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Home , Ground segment, Long March 9, Rassvet (ISS module), Tranquility (ISS module)

SPACE

Ten space headlines in 2030. 10 Inspired by facts & figures, tech & business innovation, and the arts. ✦

The Karman Project is an independent foundation which fosters trust and cooperation between global leaders in tech, science, business, politics and the arts, who want to positively impact space.

This artistic science-fiction document has been prepared in cooperation with the artist Michael Najjar whom we deeply thank.

The views expressed in this document are independent, INTRODUCTION inspirational and artistic. STANDING ON THE 2020

2010 SHOULDERS OF GIANTS STANDING ON THE

Tech Business Outstanding 2020 Breakthroughs Breakthroughs Achievements

2010 ✦ ✦ ✦ Oxygen / Methane full flown staged engine Emergence and Growth of Space Startups Landing on the Far Side of the Moon ✦ ✦ ✦ 3D-Printing in and for Space Revival of Constellations Landing on a Comet ✦ ✦ ✦ Successful Demonstration of in- Refuelling Space-Space Laser Communication Reusability for Launchers & Works and Is Worth It

SHOULDERS OF GIANTS

✦ ✦ ✦ Dragon achieves its first ✦ Maiden flight of demo flight. performs the first ✦ Te Chinese positioning . system BeiDou-3 is ✦ landing on a comet. successfully ✦ deployed and operational. Te International Space ✦ lands on a drone ship. Station is almost finished First space-space laser ✦ Starlink launches a ✦ with the delivery & communication. First fire test of the demo-. Momentus, the space last integration of the ✦ Raptor, the first liquid ✦ mile delivery startup, strike Tranquility, Cupola and ✦ First 3D-printed parts in Oxygen / Methane full First 3D-printed engine a deal to go public with a Rassvet modules. Curiosity lands on . space. flown staged engine. operational in orbit. SPAC at $1.2B valuation. 2020 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

2010 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ Final mission of the Te Grasshopper rises 744m Planet raises $118M at Lab raises $75M -2 lands on the far side . altitude and lands. $1.13B valuation. at $1B valuation of the Moon. ✦ ✦ and achieves the first ✦ launches its first Planet launches its first flight to orbit of its OneWeb and Starlink space station module. Earth Observation micro-launcher Electron. launch their first batch of micro-satellite. operational to ✦ provide Internet from space. NASA demonstrates in- ✦ orbit refuelling capabilities. Google and NASA achieve Quantum supremacy. Installation view Wittenstein Innovation Factory, Germany MICHAEL NAJJAR 2019 gravity turn 2016 EVEREND? WILL THERACE FORSUPER-HEAVY 2020 INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE Maiden flight of Virdoride tug Maiden flightof Virdoride (Momentus). 2022: ✦ Maiden flight of Starship (SpaceX).Maiden flightofStarship 2024: ✦ than further increasing thepowerthan further rockets. ofsuch standards are takingthespotlighttobecome more important refuelled spacecrafts, andinternational inter-operability satellites. tugsandin-orbit Butwithlast-miledelivery mean alower -acompetitive price/kg advantage to launch withmenandequipment on-board.spacecrafts Bigrocketsalso totheMoondesigned tolaunch and/orMars+20t heavierrockets.in theracefor were launchers Super-heavy transportation, we have reached perhaps apointofequilibrium resembling isincreasingly spaceEarth transportation While tugs broughtdestination. themtotheirfinalorbital satellites, space which positioning from theminaparking orbit of350 anotherbatch Te super-heavyrocket[...]launched Space Transportation 2030 Maiden flight of Atomos Orbital Maiden flightofAtomos Orbital Transfer Vehicle (Atomos).

2025:

✦ 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS startups worldwide. startups +15 last-miledelivery ✦ (China), (Russia). (NASA), March 9 Long Starship (SpaceX), SLS in development in2020: Orbit) Earth (+100t toLow Super Heavy Launchers ✦

& planetary overview 2017 Earth Observation from Space 2030 COULD THE ALLIANCE OF FARMERS AND SPACE TECH CUT WATER CONSUMPTION BY HALF?

