.1 The Use of the Staff……………………………………………...184 4.3.1.1. Exodus 7:14-25……………………………………………..184 4.3.1.2. Exodus 8:12-15 (MT) / 8:16-19 (EVV)…………………….188 4.3.1.3. Exodus 10:1-20……………………………………………..189 4.3.1.4. Exodus 14:15-31……………………………………………190 4.3.1.5. Exodus 17:1-7……………………………………………....191 4.3.1.6. Numbers 17:16-28 (MT) / 17:1-13 (EVV)…………………192 4.3.1.7. Numbers 20:1-13…………………………………………….192 4.3.1.8. Numbers 21:4-9…………………………………………….192 4.3.2. Gesture (with and without staff)…………………………………194 4.3.2.1. Exodus 7:26-8:11 (MT) / 8:1-15 (EVV)……………………194 4.3.2.2. Exodus 9:13-25……………………………………………..195 4.3.2.3. Exodus 10:21-29……………………………………………196 4.3.2.4. Exodus 11:1-10……………………………………………..198 4.3.2.5. Exodus 17:8-16……………………………………………..199 4.3.3. Contact/Manipulation……………………………………………200 4.3.3.1. Exodus 9:8-12……………………………………………....200 4.3.3.2. Exodus 12:1-28……………………………………………..201 4.3.3.3. Exodus 12:29-36…………………………………………….202 4.3.3.4. Exodus 15:22-27……………………………………………203 4.3.4. Miscellaneous……………………………………………………203 4.3.4.1. Exodus 8:16-28 (MT) / 8:20-32 (EVV)…………………….203 4.3.4.2. Exodus 9:1-7………………………………………………..204 4.3.4.3. Exodus 31:18 and 32:15-20…………………………………204 4.4. Deuteronomy and Magic…………………………………………………208 5 4.4.1. Deuteronomy 13:2-6 (MT) / 13:1-5 (EVV)……………………..211 4.4.2. Deuteronomy 18:9-22…………………………………………...211 4.4.3. Deuteronomy 34:10-12………………………………………….216 4.4.4. Deuteronomy Summary and Conclusion..………………………217 4.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...218 Chapter Five: Connections between Moses and Egyptian Magic…………………221 5.1. Magic in the Divine Realm and Cosmos………………………………….221 5.1.1. Moses as Disrupter of maat……………………………………...222 5.1.2. Moses and the Written Word…………………………………….224 5.1.3. Moses and Serpents……………………………………………...226 5.1.4. Heka……………………………………………………………..228 5.2. Magic in Royal Contexts: Implications from Exodus…………………….229 5.2.1. Moses and “Children of the Kap”……………………………….230 5.2.2. Royal Sceptre……………………………………………………231 5.2.3. Egyptian Uraeus and Serpent Staves……………………………232 5.2.4. Delegation………………………………………………………..234 5.2.5 Summary…………………………………………………………234 5.3. Magic in Priestly and Ritual Contexts…………………………………….235 5.3.1. Healing Contexts………………………………………………...235 5.3.2. “Swallowing” in Magic Contexts………………………………..239 Exodus 7:8-13………………………….240 :תנין Swallowing of .5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2. Exodus 14:26-31/15:12……………………………………..241 5.3.2.3. Exodus 32:19-20…………………………………………….242 5.3.3. Summary…………………………………………………………243 5.4. Crucial Differences………………………………………………………..245 6 5.4.1. Appearance………………………………………………………245 5.4.2. Absence of Incantations…………………………………………246 5.4.3. Absence of (Regular) Rituals……………………………………246 5.5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...247 Chapter Six: Conclusion……………………………………………………………249 6.1. Summary…………………………………………………………………..249 6.2. Suggested Contributions and Implications ……………………………….252 6.3 Potential for Further Research …………………………………………….255 Appendix 1………………………………………………………………………….258 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..260 Word Count: 78,322 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 2.1 Babylonian amuletic necklace ……………………………………...…66 Fig. 3.1 Egyptian wooden figurine (A) …………………………………….…138 Fig. 3.2 Egyptian magical stela (Cippus of Horus) ……………………….......141 Fig. 5.1 Egyptian copper alloy cobra wand …………………………………..227 Fig. 5.2 Egyptian wooden figurine (B) ……………………………………….233 Fig. 5.3 Egyptian ivory magic wand ………………………………………….237 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary AEL Ancient Egyptian Literature AMT Assyrian Medical Texts from the Originals in the British Museum ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament BAM Die Babylonisch-Assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly COS Context of Scripture DDD Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible EVV English Versions (of biblical text) JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series LXX Septuagint MT Masoretic Text NRSVA New Revised Standard Version Anglicized Edition TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament TDP Traité Akkadien de Diagnostics et Pronostics Médicaux TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament VT Vetus Testamentum ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 9 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the portrayal of Moses as a wonder-worker and possible magician in the narratives of the Pentateuch and in light of ancient Near Eastern evidence of magico-religious practices. A socio-historical methodology is used to explore the context of magic in the Hebrew Bible and ancient Near East, with particular interest in ancient Egypt as it is the literary backdrop to the Moses narratives. The historical veracity of the events depicted in these narratives are not of interest to this study, but rather how the ancient Near Eastern milieu sheds lights on the narratives that depict Moses performing wonders. The first chapter introduces the challenges and debates in defining “magic.” Paradigms stemming from 19th and early 20th century social scientists often
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