Envejecer En El Antiguo Egipto

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Envejecer En El Antiguo Egipto UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA INSTITUT D’ESTUDIS DEL PRÒXIM ORIENT ANTIC PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN EGIPTOLOGÍA ENVEJECER EN EL ANTIGUO EGIPTO UNA PERSPECTIVA MÉDICA, FARMACÉUTICA Y CULTURAL Tesis doctoral BEATRIZ CARDONA ARENAS Director Tutor Dr. Francisco Bosch Puche Dr. Josep Cervelló Autuori The Griffith Institute Institut d’Estudis del Pròxim Orient Antic University of Oxford Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, marzo de 2013 Dedicatoria Este trabajo se lo dedico a mi madre, una persona excepcional en todos los sentidos. Ella, con su ejemplo, me demostró que el dicho “querer es poder” se puede hacer realidad. Los avatares de la vida le impidieron, en la edad en que uno perfila su futuro, desarrollar la inmensa vocación que tenía por la medicina; sin embargo, eso no fue obstáculo para que a los cincuenta y cuatro años empezase a cumplir su sueño, estudiando el bachillerato y posteriormente diplomándose en Enfermería. Gracias mamá por tu ejemplo de constancia, sacrificio y voluntad, pero sobre todo por ser la mejor madre del mundo. 3 4 ÍNDICE Introducción . 7 1.- Objetivo, justificación y esquema del trabajo . 9 2.- Nota metodológica . 11 3.- Agradecimientos . 12 Capítulo I: El concepto de vejez en el antiguo Egipto . 15 Capítulo II: Introducción a la medicina egipcia . 31 1.- Importancia y fama de la medicina egipcia . 33 2.- Fuentes . 37 2.1.- Consideraciones previas . 37 2.2.- Momias . 38 2.3.- Papiros médicos . 42 2.4.- Ostraca médicos . 75 3.- Magia y medicina . 81 3.1.- Amuletos y estelas protectoras . 83 3.2.- Encantamientos . 86 3.3.- Sanadores-magos . 89 4.- El médico . 94 4.1.- Formación . 99 4.2.- Especialistas. 101 4.3.- Jerarquía . 104 4.4.- Estatus social . 108 5.- El medicamento . 111 5.1.- Consideraciones previas . 111 5.2.- Análisis del medicamento . 115 5.3.- Drogas . 117 5.3.1.- Origen vegetal . 119 5.3.2.- Origen animal . 124 5.3.3.- Origen mineral . 127 5.4.- Posología y duración de los tratamientos . 128 5.5.- Vías de administración . 136 5.6.- Formas farmacéuticas . 137 5.6.1.- Consideraciones previas . 137 5.6.2.- Formas farmacéuticas sólidas . 138 5.6.3.- Formas farmacéuticas líquidas . 148 5.6.4.- Formas farmacéuticas semisólidas . 151 5.6.5.- Formas farmacéuticas gaseosas . 152 5.7.- Lugar de preparación del medicamento . 154 5.8.- Metodología galénica . 155 5.9.- Utillaje galénico . 187 Capítulo III: El envejecimiento desde la óptica de la medicina egipcia . 229 1.- Consideraciones previas . 231 2.- Recetas para eliminar los signos de la vejez en los papiros médicos . 236 2.1.- pEbers . 236 2.2.- pHearst . 237 2.3.- pEdwin Smith . 238 5 3.- Traducción de las recetas destinadas a eliminar los signos capilares de la vejez . 239 3.1.- Fórmulas contra el encanecimiento del pEbers . 240 3.2.- Fórmulas contra la alopecia del pEbers . 258 3.3.- Fórmulas contra el encanecimiento del pHearst . 275 3.4.- Fórmulas contra la alopecia pHearst . 278 3.5.- Drogas utilizadas en los tratamientos capilares . 285 3.5.1.- Origen vegetal . 286 3.5.2.- Origen animal . 322 3.5.3.- Origen mineral . 358 3.5.4.- Origen indeterminado . 362 3.6.-Metodología y utillaje empleados . 364 4.- Traducción de las recetas destinadas a eliminar el envejecimiento dérmico 365 4.1.- Fórmulas contra el envejecimiento dérmico del pEbers, pHearst y pEdwin Smith en paralelo . 365 4.2.- Drogas utilizadas en el tratamiento del envejecimiento dérmico . 380 4.2.1.- Origen vegetal . 381 4.2.2.- Origen animal . 394 4.2.3.- Origen mineral . 403 4.2.4.- Origen indeterminado . 409 4.3.-Metodología y utillaje empleados . 411 5.-Fórmula del pEdwin Smith 21, 9 - 22, 10 . 413 5.1.- Traducción de la fórmula para transformar un hombre viejo en un hombre joven . 413 5.2.- Drogas utilizadas . 420 5.3.- Metodología y utillaje empleados . 421 Conclusiones . 423 Bibliografía . 459 6 INTRODUCCIÓN 7 8 1.- Objetivo, justificación y esquema del trabajo El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el sentimiento negativo que la decrepitud física que conlleva el advenimiento de la vejez generó en el sentir de los antiguos egipcios. Pretendemos demostrar que, como consecuencia de este sentimiento, el deterioro que se produce en esta etapa de la vida fue considerado como una enfermedad más, y como tal fue tratado. Este pueblo albergaba la creencia de que la vejez podía ser involucionada y, en consecuencia, que era posible recuperar la juventud perdida. Con esta finalidad se formularon diferentes remedios destinados a combatir, o al menos paliar, la decrepitud. La idiosincrasia de la actuación terapéutica de los tratamientos utilizados para hacer frente a la vejez es la misma que se documenta para el resto de patologías. En concreto, se consideraba que, al eliminar los síntomas