Broaden your outlook Planning methods for security and gender equality Broaden your outlook Planning methods for security and gender equality Title: Broaden your outlook – Planning methods for security and gender equality (Vidga vyerna – Planeringsmetoder för trygghet och jämställdhet) Graphic design and production: Infab Text: Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning) and Infab Illustrations: Anna Ödlund
Edition: 1 ISBN (PDF): 978-91-86827-68-7
The publication can be downloaded as a PDF file at www.boverket.se.
National Board of Housing, Building and Planning Box 534, SE-371 23 Karlskrona, Sweden Office: Drottninggatan 18 Web site: www.boverket.se E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +46 455 35 30 00
Boverket 2011
2 Foreword
This publication contains proposals for methods availability as well as cultural, linguistic and religious you can use when you are working with security and aspects among others in your work on security and gender equality issues in community planning at all gender equality, you can further deepen the social levels. The publication is a result of the mandate of the dimension of your work. National Board of Housing, Building and Planning to cooperate with the County Administrative Boards in In order for security and gender equality issues to have supporting concrete development work to enhance real resonance and be visible in plans, programmes security in urban environments from a gender equality and the physical environment, everybody working with perspective. In the Government’s Action plan for com- planning, building or management of the same need to bating men’s violence against women, honour-related have knowledge. It can be difficult to know what plan- violence and oppression and violence in same-sex rela- ning method or which combination of methods that tionships (Publication No 2007/2008:39), this mandate you will need in your work. Hopefully, this publication is listed as Measure 28. can inspire new ways of working and development of methods. Many of the methods described entail input The social aspects of community planning are signifi- over and above what is regulated in the Planning and cant in all types of planning of the physical environ- Building Act, but several of them can hopefully develop ment. By integrating security and gender equality the consultations regulated by law. issues in planning and when designing buildings, Frida Ryhag is the main author of the texts, and a proj- planners can participate in and promote social devel- ect group consisting of Kerstin Andersson as Project opment. The portal section of the Planning and Build- Manager, with Klara Falk, Hanna Tell, Jens Karlsson, ing Act states that “The provisions aim, while taking Camilla Axelsson and Agata Bar Nilsson has participat- into consideration the liberty of individual persons, to ed and provided opinions. The articles with examples promote social development with equal and good social are written by Malin Andersson. Birgitta Andersson living conditions and a good and long-term sustain- of JämKomp has assisted with texts relating to gender able living environment for people in today’s society equality. and for future generations.” (SFS 2010:900 Chapter 1,
Section 1). The municipality’s responsibility for prov- Karlskrona, September 2010 ing housing also means that municipalities shall create the prerequisites for everybody to live in good hous- Fredrik Meurman ing. By also including the needs of different groups to Development manager
3 4 Content
Instructions for readers...... 7 Introduction...... 9 Security from a gender equality perspective...... 11 Concepts...... 12 Gender equality, men’s violence against women and security...... 14 Gender equality policy...... 14 Transport policy...... 15 Starting points for community planning...... 16 18 ideas for planners...... 19 Statistics as a basis for planning...... 20 Asking questions in a survey...... 22 Listen to those who live and work there and to visitors - interviews give many answers...... 24 Checking off - using a check list as support...... 25 Analysing the current situation using SWOT...... 27 A circle with spokes – the value rose as a method for dialogue and analysis...... 28 Evaluation of urban environments – expressed in a diagram...... 30 How people move about in time and space – time geography as a planning method...... 32 Analysing space using mental maps...... 34 Take a walk together – neighbourhood security survey from a gender equality perspective...38 Gender equal sightseeing ...... 39 Design dialogue as a starting point for a discussion...... 41 Together in a dialogue for a common vision – charette...... 43 Meeting under different formats...... 45 Space integration analysis – Space Syntax as a digital method...... 48 Get to know your locality – locality analysis as a basis for planning ...... 50 What do girls and boys think – child maps in GIS...... 52 Describing the views of girls and boys – child consequence analysis...... 55 Reading tips and references...... 59
5 6 Instruction for readers
This publication is aimed at everybody working with how to develop background material for planning. community planning, building and with the manage- The publication is designed so that it can be read as ment of our physical environments. In this publication, a whole, but it can also be used as a reference book. community planning means all types of planning of the As a reader, you can choose the methods that suit you public environment, and to make reading easier, we best and then focus on them. If you want to find out have chosen to call those working with this “planners”. more about any method, there are tips about reading or where to find information on the Internet. The list The publication begins with fundamental starting of references at the end of the publication also has tips points, which are important for the understanding about where to find further information. The methods of security from a gender equality perspective. The are not described in detail; instead the idea is that you purpose of this part of the publication is to help you as a planner should pick out one or a couple of meth- as reader to learn important concepts and political ods, and then find out more yourself. Some methods goals with relevance for gender equality and security are also presented through articles, where someone issues. The idea is also for the chapter to increase the who has worked with a particular project describes understanding of how these issues are of importance their opinion about using a method. We hope that by to community planning. reading about how others have used a method, you will find inspiration for how to use the method for your The main part of this publication consists of a selec- particular planning commission. tion of planning methods. The methods presented The idea is that by reading this publication, you will vary in character. Some are qualitative methods, others get ideas to start from for integrating the security and are quantitative. Some are aimed at citizen dialogue gender equality perspective in various planning and and other include the use of digital tools, and show- building processes.
7 8 Introduction
We need to reinforce community planning with con- results as a natural part, alongside other parts of the sideration of security from a gender equality perspec- background material for planning. It is about safe- tive. Irrespective of whether we are planning on a large guarding qualities in what is being planned, in order to scale, or a small scale, it should be natural to include create the prerequisites for their management. security as an aspect to be considered. And of course the perception of security for women, men, girls and Meeting people is an important part of the planning boys in all groups. This is in order to make it possible process. But meeting is not enough. Preparation is to develop socially sustainable physical environments. needed for meeting people and for learning about the method chosen. Perhaps it is not just one method that Planners need increased knowledge and tools for the is needed, but a combination of methods depending area. Increased collaboration between different profes- on the planning task in question. Within the mandate sional groups, but also increased cooperation with the of reinforcing security in urban environments from a people who live, work and visit the places are needed gender equality perspective there are several projects in the planning processes. Community planning al- that have combined methods. Only creativity sets the ways entails a balance between differing interests and boundaries! Throughout, good leadership characteris- issues. The Planning and Building Act regulates the tics are needed in the person carrying out the process- opportunities for citizen participation to some extent, es. We planners need to develop our ability to be good through its requirement for consultation, but we need dialogue and process leaders. to involve women, men, girls and boys in the earlier stages. You as a planner need to take initiatives to meet The publication you are holding is filled with tips and the people, and then ensure that the people to have ideas for how you can work with security and gender invested time and commitment get feedback after- equality issues in planning. There are no guidelines for wards. By safeguarding people’s time and commitment how to use the methods, it is only your imagination in planning, you as a planner can contribute to a more that sets the boundaries. By learning about different secure society for all people, irrespective of gender. methods and how they can be used, as well as how they have been used by others, you may find the best We need to improve the background material for our solution for the planning task you are facing. When planning, so that it takes into account social sustain- you succeed, do not forget to document your work, ability. Just as obviously as we carry out technical inves- so that others can read it and benefit from what has tigations of areas being planned, we should carry out already been done. In the same way as you can benefit investigations that reflect what women, men, girls and from what others have done, there may be somebody boys perceive to be qualities and failings in the physical who is interested in the work you have done, or are environment. Using creativity, in many cases simplic- about to do. Disseminating knowledge and experience ity, models and technical aids, we can evaluate security about security and gender equality issues in commu- on the basis of people’s experiences, and include the nity planning is important.
9 10 Security from a gender equality perspective
Feeling secure and being able to move about freely is a democratic right for both women and men. In order to plan secure and gender equal environment we need knowledge that both gender and other factors are of importance for the perception of security. Before you start reading about the different plan- ning methods you can use in order to work with these issues, here follows an introduction to what security is from a gender equality perspective.
11 Security from a gender equality perspective is a ques- Concepts tion of democracy and human rights. For instance, The following explains some concepts that are impor- feeling secure is a prerequisite for being able to take tant to understand when working with security and part in different activities. A feeling of insecurity can gender equality in community planning. stop women in particular from taking part in activi- ties on the same terms as men. It may be a question of Gender equality and class equality not daring to go out when it is dark, making detours It is not unusual for the two concepts of gender equality to avoid certain places, or taking the car instead of and class equality to be confused. Gender equality is the walking. Many individual choices, such as choosing concept reserved for issues concerning men and women. safe routes or moving quickly, together make greater or smaller impact on everyday life. “Gender equality means that women and men have the same opportunities, rights and obligations within all spheres of life.” According to the National Security Survey (Swedish Source: Swedish National Encyclopaedia, National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå), 2009), Nationalencyklopedin one in six persons states to feel insecure at night out- doors in the area where they live. The feeling of insecu- rity varies between individuals and between groups of Class equality is about every person having the same people. The clearest difference is between women and value, in political terms, when it comes to influence men. Women feel four times as insecure as men. and social conditions. No person is worth more or less Gender is therefore the most decisive factor when it than anybody else, irrespective of ethnic background, comes to insecurity, but in many cases gender col- functional impairment, sex, etc. laborates with factors such as age, ethnicity, functional ability, finance, home location and education. Gender and sex Gender is an important part of the concept of gender equality. Gender should be regarded as a verb. It is not anything we are, but something we do in various social and cultural circumstances. It is about assigning dif- ferent characteristics to women and men based on the conceptions we have about what being a woman or man entails, in a certain society and at a certain point in time. Gender affiliation is marked in lots of differ- ent ways; through clothes, colours, toys, activities, etc. Gender permeates all levels of society, and can be linked to different power structures.
When the concept of gender started to be used in Sweden, the concept of sex became the biological difference between women and men. Today, it is less
12 common to divide up the meaning of the works, so Crime prevention and creation of security that sex is used about biological sex and gender about Crime prevention work is about preventing and reduc- social sex. Instead, many researchers use either one or ing criminality and increasing security. The work is the other concept, with the same meaning. done at different levels and within different areas of so- ciety. In terms of the physical environment, it is largely Power about good design. Creating surveillability and uninter- To many people, power is a highly charged word. It rupted views are important for creating security. can be awkward both to see and to talk about power. However, crime prevention measures in the physical However, power structures exist in all societies. They environment do not always create security. Fenced or can be based on factors such as sex, ethnicity, age, surveilled areas can lead to the perception that public sexuality and functional impairment. Power divides up spaces are insecure. On the other hand, an entrance to and structures people into different groups with differ- a building facing the street, or windows at street level ing worth. Different power structures collaborate with can contribute to a feeling of security, as more eyes can each other, but the difference between women and see what is happening. men is, and has always been prominent. Fear and risk In the declaration about the abolition of men’s vio- Using the concept of fear to describe people’s experi- lence against women, adopted by the United Nations ences causes problems. Some describe their feelings in 1939, the gender power structure was also included. in terms of fear, but many refer to insecurity or worry Not only was the fact that the power relationship instead. For some, it is about anger and frustration. between women and men is unequal established, but But all the different descriptions are used to formulate this power relationship was also seen as the cause of experiences that affect lives. men’s violence against women. It is better to avoid the concept of fear, and to describe Security what people, particularly women, relate to or calculate Security is a compound concept that is not easy to in terms of risk, perceived or real, of suffering violence explain. People can, for instance, describe security as or the threat of violence. This attitude can incorporate calmness, control, well-being, trust and freedom from feelings of fear, but also feelings of anger and power- threats. All these perceptions are individual. The mean- lessness, for example. ing of security depends on who is being asked, and under what circumstances. One consequence of security being an individual feeling and therefore difficult to define is that it is difficult to measure people’s feeling of security.