Te long-awaited I.P.O. of [...] has officially launched with early success, garnering support from tech and impact investors alike. But will the space tech company be to deliver according to its promises?

So far its services to farmers have triggered a startling 50% reduction of water consumption for irrigation, but the largest chunk of the market remains to be conquered. ‘’User- friendliness and added-value local services are the recipes for growth,’’ explains the CEO.

✦ ✦ Space data for forestry and agriculture is expected to grow With satellite measurements, it is possible calculate soil FACTS & at a 12.5% CAGR in the next ten years, accounting for a humidity and evaporation at a specific location, hence to $1.5B yearly market. provide farmers with water consumption advice.

FIGURES ✦ ✦ Irrigation accounts for 70% of fresh water used worldwide. Water in many countries is almost free to use, and paying 2020 This percentage is higher in OECD countries (e.g. 80% in for tech advice without a significant added-value is the USA). useless for farmers.

INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE

2020-2025: 2027: Earth observation data quality increases sufficiently to avoid having sensors Tis app is highly valued by farmers,

in the soils to make accurate yield forecasts and/or advise farmers on water and the success is immediate: the app 2030 and fertiliser consumption. reaches +10 million users. ✦ ✦ 2020

✦ 2020-2030: ✦ ✦ Development and launch of the 6 new Copernicus missions that will: measure atmospheric carbon 2025: 2028: dioxide; produce hyper-spectral images; monitor sea-surface temperature, sea-ice concentration, sea- Te company [...] launches an app providing advice on where to sell crops at the best [...] merges with [...] and launches v2 of the app, surface salinity, sea-ice thickness, overlying snow depth, land-surface temperature and soil moisture. price, comparing and predicting local expected yields with real time market data. providing water irrigation and fertiliser advice. ascension 2020 Space Positioning 2030 US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION GIVES GREEN LIGHT FOR FULLY AUTONOMOUS DRIVING ON HIGHWAYS.

Ultra-precise positioning is now providing the sufficient level of safety to unlock the autonomous car market. Indeed, the combination of the new 6G wireless networks and the next-gen space-based positioning systems (GPS IIIF, Galileo Second Generation and BeiDou-4) enables a <0.5cm positioning accuracy.

✦ FACTS & Current best accuracy of: ✦GPS-II, Galileo and/or BeiDou-3: 10-40cm. FIGURES ✦5G:1m 2020 ✦Together: 10-20cm

INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE

2023-25: 2026-30: 2030 GPS-III deployed and operational. BeiDou-3 upgraded. ✦ ✦ 2020

✦ ✦ 2025-2030: 2030: Galileo Second Generation deployed 6G wireless network. and operational. starlink 2020 BRINGS NEWSPACE POLLUTIONCHALLENGES. INTERNET: NEWERAFOR ACCESSING KNOWLEDGE ALSO 99% OFWORLD POPULATION CONNECTED TO BROADBAND

+1,500 Starlink satellites deployed; satellites +1,500 Starlink start 2020 of the Internet from space service. from of theInternet INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE 2021: ✦ incl. laserterminals. Starlink satellites satellites Starlink 2021: ✦ would ultimately ban the use of some -ishundredfold. bantheuseofsome orbits would ultimately to create-that colliding ofsatellites thousandsdebris while therisk isbecoming difficult, increasingly theEarth from space observation notethatscientific But withprogress asexperts challenges comes new ofcharge.populations free tobroadcastcontentgovernments touseoneeducational their canal all for andtelcocompaniesnegotiate operators theright withsatellite connect theworld. UNESCO thisglobalcoverage to hasleveraged (SpaceX,Starlink US)andGW(China)have theirmission achieved to the globalpopulation isonline. inorbit, flying Tanks tothe20,000satellites Communication from2030 Communication Space satellites deployed.satellites +2,000 GW 2025: ✦ Start of GW Internet from space service focussed firston focussed space service from ofGWInternet Start the Digital Silk Road countries and on Africa. andon RoadAfrica. countries the DigitalSilk 2026-28:

✦ 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS In 2 ✦ a 2 ✦ for g 20 ✦ 2 O Com U u aine 0 0 0 n

n tern thori ,000 2 2 1 ~12,000 Starlink satellites. i e 0 0 6 on. W : GW(China)filedfor : 835Starlinkand74 - d 1 a e 9 sation withthe a tional Communication s b n p atellite constellation : S i p sate cat rova paceX i llites dep ons l

from the filed Commission & withand loyed.

