1991 (28th) Space Achievement: A Global The Space Congress® Proceedings Destiny

Apr 25th, 1:00 PM - 4:00 PM

Paper Session III-B - Assured Crew Return

Charles E. Daniher Chief Project Engineer, Rockwell International, Downey, CA

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Scholarly Commons Citation Daniher, Charles E., "Paper Session III-B - Assured Crew Return" (1991). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 11. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1991-28th/april-25-1991/11

This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RETURN

Division

Daniher

International

CREW

Systems

Chuck

Rockwell

Space

ASSURED

in in

for for

and and

and and

the the

the the

and and

the the

ACRV ACRV

ACRV ACRV

ACRC ACRC

ACRC ACRC

study study

future future

to to

in in

is is

injury,

segment segment

for for

the the

launched launched

for for

the the

Shuttle.

The The

two two

crewman crewman

. .

or or

of of

are are

concepts concepts

by by

equipment equipment

start start

allow allow

Space Space

facilities facilities

landing landing engine

sick sick

support support

Earth-based Earth-based

response response

(ACRC)

to to

a a

currently currently

missions missions

specifying specifying

illness illness

in in

USA USA

which which

doable doable

of of

soft soft

1) 1)

are are

definition.

the the

made made

(Planned (Planned

for for

training training

the the

,

mission mission

conducted conducted

, ,

architecture architecture

items items

of of

NASA, NASA,

a a

-36 -36

software, software,

of of

and and

been been

return return

by by

which which

The The

and and

basis basis

proposed proposed

emergency emergency capability

has has

addresses both addresses

event event

training training

those those

a a

design. design.

effort effort

Soyus Soyus

survival)

identified identified

and and

stand-down.

support support

) )

1

the the

Return Return Capability

training training

vehicle.

and and

systems systems

and and

which which

(A

crew crew

in in

independent independent

unique unique

successful successful

on-orbit on-orbit

which which

developed, developed,

progress progress

Crew Crew

developed. developed.

activities, activities,

ground ground

and and

return return

space space

encompasses encompasses

Prime Prime

allow allow

preliminary preliminary

Earth Earth

Mercury Mercury

A A

Freedom Freedom

and and the

being being

requirements requirements

provide provide

to to

Concept

facilities, facilities,

from from

crew crew

and and

Space Space Shuttle

perspective perspective

on on

ACRC/ACRV ACRC/ACRV

which which

recovery recovery

are are

Mir Mir

Sufficient Sufficient

(which (which

a a

3) 3)

concept concept was

ACRV ACRV

transportation transportation

will will

Phase Phase

ACRV ACRV

interfaces interfaces

the the

) )

with with Assured

based based

encompasses encompasses

Station Station

return return

and and

post post

a a

return return

and and

control control

of of

which which

the the

segment segment

ACRV ACRV

space space

and and

jettison jettison

was was

(SAR) (SAR)

designs designs

of of

definition definition

(ACRV (ACRV

crew crew

space space

Space Space

NASA/JSC. NASA/JSC.

which which

Skylab Skylab

safely safely

Freedom Freedom

The The

a a

Freedom Freedom

mission mission

some some

in in

studies studies

flight flight

to to

from from

for for

to to

Rescue Rescue

A A

a a

recovery recovery

studies studies

includes includes

and and

detailed detailed

assuring assuring

segment segment

forgiving forgiving

crew crew

ahead. ahead.

B B

crew crew

And And

experience experience provides

argue argue and and

Phase Phase

required required

for for

for for

which which validated

damage damage

these these

the the

move move

Experience Experience

includes includes

Space Space Station

premature premature hatch

Phase Phase

or or

ground ground

the the

to to

developed within within developed

of of

Search Search

Freedom Freedom

inventory inventory

prelaunch, prelaunch,

to to

a a

argue argue

Flight Flight

Crew Return Vehicle Crew Vehicle Return

1991.)

teams, teams,

the the

concept concept

Solyut-7 Solyut-7

Orbit Orbit

like like

for for

conducted conducted

System System

being being

1, 1,

ACRC ACRC

provide provide

return return

States States

includes includes

Station Station

space space

from from

space, space,

of of

has has

to to

broad broad

follow-on follow-on

Earth Earth

necessary necessary

ACRV ACRV

Assured Assured

the the

malfunction malfunction

a a

still still

1985 1985

Low Low

initiating initiating

requirements.