”Security ’Freedom from worrying or threatening elements or phenomena that constitute a part of a person’s surroundings... ’” Source: Swedish National Encyclopaedia, Nationalencyklopedin
13 Gender equality, men’s violence Gender equality policy against women and security Swedish gender equality policy has the overall goal of ensuring women and men have the same opportuni- Men’s violence against women expresses itself in several ties to form society and create their own lives. The ways and occurs in differing environments. The most overall goal is divided up into four subsidiary goals, common is violence in the home, with the perpetrator where the fourth subsidiary goal concerning men’s being a closely related man. But violence can also occur violence against women has a direct link to the issue of at school, in a restaurant or outdoors, and the perpe- security from a gender equality perspective. In the ac- trator may be a passing acquaintance or unknown. tion plan for combating men’s violence against women Violence can be physical or mental, and may concern (Publication No 2007/2008:39), funds are announced sexual violence in the form of harassment or rape. for improving security for women. The Government re- Most women have experience - own, from friends or fers, among other things, to the fact that in many towns via the media - of men’s violence. When a women suf- there are environments that are designed in such a fers violence, it affects other women too. Women gen- way that they can create feelings of insecurity and fear erally carry a silent knowledge about the vulnerability among people. The consequences for women and girls of their own bodies, and that there is a risk. They have are highlighted and it is emphasised that increasing learnt where and when the public environment may the gender equality perspective in planning can create be insecure. A rape in a park in one town can further freedom from the limitations that many feel today reinforce women’s perception of insecurity in a totally when moving about in certain urban environments. different location in the country.
The overall national goal for gender equality policy is to This means that it is possible to discern a difference ensure women and men have the same opportunities between women and men in their perceptions of in- to mould society and create their own lives. security and degrees of insecurity. This does not mean that all women have the same attitude to a risk, nor that Four subsidiary goals 1. Equal distribution of power and influence. no men do. But many women calculate, consciously or Women and men shall have the same rights and unconsciously, the risk of suffering sexual violence, and opportunities to be active citizens and to mould the this is based on their own and other women’s experi- conditions for decision-making. ences of the various forms of expression of violence. The 2. Financial equality. Women and men shall have the same opportunities and conditions in terms of education and risk calculation entails greater restrictions in women’s paid work giving life-long financial independence. way of using the physical environment than for men. 3. Equal distribution of unpaid domestic and care work. The cause of the problem cannot be found in the physi- Women and men shall take the same responsibility cal environment, but in the gender inequality of terms for domestic work and have the opportunities to give and receive care on equal terms. in society. This also means that it is not possible to build 4. Men’s violence against women shall stop. Women away the underlying problem, but it is however possible and men, girls and boys shall have the same right to create more secure environments through integrating and opportunity to bodily integrity. gender equality at all stages. Gender equal planning is You can find the gender equality policy goal on the also a step towards a more equal society. Government website (Regeringen, 2010a).
14 Transport policy The goal of transport policy is to safeguard transport Gender equality is included as an important aspect of provision for citizens and business that is efficient the overall goals of Swedish transport policy. It states from the perspective of national economics and sustainable in the long term throughout the country. that the transport system shall be gender equal and equitably fulfil women’s and men’s transport needs. The overall goal is divided up into a functional It is common for the life patterns of women and men goal and a consideration goal. to differ in various ways. Among other things, women Functional goal - accessibility value geographical proximity more than men. This The design, function and use of the transport may be so because it is primarily women who coor- system shall contribute to giving everybody dinate daily life, and that they therefore have a more basic accessibility with good quality and usability, complex pattern of movement throughout the day. and contribute to the power of development throughout the country. The transport system Men, in turn, put more time into salaried work than shall be gender equal, i.e. equitably fulfil women’s women. In order to move between environments and men’s transport needs. where the different activities take place, women tend to use public transport, or walk, to a greater extent Consideration goal - security, environment and health than men (Boverket,, 2002). Space and time thus have The design, function and use of the transport a gender perspective. This does not mean that the situ- system shall be adapted so that nobody is killed ation is the same for all women, or that it is different or seriously injured, and shall contribute to the for all men, but at a general level there are differences achievement of environmental quality goals and to improved health. that are important. But, what is being done to facilitate matters for women in particular today will also facili- The transport policy goals were adopted by the tate matters for men in the future. There are also many Riksdag in spring 2009. On 14 December 2009, other factors that are of importance for the opportuni- the transport agencies published proposals for definitions of the transport policy goals. The ties and limitations of our movements, not only gender Swedish Transport Administration is continuing produces differences in behaviour, but also factors the work of making the transport policy goals such as age and functional impairment. concrete during 2010.
You can find the transport policy goals on the Government website (Regeringen, 2010b).
15 Starting points for Reading tips community planning Jämställdhet nästa! Samhällsplanering ur ett Planning secure and gender equal environment re- genusperspektiv, Anita Larsson and Anne Jalakas quires that everybody involved increases their knowl- edge about what security from a gender perspective entails in community planning. To begin with, it is about getting knowledge about why things look the On the Internet way they do in society, what the underlying problem http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/lst/sv/amnen/ concerning security, insecurity and gender equality is. Jamstalldhet/ Awareness of these issues is also necessary throughout The County Administrative Board (länsstyrelsen) the planning process. Secure and gender equal envi- website has basic information about gender equality. ronments that appeal to everybody are planned on the basis of knowledge and awareness that both gender and other factors, such as age and functional impair- ment, are of importance. Once this knowledge is avail- able, it is possible to start asking new questions, formu- lating other problems than before and in this way also finding new solutions during the planning process.
The knowledge, and the continued work, needs to be developed in cooperation with others. Everybody cannot be an expert on every subject, but by cooperat- ing within many areas that in different ways impinge on community planning, we can help each other and share our varied knowledge. When it comes to cooper- ation, it is important to think outside the usual frame- work. The work of informing and engaging colleagues needs to start as early as possible, and be followed up continuously. The public must also be given the op- portunity to influence if the work is to produce results.
Often, a good initial move is to review and develop information routes and procedures. Commitment, support, clear messages and positive feedback from management is also necessary.
16 17 18 18 ideas for planners
The starting point for planning is the portal section of the Planning and Building Act. But the method or combination of methods that is suitable to use as the basis for work to fulfil this will of course vary from case to case, depending on the changes to be carried out and the type of plan in question.
Here we summarise some differing methods and approaches that can be useful when considering the security and gender equality perspective in planning and building processes. Hopefully, you can see the methods as a source of inspiration on which to base your work.
19 One Statistics as a basis for planning
Making structural differences between women, men, produce statistical material of interest to planning. girls and boys visible is a prerequisite for carrying out active gender equality work. Here, statistics fill an Statistics Sweden publishes information about popula- important function, as they provide the basic factors tion changes per quarter, six months and year. Statis- needed in order to bring the gender equality perspec- tics Sweden also supplies municipal fact sheets and tive into community planning. Statistics do not only can make investigations at a more detailed level on point out differences between the sexes, but are also request. Statistics Sweden also produces special gen- a measure of how gender equality develops over time. der equality statistics. Using statistics, you can therefore illuminate the development for women and men in comprehensive The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention planning. (Brå) annually presents results concerning issues such as security, crime, trust in and contacts with the judi- According to Section 14 of the Official Statistics Ordi- cial system, at both national and regional level, and in nance (SFS 2001:100), official statistics that are based 31 of the municipalities in the country in the National on individuals shall “...always be divided by sex unless Security Survey. For this publication, Brå has also there are special reasons against its”. Statistics are a developed a method description and a questionnaire good basis for planning both at comprehensive level which are available on their website. The police also and at detailed plan level. But they can also be used carries out security surveys, which are a good founda- for development and management. Statistics can tion for planning. make visible differences and similarities between the sexes within areas such as: use of time, housing forms, The National Board of Housing, Building and Plan- distribution between paid and unpaid work, finances ning analyses the housing market every year together and career opportunities, and also travelling habits and with the County Administrative Boards. The analysis commuting patterns. is based on a housing market survey responded to by the municipalities. The survey includes, among other Ready-to-use statistics things, a question about the municipality’s work with Statistics that may be useful as the basis for planning security-enhancing measures and the circumstances have been produced in many different areas. Mu- in which this is done. This is a good basis for compre- nicipalities have lots of useful statistics themselves. hensive planning. Several County Administrative Boards and regions also
20 The Swedish National Institute of Public Health follows On the Internet up public health policy and produces background material for future health initiatives. They base this Statistics Sweden, www.scb.se on a survey responded to by the municipalities in the Examples of what you can find here are: country, which can provide a basis for planning work. ● På tal om kvinnor och män – lathund om jämställdhet 2010 ● Könsuppdelad statistik – ett nödvändigt medel för You can also find material from universities and col- jämställdhetsanalys leges, which carry out living standard surveys explor- ing security. Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, www.bra.se The link to statistics contains good information. Concise facts Swedish National Institute of Public Health, www.fhi.se Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a name for a The link to statistics and follow-up contains good computer-based information system with functions for information. inputting, processing, storing, analysing and present- ing geographic data. Swedish Police, www.polisen.se Use the search word “Statistik” on the police website to find statistics relating to the operational area of the police. If you want to present statistical information geo- graphically, GIS is also a useful tool.
Figures do not tell the whole story In planning, it is important to clarify that the statistics explain the current situation and the experiences that women, men, girls and boys carry with them. It is not the future needs and structures that statistics make vis- ible, but the current structural problems. For instance, if the statistics show that public transport initiatives and development of childcare benefits women in par- ticular, this is because the structure is what it is today. This does not mean that it will always be the same.
Planning needs to take into account both the current situation and the future. When you use statistics in planning, you must therefore ask yourself what the gender differences may be due to, whether planning can improve the conditions of women and men, and whether you can contribute to the reduction or disap- pearance of the power structures that are based on gender (Larsson & Jalakas, 2008).
21 Two Asking questions in a survey
Measuring security by means of surveys is one of the a total selection where an entire group within the area most common methods, both in Sweden and interna- of investigation is heard. However, the most common tionally. Security investigations in the form of surveys form is a random selection. The random selection can chart the level of perceived security and study does of course consist of a smaller number of respon- changes. Surveys responded to by women and men be- dents, but it can also be representative. With the survey fore and after the introduction of a measure can work responses, you as planner acquire a basis for both com- as follow-up, and surveys with recurring intervals can prehensive planning and detailed planning. But they measure changes over time. can just as well be used by developers and managers.