al Feder orbital cascade_57-46 2013 ORGANISATION RULES AGAINST […]. THE SPACE TRAFFICMANAGEMENT 2020 INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE pollutes anorbit,pollutes thesetupofaworking triggering group torecommend rules. international debris A major collision between a satellite and debris anddebris A majorcollisionbetween asatellite 2024: ✦ Initiated by and the theEuropeanAgency Space European Union, Act Debris is signed theSpace by major space all powers. 2026: ✦ proven tobeimplemented. Act Debris is assoonwithdrawn astheSpace -thisinterdictionof launching be can a fineof$1billionand2-month interdiction Act. Debris to implementtheSpace [...]faces sanctioned itsfailure [...] for toadopt measures Space Traffic Managementhas Organisation andthreatened anorbit theISS,polluted the thetwo recent collisionsthat Recalling Another collisionoccurs, involving theISS.involving 2030 2026: ✦ inspired by theFAA andthe WTO. authority over the States to implement the Space Debris Act. Debris toimplementtheSpace over theStates authority Creation oftheSpace Traffic Management Organisation, 2028: ✦

is organisation has ruling Tis organisation hasruling 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS probability isestimatedabove 1%.probability collision. 2030collision more thanin2020, provided no in 2030are estimatedthree times million objects0.1-1cm. Debris 900,000 objects1-10cm; 128 followed: 34,000 objects >10cm; 2020: estimatesare Debris as ✦ and 1935. in1931 crashes major airplane of two 1938 intheaftermath in created also was Authority, Its ancestor, theCivilAeronautics in1956. between airplanes crash created in1958, amajor after The Federal Aviation was Agency ✦

& f.a.s.t. 2017 Space Ground Stations 2030 AS A SERVICE: UNLEASHING OR CONTROLLING SPACE DATA APPLICATIONS?

Te European Commission has opened a competition case against [...], accusing the company of abusing its dominance position in the Ground Station as a Service market. Te news has sparked new concerns around Big Tech Big Brother. Te infrastructure behind Ground Stations as a Service, i.e. dedicated antennas and servers already used for the cloud business, have indeed facilitated a reduction - in the order of magnitude - of the ground segment costs, allowing new businesses to grow. However, it is also creating somewhat of a monopoly in the space and web data market as a small number of top players dominate the field.

✦ ✦ ✦ 2018: Amazon launches Amazon 2020: Amazon has built 6 ground 2020: Microsoft launches Azure FACTS & Web Services (AWS) Ground stations, and it forecasts to build Orbital, a Ground Station as a Station, its Ground Station as a 20 more in 2021, based on Service, leveraging Microsoft Service business. AWS Ground customer feedback. cloud infrastructure. SES and FIGURES Station uses AWS Could to store SpaceX are partners of this service. and process data, and AWS Global 2020 Infrastructure to distribute them.

INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE

2026:

China leverages its space-based relays, ground stations and cloud infrastructure to propose Ground 2030 Stations as a Service, data hosting, processing and distribution to the Digital Silk Road countries. ✦ 2020

✦ ✦ 2025: 2029: +70% of the global civil space data are Both Amazon Web Services Ground Station and Microsoft Azure Orbital have built +50 Ground Stations worldwide, and compete to lead the market. collected using Ground Stations as a Service. orbital outpost 2018 A DEMOCRATISED HOLIDAY SPOT OFTOMORROW? STATION. COULDTHISBILLIONAIREDESTINATION OFTODAY BECOME THREE TOURISTS INAUGURATE THEFIRST COMMERCIAL SPACE 2020 INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE ISS-based filmby T.Cruise. 2021-23: ✦ Crew Dragon fliestwo Crew Dragon tourists totheISS.tourists 2022: ✦ New Sheppard flieswith New Sheppard humans on-board. 2023: ✦ billionaires andone Head ofState. Among thefirstprivate are two commercial space station hascome tolife. years ofanticipation,After thefirst ? space tourism? common way totravel long distance. for apply thesamepatterns Will commercial aviation, have becomeandmost thesafest whileaircrafts progresses triggered by have beenmainly thedevelopment of EasyJet inthe1990s. Majoraviation safety, andaff tech the firstcommercial flightin1914tothecreation ofRyanairand It hastakenalmost100years commercial todemocratise aviation, from Space Tourism 2030 delivered Center. toKennedySpace AXIOM pressurisedmodulesare 2026: ✦

