Jour. Agri. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Agric., .1 (,), 12ῌ31 (,**,) 東京農大農学集報ῌ .1 ῍,῎ῌ 12ῌ31 ῍,**,῎ Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non- chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines

By

, Dionisio G. ALVINDIA* ***, Takao KOBAYASHI** and Seinosuke TANDA***

(Received February ,2, ,**,/Accepted April ,0, ,**,)

Summary: Survey of fungi associated with non-chemical banana fruits and non-chemical banana farms with and without sanitation was conducted from June ,*** to May ,**+ in Nueva Viscaya, Luzon, Philippines, to determine the source and origin of diverse fungal flora on banana fruits. Fungi from the developing fruits were collected by swabbing with cotton balls while the fungal flora of the banana farms were sampled using agar and slide traps. Eighty fungal species belonging to .+ genera were collected from non-chemical banana farms, including /. species of ,/ genera on banana fruits. These were +2 species of Aspergillus; +* species of Penicillium, 0 species of Fusarium, - species each of genus Curvularia, Pestalotiopsis and Phomopsis, , species each of genus Colletotrichum and Phoma, and the others were + species each of genus Acladium, Acremonium, Annellophorella, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium, Basipetospora, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Cylindrocarpon, Dactylaria, Diplodia, Drechslera, Gliocladium, Glomerella, Lasiodiplodia, Monilia, Mucor, Nectria, Nigrospora, Nuerospora, Oedocephalum, Oidiodendron, Plectosporium, Rhizopus, Spiromyces, Stemphyliomma, Tetraploa, Thielaviopsis, Trichoderma, Thysanophora, Ulocladium,andVerticillium. From the total of 2* fungal species collected from the banana farms, /. species (02ῌ) were also associated with developing banana fruits in the field while ./ species (/0ῌ) were isolated from postharvest disease lesions of non-chemical banana fruits imported into Japan from the Philippines. Comparing the mycoflora of non-chemical banana fruits imported into Japan from the Philippines and developing banana fruits in the Philippines, non-chemical banana fruits in Japan have +1 species less. The result shows that non-chemical banana farm is the origin of fungal inoculum that causes postharvest diseases of fruits, and the fungi that were isolated from the diseased non-chemical banana fruits in Japan also originated from the Philippines. Meanwhile, the common fungi of non-chemical banana farms, the developing banana fruits in the field, non-chemical banana fruits imported into Japan from the Philippines, and recorded in the references on banana fruits are: Acremonium strictum, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, Gliocladium roseum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta musarum,andThielaviopsis paradoxa.

Key Words: banana farm, developing banana fruits, fungal inoculum, identification

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conducted by traditional methods of farming. Musa Introduction AAA, known as “Bun›gulan” in Filipino, is widely dis- In the Philippines, small-scale banana production is tributed and grown by small-scale banana farmers.

* Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE), CLSU Compound -+,*, Nueva Ecija, Philippines ** Department of International Agricultural Development, Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture *** Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 79