If surveys are sent out to a carefully calculated selection As a planner, you also need access to views from the of women and men, the result can be representative for groups of people with some kind of functional im- a larger group. The respondents can be selected with pairment. Carrying out surveys of persons with visual
Location surveys good complement to postal surveys
The City of Stockholm had carried out postal surveys targeted questions with multiple choice answer before, but this time they were supplemented with options, and also open-ended questions, where the location surveys in order to increase the number respondents were to describe a feeling and the type of respondents. Focus groups were also arranged, of measures they could consider. where in-depth discussions were held about what the ”We also had maps where the respondents were participants felt was insecure at Järvafältet and its to mark insecure places and movement patterns close surroundings. At Järvafältet, location surveys across the park. Then we arranged focus groups in were carried out in order to increase the response rate. conjunction with the surveys, where a consultant held more in-depth discussions about what the group felt ”Postal surveys tend to have a poor response rate. to be insecure,” Ludvig Elgström tells us. We also noticed that there were more women than men who responded to these,” says Ludvig Elgström, Gender segregated group discussions project manager for Trygga samband över Järvafältet The persons who took part in the group discussions (Secure links across Järvafältet). were recruited during the location interviews. The group discussions were gender segregated. The surveys were designed with both a number of ”There were differences between the sexes in
22 impairment, for example, requires a different type of ing interviews. It is the aim of the planning task that preparation and execution. In such cases, a survey can determines which method is best. Using a quantitative perhaps be designed as an interview. method, you measure development, scope and level, while a qualitative methods studies characteristics. It The design and the interpretation are important. may be possible to get external help with the survey, A survey needs to be designed to be easy to understand, from students for example. appealing and not too comprehensive (Heber, 2008). In order to enable general conclusions to be drawn, you When you interpret the survey responses, you must need to make a drop-out analysis of those people who remember that people do not generally base their risk have not responded to the survey. It may be that the assessments on statistical circumstances, which is views of the group that has not responded are the most what experts and planners primarily do. Who makes valuable. Unfortunately, you will seldom reach the most the best estimate cannot be determined, but clearly vulnerable people in society with a survey mailing. this can lead to differing interpretations and therefore to differing measures. It is therefore important that Most surveys are quantitative, and analysed and surveys are also worded and interpreted on the basis of presented in figures. Surveys that are qualitative are the aim of the planning task. mostly carried out in the form of telephone or visit-
movement patterns. Men moved about more more insecure than those who answered the location dispersedly across the park, while the women keep surveys. There was a weak link between those who more to the main paths where the lighting is better. did not visit the park and how insecure they felt. And those who feel insecure in their own housing area also What have you learnt from working with a survey felt insecure in the park,” says Ludvig Elgström. as a method within physical changes to the local environment? The greatest challenge of surveys, in his view, is to get ”We have done postal surveys several times before. people to respond. The survey has resulted in a report. What is new is the relationship between postal survey “The report forms the basis for a vision for the park and location survey, and being able to complement the that we are working on,” says Ludvig Elgström. result so well with the location survey. The answers from the two surveys differed. Will you be using surveys as a method in community planning again? ”The postal surveys had a low response rate, but ”Absolutely, but perhaps not in exactly the same way.” those who answered perceived the park as being
23 Listen to those who live and work there and Three to visitors – interviews provide many answers
In many of the methods described in the publication, youth recreation leaders, social services, postmen, using interviews or surveys to gain deeper understand- janitors, etc., who may have knowledge about per- ing of behaviours gives you added value as a planner. ceived security in the areas in which they work. Interviews can be used as a stand-alone method, but also as a complement to surveys, and they can also be Common errors carried out in differing ways, such as in-depth, tele- It is important that the interviewer conducts the phone or focus group interviews. interview in a way that does not entail the result is af- fected by generalisations based on preconceived ideas Interviews as a method can give broad understanding on the subject. The interviewer and interviewee can of the perceptions of women, men, girls and boys in re- also unconsciously affect the responses, for instance lation to security and gender equality. Using interviews, due to their sex or their origins (Boverket, 2006). You it is also possible to reach groups that are difficult to should therefore think about your role when conduct- reach using surveys. If you are interviewing persons ing interviews. with some type of functional impairment, for example a person with impaired hearing, you need to prepare Questions and concepts do of course need to be clear. extra well. You may need access to special premises See the first section of this publication for various con- with good acoustics, equipped with a hearing loop. cepts relating to security and gender equality. It is also important to consider when during the year the ques- As a planner, you can be creative and format the in- tions are asked. If it is during the darker part, when the terviews as light conversations, such as a story-telling perceived insecurity is generally greater, or during the café, where participants can talk about their experi- summer months? How recent events linked to security ences in relation to security, but also listen to other have been reflected in the media is also important person’s stories about perceived security. You should (Ryen, 2004). also interview key persons, such as police officers,
24 Four Checking off - using a check list as support
A check list works as support for planners. But the un- Why, who and when? derlying knowledge about security and gender equality The process of developing your own check list in itself issues is needed first, in order to enable a check list to increases your knowledge about security and gender be used as a tool. equality. But do not forget about the check list after- wards. The check list is a tool for planners for checking Existing check lists that the “gender equality glasses” are worn during the There are ready prepared check lists for working with planning process. Before you use the check list, it is gender equality in community planning. These in- important to consider why, who and when. clude the security aspects. Several counties and a few ● Why should the check list be used? municipalities have developed their own examples of ● Who shall use the check list? check lists. Among them are the County Administrative ● When should the check list be used? Boards in Östergötland, Skåne, Halland and Dalarna, and Uppsala Municipality. As a planner, you are not expected to have all the There is no point in re-inventing the wheel, but an knowledge about security and gender equality, but it adaptation to your own organisation and the planning is important that you use everyday life as your starting issue in question is important. The important thing is point. If technical knowledge is needed, as a planner, for the check list to be developed and adjusted ac- you must take the initiative to enhance your knowl- cording to user, so that it feels manageable within the edge of the subject. operation where it is to be used. Perhaps the check list needs to be used as a tool both If you are working with detailed plans, you can use at the beginning and the end of the planning process? your plan description check list, and add headings for But it can also be used as a control station halfway security and gender equality, and develop the habit to through, and as a tool for follow-up. A check list can account for this if it is of importance for the plan. be just as valuable in comprehensive planning as in detailed planning. It can be used both for existing and built-up environments, by developers and by managers.
25 Bo Tryggt as a check list tion in question. Begin by ensuring that those taking Bo Tryggt 05 (Secure living) (Polismyndigheten, 2005) part in the work are not just representing differing is a manual containing check lists for everybody work- professional categories, but that both women and men ing with crime prevention and security-enhancing are included. measures in housing and housing areas. The manual was produced by the Stockholm County Police Author- ity in conjunction with researchers from the Royal Selection of existing checklists for gender Institute of Technology in Stockholm and Chalmers equality within community planning
University of Technology in Gothenburg. (All are available in pdf form on the Internet)
The manual covers the entire chain from planning via Jämna steg – checklista för jämställdhet i fysisk planering, Boverket construction to management. The aim is to build away crime and build in security in housing environments. Lika – en checklista för jämställd planering, The manual highlights the importance of following up. Länsstyrelsen Dalarnas län By following up what the changes are in criminality Bo Tryggt 05 (www.botryggt.se), Polismyndigheten i and perceived insecurity, new projects can learn from Stockholms län previous experiences. Vägledning för hälsokonsekvensbedömningar – med Bo Tryggt 05 is based on security-enhancing measures, fokus på social och miljömässig hållbarhet, Statens Folkhälsoinstitut but not directly from a gender equality perspective.
The check lists in the manual have therefore not been Riktlinjer för tillgänglighet – Riv hindren, Handisam specifically designed from this perspective. This aspect (Myndigheten för handikappolitisk samordning) can be added by you, based on the needs of the loca-
26 Five Analysing the current situation using SWOT
SWOT stands for the words Strengths, Weaknesses, both women and men have expressed their views. The Opportunities and Threats. To begin with, the analysis method can be used for both comprehensive planning was a business finance planning tool, but it is today and detailed planning, and also for development and used within many areas. A gender equality SWOT management, primarily in built-up environments. analysis has been used in Stockholm for the work with gender equal communications.
As a planner, you can use a gender equality SWOT when analysing secure environments. Carrying out a SWOT analysis during the planning work gives you a quick overview of the current situation and informa- tion about what needs developing.
Use a diagram with four fields, and note down strong and weak sides, and what is perceived as threats and opportunities. The method can help those carrying out the analysis to identify important parameters in the environment. It provides answers to questions about where women and men perceive security and insecu- rity. As a planner, you will of course ask for help from various professional groups and persons in the environ- ment in order to get a higher quality of analysis.
A SWOT analysis for a location is best done if the plan- ner first holds a meeting, where women, men, children and older persons participate in a dialogue that gives the planner the opportunity to assess the strengths, A SWOT analysis is divided up into four fields, where factors that constitute weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Through this strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and analysis, it can become very clear that the lack of secu- threats are identified rity in a location is a threat and that it is a strength that
27 A circle with spokes – the value rose as a Six method for dialogue and analysis
The value rose is a method for analysis, and a tool for Using the value rose reporting overall consequences on the basis of social, The value rose is a tool that facilitates a dialogue about financial, ecological and also technical sustainability sustainability. The women and men who participate in (Bengtsson, Jan-Erik et al., 2007). The method is mainly the dialogue are represented by different professional used within comprehensive planning and for larger and categories, the general public and others with special- more complex detailed planning. But it can also be a ist knowledge of certain subjects. method for planners working with development and management, both in undeveloped and in built-up areas. The value rose is constructed from four main aspects For social sustainability, security and gender equality are with subsidiary aspects adapted according to the plan- analysed, and then weighed against the other aspects of ning issue in question. sustainability. The method also has visual strength, as it It is important that the balance between the main as- shows differences between differing options. pects is reasonably even in order for the dialogue to be
Sustainable comprehensive plan using the value rose as a method
The value rose was used in the comprehensive plan what is included in the planning situation. It is a good for Ön in Umeå Municipality to describe a security and pedagogic method, which describes a total view gender equality perspective. Security was included as of the parameters we are working with in our town a spoke, and a gender equality strategist participated planning vision,” she says. in the workshops arranged. Stina Fahlgren does not consider that the value rose ”During our workshop, we constructed the groups is a tool for including gender equality in the planning so that they covered the interest areas included in work, but for including security. the circle,” says Stina Fahlgren, architect at Umeå ”Security was woven in as a spoke in the value rose. Municipality. The Municipality invited a broad range of Women and men shall be included already in the people to the workshops. The participants were anything planning groups. That is where the gender equality from interest groups and builders, to enthusiasts and perspective should be included,” she thinks. the municipality’s officers. Stina Fahlgren was the project manager for the comprehensive planning for Ön, and had During the environmental consequence work, the group seen Östersund Municipality work with the value rose sat down and discussed each ”hour” of the value rose. during one of its plans. ”We used a rose with the current sustainability as the ”I think the value rose is an interesting method, because starting point. Then the participants said whether the you can include a greater sustainability aspect. It shows planning alternatives were better or worse, for each
28 productive and the result usable. The different aspects therefore need to be represented by representatives of equal status in a well-constructed group.
Using this method, you can hopefully achieve both a good dialogue and also material for planning in the form of one or several illustrated options, which can be used in the continued planning work and which clarify how sustainability is affected by different planning options.