AXIOM pressurisedmodules are attached to theISSandtested by astronauts. ordability ordability

2028:

✦ 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS raw (no humans on board yet). mission the13thtimeina for 2020: NewSheppard Successful ✦ Galactic. $250,000 each)at Virgin (~ tickets 2020: 600peoplehave bought ✦ the ISS. its commercial space station to right to dock 2020: NASA awards Axiom the ✦ ISS. 2020: with docks CrewDragon ✦

& asteroid mining 2017 2030 REFUELLING SPACECRAFTS WITH MOON WATER IS PROVEN FEASIBLE.

Astronauts have successfully conducted the mission of extracting ice water from the Moon, returning it safely to the lunar orbital station, purifying it and splitting it into Hydrogen and Oxygen - the two chemical elements necessary to propel spacecrafts.

With refuelling in-orbit being mastered, all the key tech bricks are now available to refuel spacecrafts in orbit, using propellant from the Moon. But from the lab to industrialisation, many challenges still lie ahead.

✦ ✦ 2011-18: Successful NASA Robotic Refuelling Mission 2019: The startup Orbit Fab refuels the International FACTS & demonstrates the capability to refuel spacecrafts in orbit. Space Station with water.

✦ ✦ FIGURES 2018: NASA confirms water ice at the Moon's Poles. 2020: NASA awarded Intuitive Machines $47 million to deliver a drill combined with a mass spectrometer to 2020 ✦ the Moon by December 2022. 2019: China Chang’e-4 lands on the far side of the Moon.

INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE

2022: 2029:

NASA on-boards non-space industries (e.g. oil & gas and chemical After many experiments on lunar probes, a first in-space 2030 corporations) to work on Moon exploration and water purification. purification process of lunar ice water is mastered. ✦ ✦ 2020

✦ ✦ 2021: 2028: Launch of Chang’e 5, which shall return First ice water probe directly extracted from the 2m^3 of Moon samples to Earth. Moon thanks to concave mirrors which sublimate it. orbital spy 2015 GALILEO ANDGLOSNASS? HOW VULNERABLEARE G.P.S., BEIDOU, 2020 INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE Regular demonstrations of more powerful and refined counter- space capabilities byspace capabilities theUSA, ChinaandRussia. ✦ Critical infrastructures are designedtobemore resilient, infrastructures Critical e.g. usingmore and satellites space data relays, beingprotected againstthreats (e.g. by specialmaterials), aswell as leveraging commercial infrastructures as back-up and/or complementary assets. and/or complementary asback-up commercialleveraging infrastructures ✦ (...) spy drones. ofthree thedisappearance responsibility for Te terroristorganisation (...)hasclaimed double the signal in cases ofattack.double thesignalincases to commercial constellation Orbit infrastructures Earth with Low using stronger signals, andpartnerships ahighernumberofsatellites development, are designedtobemore resilient topotentialthreats, Next generation positioning constellations, under currently signals, regarding leadingoffalseinformation toatrail thedrones. positioning succeededinjammingandspoofingthesatellite Tey have demonstrated their credible capability to trigger a massive destruction response amassive to trigger destruction have demonstratedtheircredible capability Key spaceKey mid-powers (e.g. EU, and counter-space India)masterkey capabilities Space Defense 2030 in case of an attack against (one of ) their critical space infrastructure(s). ) theircritical against(one ofanattack in case

✦ 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS laser which isunderdevelopment.laser which but them of all master would the USAandChina. Russia capabilities, all are mastered by these sixmaincounter-space Threats Energy missiles):(anti-satellite among Kinetic Warfare, spoofing), and Cyberspace Threats, Orbital (jamming Warfare Electronic (laser), Weapons Energy Directed Awareness, 2020: Situational Space ✦ Force. oftheUSSpace doctrine 2020: ofthe first Publication ✦ State . 2019: Creation oftheUnited ✦ warfare capabilities. space, andelectronic cyber Support Force which integrates Strategic Liberation Army 2015: Creation ofthePeople ✦