de una enfermedad, ésta se curaba. Es por ello que se prescribieron distintas fórmulas medicamentosas para combatir los signos externos que la vejez ocasiona, a saber, la canicie, la alopecia y las arrugas, puesto que, conseguir que éstos desaparecieran, significaba la recuperación de la juventud. Nuestro estudio se centra fundamentalmente en el ámbito de la medicina egipcia y, en particular, en la información que puede extraerse de los papiros médicos, puesto que es en los conocimientos contenidos en estos documentos donde más claramente queda patente el intento de este pueblo por detener la vejez. Sin embargo, concluiremos nuestro trabajo dando una rápida visión, a modo de refuerzo, de cómo en otros órdenes de la vida, como son la literatura o el arte, este sentimiento también se hizo palpable. El marco cronológico en el que se circunscribe nuestro estudio es la época faraónica y, en especial, los Reinos Medio y Nuevo, periodos de los que procede el mayor número de documentación papirológica de carácter médico que ha sobrevivido hasta nuestros días. Sin embargo, también se harán alusiones a las etapas tanto precedentes como posteriores, particularmente a los Periodos Ptolemaico y Romano, para así ofrecer una visión más general o de conjunto. En el capítulo I se analiza el concepto de vejez en el antiguo Egipto, haciendo especial hincapié en los diversos aspectos y elementos que caracterizan esta etapa de la vida, tanto desde un punto de vista sociológico como lexicográfico. Comprobaremos la distinción existente entre la vejez cronológica, la cual era anhelada al llevar implícitas 9 ideas como la sabiduría y el estatus, y la vejez física, absolutamente rechazada al ir en contra del ideal perseguido de gozar de una existencia longeva totalmente exenta del deterioro, tanto físico como mental, que el paso del tiempo acarrea, es decir, con total vigor y vitalidad. El capítulo II se destina a ofrecer una visión general de la medicina egipcia, algo necesario si tenemos en cuenta, por una parte, que es en su seno donde se desarrollaron los tratamientos empleados contra el envejecimiento y, por otra, que ésta carece de estudios en profundidad sobre su funcionamiento. Observaremos cómo la fama de esta disciplina traspasó las fronteras del país del Nilo, llegando los sanadores egipcios a ser reclamados por los monarcas de los pueblos circundantes. En esta sección nos centraremos en el estudio del elemento sanador, el medicamento, y en sus diferentes aspectos, tanto simbólicos como “científicos”. Atendiendo a esta última premisa haremos especial referencia a la farmacología y a la galénica. Analizaremos las formas farmacéuticas utilizadas y las sustancias que conforman la farmacopea egipcia, así como la metodología y el utillaje empleados en la elaboración de los preparados medicamentosos. Por último, en el capítulo III se realiza el estudio de los remedios formulados para tratar los signos externos de la vejez y que se encuentran recopilados en el pEbers, el pHearst y el pEdwin Smith. Estos remedios se traducen y analizan gramaticalmente y, siempre que ha sido posible, también se realiza su análisis galénico. De este modo, se examina la metodología seguida en su elaboración, el utillaje empleado y las sustancias que intervienen en su formulación. En primer lugar, nos ocupamos de los preparados formulados para tratar los problemas capilares y, a continuación, de los remedios destinados a solventar los problemas dérmicos. Este capítulo finaliza con el análisis de una fórmula que reviste un interés especial para nuestro estudio, puesto que su finalidad es la de “transformar un (hombre) viejo en un (hombre) joven”, lo que la convierte en el primer elixir de la eterna juventud de la historia y cuyo enunciado resume el sentir de los antiguos egipcios con respecto a las distintas edades del ser humano. 10 2.- Nota metodológica En primer lugar cabe señalar que, de no indicar lo contrario, todas las transliteraciones y traducciones de textos egipcios que aparecen en este trabajo son nuestras, debidamente contrastadas con las versiones publicadas existentes. Para la reproducción de los textos jeroglíficos hemos utilizado el programa Glyph for Windows (v. 1.2e). En la transcripción al castellano de los nombres propios y, en general, del vocabulario egipcio hemos seguido el sistema establecido por J. Padró (1987), con dos excepciones. Por un lado, para la denominación de los grandes periodos cronológicos de la historia de Egipto, hemos preferido adoptar el término “Reino” al de “Imperio” por razones histórico-culturales, de acuerdo con el sistema anglo-italiano (Kingdom, Regno) y en contra del sistema franco-alemán (Empire, Reich), según la propuesta de J. Cervelló Autuori (1996, 11). Por otro lado, hemos optado por la utilización de los dígrafos tj y dj, en lugar de ch y dy, en la transcripción
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