Interpretation and assessment The centre of the circle shows the lowest sustainabil- ity, while the outer parts of the circle mark the best possible sustainability. If the plan satisfies security aspects, for example, the marking will end up far out on the spoke for security values, and will entail greater sustainability in this respect. The larger the rose, the more sustainable the planning proposal.
parameter. It is important that it is the same group, hand this exists in all environmental assessments.” so that the various proposals can be compared,” Any advantages of the value rose? continues Stina Fahlgren. “I think we have gained a deeper understanding of what should be included in the sustainability concept. What have you learnt from working with the method? The greater the surface in the circle diagram, the “That it describes the sustainability in a pedagogic greater the sustainability, while a smaller surface way, but also that it is controversial. Some think it means less sustainability. All aspects should be is suspect and vague. It is a method that questions included in the value rose, where for instance security accepted truths and shows that there are other issues can be both a social indicator and a road safety than things like project finance that are important for indicator for creating a society or a city district with the economic sustainability. If we are to show what is good sustainability in the long term”, says Stina sustainable for society in the longer term, several parts Fahlgren. become interesting. In recent years, the social aspect of planning of town building projects has been highlighted.” Umeå has already used the method again in a more in-depth version of the comprehensive plan for the Any difficulties? district of Nydala. ”The questioning by those who want clear figures. There “It is sure to be used more time. I think there is an is a subjectivity in the assessment, but on the other interest in continuing”, she says.
29 The value rose is a basis for assessment where no exact figures are stated. It is therefore beneficial if the assess- Evaluation ment is made by persons with specialist knowledge of of urban certain subjects. When security is assessed, the police, social services, public health planner or some other environment suitable professional category may be helpful. Statistics Seven – expressed and research can also form the basis for the assess- in a diagram ment. The account of the value rose can also be supple- mented with a descriptive text for each aspect. You can In the dissertation “Värdering av stadsmiljö – en metod also add your own spokes to the analysis; spokes that att mäta upplevelse” (Evaluation of urban environ- are relevant just for your planning situation. ments - a method for measuring perception), Lena Steffner describes people’s perceptions of locations in a diagram based on a graded scale. The diagram looks like the value rose in shape, but the parameters are represented by people’s feelings. The aim of this model is “...to develop and validate a method for measuring perceptions in an area with a certain urban character.” (Steffner, 2009, p.1).
The method increases the citizen perspective in the planning process, which provides a broader knowl- edge and planning basis. Using this method, you can achieve an early dialogue with the general public in an everyday manner, with the following four steps: 1. character description 2. survey 3. presentation 4. discussion of results
For a description of the area’s character, you can use locality analysis for example. Thereafter follows a sur- vey in two parts. The first part is based on a map where the respondent gets to mark feelings about places and patterns of movement. The second part of the survey is based on images. The respondent states the spontane- ous feelings they have of the place shown in the image. Survey questions supplement the images to form an idea of how a place may change in the future.
30 The background material for the planning is developed carried out to show how women, men, girls and boys on the basis of documented qualities and failings, perceive areas and locations as positive – negative, which results in a material where goals and visions exciting – boring, agreeable – disagreeable and se- are based on people’s perceived feelings. As a planner, cure – insecure. This method is best suited for existing you will of course have to think through the selection, environments, but can also be used when undeveloped so that a gender division in the survey and analysis is areas are planned comprehensively or in detail.
Reading tips Concise facts Lena Steffner is a doctor of technology and architect, Värdering av stadsmiljöer – en metod att mäta and has her own company www.qualityarchitects.se. upplevelser, Lena Steffner Her doctoral thesis was Värdering av stadsmiljö – en metod att mäta upplevelse (Evaluation of city Lär känna din ort! – metoder att analysera orter och environments – a method for measuring perception), stadsdelar, Boverket published 2009 at the Town Planning section, Department of Architecture and the Built Environment at Lund Institute of Technology
31 How people move about in time and space Eight – time geography as a planning method
Time geography is a method that shows how people Within community planning, you as a planner can move around in everyday life. The starting point for the use the movement patterns of women and men in method is that people’s actions take a certain time and everyday life as background information for planning that moving between activities in everyday life occurs in order to better understand the obstacles contained occurs between different places in the spatial room. in the physical environment. By investigating how The activities that women, men, girls and boys fill their women and men prioritise the distribution of their everyday lives with are formed by the choices of individu- time, you can create a picture of everyday life, and the als and the restrictions of others, but also by obstructions differences that exist can be handled from a gender in the physical environment. By studying how people use equality perspective. You can also ask yourself what the time, and the rooms in which the activities are carried makes certain choices possible, and other impossible. out, you can understand the opportunities and limita- And you can see how the choices are made possible or tions of everyday life (Friberg, 1999). limited, not just by how the physical environment is
The illustration shows a time-space diagram in which you can read the movements in time in everyday life.
32 planned, but also by how places are perceived from a work, unpaid work and leisure together with informa- security perspective (Hägerstrand, 1991). tion about the location of and distance between hous- The background information for planning can be used ing, workplaces, leisure activities, everyday shopping, primarily within structure planning and in built-up schools, etc. The transport opportunities between environments, but also for detailed planning and for these goal points also need clarifying. What are the op- general perceptions in undeveloped environments. portunities for travel? Is a car needed, and is there ac- cess to one? Is there public transport, and what is the Time diaries timetable like? Can shortcuts for walking or bicycling A time space diagram is what characterises the time be used, and do they feel secure? (Forsberg, 2005) geography method (Friberg, 1999). In order to pres- ent these as the basis for planning, you must start by drawing up so-called individual time diaries with daily Concise facts programmes. These make visible individual persons’ ac- Torsten Hägerstrand 1916-2004, geographer and tivities during their waking hours. Depending on wishes professor in Lund, designed time geography as a and priorities, paid work and family situation, as well method. as directive limitations in the surroundings, the time diaries will look different. The daily programmes reflect Tora Friberg, cultural geographer, developed the method in particular with a gender equality perspective. a number of compromises made by the individual.
You can also construct daily programmes, which can sometimes give a better indication of how the physi- cal environment leads to obstacles. In order to create Reading tips constructed daily programmes, you need a knowledge basis. Through surveys and interviews, you can gather The illustration shows a time-space diagram in which together the individual knowledge, while statistics you can read the movements in time in everyday life. can provide information about the time consumed by
33 Nine Analysing space using mental maps
that the place and the movement around and in it lead to. There are as many versions of maps of a single place as there are people. The method can be useful when differ- ent professional groups are discuss- ing changes to the environment, but it also functions as a basis for plan- ning in gaining knowledge about how women, men, girls and boys move about and look at the built environment. The mental map can, for example, constitute the basis for a locality analysis where issues relat- ing to security and gender equality are focused on in particular.
The place in Kevin Lynch’s mental maps is visualised by landmarks (individual objects in the urban landscape that stand out, such as a church), paths (can be streets where The mental map as space analysis was developed by people move around), nodes (places where people and Kevin Lynch. His method originally started from the traffic meet, for example a square), edges (can consist physical structures, but has been further developed to of barriers, such as steep inclines and traffic routes) also include the experiences of people. A mental map and districts (such as areas of housing and employ- is a memory of a place that can be put down on paper. ment with a homogenous structure) (Boverket, 2002). Depending on how a person perceives a location, this map can differ in appearance. Filled with content, it How do women and men perceive the location when shows up limitations, possibilities and perceptions they move about? How is security perceived?
34 The perception can be marked graphically, for ex- ample with an arrow for direction and a full stop for Concise facts an enclosed environment. The analysis of how the en- vironment is perceived can then be tested against the Kevin Lynch, 1918-1984, was an American professor, town planner and architect. His best known work, changes planned. As these are subjective evaluations, The image of the city (1960) described how the it is suitable for the mental maps to be made individu- inhabitants of a large city perceive it and move about ally by several persons. The value of the method is that in their local environment. He identified five different the same graphic symbols are used to mark phenom- structures in a city that affect how people move about. Other works are What Time is This Place ena and perceptions in the environment. (1972), where he studied how people in a city spend their time, and at the same time considered Mental maps is a planning method for planning at both city preservation issues, and Growing Up in Cities comprehensive and detailed level, but it can also be (1977), where he studied the city as an environment where children grow up. used by both developers and managers. Why not use the methods when those living in an apartment house are discussing their local environment?
35 Take a walk together – neighbourhood security Ten survey from a gender equality perspective
Neighbourhood security survey is carried out jointly the starting point, as these are prerequisites for and in an area, and entails a walk in combination with a affect each other, and are the starting point for security meeting, where security and gender equality issues are issues. Neighbourhood security surveys are arranged discussed (Andersson-Ek, 2009). The survey uses the throughout the country. They are carried out in differing area’s physical environment and social perspective as formats, with varying participant constellations, and sometimes use a theme as the starting point.
Neighbourhood security surveys as a method was developed by the initiative Tryggare och Mänskligare Göteborg (A more secure and more humane Gothen- burg). The method now has a gender equality perspec- tive in the manuals Trygghetsvandra – en vägledning (Neighbourhood security survey - a guide) and Tryg- ghetsvandra – tankar på vägen (Neighbourhood secu- rity survey - thoughts along the way), both published in 2010. The manuals were published in collaboration between Tryggare och Mänskligare Göteborg, the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention and the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning.
Democratic meetings Neighbourhood security surveys have added value in addition to showing people’s views of the built environment. The walk is an opportunity for those who live, use and are active within the area to meet and acquire increased understanding of the planning process. If you are planning the area, the survey is an opportunity to get to know the women, men, girls and boys who live in the area you are planning.
36 In order for the neighbourhood security survey to is carried out step by step. Everything from who should be seen as democratic, the participants need to be be invited and participate, preparations, the informa- representative for the area in which it is carried out. tion needed by the participants to taking minutes and This does not prevent the surveys from being carried following up of the walk itself is explained. out with differing group compositions. The important thing is that everybody has the opportunity to speak The survey can have different starting points. When and that everybody’s views are considered. Otherwise, the aims are clarified, the method can be determined. the neighbourhood security survey can have the op- If security and its design are in focus, inhabitants and posite effect. Initiatives can be misdirected and already experts may participate. If the walk is an arena for dis- underprivileged or excluded groups can be disadvan- cussion about community planning, it is the meeting taged. itself and the dialogue between people and planners that is in focus. If you as a planner need to gain insight Power structures affect the perception of the physi- into how the area is perceived, a public official walk cal environment and knowledge is needed to see this. with experts may be a good idea. The power structures are not automatically visible just because women, for example, participate in the survey. Other methods They do not necessarily understand the power struc- The neighbourhood security survey as a method can tures simply because they are women. It may therefore be developed further and be carried out by bicycle, be necessary to explain the power structures before or car or other means of transport. This contributes to during the survey. The preparations are important for spreading the method to different groups and thereby understanding the power perspective and how social makes it possible to illuminate the security issues from environments and meeting places are created and the perspective of different groups. maintained. It is a good idea to include a person with knowledge about gender equality issues during the The method of walking around an area and discussing introductory meeting. security issues among other subjects also has different names, such as simply walking or pedestrian tour. A Step by step pedestrian tour differs from a neighbourhood security A neighbourhood security survey as a method con- survey by not having any preparatory meeting, and sists of a preparatory meeting, the walk itself and a that the walk in the pedestrian tour is carried out in subsequent meeting. The follow-up and evaluation silence, while the participants note down their views, thereafter are important elements. The manuals for which are then discussed at a following meeting. neighbourhood security survey explain how the walk
37 A more in-depth dialogue with meetings The walk itself took about an hour and a half. and walks Representatives from the Parks and Nature Department, Traffic Office, Hjällbobostaden (the municipal housing A group of mostly Somali women, of lower secondary company) and Hjällbo District Administration took part, school age and adults, were asked to take part and were all aware that measures from their side may in a neighbourhood security survey in Hjällbo, be needed following the walk. “There was a lot of Gothenburg, during autumn 2009. discussion about lighting, greenery and litter. After the “Our approach concerned the dialogue, and the walk, we gathered together and commissioned those access to public space of different groups,” says responsible to consider the views that had emerged Mia Andersson-Ek, project employee concentrating and that impinged on their area of responsibility,” on security and gender issues at Tryggare och relates Mia Andersson-Ek. Mänskligare Göteborg. What did the participants think of the method? There have been quite a lot of problems with some “They were very positive, and thought it was interesting groups of youths in the area. A parents’ association, to discuss their experiences of security with others consisting of a large number of Somali women among in the area. They also said that there was much in others, has been formed. “We asked representatives the description about women’s and men’s differing from the city district administration who had contacts perceptions and prerequisites of security that they with the parents’ association and young people in recognised, but which they had not reflected on before.” the area to contact a number of women with the question of whether they wanted to take part in a She described the biggest difference between the type neighbourhood security survey,” says Mia Andersson-Ek. of neighbourhood security surveys that had been held previously in Gothenburg and the survey in Hjällbo in Three meetings followed. The first meeting started this way: “We achieved a citizen dialogue in a totally with a presentation and a discussion about issues different way. It was a bigger dialogue, with feedback, relating to security and security for different groups. which we could give by holding three meetings instead The second meeting consisted of the walk, and the of one.” third and last meeting showed a picture presentation of places the group had visited during the survey, and Do you have any tips for finding the right target a report from the managers about what measures group for a neighbourhood security survey? they planned to take. “In order to select places to be “You first have to think about what you want to visited during the walk, we arranged workshops during achieve, and the purpose of the survey. And who you the first meeting, where the participants put colour need in order to gain the knowledge you need. The markings on a map showing pleasant and secure difficulty of the method is to ensure insecurity is not places and unpleasant and insecure places,” says Mia increased, and that everybody has a chance to speak,” Andersson-Ek. says Mia Andersson-Ek.