Failures Failures

Past Past

malfunction malfunction

October October

2) 2)

contractor contractor

as as

into into

The The

NASA NASA

the the

is is

equipment equipment

which which

Space Space

is is

space-based space-based rescue

part part

The The

United United

need need

The The

^ ^ S sited)

Return

Requirements

nature"

Crew

Meet

Missions

missions

to

Evacuation

'mother

(NSTS/ELV/SSF

Perspective

Assured

from the by

Reference

Mission

Studies

for Station

Step

Solutions

Requirements

Specified

Defined

NASA Design Historical Derived

Next

Need

Challenges

Space

Medical

-

-

- - - -

- -

Proposed Key The

System

The

• • •

Agenda: • • 11

the

site.

bring

still

range

boat

paper

return

system

the

operation

above

The

the

Evacuation

ACRV

"life

while

always

and

a

The

to

orbit

space

and

person.

team,

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nm

way

Earth landing

to

a

ill

and

missions

Vehicle,

200

study

dormant

or

a

to an

challenge,

systems

ready

of

power

in

be

Return

crew

Providing

reference

injured

like

the

Crew

periods

an

always

discussed,

engineering

International

attenuation

design

as

Vehicle

)

are

long

must

return

commence.

Assured

major

ACRV

well

to

Station Freedom

a

for

that

Return

Rockwell

the

will

as

landing

vehicle

three

ABSTRACT

also

of

ready

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Crew

Freedom resources

(

is

system

the

be

job

by the

the

rescue

designing

presence

for

astronaut

the

Assured

Station

notice

performance,

is

human

studied

readiness,

affordable

include

response

US

Space

establishes

Earth

entry

being

of

moments

requirements

return

to

quick

a

deconditioned

a

reliable,

a

on

States

permanent

amount

back

of

challenges

system

a

driving

solutions

then

hypersonic

the

Key

Crew

simple,

United

the

1999

and

a

in

accommodate

the

is

proposed

(Years)

considerations

of timelines,

presents

Freedom's

that

demonstrating

Earth

must

mission.

Minimizing

When SUPPORT

SUPPORT

STABILIZATION

MEDICAL

ILLNESS

I

II III

MEDICAL COMPARTMENT

when

CLASS

CLASS CLASS

HMF

Management

ROUTINE LIMITED LIMITED

-I- H- -I

Required

TURN-AROUND

STATION

FLIGHT

EMERGENCY

Emergency

45-DAY

SPACE

Capability

TO

RESUPPLY UP EMERGENCY

+ +

LIST

EQUIPMENT

Return

Freedom

HYGIENE

CONTENTS

EQUIPMENT

KIT

MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT

Exceeded

PREPARATION

RESTRAINTS

LOCATIONS) Crew

RESOURCES

(2 FOOD FOOD UTENSILS

WIPES WASTE

TRASH PERSONAL

TOWELS GARMENTS SLEEP HEALTH LIGHTING

EXERCISE COMMUNICAtlON FIRST-AID

TOOLS

Station

REPAIR/SPARES

SAFE-HAVEN

CREW

STATION

RETREAT/COMMAND

HAVEN

SAFE

REDUNDANT SYSTEMS Assured Space Capability DUAL AREAS IN-FLIGHT

45-DAY

SPACE

+

+

+ +

RUNWAY

WITH WITH

ON ON

PARACHUTE PARACHUTE

OR OR LAND LAND

LANDING LANDING

OR OR

LANO*DASiD LANO*DASiD

RECOVERY

HELICOPTER HELICOPTER

& &

LAND LAND

WATER WATER

Station Station

FOR FOR

MANAGEMENT

REFURBISHMENT

RETURN RETURN

Space Space

for for

COMPLEMENTS COMPLEMENTS

EMERGENCY EMERGENCY

Missions

ACRV ACRV

STATION STATION

CERV CERV

SAFETY SAFETY

IF:

EXCEEDS EXCEEDS

SPACE SPACE

ACRC ACRC

EMERGENCIES EMERGENCIES

STORAGE'

STATION STATION

SPACE SPACE

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE

CREW CREW

OR

Considered Considered

LAUNCHES LAUNCHES

MISSIONS

NSTS NSTS

INTERRUPTED

SPACE SPACE STATION

RETURN RETURN

CAPABILITIES ACCIDENT/FAILURE ACCIDENT/FAILURE

CAPABILITIES

CONTINGENCY CONTINGENCY

MEDICAL MEDICAL

EMERGENCY EMERGENCY

ACRC/ACRV ACRC/ACRV

2. 2.

3. 3.