“Bun›gulan” is naturally grown in household backyard bananas. Six bunch-bearing trees growing in the area or hill sides without chemicals during production and (- in the area with sanitation and - in the areas without postharvest activities (hereafter referred to as “non- sanitation) were randomly selected and marked for chemical bananas”)+῍. This variety is also an important sampling. Fruits were sampled + week after flowering commercial banana cultivar in ASEAN known as and weekly thereafter until harvest. The fruit surface “Pisang Ambon Lumut” in Indonesia, “Pisang Masak of each fruit bunch were lightly swabbed with +* Hijau” in Malaysia, and “Kluai Hom Khieo” in Thai- sterilized wet cotton balls using tweezers to avoid land,῍. bruising. About ,*ῌ,/ banana fingers from each fruit The traditional growing and non-use of chemicals by bunch were sampled weekly. Cotton balls were small-scale farmers during production and postharvest aseptically laid on the surface of / plates of Potato activities of non-chemical bananas makes the fruits Dextrose Agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at ,/῏ prone to infection and postharvest diseases. It is evi- until it became possible to isolate colonies. Sampling dent that non-chemical banana fruits have low quality was done once for rainy and dry seasons. due to postharvest diseases-ῌ.῍ with diverse fungal flora Fungal flora of non-chemical banana farm was when the products reached Japanese market/῍. surveyed using slide and agar traps. Sterilized micro- Many of the causal fungi of important postharvest scope slides were coated with *./ mm thick clear petro- diseases survive in the plantations. Integration of leum jelly using stainless spatula. One end of the slide proper cultural methods like weeding, maintaining was clipped, string-tied, and exposed vertically for , farm sanitation, de-leafing, and burning of infected and hours from ++:** am to +:** pm. Thereafter, the slides dried leaves reduce the inoculum level of pathogens, were retrieved, immediately covered with glass slip, especially Colletotrichum musea and Phyllosticta and placed inside slide box to avoid adherence of other musarum, the causal organisms of anthracnose and fungal spores during transport. In the laboratory, freckle, respectively0ῌ2῍. fungal spores within the area of the cover slip (,῎, cm) Sources and development of microbial communities were counted and identified (whenever possible) under in the fruit surfaces depend on its surrounding aerial the microscope with magnification of .**x. environment. Fungal flora of the fruits and its immedi- In addition, agar traps with PDA plates were exposed ate surroundings influenced biological events during at the same time and locations of the slide traps. The disease initiation and development. Hence, this study agar traps were elevated using a tripod made of was conducted to identify the fungal flora of develop- bamboo sticks. Thereafter, the plates were retrieved ing banana fruits in the field and its immediate sur- and incubated at ,/῏ in the laboratory until colonies roundings. This study compared the mycoflora of could be isolated. Slide and agar traps were positioned non-chemical banana farm and developing banana +, , and - meters above the ground level. The distance fruits in the Philippines, mycoflora of non-chemical between traps located on the same level was 0ῌ1 banana fruits imported into Japan from the Philip- meters away. Slide and agar traps had 0 replications pines, and the recorded mycoflora of banana fruits in for each level. Identification of fungi was done at the the references. Further, this study established the pos- Laboratory of Tropical Plant Protection, Tokyo Uni- sible origin of pathogenic fungi to developing non- versity of Agriculture (TUA) based on references and chemical bananas in the field that would eventually literatures available. carry until ripening stage thus causing postharvest diseases. It is of paramount importance to establish the Results possible origin of diverse fungal flora of non-chemical Fungi collected from non-chemical banana farms, bananas wherein -2 species are pathogenic with 1 developing banana fruits, non-chemical banana fruits active species pathogenic to wounded and unwounded imported into Japan from the Philippines, and the fruits3῍. recorded fungi of banana fruits in the references is listed in Table +. Eighty fungal species were collected Materials and Methods from non-chemical banana farms in the Philippines. The study was conducted at non-chemical banana Out of the 2* fungal species, /. species (02ῌ) were farm (/* mL῎.