Reading tips
Manuals for neighbourhood security survey from a Tillgång till stadens rum, Mia Andersson-Ek www. gender equality perspective. Trygghetsvandra – Tankar tryggaremanskligare.goteborg.se på vägen och Trygghetsvandra – En vägledning, Tryggare Mänskligare Göteborg, Brottsförebyggande rådet and Gåtur – metod för utvärdering av detaljplaner, Boverket (for downloading on the website of each). Suzanne de Laval
38 Eleven Gender equal sightseeing
Umeå Municipality has carried out a bus tour with tant thought, etc. During the bus tour, which in Umeå stops, so-called gender equality sightseeing. Gender was led by a person with knowledge about gender equality sightseeing can be thought of as a walk, but by equality issues, different professional categories, such bus. Compared to the previously described neighbour- as artists, planners, project managers, school heads, hood security survey, the aim here is to highlight all teachers, etc., told about physical phenomena and gender equality issues within several subject areas and other measures carried out in order to increase gender in this way underline that gender equality needs to equality and security. In some cases, gender equality permeate the whole of society. You can also carry out a issues in general were highlighted. bus tour with the aim of seeing the security and gender This method can provide planners responsible for the equality issues from the point of view of road users. physical environment with good knowledge about gender equality, irrespective of whether the planning The aim of the bus tour in Umeå was to see places and object is a small block or an entire urban area, irre- meet people in order to gain increased understanding spective of whether it is undeveloped land to be used of issues of gender equality. Different types of places or a built-up environment that is in focus. The bus were passed, and in some places a stop was made to passengers can consist both of professionals from vari- bring up a subject related to gender equality. Issues ous areas and of school children, pensioners and the discussed included how secure parking a car was, what general public. A bus tour can also be an opportunity it feels like to bicycle in tunnels, how girls and boys for persons with impaired functionality to participate in pre-school were treated, how art and advertising on location in the dialogue about public space. express themselves, what the male school dinner assis-
39 Guided bus tour raised the issue of gender different issues about division of resources in the city equality and gender equality, and make them visible. At the different stops, the participants were able to learn Umeå Municipality offered a bus tour with focus about different operations in depth. And it is also on gender equality, in which several politicians positive that it is the staff themselves who have been participated. During the trip, stops were made at working on the issues that talk about them, and not a number of operations where the employees told some expert,” says Helene Brewer. about the work of change that was in progress. Positive reactions “The trip was a different way of highlighting the The Municipality received very positive reactions consequences of the different conditions of life to its initiative. for women and men,” says Helene Brewer, Gender “We ran two full buses, and were also forced to Equality Strategist at Umeå Municipality. turn away some interested parties,” she says.
In November 2009, the “Guided bus tour in the gender The politicians who took part got inspiration and ideas separated landscape of Umeå” was carried out. to continue working on. “We held a conference to highlight twenty years’ of “It gave them inspiration that may lead to political gender equality work in the municipality. On the initial decisions, which in turn can lead to changes. In this tour, a group of politicians accompanied us. They way, the bus trip is part of a process and long-term visited four operations, where the staff told us about work of change,” says Helene Brewer. the work of change that was in progress. What is good with this activity is that the travellers How are you following up the work? get to see living conditions in everyday life, and how “I see this as part of the programme for the Capital we are affected by the design of the city, and what the of Culture initiative for 2014; having guided tours for consequences of this are depending on our sex,” says the general public on this issue.” Helene Brewer. Helene Brewer considers that the benefit of carrying In Umeå, the bus stopped for a long visit at a multi- out a guided bus tour from a gender equality storey parking house, a pre-school, a collaborative perspective is that the participants were alerted centre for combating men’s violence against women, to things they may perhaps not have thought of and at one of the school restaurants working with previously relating to everyday life in the city. breaking up the gender-segregated labour market. “And that we started to think about how we are “When you travel around in a bus, you highlight affected by this,” she concludes.
40 Design dialogue as a starting point Twelve for a dialogue
The design dialogue was developed by Peter Fröst, who live, use and are active in the location is started, in who is Deputy Professor of Health Care Design at the longer term this can lead to you creating planning Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg. options. But remember to make the design meetings According to Fröst (2004), the method is suitable for attractive and available in order to appeal to all groups urban development and vision work, comprehen- in society. sive and detailed planning work, the design of public spaces, security planning and lighting planning. It is a It is important that the process leaders work with im- work of analysis and vision, with bearing on security ages in a committed and positive way. You could per- and gender equality, based on a number of workshops, haps commission someone for this task in particular. with differing content, led by a process leader. The participants deliver visions during each workshop. A Gradual process with meetings planner processes the visions between each workshop, The design dialogue starts from an unidentifiable and develops draft proposals. In this way, knowledge is problem, where it is relatively unclear what it is to be gradually built up and results in a basis for planning. achieved. The problem formulations are often com- plex, but solutions emerge gradually. If security prob- Working together lems are being experienced as characteristic from the Design dialogue is a method that suits women and area, this will emerge during the process. In terms of men, young and old, persons with functional impair- design, the method of working means that you test and ments, different ethnic groups, etc. The method is investigate something, and then reflect on the result of based on mutual exchange of information, history the investigation and test alternative solutions. This is and perceptions of places between the participants a gradual working process, where the final solution is and you as planner. All this occurs at an early stage the one considered best for the occasion, based on the of planning. The design dialogue is used to highlight given prerequisites. and understand problems, to identify needs and then work out goals, changes and solutions together with The method includes activities, such as walks, work- the users of the locations. The design process usually shops, design games and work books, using tools such produces location-specific answers from the group of as flip charts, game boards, game plans and drafting persons using the location. This gives a broader basis paper. A characteristic of this design working method for planning, which uses their angle as the starting is that the result is usually shown in the form of a point. As a dialogue between you as planner and those drawing, model or visualisation.
41 Pleasurable dialogue about security The participants then cut and pasted and in this way carried on a pleasurable dialogue about security and The citizen dialogue in Kävlinge Municipality showed gender equality issues. that there are differences between the sexes and “The groups were given boxes with various game different age categories when it comes to the boards, and maps where the participants could mark perception of security. Women and men perceive and communicate changes and ideas,” says Kani Abu- approximately the same places as being insecure, but Bakr. In this way, a pleasurable dialogue about security they express themselves slightly differently. Women issues was held. expressed more aspects of insecurity, while men spoke about safety and traffic to a greater extent. On the third and last time the participants met up, the ideas were presented as concrete draft proposals After having invited the general public through advertise- developed by Sweco. ments, posters and schools, a neighbourhood security “We are now working on realising this draft. We are survey was carried out in the centre of Kävlinge. Women looking at two different locations. One is a pedestrian were divided up into one group and men into another. and bicycle tunnel, where we are working with lighting, “We encouraged them to reflect on security and slopes and planting. Then there is a pedestrian and insecurity along the stretch we walked,” says Kani bicycle path, which we are redoing in accordance with Abu-Bakr, Landscape Architect at Sweco in Malmö, who the thoughts that emerged,” says Mikael Andersson. together with her colleagues Jennie Fagerström and Johanna Eriksson arranged the walks and subsequent What did you learn from the project? workshops on behalf of the municipality and with “We achieved very good citizen influence, despite it money from the National Board of Housing, Building being difficult to engage people. You cannot steer and Planning and the County Administrative Board. who will participate when you invite people on a broad front, and it also takes time, but the benefits outweigh After the walk, the participants gathered together this. We came up with creative ideas in a very simple and talked individually about their impressions in front way,” says Mikael Andersson. of the other participants. At the next workshop, the participants were divided up into smaller groups, to What do you think the participants thought about see whether there were differences within the female the way of working? and male groups. The participants developed creative “I felt that most people thought it was great fun, and ideas for improvements. As well as the general that they could see their ideas being turned into reality.” public, representatives from the municipality also participated. You can read more about the project and its “We divided up the participants into the categories conclusions in the report published by Sweco. The teenagers, parents of young children, midlife persons report is called “Trygghet i Kävlinge centrum” (Security and seniors,” says Mikael Andersson, Roads Manager at in Kävlinge Centre). Kävlinge Municipality, and project manager for the project.
Reading tips On the Internet
Designdialoger i tidiga skeden – arbetssätt och www.issuu.com/swecoarchitectsmalmo verktyg för kundengagerad arbetsplatsutformning, Here you can find information about the design dialogue Peter Fröst
42 Together in a dialogue for a common Thirteen vision – charette
Charette as a method in planning context entails achieving a joint outlook in creative collaboration. Concise facts The name of the method symbolises the intensive and The word charette means a small cart in French, and creative work that precedes a planning proposal. The hints at the small carts that were used for handing in the method gets inspiration from various theories, such as final work of students at Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. conflict handling, negotiation theory and consensus When the carts were going round the school collecting the projects, the students often followed them around building, with the insight that a planning proposal in order to put the last touches on their work. cannot satisfy everybody.
