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REVIEW Otology in Medical Papyri in Ancient Egypt The Mediterranean Journal of Otology REVIEW Otology in Medical Papyri in Ancient Egypt Albert Mudry, MD Correspondence Ancient Egyptian medicine evolved in a unique environment. Three main Albert Mudry, MD historical sources are available for the study of ancient Egyptian medicine: Avenue de la Gare 6 CH-1003 Lausanne, Switzerland papyri, human remains, and visual art. The goal of this work was to com- E-mail: [email protected] pile a repertoire of ancient Egyptian medical treatises on the ear and its diseases and to comment on them. Ear diseases and treatments are men- tioned in 4 major papyri (the Ebers papyrus, the Edwin Smith papyrus, the Paper presented at: Fifth Congress of the European Federation of Oto- Berlin papyrus, and the Kahun papyrus), in 2 minor papyri (the Leiden Rhino-Laryngology Head and Neck papyrus and the Vienna papyrus), and on 1 ostracon (potsherd), which is Surgery; September 11-16 2004; displayed in the Louvre. Those texts, which are the first written sources of Rhodos/Kos, Greece otology in the history of medicine, are of great interest and include clear- ly defined descriptions of the principal symptoms of ear diseases (hearing loss, ear discharge, tinnitus, and ear pain). These ancient treatises show Mediterr J Otol 2006; 3: 133-142 that the ear symptomatology of antiquity was not really different from that of the present day. Copyright 2005 © The Mediterranean Society of Otology and Audiology 133 The Mediterranean Journal of Otology Egyptian medicine evolved in a unique originals but are copies of copies that contain all the environment. The geography of Egypt is like that of no mistakes and changes, additions, and omissions that a other country in the world, and it formed the basis for tradition of revision over many centuries necessarily the historical and cultural events that allowed a involves. Nevertheless, they provide descriptions of a sophisticated system of medicine to develop and to be wide range of symptoms and illnesses that can be recorded from the third millennium BC. Egypt is a child studied. of the Nile. The term "ancient Egypt" refers to the Ear diseases are described in 4 major papyri (Ebers, period between 3050 BC and 642 AD. The beginning of Edwin Smith, Berlin, and Kahun), in 2 minor papyri recorded history is marked by the unification of Upper (Leiden, Vienna), and on 1 ostracon (potsherd) that is and Lower Egypt under the first king of the First now housed in the Louvre. A description and Dynasty. During the period predating 323 BC, the year commentary on each of those works is provided in this of the invasion of Egypt by Alexander the Great, 30 report. Whether these texts were considered important dynasties succeeded with varying levels of importance. at the time of their creation, whether they were That era is referred to as "Pharaonic Egypt." The period characteristic of standard medical practices of their day, from 323 BC until 642 AD is classified as the Greco- or whether they represented alternative medicine or the (1) Roman period . peculiarities of a certain school of treatment remains The ancient Egyptians have been justly credited for unknown(3). their medical knowledge. In the study of ancient medicine, information from a variety of sources Ebers Papyrus contributes to a more complete picture of the diseases The Ebers papyrus (550 BC) is said to have been that afflicted specific populations. Egypt offers a range found in a tomb with the Edwin Smith papyrus in 1862 of biological, written, and artistic ancient sources. By by Edwin Smith. In 1873, Professor Georg Ebers far the most important collection of knowledge of the brought that eponymous papyrus to the University ancient world is contained in medical papyri. Other Library of Leipzig, Germany(4). The Ebers papyrus is a sources are also important because they attest to the complete compendium of medicine with a well-defined variety and epidemiology of ancient diseases. The goal and dignified introduction of 20.23 meters and 108 of this study was to compile a repertoire of ancient columns of 20 to 22 lines each. In 1875, Ebers published written sources that describe the ear and its diseases and a facsimile edition of this papyrus. Later, individual to comment on those texts. parts of the papyrus were subjected to examination by a The medical papyri of ancient Egypt are the oldest variety of investigators, including Wreszinski, in 1913. known written sources of medicine. The texts were (5) The papyrus was translated by Ebbell in 1937 and was written in a hieratic language rather than in partially reprinted after