TO TO

Options Options

(OPTION)

DELIVERY

ELV

SPACE SPACE

OTHERS

DELIVERY DELIVERY

STATION

TO TO

SPACE SPACE

SHUTTLE

Emergency Emergency Multiple Multiple at

dock

Station

Station

(S)

International Space

Freedom ACRV Space

1990

MIR

"*-..

earth

escape

redesign

malfunction

to

docked

perishes crew

return

crewman

Booster

and improved

MIR

booster crew Challenger

returned Soyus-7 Sick

Soyus vehicle at

1900

up

survival

crew

Back

attenuation for

save

Perspective

malfunction

seats

landing

Soyus-36 soft engine

'•shock

•

•

rescue

perished

Historical

' pad

Skylab

SKYLAB

1970

Pressure

at

on

Apollo

ensure

Apollo

crew

before fails

decompression

IVA or

deploy

seat

entry

perished

chute

Return Docked

5 vehicle

integrity Wear Suits

Cabin Soyus-11 at

Stabilize chute

|

Main

Crew Soyus-1

capsule

hatch

Survived

jettisoi

shock

1960

resistant

Mercury

opens Crew T/D floods

hatch

Make shock

|

o

2 \ SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

ACRV System requirementsare derived from the three referencemissions, the environmentsthe system has to operate in and the specified requirementsthat further serve to bound the system design.

Of the three referencemissions, the keyderived requirementsare forcedout by themedical mission and the SSF evacuation mission. The Shuttle Orbiter unavailablemission does not produce any unique requirements.

Timeline analysis of functions to be performed are useful in driving out time critical sequences,parallel functions (which drive capacity) and additionalfunctions.

For the Medical mission, total mission maximum time limits patient exposure to < 24 hours until arrival at a DefinitiveCare MedicalFacility. Time limits within the 24 hour period, such as 1 hour to remove an ill person after landing limits thetime in a confinedcapsule. Also, the time the crew can be exposed to an unfavorablelanding orientationis limited to 1 minute.

The SSF contingency mission places a demand for quick isolation of the ACRV from an atmosphere threat like loss of pressure, fire or contamination. System designs should accommodatehuman capabilityto evacuate (< 2 minutes is seen as feasiblefor a crew of eight to evacuate). ACRV separation from an out of control Station requires < 3 minutes for ingress to physical separation. Additional time is required to accommodate thrustingto avoid SSF structural recontact. (4J

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launch on Space Shuttle 55 k Ibs max IR, magnetic fields, Cg constraints 11 year solar Trunnion mounts STS RMS/GrappIe

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Solutionsto satisfyall requirementsare required. Operationsconcepts ( how you are going to perform functions, thepeople and skills required,equipment and how activitieswill be integrated)together with the vehicle and facilitydesign optionsmust be considered.

Decisionsas to where to site the ACRV flightvehicle requireclose coordinationwith the emergingSpace Station Freedom (SSF)design evolution.

Phase A studiesrequired contractorsto validate that mission derived requirementswere realistic!complete and that they could be met with affordableoptions. The proposed solutionsto issuesdriven by satisfyingthe medicalmission requirements show, for example, that a 4G entry can be achievedby providinga Hypersonicaero characteristicof - .2L/D and a seat back angle of > 65 degrees. A range of vehicles and packagingoptions were utilized for this validation. Detailedentry performancedata using candidatevehicles A, showed the design sensitivitiesto flight time, g levels,and other system designdrivers. Attached Operations

Initial Activation & Checkout • Complete Within 6 Hours Of Handover From Orbiter Periodic Checkout • Approximately Every 90 Days • Pre-Programmed Automated C/O Sequences • Schedule To Coincide With Orbiter Supply Flight - New Crew/Fresh Training - Include Planned Maintenance With C/O • Incorporate Crew Refresher Training Activity Into C/O Sequences When Practical

On Orbit Maintenance • Planned Or Unplanned Emergency Drills/Training • Emergency Evacuation Drills - May Involve Flight Controllers • Basic Refresher Training (Incorp. Into Periodic C/O When Practical) - Sequence Initiation - Auto Intervention - Landing Site Selection nDnD Confl'g"ration Interfaces Have Been Recommended

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(wind)

-

50 50-^0

25,000

Horizontal

Velocities

ft

MO

o-*--o

—

Kft

+

System

100 400 280 10,000ft Altitude 6,000ft

25 o

Interface

surface

Orbit Entry

Earth

Deceleration

Attenuate

en 00

(0,9)

(0,0)

(0,0)

(5.5)