43 Structure Charette starts with an open meeting, where various Charette is a meeting based on three parts: criticism, participants, both professionals and the general pub- vision and goal. Starting a dialogue early on in the lic, present their views of the planning task and any planning process based on a clearly described aim can problems. Using a preset framework, the charette can facilitate matters, as the participants then do not have concern a major theme or a complex planning issue. any favourite proposals to get locked into. Instead of This method is therefore best suited to comprehensive discussing finished planning proposals, the partici- planning or large-scale detailed planning. The process pants can account for their points of view and interests. then continues with alternate work in various work This is a process where it is important that everybody teams and general meetings, where different solutions practices give and take. It can be regarded as mutual are developed and then presented to everybody. learning and hopefully creativity is created in the meetings, which then lead to good alternative plan- The composition of the work teams is important. ning proposals, which you as planner can then submit Whether they are to be divided by gender or not is to the politicians. The point is to consider the joint determined from case to case. Women’s views are per- benefit of making proposals together, about which haps made clearer in a work team consisting only of decisions can then be made. Charette uses hidden or women, while they tend to disappear in a mixed group. open conflicts that exist in planning as the starting But this is not necessarily so. You must try it out and point. Make sure always to include security and gender see what is best, given the prerequisites in question. equality aspects on these occasions. The final planning alternative should be something Charette is carried out during a short and very concen- that all participants can back, and sufficiently concrete trated period, for example two to three days. It can be to be used in the continued planning work. It should led by a planner who does not work with the planning also clearly show what you wish to achieve, and how issue in question, or by someone else without any own it is to be financed. The important thing is for the stake in the matter. In order to increase awareness and charette to be a part of the planning work, and not the input into gender equality issues, it is an advantage something that replaces the planning process. if an expert on gender equality takes part.
44 Fourteen Meeting under different formats
Some forms of meetings are accounted for in this pub- the room have sufficient lighting and good acoustics? lication under special names, such as design dialogue, Consider also how to greet the participants, so that charette and interview. There are many methods for everybody feels welcome. meeting and talking, some examples are open space, It is a democratic right to take part in and influencing opera, storytelling cafés and workshops. Choose the the environment. Meet women, men, girls and boys one that suits you, that suits the planning task to be where they are, for example in shopping centres, about solved, and make sure you have broad participation town, at school and at work. You may want to offer cof- from women, men, girls and boys of all groups and ages. fee to be served at the meeting, or why not a cinema ticket in thanks. Search out categories of professionals Also, make it clear to those invited what they are linked to security and gender equality issues. What invited to. Consider how you as a planner use lan- does the police, taxi drivers, youth recreation lead- guage. Does everybody know what a workshop is? It is ers, socionomists, postmen, home care personnel, perhaps easier to say that you are arranging a meet- janitors and the staff at the petrol station think about ing. The format of the meeting can then be explained security issues? Use the Internet as well. Social media in the invitation, or at the meeting itself. Prepare all is perhaps one way of spreading information about practical details. Is the meeting room accessible for meetings. Or meet people direct on websites. Here, everyone? Does the audio loop work, can you get in you can reach groups that you as planner usually have with a wheelchair, and is there a disabled toilet? Does difficulty including into the planning process.
45 Young people in honest conversation come across a gang. Then they can feel insecure,” says about their everyday environment Lina Eskilsson.
With the project “Ungas röster om Tryggt och jämnt” She has also been in contact with young people via (Young voices about security and gender equality), Facebook, and she has handed out questionnaires. the southern Småland section of ABF (the Workers’ In total, she has received 600 survey responses. The Educational Association) has tried to reach out to young people were asked questions such as “Do you young people in small communities to hear their think school is a secure environment?” “Is school a views about security and gender equality. place of gender equality?” and “Is there any insecurity at school?” “It has been difficult reaching out to young people, and “There are several who have stated that they feel to get them to take an interest. For this reason, I have insecure during breaks. There is overt bullying at been handing out the questionnaires during school schools, where sometime a whole gang will face up to hours and scheduled the discussions with pupils for another gang,” continues Lina Eskilsson. break times,” says Lina Eskilsson, project manager for Ungas röster om Tryggt och jämnt. What she has learnt from the project is that one should not work with too many locations at the same However, reaching young people in the planning time, and the challenge has been to get the young process turned out not to be easy. There was poor people to take time for the project. take-up of the activities and workshops that ABF in “The advantage is that I have gained an entirely new Småland arranged. perspective on security and gender equality. The “I worked out that the best way of reaching them respect towards teachers and other pupils at school is was in their everyday environment, namely at school. disappearing more and more. Why this is so I do not Then, I have not managed to reach all 14 localities know,” says Lina Eskilsson. that I worked with, as there is not a lower or upper secondary school in all places,” says Lina Eskilsson. What success factors does this method have? “I have learnt to discuss things with the young people The aim of the project was to get young people aged using simple language. They are honest when you get 14–26 to talk about how they perceive security in their the chance to start a dialogue with them. They are not areas or localities, and what they want to change. hiding that there are faults in the school environment “In general there are not many who feel insecure in the today, instead they want to highlight them and do locality where they live. I have carried out the survey in something about them,” says Lina Eskilsson. small communities. But what the young people bring up as an insecurity factor is when they are alone and The comments and answers from the young people will be summarised and submitted to the politicians.
46 School important contact point for including young people in the planning Broader discussion process The young women were also invited to answer an Internet survey. In Lindesberg Municipality, young women of upper “They first had to answer the question ‘What is secondary age were encouraged to participate in security?’”. We wanted to avoid defining security community planning. for them, as it is such a wide concept,” says “We met them in conjunction with school, and they Monika Persson. appreciated the meeting and sitting talking,” says Monika Persson, project manager for the project The women thought it was great to take part in the “Unga kvinnors trygghet” (Security of young women) discussion, and the planners too felt it was positive. in northern Örebro. “At least, that was the impression I got. The discussion became broader, and there were more It can be difficult to involve young people in the viewpoints than when the planners are sitting by planning process, and to find meeting places with themselves.” young people. “We worked out that the best way of meeting What did you learn from the work? them was in conjunction with school. We sent over “I hope that we will not forget to regard women’s information material about various building projects security from a wider perspective. For example, which were in the process of being planned. Then we it needs to be considered from a gender equality met them in workshops, and worked with maps and perspective, where you ask yourself if there are other paper. I think it became more dynamic than if we had problems that cause gender inequality – not just been sitting by a computer,” says Monika Persson. focusing entirely on the girls,” says Monika Persson.
Focus groups were also arranged, where unconditional Success factors mentioned by her are the contact with discussions were held about what could be improved the schools, and that both physical planners and an to increase security for girls. The group discussions expert on public health were involved in the project. were not just limited to the physical area, but also brought up other causes of insecurity. One subject What feedback has the participants received? that recurred was daring to tell someone and being “The project is not completed yet, but the idea is that we taken seriously if you are subjected to rape. present the background material to the decision makers. “The groups that participated represented different We have continuously told the young women what it is upper secondary school courses. We also had newly all about, what the background material will be used for, arrived immigrant girls, and tried to broaden the whole how a planning process works and how we can see this thing,” says Monika Persson. material being included,” says Monika Persson.
47 Space integration analysis – Space Syntax Fifteen as a digital method
Space Syntax Analysis is a so-called space inte- A flow of people is crucial for security. gration analysis, where the basic relationships The method is based on the experience that increased between the design of the environment and the flow of people in an area can lead to the number of life lived by people is analysed and illustrated with crimes falling. The theory that desertedness and lack of colour gradations of paths on maps. This is one way general social control increase crime was introduced to regard an area technically, where soft values such by Bill Hillier and is known as Space Syntax. Popu- as security and gender equality can still be included. lated paths are generally perceived as more secure, and therefore the number of people in circulation is of importance for the perception of security. For this reason, the design of the location is of importance to the degree of security we perceive (Spacescape, 2010).
Accessibility determines how people move about, and is defined by factors such as distance on foot, orient- ability, security, road safety and public access. People rarely walk further than 1 km to their goals, and it is the sight line that guides how we move about (Spaces- cape, 2010). If the environments consist of a mixture of businesses, housing and service, the probability is higher that people will move about there during a large proportion of the day and night than in environments
The illustration shows Space Syntax as an idea. An actual analysis results more in a digital stylised map of the city.
48 that consist only of one category. There is no clear in- Digital aspect of the method dication of the mixture that is best. But the presence of The Space Syntax analysis can be visualised digitally paths where people meet and that link together busi- and programs and services can be purchased. The nesses, housing and services is of crucial importance analysis can be carried out using programs compatible for the perception of security in the area. With a Space with GIS programs. This makes it possible to link the Syntax analysis, you as a planner get an answer to how analysis to other background documents for planning well areas are linked. Places populated by pedestrians in GIS. are the main determinants, but also bicyclists and motorists increase the perception of security in the The method is based on a map of an area where a path location. But separate models are needed for pedes- is shown as lines coloured on the basis of how people trians and other types of traffic, as these do not have spend time and move about there. On the digital map, the same accessibility to the vehicular and pedestrian the paths are marked with the colours red, yellow, paths, and because their surroundings are different. green and blue. Red shows the greatest mobility and blue the least integrated paths. Crucial characteristics in the environment that en- courage people to move about there: The method is a help for planners to understand the ● Development rate – affects the number of people possibilities of an area, or to get a picture of what in an area the consequences are of a planning proposal from a ● Mixture of functions that means the area is popu- security point of view. So how can planners include lated by different categories of people during a gender equality perspective in the model? Well, the many hours of the day and night analysis can be varied depending on what is requested. ● Pattern of paths, which affects the distribution The prerequisite is access to geographic data that can of people be analysed. This information can usually be found at the municipality, or at Statistics Sweden. As a planner, Another factor that affects the result of the Space Syn- you can also combine the Space Syntax analysis with tax analysis is how the entrances are located in relation some other method, such as interviews or a survey, in to the paths. People perceive building facades with en- order to study any gender differences. trances that face the street as being more secure than facades without entrances. Areas, so called intermedi- ary spaces, which are difficult to define as private or public also lead to feelings of insecurity. There are also private spaces that people perceive as public, and pub- lic spaces that have been occupied and are considered Concise facts as privatised. Clarity creates security, which is impor- tant to consider when planning. The Space Syntax If you want to find out more about Space Syntax there analysis itself can be used as a basis for planning both are companies specialising in the method. The Royal for comprehensive planning and for detailed planning Institute of Technology in Stockholm also carries out research into Space Syntax. of the built environment.
49 Get to know your locality – locality analysis Sixteen as a basis for planning
The locality analysis is primarily a local process, which analysis is important in order to capture the women, can give a joint perception of the location, the living men, girls and boys affected. The work is based on environment and the relationship to the surroundings. sharing the perceptions and experiences of those who Here, it is relevant to analyse concepts such as security live, work or spend time in the location. The dialogues and gender equality. One method for locality analysis need to be constructive, and the views well taken care is described in the report “Lär känna din ort – metoder of in order for the exchanges between participants and att analysera orter och stadsdelar” (Get to know your the process leader to lead to a result. locality – methods for analysing localities and town districts) published by the National Board of Housing, A locality analysis consists of different stages Building and Planning (Boverket, 2006). The whole of the locality analysis process is divided up into four stages: preliminary study, in-depth study, inte- There is no specific method for producing a locality gration and proposal. Important themes are highlighted analysis. The method and content is determined on the for discussion in the locality analysis. In particular in basis of the planning commission, and results in a focus the analysis of the living environment there is room to based on a pre-determined theme, such as security from direct the process towards security and gender equality a gender equality perspective, or a more general locality issues at an early stage. It is also possible to study these analysis that spans several different focus points. In order issues specifically in depth, or just to use them as the to get an overall perspective, you still need to make a basis. It is important to capture the participants’ values certain division of the work. First, each theme is analysed and wishes in order to gain knowledge about the ob- separately, then their mutual relationships. Finally, the stacles, opportunities, needs, problems, resources and various parts are added together to make the whole clear. attitudes associated with the location. The locality analysis provides an overview and summary of basic knowledge which you as a planner need in order Examples of questions that can be asked include: to understand a locality. The analysis can constitute a ● Which places are perceived as pleasant by women basis for comprehensive planning and detailed planning and men? and for development and management. ● How do women, men, girls and boys regard the location? ● What is it like to live in the area as a young or old person? The preliminary work and the role of the process ● Are there any places where women or men respec- leader are important tively avoid spending time? Which ones? Why? How The preparation ahead of the work with the locality can this be changed?