& moon mining 2016 PROPERTY RIGHTS INSPACE. PROHIBITING WEAPONSOFMASS DESTRUCTION ANDCLARIFYING 37 SPACE POWERS HAVE SIGNEDTHE OUTERSPACE TREATY II, 2020 INSPIRATIONAL TIMELINE Since neither Russia nor China have signed the Artemis Accords, norChinahave signedtheArtemis neitherRussia Since theracefor and because space resources accelerates, theUnitedNations have setupaworking group in chargeof preparing an update of the Outer Space Space preparing an updateoftheOuter Treaty. 2022-26: ✦

e new version of the Outer Space Space versionTe new oftheOuter Treaty isnegotiated among space super-powers. debate focuses on (a) the interdiction of anti-satellite missiles because of the debris risk; ondebate focuses (a)theinterdiction ofthedebris missiles because ofanti-satellite towards thepeaceful useofspace resources. welcomed byhighly theinternationalspacestep communityasakey and Russia. the USAandsignedby manywasnotrecognised ofits allies by China ownership tensions. Similarly, Accords theArtemis issuedin2020by Space Treaty ledto regarding rights obsoleteasitsambiguity property Te beginningofminingon theMoon rendered Outer- theformer and (b) property rights for theexploitation for ofspace resources. rights and (b)property Space Governance 2030 e signature of the updated Outer Space Space Te signature oftheupdatedOuter Treaty comes 2026-29: ✦

Te 2030 2020 FIGURES FACTS and theUSA. Emirates, theUnitedKingdom Luxembourg, the United Arab Canada, Italy, Japan, the space agencies ofAustralia, AccordsArtemis are signed by equipment, &systems. The exploration &exploitation resource space of generation between thenext interoperability projects; italsoadvocates for other abouttheirspace resource each inform to transparently particular, are signatories obliged its of content w.r.t.some space resources. In details Treaty, Space abiding by theOuter Accords,while Artemis NASA ✦ space resources. of exploitation upcoming the by questionsnot answer raised new Space The Outer Treaty does ✦

& gravitation entanglement 2016 ✦

In his artwork Michael Najjar takes a complex critical look at the technological forces shaping and drastically transforming the early 21st century. Michael’s photographic and video works exemplify and draw on his interdisciplinary understanding of art. In his artistic practice he fuses art, science, and technology into visions of future social structures emerging under the impact of cutting-edge technologies.

Since 2011 he works on the topic of space exploration. His "outer space" work series deals with the latest developments in space exploration and the way they will shape our future life on Earth, in Earth’s near orbit and on other planets. Te cultural dimension represented by the transition process towards a larger is very much at the center of Michael´s work.

One essential hallmark of his work is the way it is deeply informed by an experiential hands-on approach. Te performative aspect has also become a fundamental part of Michael´s work process and will culminate in his own flight into space. As one of the pioneer astronauts of Virgin Galactic, he will be embarking on SpaceShipTwo on one of its future spaceflights where MICHAEL he will be the first artist to travel in space. For the past 25 years Michael´s work has been subject of prominent solo and group shows at international institutions around the globe. His artworks form part of museum, corporate and NAJJAR private collections across the world, and are constantly featured in numerous magazine and book publications. Artwork Glossary

gravity turn (2016)

“gravity turn” visualizes different perspectives of the launch of an 5 rocket at the by combining a skywards view photographed by the artist from the ground near the with a view from sky towards earth photographed from an airplane flying over French Guiana. Orbital launch vehicles like the commonly take off vertically, and then progressively tilt, usually following a smoothly curved trajectory. Once above the dense part of the atmosphere, the vehicle carefully angles the jet, slowly pointing the launcher horizontally which permits the vehicle to progressively aim at the required orbit while increasing its speed. Te and its smoke column of solid propellant combustion were photographed during the pitch-over manoeuvre about 90 seconds after lift-off, shortly before booster separation.

planetary overview (2017) ascension (2020)