examination by Wreszinski. hieroglyphics; this render their content more accessible Ebbells’ translation is probably not perfect, but it is the . Eight major and 5 minor medical papyri have been version most used in English. In several places, the catalogued date(2). Each is named for the site of its Ebers papyrus describes its content as a "compilation" current display or for the first owner or the editor of first of recipes and remedies against various symptoms, and publication. The oldest of those treatises is the Kahun there is much evidence to show that it is a copy of Papyrus, a gynecologic text. Establishing the exact date various ancient works. However, this compilation was of that work is difficult and remains a topic of debate not undertaken casually but was written according to a among experts (cut away). Establishing the exact date of definitive and carefully considered plan, and care was that work and each of those papyri is difficult, and taken to include the greatest variety of diseases that a remains a topic of debate. In addition, no author of any physician would treat. The content of the Ebers papyrus of the papyri is mentioned, and those texts are not is used as the foundation for the knowledge of ancient 134 Otology in Medical Papyri in Ancient Egypt Egyptian medicine(6). The ear is mentioned in many Eb. 767. What is done to treat effluence that is sent sections of that work, some of which are presented in out from an ear: if it (the ear) exudes from its interior an literal translations below. effluence like ks (dirt ?), (and) if it flows over with humor like paster water, then thou shalt go round it with a hpt-knife to the limits of all that decays in it; thou shalt Treatments for Diseases of the Ear (Cut away) prepare for it: oil, honey, seed-wool, (which are) placed Ebers Papyrus within it and applied to a fillet of linen and (the ear) is Eb. 764 (Ebers papyrus, section 764). The beginning bandaged therewith, until it is healed (Figure 1). of remedies for an ear whose hearing is poor: red ochre, juice of tamarix, are ground fine with fresh balanite oil and applied to the ear. Eb. 765. For an ear that emits a fetid humor: frankincense with goose fat, cream of cow, issued (?) bdt, are ground fine, mixed together and applied to the ear. Eb. 766. To treat the ear; thou shalt treat it with cold remedies, let it not be hot. If the (ear-) canal is painful (?); thou shalt prepare for it: chip of malachite, which is ground and applied thereto for 4 days; afterwards thou shalt prepare for it: seed-wool oil 2/3, honey 1/3 is applied to it many times. If its opening discharges, then thou shalt prepare for it powder to dry a wound: juice of acaria, juice of Ziziphus, fruit of willow, cumin, are ground and given for it; if meanwhile it grows fatty (xerotic), then thou shalt prepare for it remedies against dryness of wounds: head of shrewmouse, mndr (stomach) of a goat, shell of a tortoise, thyme (?), are dusted on it very often. Thou shalt do similarly as for a finger that is broken and whose bone marrow flows to the ground; this is the treatment of an ear that is split on stt sw (the vault?), Figure 1. Ebers Papyrus, sections 764-767 (from Ebers (but) that does not fall to the ground: thou shalt prepare G. Papyrus Ebers) for it a knotted net of flax and tie (it) up there with and sap of sycamore, so that it (the ear) fastens to his (the patient’s) blood; oil and honey not being applied to it. Eb. 768. Remedy for a bewitched ear w’f nf rjt: Thou shalt cut one side of it (the ear) so that its blood balanite oil /, frankincense /, shpt /, is infused into the may come down one side. Let it not suppurate at all. ear. Now when thou hast perceived that it has grown Eb. 769. Another (remedy): shpt /, frankincense /, together, then thou shalt prepare for it: oil and wax that northern salt, likewise. are melted, and (the ear) is bandaged therewith, not Eb. 770. Another (remedy) to dry an ear that emits applying (too) much. Thou shalt apply to it the same as humor: red ochre /, cumin /, ear of an ass /, finest oil /, (to) every effluence from its splitting. If it passes on to balanite oil /, likewise. decay (necrosis), then thou shalt prepare for it a string of Eb. 854 e. As to « that through which the ears linen, tied on the back of his head. become deaf »: there are 2 vessels that affect it, (namely) 135 The Mediterranean Journal of Otology the ones leading to the root of the eye; another lection: ancient Egyptians. Some authors consider Ebers to the whole eye. When he is deaf, his mouth cannot paragraph 768 to be the first mention of tinnitus, but a opened (ie, he cannot speak).
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