50 ● Is it easy to orientate around the area, and is there Reading tips properly adapted lighting and signage? ● Are certain places to be avoided at certain times of Lär känna din ort! – metoder att analysera orter och the day or night or during certain seasons? stadsdelar, Boverket Several different methods can be used to carry out a locality analysis. Charette, open space, time geography and surveys are all examples of methods that can be used. These are presented separately in this publica- tion, but there are many more methods to use as the basis for your locality analysis.
Locality analysis is a method for getting Poor citizen influence new answers From the opinions received, it emerged that large groups felt excluded by society, the town identity When a more in-depth version of the comprehensive was unclear, citizen influence poor, at night there was plan was to be made for the urban part of Hedemora, no urban life to speak of, and there was a lot of car locality analysis was used as the method. traffic. “When you arrange ordinary consultative meetings, the usual people turn up. Now, we reached others as Nor was a new multi-storey car park requested, by well,” says Michael Bergman, former Chief Architect either the women or the men interviewed. Instead, for Hedemora Municipality and project leader for the they wanted more meeting places indoors and locality analysis. outdoors. “We positioned ourselves outside Systembolaget, In order to reach all groups in society, those the state alcohol store, with two maps, where those responsible for the project went out and met people passing marked out insecure places and places they where they were. liked on the maps using pins. Then they were given “We held in-depth interviews with various groups coloured blobs linked to a number of questions, to which we hand-picked. We went out to two pre- place on a plus or a minus. Here we made a division by schools and talked with parents and children, we met sex and by age. One place where several felt insecure Hedemora Bevakning, which is a charitable association was the centre, even if being there was popular. patrolling the town at night, we met immigrants, homosexuals, people with educational disabilities and What those who worked on the comprehensive plan a women’s group,” says Michael Bergman. for Hedemora learnt was that it is fun to work with locality analysis as a planning method. As a result, they found out a lot of views and opinions “You have to go out and talk to people. You can’t just that did not always correspond to the image of sit in your office and plan,” says Michael Bergman. Hedemora the politicians wanted to convey. “Men of upper middle age wanted a new multi-storey Any disadvantages with the method? car park in the town, and this was what the politicians “It takes up a lot of time, and requires resources. You listened to, because they were of the same age group.” get a fairly rough picture of the situation. With us, it The planners had also read a number of locality analyses, turned out that quite a lot of politicians knew what the and these concentrated on the built environment. “The situation was, but there was a tendency to suppress analysis of the locality as a living environment was fairly this unconsciously. short,” continues Michael Bergman.
51 What do girls and boys think – Seventeenchild maps in GIS
The views and experiences of some groups are rarely made visible when research into anxiety and geography Concise facts is studied, among them those of children. Children is The method “Child maps in GIS” was developed by Ulla one group that is often told to be careful in certain loca- Berglund and Kerstin Nordin at the Swedish University tions, and not to speak to strangers. They are therefore of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Uppsala. Using child limited in their sphere of activity and can perceive places maps can be one way of including the child perspective in planning in accordance with the UN Convention of as insecure simply because someone tells them so. the Rights of the Child.
A part of girls’ and boys’ schooling The method “Child maps in GIS” has the aim of using the experiences and perceptions of young people about Digital background material for planning the outdoor environment and noting what they want The method is based on different experiences of places to change. The method is used in schools and the result being marked on a digital map with drawing tools. shows the children’s views of specific places between At the same time, the children fill in a simple survey their homes and the school. Letting schools work with about the marked places on the map. The information the method has been considered suitable, as schools are from the survey is linked to the map for storage and often a stable environment and an institution that in it- processing in GIS. The teachers also participate in the self can experience benefits and a need to learn about the survey in order to supplement the children’s account. children’s views of their local environment. Map reading Currently the application is not designed in such a way and democracy are also subjects taught at school, and that the teacher states sex, which would be of value in schools also have part responsibility for the pupil’s road the subsequent analysis. to school and the local environment. By using “Child maps in GIS”, the children learn to use and find their way on digital maps, and to express views on social issues. Remember However, this does not limit the areas of use. The method Develop the habit to inform the children’s parents can also be used in other circumstances, such as within at an early stage of what will happen. This gives sports and housing associations, or in other organisations them the chance to decide whether their children working with the local environment for young people. You should take part or not. could also develop gender-coded GIS maps for adults.
52 The aim has been for SLU to develop a method that prepare the children for questions about the outdoor is quick and easy to use, at the same time as provid- environment, SLU recommends that the children are ing good background material for planning. It can allowed to make mental maps, maps from the memory be compared with other GIS documents, which are of places, during the introductory meeting. thereby broadened with a child perspective. The planning document suits different stages of planning, The digital survey questions can be adapted accord- both comprehensive and detailed, and also care and ing to a specific theme, such as security, or to a special maintenance. The method can also be an asset when commission, such as road safety. How the information special problems, such as road safety and well-being is presented can vary; it can be adapted to suit the issues need to be dealt with. needs or the GIS program used.
Apart from basic GIS skills, the knowledge that is Going further needed by those leading the investigation also include The method work can be more detailed if wished the ability to communicate with boys and girls and to through a follow-up, for example with interviews or analyse the planning document on the basis of knowl- walks around the area to clarify the meaning of the edge about gender equality. digital response alternatives. Taking photographs at the same time provides good documentation of the Approach surveys. The result can also be illustrated using dia- Ahead of the digital work, an introductory meeting is grams and compared with similar surveys, which have held. Here, the girls and boys are informed about what been carried out in other areas. Child maps in GIS can will happen, a discussion of what a map means is held also supplement a locality analysis or a child conse- and they are encouraged to start thinking about places quence analysis. and paths that are important to them. At the introduc- tory meeting, it is also important to give information It is also important to give feedback afterwards, so that about what the result will be used for, that all per- the children and teachers can take part of the results ceived problems perhaps cannot be handled, and that discovered. The feedback can be in the form of a report it will take time to comply with their wishes. In order to or a meeting where the results are discussed.
On the Internet
http://barngis.slu.se/ Plats att växa, Täby kommun Here you can find information about child maps in GIS, for instance the reports: On www.movium.slu.se you can find the report: Guide till Barnkartor i GIS – ett verktyg för barns Barnkartor i GIS – ett verktyg för barns inflytande i inflytande i stads- och trafikplanering, SLU planeringen, Gröna Fakta
53 Digital maps show the children’s views had to put in symbols for their favourite place, and “An enormous advantage of the method is that you also places they thought were unpleasant or difficult,” get data straight into the planners’ computers. The continues Anna Sääf. planners work using a GIS database, and it is just as easy to click on the children’s views as clicking Wise views on information about a water or sewage pipe,” says The pupils in year nine were allowed to walk around Anna Sääf, Landscape Architect at Täby Municipality. the town district where they lived, and point out problems or insecure places. The method “Child maps in GIS” is developed by two “We received lots of wise views. Often they were researchers at the Swedish University of Agricultural small, concrete things that could be dealt with fairly Sciences. easily. It could be a broken bench, or the grass being “We have carried out a play and activity investigation, cut too seldom.” where we made visits on location and also made a questionnaire for the Internet. We limited the In Anna Sääf’s opinion, the greatest advantage of the investigation to playgrounds,” says Anna Sääf. method is that you get a map drawn on the computer with places marked. The municipality received several responses, but it was “For instance, if you want to know what places pupils mostly parents giving the answers. Now we wanted in year five like to spend time in, you can click on this. to find out the children’s views too. Täby applied to be You can find out very exciting facts. The disadvantage a trial municipality for “Child maps in GIS”: is that there is an enormous amount of data to “We started with three districts where the outcome handle,” she says. of a project involving security work/grounding work was good. Then we included other districts as well. We The difficulty of the project was to make time in the contacted schools, and sent out letters to the parents pupils’ timetable. The difference in the result between stating that we wanted to carry this out with the girls and boys was not that great. children/young people,” says Anna Sääf. “The girls were more insecure, and had a general attitude and thought it scary to go out in the evening. The investigation was varied a bit, depending on the The boys’ insecurity related more to certain places.” age of the pupils. “In year nine, we had a short introduction with Täby Municipality will probably use the method again. computer exercises, while in year five the pupils were “Yes, we talked about updating the material in a while. asked to draw mental maps of their way to school. These children can only speak for themselves,” says They drew out on paper the image they carried inside Anna Sääf. themselves, not what it actually looked like. Then they
54 Describing the views of girls and boys – Eighteen child consequence analysis
Where can you find background material about The Swedish Transport Administration works with children? child consequence analysis in community planning. A Child consequence analyses are used to map the clearer gender equality perspective, perhaps accord- movements, needs and views of the local environ- ing to the following, can be placed on their proposed ment of children and young people. The method is questions (Vägverket, 2003). used within community planning and provides a good analysis of the local environment of girls and boys. ● What is the proposal about? The Ombudsman for Children has developed a model ● What is the aim of the proposal? for evaluation documentation ahead of a child conse- ● What basis exists for the proposal? quence analysis. This model can be adapted so that it ● Which girls and boys are affected by the proposal? corresponds to your planning commission and your ● How do girls and boys use the area? organisation. ● How do girls and boys move about in the area? ● How do girls, boys, mothers and fathers and others In order to carry out the analysis, you need knowledge affected perceive the situation? about girls’ and boys’ patterns of movement and target ● What problems exist in the area? points within an area. To gain this knowledge, you can ● How does the proposal relate to the rights of use one of the methods mentioned in this publication, children? for example surveys, interviews, walks and child maps ● What competing or supporting interests may exist? in GIS. School is a good place for carrying out investi- ● How does the proposal affect or is affected by other gations, and the police, youth recreation leaders, par- factors? ents, etc., probably have valuable knowledge about the ● How have girls and boys gained knowledge about behaviour of girls and boys in the area. You as planner the proposal? should gather information from suitable groups. ● What are the views of the affected girls and boys? ● What consideration has been paid to the views of the affected girls and boys? Reading tips ● What compensatory measures need to be taken? What costs may the proposal entail, and for whom? Unga är också medborgare – om barns och ● ungdomars inflytande i planeringen, Boverket
55 Why should girls and boys participate in the By integrating child consequence analyses in the plan- planning? ning process, you can consider children and young In the official report “Barnets bästa i främsta rummet” people in the decision-making. If you use a gender (Wellbeing of children at the forefront), it is stated equality perspective in child consequence analyses, that “one starting point in the child’s perspective is the it is possible to create a view of how different places intrinsic value of childhood. Children are not append- work and make differences and similarities between ages to their parents or passive recipients of parental the experiences of girls and boys visible. Likewise, the influence. They are not miniature versions of adults, perceptions of parents and teachers based on gender but unique individuals with their own needs. Child- should also be shown. Child consequence analyses are hood should therefore not just be regarded as a time of perhaps best suited to a comprehensive planning level, preparation for adult life, but as a part of life with its but there are also detailed plans and management own worth.” (SOU 1997:116, s. 138) issues where the experiences of girls and boys of a lo- cation constitutes excellent background information. You as a planner therefore need to immerse yourself in One example is planning a school or making a housing and find out how girls and boys experience situations area denser so that the pleasant or the insecure wood and any changes. In this way, you can benefit from the is removed. There is therefore every reason to let girls knowledge that they have, based on their prerequisites. and boys state their views. For instance, why not ask Quite simply, children need to be listened to and be re- for help from trainee teachers, who are studying peda- spected, even if it is adults who reach the final decision gogics and need practice. (Vägverket, 2003).