* mW) from June ,*** to May ,**+ in associated with developing banana fruits while ./ spe- Nueva Viscaya, Philippines. The non-chemical banana cies (/0ῌ) were also isolated from postharvest disease farm was divided into two halves: one half with sanita- lesions of non-chemical banana fruits imported into tion and the other half without sanitation following the Japan from the Philippines/῍. Comparing the mycoflora farmers’ traditional practices of growing non-chemical of the developing banana fruits in the Philippines and 80 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA that of Philippine non-chemical banana fruits in Japan, the latter has +1 fewer species. The fungi associated with postharvest diseases of non-chemical banana fruits imported into Japan from the Philippines without available record until writing of this study are: Aureobasidium sp., Aspergillus candidus, A. japonicus, A. ustus, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Dactylaria purpurella, Fusarium acutatum, Monilia sp., Mucor racemosus, Nectria sp., Oedocephalum sp., Oidiodendron sp., Penicillium citrinum, P. cor- ylophilum, P. waksmanii, Pestalotiopsis aletridis, P. ac- Fig. + a) Colony of Acladium ramosissimum on aciae, P. karstenii, Phoma exigua, Phoma sp., PDA, b) hyphae and conidiophores, c) Plectosporium tabacinum, Rhizopus oryzae, Spiromyces conidia sp., Trichoderma saturnisporum,andVerticillium tri- (Scale bar: +b῏/ mm, +c῏+* mm) corpus. On the other hand, the common fungi of banana farms, developing banana fruits, non-chemical banana fruits in Japan, and the recorded fungi of banana fruits are: Acremonium strictum, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum musae, C. gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, Gliocladium roseum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta musarum,and Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Meanwhile, the cultural and morphological charac- Fig. , a) Colonies of Annellophorella ziziphi on ters of all the fungi described in this study were based PDA, b) conidiogenesis and conidia c) on fungal growth on PDA. Czapek Yeast Extract Agar mature conidia (CYA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were the media (Scale bar῏/ mm) used to describe the cultural and morphological char- acters of Aspergillus. In addition to CYA and MEA, dium conspersum by much branched conidiophores and ,/ῌ Glycerol Nitrate Agar (G,/N) was used to examine shape of conidia, which are globose. This isolate of A. the cultural and morphological characters of Penicilli- ramosissimum has smaller conidia compared to species +*῍ um isolates. Descriptions of fungi isolated from non- described by ELLIS (+310) . +*῍ chemical banana fruits reported in ALVINDIA et al., Reference: ELLIS (+310) . ,**+/῍ are not included in this paper. The cultural and morphological descriptions of the newly added fungi to ,. Annellophorella ziziphi M. CHARY &RAMARAO the mycoflora of non-chemical banana fruits and farms (Fig. ,) in this study are enumerated below. Colonies on PDA .,ῌ.- mm diameter in 1 days at Seasonal variation of mycoflora and the ,/ῐ, floccose, creamy white; colony margin grayish pathogenicity of newly recorded fungi will be dis- brown, reverse black. Conidiophores finely roughened, cussed later in separate reports. hyaline to light brown, / mm long. Conidia straight obovoid, hyaline when young becoming brown by age, +. Acladium ramosissimum (BERKELEY &CURTIS)M. smooth to finely rough-walled, +ῌ, septate with long- B. ELLIS (Fig. +) itudinal and transverse septa, +*ῌ,*῎1./ῌ+* mm. Colonies on PDA +.ῌ+3 mm diameter in 1 days at Notes: This species has smaller conidia compared to +*῍ ,/ῐ, cottony, white, becoming dark gray by age; species described by ELLIS (+310) . +*῍ mycelia white. Aged colony powdery, irregular Reference: ELLIS (+310) . margin. Hyphae much branched bearing many denti- cles conidiophores, / mm thick. Conidia globose, pale to -. Arthrinium phaeospermum (CORDA)ELLIS (Fig. -) brown, / mm diam. Colonies on PDA 0*ῌ1* mm diameter in 1 days at Notes: Acladium ramosissimum di#ers from Acla- ,/ῐ, cottony, conidial areas dark, mycelia white; re- Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 81