(0.4)

(5.2)

(0.1)

(5.0)

(0.3)

(fi.10)

IS/PAD IS/PAD

COUC!hSTRUTS/PAl) COUC!hSTRUTS/PAl)

COUCIhSTRUTS/PAD COUCIhSTRUTS/PAD

couc||sSTnUTS/pAD

COUCII-STnU COUCII-STnU

-CQUCH-STRUTS/PAD -CQUCH-STRUTS/PAD

-COUCH-STRUTS/PAD -COUCH-STRUTS/PAD

-COUCH-STRUTS/PAD -COUCH-STRUTS/PAD

-COUCII-STRUTS/PAl) -COUCII-STRUTS/PAl)

— —

—— ——

(3.1)*

(3.0)—COUCH-STRUTS/PAD (3.0)—COUCH-STRUTS/PAD

(6.0)_

Options

(4.1)-

._„.

(4.0)—————COUCH-STRUTS/PAD (4.0)—————COUCH-STRUTS/PAD

STRUTS STRUTS

QOCKETS QOCKETS

RETRO RETRO

1 1

AIRDAGS AIRDAGS

EXT EXT

——————————————COUCH-STflUTS/PAD ——————————————COUCH-STflUTS/PAD

AIRDAGS AIRDAGS

Design Design

RETROROCKETS RETROROCKETS

(1.1)

(1.0

(2.0)—————

(2,2)

(2,1)

System System

- -

PARAPOIL PARAPOIL

PARAFOIL PARAFOIL

PAI1AFOIL PAI1AFOIL

PARACHUTE PARACHUTE

PARACHUTE PARACHUTE

Tree Tree

-- --

LAND

WATER Alternative Alternative KFT

24

SETS SETS

SETS SETS

3 3

3 2

QUANTITY

FT

FT

FAILURE ELS

REEFED

SYSTEM

&

GOOD

AT

LINES

10,000

.APPROXIMATELY

&

CHUTE LINES

LINES

APOLLO

AT AT

&

&

TO

BAG

DISREEFED

MAIN

DEPLOYED

DISREEFED

3

BAG SINGLE-CHUTE

BAGS

DEPLOYED

DESIGN

STAGE

RELEASED

DEPLOYED

STAGE

CHUTES,

CHUTE

IN

FULLY

1sl 2nd

CHUTES,

CHUTES, CUTTERS

TOLERATE

(1.0)

MAIN MAIN

PILOT DROGUE

DROGUES MAINS MAINS MAINS DROGUE

DROGUES

CAN SIMILAR

CONVENTIONAL

•

• • • • •

• • •

ITEM

OPERATION

DESCRIPTION

RATES

CHUTES)

VELOCITY

3

Definition

SINK

&

AZIMUTH

v

(2

&

V

|WIND

V,

Parachute

-J6"

CHUTE SWING

Ballistic 3

SETS

SETS

SETS

SETS

KFT

=

3

3

3

2

24

QUANTITY

UD

FT

OF

CHUTE

LINES

APPROX

10,000

REEFED

8,

LINES

AIR

LINES

&

GLIDE

AT

AT

FT

8,

8,

FT

BAG

RAM

70

DISREEF

=

DAG

>GOOO

BAGS

LOADING

DISREEF

GLIDE

DEPLOYED

RELEASED

DEPLOYED

STABILIZED

CHUTE

FLARE

WING

DEPLOY

CHUTES,

CUTTERS

CHUTES,

PSF

FOR

STAGE

STAGE

MAIN

MAIN

PILOT

DROGUE CHUTES,

FULLY

1st 2nd DROGUE DROGUES

DROGUES

ALT 1.59

MODERATE AVERAGE

•

•

• •

• •

•

•

•

•

ITEM

OPERATION

DESCniPTION

(2.0)

Definition

-3

L7D

AT

GLIDE

Parafoil S.

