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Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt Studies in Ancient Medicine Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt Studies in Ancient Medicine Edited by John Scarborough Philip J. van der Eijk Ann Ellis Hanson Joseph Ziegler VOLUME 41 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sam Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt By Philippa Lang LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Cippus of Horus, 322–280BCE. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource NY. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lang, Philippa, 1974- Medicine and society in Ptolemaic Egypt / by Philippa Lang. p. cm. – (Studies in ancient medicine, ISSN 0925-1421 ; v. 41) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21858-1 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-23551-9 (e-book) 1. Medicine, Egyptian. 2. Medicine, Ancient. 3. Medicine, Greek and Roman. 4. Human body–Egypt. 5. Medical logic–History. 6. Physicians–Egypt–History. 7. Medicine–Egypt–Alexandria–History. I. Title. R137.L36 2012 610.938–dc23 2012026425 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0925-1421 ISBN 978-90-04-21858-1 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23551-9 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhof Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations . ix Preface.................................................................. xi Note on Abbreviations. xiii 1. Greeks and Egyptians . 1 1.1. Physical and Epidemiological Environments . 2 1.2.1. Demography: The Numbers Game . 20 1.2.2. Demography: Patterns of Immigration. 23 1.3.1. Ethnicity, Ideology and Identity . 26 1.3.2. Government, Foreigners, and the Eternal Struggle between Good and Evil . 32 1.4.1. Ethnocultural Perceptions . 37 1.4.2. Greeks and Egyptian Medicine . 41 1.5. Ethnicity and Medicine . 42 2. Medicine and the Gods . 45 2.1.1. Medical Oracles in Context . 46 2.1.2. Dreams........................................................ 49 2.1.3. Incubation . 52 2.1.4. Asklepieia Contrasted with Egyptian Sanctuaries . 54 2.2.1. Reformulating Isis. 58 2.2.2. The Sanctuaries and Roles of Sarapis . 63 2.3.1. Healing and the Sacred Animal Necropolis at Saqqara . 67 2.3.2. The Sarapieon of Memphis: The Greek Dream Interpreter . 69 2.3.3. The Sarapieon of Memphis: The Greek Medical Text . 72 2.3.4. The Asklepieion of Memphis: The Greek Patient . 75 2.3.5. Hor............................................................ 78 2.3.6. Taimhotep . 81 2.4.1. Imhotep (Asklepios) and Amenhotep (Amenothes): The Pre-Ptolemaic Background. 83 2.4.2. Imhotep and Amenhotep at Deir el-Bahari . 87 2.5. Medical Modes at Healing Sanctuaries. 93 2.6. Conclusions . 98 vi contents 3. Theoretical Perspectives . 101 3.1.1. Nosological Concepts: Gods and the Greek Understanding of Disease . 104 3.1.2. Invasion from Outside: Disease Conceptualization in Egypt . 108 3.1.3. Within the Body: Physiology and Pathology . 112 3.2.1. Comparing Greek and Egyptian Concepts: Whdw and Residues . .˘ . 115 3.2.2. The Knidos Connection . 117 3.2.3. Comparing Other Disease Theories . 122 3.2.4. A Diference in Approach? Rational Greeks and Irrational Egyptians . 125 3.3. Egyptian and Greek Medicine: Contemporary Perceptions . 128 3.4. In Greek Egypt . 134 4. Responses to Illness. 141 4.1.1. Diagnosis. 144 4.1.2. Prognosis. 149 4.2.1. Therapies . 152 4.2.2. Conceptualizing Drugs . 154 4.2.2.1. An Obsession with Purgation? Egyptian Medicine in the Greek Imagination . 159 4.2.2.2. Contexts of Repulsion: The Meanings of Feces for Demons, Doctors and Historians . 164 4.2.3. The Ptolemaic Pharmacy . 167 4.2.4. Obtaining Drugs . 177 4.2.5. Quanti cation and Polypharmacy . 181 4.3.1. Non-Material Therapies. 183 4.3.2. Prevention and Protection . 187 4.3.3. Horus-on-the-Crocodiles. 190 4.4. Knife, Fire, and Bathing: How to Recognize Greek Medicine 192 4.5. Selecting Practitioners and Practices . 201 5. Identifying Medical Practitioners . 205 5.1.1. De ning the Egyptian Physician . 206 5.1.2. Obtaining Medical Assistance in Pharaonic Egypt . 212 5.1.3. The Practitioner at Large in Ptolemaic Egypt . 216 5.2.1. Numbers and Kinds of Healer in Ptolemaic Egypt . 219 5.2.2. Inclusive and Exclusive Medicine . 227 5.2.3. Evolving Perceptions and Medical Choices in the Greco-Roman Fayum . 229 contents vii 5.3.1. The Medical Tax . 232 5.3.2. The Medical Tax: Precedents . 233 5.3.3. The Medical Tax: Reputable Recipients . 236 5.4. In Conclusion . 238 5.5. Appendix: Ptolemaic Physicians and O cial Positions . 239 6. Medicine in Alexandria . 243 6.1. A Greek City in Egypt . 243 6.2. Urban Pluralism. 249 6.3. Only in Alexandria . 254 6.4. Elite Medicine As an Exclusive System . 258 Bibliography . 267 Subject Index . 295 Index of Proper Names . 299 Index of Places . 304 Index of Citations . 306 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Map of Ptolemaic Egypt. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press from J.G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs, vi. © Princeton University Press, 2010. xiv 2. Cippus of Horus, 322–280bce. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource NY. 139 3. Map of Ptolemaic Alexandria. Reprinted from J.S. McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, 300B.C.–A.D.700 (Yale University Press) 38. © Judith S. McKenzie, 2007. 242 PREFACE The study of medicine in ancient Egypt can be largely divided into two kinds. One group, carried out principally by Egyptologists, has been con- cerned with the medicine of Egypt from the Old Kingdom to the Late period or Greco-Roman era. The other comes from classicists interested in Greek medicine, chiey the fragments of the inuential elite physicians of Ptole- maic Alexandria, or those using the unusually large amount of papyrological evidence from Greco-Roman Egypt for the study of Greek social history. Many such works have sought to utilize relevant material from the ‘other’ tradition as well. This is usually, however, a matter of providing context, comparison or completeness. Thus Egyptian medicine is discussed as a single homogenous entity in works that foreground Greek medicine, or Greeks make an entrance at the end of Egyptian.
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