Fig. - a) Colonies of Arthrinium phaeospermum on PDA, b) conidiogenesis and conidia, c) mature conidia (Scale bar῎0 mm)

Fig. / a) Colonies of Aspergillus alliaceus on CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergilli, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia (Scale bar: .c&e῎/ mm;.d῎+* mm)

fruit rots. 2῍ ++῍ References: WARDLAW (+31+) ,ELLIS (+31+) .

.. Aspergillus auricomus (GUEGEN)SAITO (Fig. .) Colonies on CYA /*ῌ0* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, floccose, pale yellow with white colony margin; reverse pale to yellowish; mycelia white. Colonies on MEA similar with that on CYA, .0ῌ// mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏. Sclerotia produce turning golden color by age. Conidial heads radiate, stipes smooth-walled; vesicle globose, +,./ῌ+. mm wide. Aspergilli biseriate; phialides covering the entire vesicle surface. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. Notes: This species is distinguished by the produc- tion of golden sclerotia on CYA. +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING Fig. . a) Colonies of Aspergillus auricomus on (+32/)+-῍. CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergilli, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia /. Aspergillus alliaceus THOM &CHURCH (Fig. /) (Scale bar: .c῎-./ mm; .d῎++ mm; .e῎. mm) Colonies on CYA //ῌ0* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, granular to floccose, white; reverse uncolored; sclerotia white becoming creamy by age; mycelia verse pale yellow. Mycelia pale brown, smooth, white. Colonies on MEA ./ῌ0* mm diameter in 1 days septated ,./ῌ/ mm thick. Conidia lenticular, smooth- at ,/῏, floccose, white; reverse uncolored; mycelia walled, globose in face view, /ῌ1./ mm diam. white; sclerotia white becoming creamy by age. Notes: This isolate of A. phaeospermum has smaller Conidial heads columnar; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle ++῍ conidia compared to species described by ELLIS (+31+) . subglobose, +,./ῌ+. mm wide. Aspergilli uniseriate; Papularia sphaerosperma (PERSOON) VON H¤oHNEL, a syno- phialides covering the upper half to ,/- of the vesicle 2῍ nym of A. phaeospermum, was identified by WARDLAW surface. Conidia globose to sub-globose, smooth- as one of the various fungi associated with banana walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. Neither matured ascospores 82 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. 0 a) Colonies of Aspergillus caespitosus on Fig. 1 a) Colonies of Aspergillus carneus on CYA, CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergilli, d) b) on MEA, c) aspergilli, d) expanded expanded view of the aspergillum, e) view of the aspergillum, e) conidia conidia (Scale bar: 0c῎- mm; 0d῎1 mm; 0e῎0 mm) (Scale bar: 1c῎. mm; 1d῎1 mm; 1e῎/ mm) nor cliestothecia were observed in this isolate. pink, colonies margin pinkish, reverse pink; strong pro- Notes: This species grow fast spreading the petri duction of dark brown soluble pigment by age; mycelia plates on CYA with white superficial granular sclerotia white. Colonies on MEA +1ῌ+2 mm diameter in 1 days that turned light brown by age. at ,/῏, yellowish conidial areas, mycelium white, re- +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING verse golden yellow. Conidial heads radiate to loosely (+32/)+-῍. columnar; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle clavate, +*ῌ+. mm wide. Aspergilli biseriate; phialides covering ,/- 0. Aspergillus caespitosus RAPER &THOM (Fig. 0) part of the vesicle surface. Conidia globose to sub- Colonies on CYA ,1ῌ-* mm diameter in 1 days at globose, finely rough-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. ,/῏, white, floccose, conidia dark green becoming dark Notes: This species could be distinguished by pale gray by age; reverse uncolored; mycelia white. Colo- tan to pink conidia and strong production of dark nies on MEA ,,ῌ-* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, brown soluble pigment on CYA by age. +,῍ limited production of conidia, white, with shades of References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING light brown; reverse light yellow; mycelia white. (+32/)+-῍. Conidial heads radiate; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle sub-globose, 3ῌ+/ mm wide. Aspergilli biseriate; 2. Aspergillus clavatus DESMAZIERES (Fig. 2) metulae covering the entire vesicle surface. Conidia Colonies on CYA /*ῌ// mm diameter in 1 days at globose, rough-walled, ,./ῌ/ mm diam. ,/῏; conidia light dull green becoming dark green by Notes: The isolate has green conidia becoming dark age; reverse uncolored; mycelia white. Colonies on gray by age on CYA. The conidial color development MEA .-ῌ.2 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, white with of this isolate di#ers from those described by KLICH and shades of light green; reverse uncolored. Conidial +,῍ +-῍ PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING (+32/) . heads radiate; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle clavate, +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING ,/ῌ-2 mm wide. Aspergilli uniseriate; phialides covering (+32/)+-῍. the entire vesicle surface. Conidia globose to sub- globose, smooth-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. 1. Aspergillus carneus BLOCHWITZ (Fig. 1) Notes: This species could be distinguished by the Colonies on CYA ,,ῌ,0 mm diameter in 1 days at formation of large clavate vesicle with closely packed ,/῏; conidial areas yellowish brown with shades of phialides. Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 83