“planetary overview” highlights satellite observation of “ascension” visualizes the utopian vision of a space elevator. glacier change from space. Development of a planetary Its composition brings the three elements of ocean surface, overview system is one important outcome of advanced island and clouds together, forming a sublime landscape space exploration that has revolutionised glaciology by bathed in dramatic light and divided in the middle by a creating new ways to map large terrestrial landscapes. It vertical black line that also serves as a connecting element. helps us map glacier snow cover and mass balance in much Viewers approach the picture from a distance with an larger scale as well as to track changes in ice sheet thickness elevated gaze which glides over the surface of the water. In and ice flow velocities. Yet this new way of measuring and the background the horizon softly dissolves into clouds, the visualizing the globe carries a stern ecological warning, and surface of the earth merges seamlessly with the sky. Te the dawning of a planetary overview system might intensify horizontal breadth, the elevated gaze and the vertically awareness of ecological damage to our planet. Te artwork rising line conjoin the terrestrial world with space above it. combines images taken on Iceland´s Brei∂amerkurjökull Te natural landscape has an added disruptive technological glacier with several satellite images of the same glacier from element, the taut cable of the space elevator connecting an orbital position high in space, fusing a micro- and Earth with outer space. Reaching the upper edge of the macro-perspective, the inside view of the fragile glacier with picture and disappearing into the clouds, it opens an infinite the extreme distance view from outer space. transcendental space in which the viewer's imagination can freely roam. Artwork Glossary

orbital cascade (2013) starlink (2020) orbital outpost (2018) “orbital cascade” visualizes the quantity of defunct objects in “starlink” visualizes light pollution in our sky at night, orbit around the Earth from 1957 to 2046. Tis includes “orbital outpost” explores space station utopia and the underscoring the likelihood that our starry night sky will everything from spent rocket stages, and old satellites to relationship between technology, the human body and soon drastically change forever. SpaceX plans to envelop the fragments resulting from disintegration, erosion, and . It fuses outside shots of a spacewalk from Earth with a global network of satellites, a mega- collisions. Currently there are about 600,000 objects larger the International Space Station with images of earlier space constellation of up to 42,000 satellites. Te advent of such a than 1 cm in space, orbiting Earth at a velocity of stations. Over the last century the technical futuristic vision global satellite network would seriously impede the research approximately 28,000 kmph and posing a severe threat to of a crewed space station became the apogee of all work of astronomers throughout the world. Te satellites, space stations, and manned space flights. Each speculative thought on outer space and the privileged locus composition shows a hilly landscape, a starry night sky spherule in the video represents a real existing object for all extra-terrestrial aspiration. Te orbital station formed photographed by a telescope in the Atacama Desert in orbiting in space starting with the very first object in space, the central element in the futuristic logic of expansion as Chile and crossed by multiple diagonal trails of light with a the 1 satellite launched in 1957. Te year 2013 the infrastructural prerequisite for human penetration of the long flat building embedded in-between, connecting them. marks the start of a simulated worst-case future scenario depths of interstellar space. Te artwork is centred on a Entrenched in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 2600 that assumes two realistic collisions, which would human figure clad in its protective technological shell, in meters, this enigmatic building is home to research dramatically increase the amount of space debris, collisions imminent danger of floating away, held only by one hand. scientists and astronomers. Te Starlink satellite network is known in aeronautics as the “cascade effect.” Te Space still remains an inimical, deeply alien environment, destined to have a major lasting impact on the aesthetics visualization was realized in collaboration with the Institute making it a privileged realm for our imagination and a green and purity of our sky at night as technology inscribes itself of Aerospace Systems/TU Braunschweig. screen for our musings on utopian worlds. intrusively on our star-studded heaven. f.a.s.t. (2017)

“f.a.s.t” pictures the largest astronomical radio telescope on Earth – with a diameter of 500 metres. China built this staggeringly large instrument called the “Five hundred- meter Aperture Spherical Telescope” in a remote and barely accessible mountainous region in the south of the country. One of its main objectives is to detect interstellar communication from alien civilizations. Te composition of this artwork focuses on the relationship between the natural environment and the cutting-edge astronomical instrument which evokes a sense of the sublime simply through its overwhelming size in relation to the surrounding mountains. Searching for alien life means searching for the source of life in general and confronting a fundamental question facing humankind: where do we come from? Te inconceivably vast size of “f.a.s.t” is also a metaphor for the immeasurability of time and space which ranges from our own birth to the birth of the Universe itself. Artwork Glossary

orbital spy (2015) moon mining (2016) gravitation entanglement (2016)