The Swedish Transport Administration’s method Reading tips includes mapping, description, analysis of conse- quences, testing of measures, reporting and finally an You will find general information about childern´s rights, evaluation. Much of the Administration’s work with according to UN´s Convension on the Rights of the Child child consequence analyses is about security, but among others, at www.barnombudsmannen.se. primarily security in the form of road safety. Traffic www.trafikverket.se/privat/trafiksakerhet environments can also feel insecure simply due to Here you can find information about children in traffic. their design.
56 57 58 Reading tips and references
Reading tips Boverket (2007). Jämna steg. Checklista för Barnombudsmannen. Om barnkonventionen. jämställdhet i fysisk planering. Boverket (Uppl. 2). (Electronic) Available at: http://www. Karlskrona: Boverket ISBN: 978-91-85751-04-4 barnombudsmannen.se/Adfinity.aspx?pageid=55 Brå. Statistik. (Electronic) Available at: http://www.bra. (2010-07-19) se/extra/pod/?module_instance=4 (2010-09-02) Berglund, Ulla & Nordin, Kerstin (2007). Barnkartor i Friberg, Tora (1999). Förflyttningar, en GIS: ett verktyg för barns inflytande i planeringen. sammanhållande länk i vardagens (Gröna Fakta 4/2007). (Electronic) Alnarp: Movium, organisation. (KFB Report 1998:23). Stockholm: SLU. Kommunikationsforskningsberedningen (KFB) Available at: http://www.movium.slu.se/medlem/ Handisam (2009). Riktlinjer för tillgänglighet – Riv dokument/GronaFakta/Fakta2007-4.pdf hindren. (Uppl. 2). (Elektronisk) Handisam (2010-07-15) Myndigheten för handikappolitisksamordning . Berglund, Ulla & Nordin, Kerstin (2010). Guide till Available at: http://www.handisam.se/upload/ barnkartor i GIS: ett verktyg för barns inflytande i Handisams%20filer/Rapporter/Riv%20hindren%20 stads- och trafikplanering. (Electronic) Uppsala: 2009.pdf (2010-09-02) Institutionen för stad och land (Report No 1/2010). Larsson, Anita & Jalakas, Anne (2008). ISBN: 978-97-85735-19-8 Available at: http://www. Jämställdhet nästa: samhällsplanering ur ett sol.slu.se/publikationer/rapport_1_2010.pdf jämställdhetsperspektiv. Stockholm: SNS Förlag. (2010-07-19) ISBN: 978-91-85695-76-8 Boverket (2000). Unga är också medborgare: om Laval, Suzanne de (1998). Gåtur – metod barns och ungdomars inflytande i planeringen. för utvärdering av detaljplaner. Nordisk Karlskrona: Boverket ISBN 91-7147-595-8 Arkitekturforskning, nr 4. (Elektronic) Available Boverket (2006). Lär känna din ort!: metoder att at: http://www.arkitekturanalys.se/ULdownload/ analysera orter och stadsdelar. Karlskrona: Boverket gaturmetodforutvardering.pdf (2010-07-14) ISBN 91-7147-942-2
59 Länsstyrelserna (2010) Ämnesområden/Jämställdhet. Sweco. Designdialog för stadsbyggnad. (Electronic) (Electronic) Available at: http://www.lansstyrelsen. Malmö: Sweco Architects AB. Available at: se/lst/sv/amnen/Jamstalldhet/ (2010-07-15) http://issuu.com/swecoarchitectsmalmo/docs/
Länsstyrelsen Dalarna (2001). LIKA. En checklista designdialog_broschyr (2010-04-22) för jämställd planering. 2001:1. (Electronic) Trafikverket. Trafiksäkerhet>Barn i trafiken. Falun: Länsstyrelsen Dalarna Available at: http:// (Electronic). Available at: http://www.trafikverket. www.w.lst.se/upload/6028/LIKA.pdf (2010-09-02) se/Privat/Trafiksakerhet/Barn-i-trafiken/ Polismyndigheten. Statistik. (Electronic) Available at: (2010-07-19) http://www.polisen.se/Aktuellt/Rapporter-och- Täby Kommun (2009). Plats att växa. (Report) publikationer/Statistik/ (2010-09-02) (Electronic) Täby: Tekniska Kontoret, Täby Polismyndigheten (2005). Bo tryggt 05: handbok Kommun. Available at: http://www.taby.se/sv/ för brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande Stadsbyggnad_trafik/Parker-och-natur/Barnkartor- i bostäder och bostadsområden. (Electronic) i-GIS/ (2010-07-19) Stockholm: Forsknings- och utvecklingsenheten, Polismyndigheten i Stockholms län . Available at: References http://www.botryggt.se/ (2010-07-15) Andersson-Ek, Mia (2009) Tillgång till stadens rum: Statistiska Centralbyrån (2010). På tal om kvinnor och En utvärdering av trygghetsvandringskonceptet. män. Lathund om jämställdhet 2010. (Electronic) (Electronic) Göteborg: Göteborgs stad and Tryggare Örebro: SCB. Available at: http://www.scb.se/ och Mänskligare Göteborg. Available at: http:// statistik/_publikationer/LE0201_2010A01_BR_ www.tryggaremanskligare.goteborg.se/pdf/ X10BR1001.pdf (2010-09-02) publikation/Tillgang_till_stadens_rum.pdf Statistiska Centralbyrån (2004). Könsuppdelad statistik. (2010-07-19) Ett nödvändigt medel för jämställdhetsanalys. (CBM Bengtsson, Jan-Erik, Einarsson, Torbjörn, Söderlind, 2004:1). (Electronic) Örebro: SCB. Available at: Jerker & Sernbo, Krister (2007). Atlas Skanska: http://www.scb.se/Statistik/OV/OV9999/2004A01/ Värdeplanering: som väg till ett attraktivt och OV9999_2004A01_BR_X97OP0401.pdf (2010-09-02) hållbart Stockholm. Skanska Nya Hem AB, Arken Statens Folkhälsoinstitut. Statistik & Uppföljning. Arkitekter AB, Ekologigruppen AB. (Electronic) Available at: http://www.fhi.se/sv/ Boverket (2002). Stadsplanera – istället för Statistik-uppfoljning/ (2010-09-02) trafikplanera och bebyggelseplanera. Karlskrona: Statens Folkhälsoinstitut (2005). Vägledning för Boverket ISBN 91-7147-702-0 hälsokonsekvensbedömningar – med fokus på Boverket (2006). Lär känna din ort!: metoder att social och miljömässig hållbarhet. (r 2005:39). analysera orter och stadsdelar. Karlskrona: Boverket (Electronic) Stockholm: Statens Folkhälsoinstitut. ISBN 91-7147-942-2 Available at: http://www.fhi.se/PageFiles/3329/ Brå (2009). NTU 2009 Om utsatthet, trygghet r200539vhkbsvensk0511.pdf (2010-09-02) och förtroende. (Report 2010:2) Stockholm: Steffner, Lena (2009) Värdering av stadsmiljöer: en Brottsförebyggande rådet. Fritze. metod att mäta upplevelse. Dissertation. Lunds ISBN 978-91-86027-43-8 tekniska högskola. ISBN 978-91-7740-098-1
60 UN (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Regeringen (2010b). Transportpolitikens mål. Violence against Women.A/RES/48/104. Geneva, (Electronic) Näringsdepartementet. Available Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High at: http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/ Commissioner for Human Rights c6/12/26/04/5bf743c4.pdf (2010-08-26) Forsberg, Gunnel 2005. Den genderiserade staden. Part Ryen, Anne (2004). Kvalitativ intervju: från of Friberg, Tora et.al. (red) Speglingar av rum: Om vetenskapsteori till fältstudier. Malmö: Liber könskodade platser och sammanhang. Stockholm: ekonomi. ISBN 91-47-07278-4 Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion. ISBN 91- SFS 2010:900. Plan- och bygglagen. Stockholm: 7139-706-X Riksdagen. Friberg, Tora (1999). Förflyttningar, en SFS 2001:100. Förordningen om den officiella sammanhållande länk i vardagens statistiken. Stockholm: Finansdepartementet. organisation. (KFB Report 1998:23). Stockholm: skr. 2007/2008:39. Handlingsplan för att bekämpa Kommunikationsforskningsberedningen (KFB) mäns våld mot kvinnor, hedersrelaterat våld Fröst, Peter (2004). Designdialoger i tidiga skeden: och förtryck samt våld i samkönade relationer. arbetssätt och verktyg för kundengagerad Stockholm: Riksdagen arbetsplatsutformning. Göteborg: Chalmers SOU 1997:116. Barnets bästa i främsta rummet. tekniska högskola. Barnkommitténs huvudbetänkande. Stockholm: Heber, Anita (2008). En guide till Socialdepartementet. trygghetsundersökningar: om brott och trygghet. Spacescape AB. Om Space syntax. . (Electronic) Göteborg: Tryggare och Mänskligare Göteborg. Available at: http://www.spacescape.se/pdf/Om_ ISBN 978-91-976531-2-1 Space_syntax.Spacescape_AB.pdf (2010-05-06) Hägerstrand, Torsten (1991). Om tidens vidd och Steffner, Lena (2009) Värdering av stadsmiljöer: en tingens ordning: texter. Stockholm: Statens råd för metod att mäta upplevelse. Dissertation. Lunds byggnadsforskning tekniska högskola. ISBN 978-91-7740-098-1 Larsson, Anita & Jalakas, Anne (2008). Vägverket (2003). Värderingsunderlag för Jämställdhet nästa: samhällsplanering ur ett barnkonsekvensanalyser. (Vägverket publication jämställdhetsperspektiv. Stockholm: SNS Förlag. 2003:37) Borlänge: Vägverket. ISBN: 978-91-85695-76-8 Nationalencyklopedin (2010). Ordbok. (Electronic) NE Nationalencyklopedin AB Available at: http://www. ne.se/sve/trygg (2010-07-13) Regeringen (2010a). Mål och budget för jämställdhetspolitiken. (Electronic) Integrations- och jämställdhetsdepartementet. Available at: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/2593/a/14257 (2010-06-17)
61 This publication gives examples of planning methods that can be used to include the security and gender equality aspects in planning. Broaden your outlook can be read in its entirety, or as a book of ideas, where the reader chooses which methods are best suited for the planning task in question.
The booklet has been published as part of the Government mandate “Strengthening security in urban environments from a gender equality perspective”. It is one of three independent booklets that together consider security from a gender equality perspective.
Box 534, 371 23 Karlskrona Visitors: Drottninggatan 18 Telephone: +46 455-35 30 00 Website: www.boverket.se