Fig. 2 a) Colonies of Aspergillus clavatus on CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia (Scale bar: 2c῎/ mm; 2d῎+* mm; 2e῎2 mm) Fig. +* a) Colonies of Aspergillus niger on CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia (Scale bar: +*c῎, mm; +*d῎0 mm; +*e῎- mm)

reverse uncolored;mycelia white. Colonies on MEA ./ῌ /* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, white with shades of light green; reverse uncolored. Conidial heads colum- nar; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle sub-globose, +1./ῌ,* mm wide. Aspergilli uniseriate; metulae covering ,/- of the vesicle surface. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth to finely rough-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. Notes: This species is characterized by rapid growing dark green low colonies, uniseriate, with phialides in ,*῍ parallel position to each other. SINGH (,***) noted that this fungus has been isolated from decaying banana fruits in stores and in markets. +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING +-῍ ,*῍ (+32/) ,SINGH (,***) .

+* +* Fig. 3 a) Colonies of Aspergillus fumigatus on . Aspergillus niger van TIEGHEM (Fig. ) CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) Colonies on CYA /*ῌ0* mm diameter in 1 days at expanded view of the aspergillum, e) ,/῏; conidial areas black; reverse light brown; mycelia conidia white. Colonies on MEA .*ῌ/* mm diameter in 1 days (Scale bar: 3c῎/ mm; 3d&e῎+* mm) at ,/῏, black conidial areas; mycelia white; reverse pale yellow; individual aspergilla not crowded. +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING Conidial heads radiate; stipes smooth-walled, un- (+32/)+-῍. colored; vesicle globose, .*ῌ// mm wide. Aspergilli biseriate; metulae covering entire vesicle surface. 3. Aspergillus fumigatus FRESENIUS (Fig. 3) Conidia globose, smooth to finely roughened-wall, .ῌ/ Colonies on CYA .2ῌ// mm diameter in 1 days at mm diam. ,/῏; conidia dull green becoming dark green by age; Notes: This species is characterized by its very dark 84 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. ++ a) Colonies of Aspergillus niveus on CYA, Fig. +, a) Colonies of Aspergillus parasiticus on b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d & e) CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, f) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia conidia (Scale bar: ++c῎/ mm; ++d&e῎1 mm; ++f῎. mm) (Scale bar: +,c῎- mm; +,d῎0 mm; +,e῎2 mm)