“orbital spy” visualizes the futuristic now “moon mining” visualizes the future importance the Moon “gravitation entanglement” depicts the inevitable collision being developed in the Membrane Optical Imager for Real- will have as a source of energy. It possesses an abundance of between our own Milky Way and our closest neighbor, the Time Exploitation (MOIRE) program commissioned by helium-3, a precious isotope that forms part of the Andromeda Galaxy, also known as M31. NASA’s Hubble the DARPA agency of U.S. Department of Defense. Tis wind which cannot reach the Earth’s surface. Helium-3 observations indicate that the two galaxies, technology aims at replacing conventional glass optics with could well be the energy source of the future for fusion pulled together by their mutual force of attraction, will crash lightweight polymer membranes that will pave the way for a reactors, and various countries are now gearing up for the in a near-head-on collision in about 4.5 billion years from foldable plastic orbital telescope. Optical plastic membranes coming stiff competition for the Moon’s rich resources. now. Te two galaxies would race by each other if it weren’t are mounted on thin aluminium panels which unfold in Helium-3 is embedded in the regolith or lunar dust that for the force of gravity pulling them together. Te spiral space like origami works to form a telescope of more than takes up the major part of the artwork which is composed of galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical new galaxy. 20m in diameter. To create this artwork, a 3D model of the photographs of Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert and New planets and solar systems will be formed from the star telescope was rendered based on what little information is original shots of the Moon’s surface taken by the Apollo dust produced by the crash. “gravitation entanglement” available on the internet and combined with a view of astronauts. A mine on the left of the composition signals depicts what we will see looking up into the night sky— Earth. Te artwork gives a premonition of how this the future mining of resources. supposing that humankind still exists. Te visualization of technology not only will revolutionize the way images are the heavenly bodies is based on measurement data from the captured, but will also prove a watershed in terms of the , digitally transformed to simulate capability of military and state-controlled surveillance to the encounter of the galaxies. asteroid mining (2017) monitor the planet and the people who live on it.

“asteroid mining“ envisions future exploitation of raw materials, especially water, from asteroids and minor planets. Water is the most abundant chemical compound in the universe - ubiquitous in our own and fundamental to all operations in space. As the core resource supporting humans in space it’s not only the key factor underpinning human habitation and civilization but can also be used as a propellant. It can be broken down into its constituent parts, liquid hydrogen and oxygen, and used as fuel. If that fuel could be manufactured and made available in space it could power aging satellites and other spacecraft or enable lightly fuelled rockets to take off from Earth and then re-fuel in space. Asteroid mining schemes might one day become reality and help us further explore and colonize our solar system. Sources

✦✦ 2019 Space Technology at a Glance, Bryce, 2020. ✦ ✦ Challenges to Security in Space, Defense Intelligence Agency, USA, 2019. ✦ ✦ China’s Ground Segment Building the Pillars of a Great Space Power, China Aerospace Studies Institute, 2020. ✦ ✦ MIT Technology Review, Here’s how we could mine the moon for rocket fuel, 2020. ✦ ✦ National Medium- to Long-Term Civilian Space Infrastructure Development Plan (2015-2025), PRC National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, and State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, China, 2015. ✦ ✦ Longer Term Investments, Space, UBS, 2018. ✦ ✦ Science & Technology Trends 2020-2040, NATO, 2020. ✦ ✦ Spacepower, Doctrine for Space Force, United States Space Force, 2020. ✦ ✦ Startup Space Report, Bryce, 2020. ✦ ✦ Te Future Technology in Space, London Technology Club, 2020. ✦ ✦ Te Annual Compendium of Space Transportation, FAA, USA, 2018. ✦ ✦ Te Space Arms Race: Global Trends and State Interests, Zeev Shapira and Gil Baram, 2019.

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