4

StET fil-T 12

4-12 TD

I

1

PRESSURE START

DEFLATION

QUANTITY

TO

STABILITY

IMPACT AFTER

TD

LANDINGS

AIRBAG

MOUNTED

FOR

AT

VELOCITIES

ALTITUDE JUST

STOPS

POST

SLIDING

ASSEMBLY

IT

AT

CONTROLLED

BY

WATER

BY

UNTIL

PROVIDE DEPLOYED

BLOWOUT

VERTICAL

FOR

DETERMINES RELEASED

EXTERNALLY

&

KILLED

INITIATOR

GENERATORS

DEPLOYED

currnnn

KILLED

DAGS

BAGS BAGS

SLIDES

PLUGS

ARE

GAS

BAGS

LOADS

PYRO

MAIN PYRO LATERAL CLOSEOUT/ PARACHUTES

HORIZONTAL BAGS Tpn AIRBAG CONTROLLER LATERAL HORIZONTAL LATERAL VEHICLE DEPLOYABLE DEFLATION

VERTICAL

STABILIZATION SENSED SIDE

AIRBAGS

ITEM

OPERATION

DESCRIPTION

BY

GROUND

ON

TO

LATERAL

(5.0)

ABSORBED

SLIDEOUT

SETTLE

BAGS

VEHICLE SLIDES RESIDUAL

BOTTOMING BAGS

ENERGY

SLIDING

CONCEPT

SIDE

PORTS

BAG MOTION

AIRDAG

FRONT

ORIFICE

TO

ENERGY

DEFLATE

BAGS

BLOWOUT

HIGH-PRESSURE ACTIVATED ABSORBING VERTICAL ORIENTED

IMPACT/INITIAL

Airbags Definition Space Station FreedomEvacuation Mission

by this mission are theneed to quicklyisolate from atmospheric contamination, Then separate. The need to separatemay have beendriven by an conceivable)loss of SSF control. Separationanalyses using assumedrollrates velocitiesof ,8 ft/secwill allow ACRV to clear solar arrays for rollrates of ,2 (24

Gear

to

TBD

<

Loiter

readiness

Min)

Min)

activation

3

2

Survival

Structure

rates

(<

(< Can

Space

ACRV

Clear

You

2nd

Sizing)

self-checkout

10Hr

failure

First operational

To

Best

RCS

Derived

The Isolate Separate Provide Ground

Thrust Automatic Periodic TBD ensure System Provide Hrs

«

• • • • •

• »

Or

Do

Optimum

Cause

Not

Control

On

Of

Issue

Evacuation

Out

Depends

SSF

Time

Ground Targeting

' rnln.

<_3

Separation

AT

hm

3

<3 <

\n

Contingency

SSF

rate.

0.0 0.0

roll roll

SSF SSF

springs. springs.

0.6 0.6

rates. rates.

degrees/sec

by by

.by .by

0.4 0.4

Rate, Rate,

roll roll

Roll Roll

Conditions Conditions

SSF SSF

SSF SSF

0.2 0.2

provided provided

, ,

determined determined

be be

0

is is

to to

Concepts

off-nominal off-nominal

velocity velocity

for for

Off-Nominal Off-Nominal

assumed assumed

Design Design

was was

That That

impulsive impulsive

Solar Solar

arrays

analyzed analyzed

was was

impulse impulse

ACRV ACRV

Shows Shows

Separation Separation

ACRV

\7 \7

Required Required

Separation Separation

Separation Separation

Impact Impact Analysis Analysis Key Challenges

Operationallyready vehicle after long term dormancy Supportablesystem over 30 year life Low cost of ownership throughoutsystem life that will see people changes,political changes (landing sites) and program changes/uses Of coursef for contractorsto win Phase C/D productioncontracts at competitive price Ts

.Next

JEhe

6/99

Flight Flight 1st

Operational Operational

Deliver

/ /

Test Test

XT-

2/98

Flight Flight

f f

\ \

1st 1st

Test Test

Mfg Mfg

/ /

C/D C/D

Submittals

- -

B B

Progressively Progressively

Interim

and and

Phase Phase

9/92

Planning Planning

FSR FSR

7/92

\

Planning Planning

Design

Demo Demo

Submittals

Preliminary Preliminary

DR-10 DR-10

1/92

son

and and

DRD-10 DRD-10

Inputs/Updates

T&D T&D

9/91 9/91

Test Test

with with

Early Early

8/90 8/90

\7

SRR

aseB

B B

\

Early

Denotes Denotes

Requirements

Initial Initial

Submillal

4/90

A'

Phase Phase

Matures Matures

DR-10 DR-10 Phase Phase References

Survey of Soviet Space Engineering — An MIT Summer Session, 16.95s, August 6-10, 1990. ACRV System Engineering Analysis and Trade Studies, Books 1 & 2 (Proprietary) , produced under Contract NAS9-18285, August 9, 1990. Alternate Mission Impact Study. JSC 34009, Crew Emergency Return Vehicle Office, Validate 3 Missions. Statement of Work for Systems Requirements Validation and Concept Definition, ACRV System. JSC 34012, March 30, 1990.

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