colonies, biseriate aspergilla, and large vesicle. SINGH colored; mycelia white. Colonies on MEA //ῌ0/ mm (,***),*῍ noted that this fungus has been isolated from diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, floccose, conidia dark green; decaying banana fruits in stores and in markets. mycelia white; reverse uncolored. Conidial heads radi- +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING ate; stipes finely rough-walled, uncolored; vesicle glo- +-῍ ,*῍ (+32/) ,SINGH (,***) . bose to subglobose, +2ῌ-- mm wide. Aspergilli un- iseriate; phialides covering entire vesicle surface. ++. Aspergillus niveus BLOCHWITZ (Fig. ++) Conidia globose, rough-walled, /ῌ1./ mm diam. Colonies on CYA ,*ῌ,, mm diameter in 1 days at Notes: Aspergillus parasiticus is distinguished from ,/῏; velutinous, conidia white to very light yellow, A. flavus by its dark olive green colony and bigger reverse yellowish brown; mycelia light yellow. rough-walled conidia. +,῍ Colonies on MEA ,*ῌ,* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING floccose, conidia white; mycelia white; reverse light (+32/)+-῍. brown. Conidial heads radiate; stipes smooth-walled, uncolored; vesicle subglobose, +*ῌ+, mm wide. Asper- +-. Aspergillus puniceus KWON &FENNEL (Fig. +-) gilli biseriate; metulae covering two-thirds of the vesi- Colonies on CYA -,ῌ-1 mm diameter in 1 days at cle surface. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth to ,/῏; velutinous, reddish brown becoming dark gray finely rough-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. by age, reverse yellow brown; exudates pale yellow; Notes: Aspergillus niveus is one of the two species of soluble pigment golden yellow; mycelia white. Colo- Aspergillus that persistently produced white conidia. nies on MEA ,,ῌ-, mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, The phialides of A. niveus occupy two-thirds of the floccose, limited conidial production in brownish color; vesicle, while those of A. candidus are fertile over the mycelia white; reverse light yellow. Conidial heads ra- entire vesicle surface. diate; stipes smooth-walled; vesicle subglobose, brown, +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING 1./ῌ+,./ mm wide. Aspergilli biseriate; phialides cover- (+32/)+-῍. ing about ,/- of vesicle surface. Conidia globose, rough-walled, dark brown, .ῌ0./ mm diam. +,. Aspergillus parasiticus SPEARE (Fig. +,) Notes: This isolate has dark brown, stout, short Colonies on CYA /2ῌ0- mm diameter in 1 days at metulae and phialides compared to the species ,/῏; velutinous, conidia dark olive green, reverse un- described by KLICH and PITT (+322)+,), PITT and HOCKING Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 85

Fig. +- a) Colonies of Aspergillus puniceus on Fig. +/ a) Colonies of Aspergillus sclerotiorum on CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia conidia (Scale bar: +-c῎. mm; +-d&e῎2 mm) (Scale bar: +/c῎. mm; +/d&e῎2 mm)

+.. Aspergillus restrictus G. SMITH (Fig. +.) Colonies on CYA +,ῌ+1 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏; centrally floccose, light green becoming dull green by age, reverse uncolored; mycelia white. Colonies on MEA +1ῌ,, mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, low, dull to dark green; mycelia white; reverse un- colored. Conidial heads columnar; stipes smooth- walled; vesicle flask shape, .ῌ+,./ mm wide. Aspergilli uniseriate; phialides covering upper half of the vesicle surface. Conidia cylindrical, smooth to finely rough- walled, in chains, /ῌ1./ mm diam. Notes: The dark-green slow-growing colonies makes A. restrictus distinguished from other species of Aspergillus. The phialides of A. restrictus are arranged vertically on the upper half of the vesicle yielding columnar formation of cylindrical conidia in chains. +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING (+32/)+-῍.

+/. Aspergillus sclerotiorum HUBER (Fig. +/) ,3ῌ-* 1 Fig. +. a) Colonies of Aspergillus restrictus on Colonies on CYA mm diameter in days at ,/῏ CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) ; centrally sulcate, conidial areas light olive, expanded view of the aspergillum, e) margin reddish brown, reverse dark reddish brown; conidia mycelia white. Colonies on MEA --ῌ-0 mm diameter (Scale bar: +.c῎1 mm; +.d῎2 mm; +.e῎/ mm) in 1 days at ,/῏, light yellow green; mycelia pale yellow; reverse yellow. Conidial heads radiate; stipes (+32/)+-῍. smooth-walled; vesicle subglobose, +,./ῌ,/ mm wide. +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING Biseriate sometimes uniseriate formed on young (+32/)+-῍. aspergilla; phialides covering entire vesicle surface. 86 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. +0 a) Colonies of Aspergillus sparsus on CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergillum, d) expanded view of the aspergillum, e) conidia (Scale bar: +0c῎- mm; +0d῎1 mm; +0e῎/ mm)

Fig. +1 a) Colonies of Aspergillus terreus on Conidia globose, smooth-walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam. CYA, b) on MEA, c) aspergilli, d) Notes: This isolate has distinguished reverse charac- expanded view of the aspergilli, e) ter on CYA. Dark brown reverse with sulcate cracks as conidia aged, leading to formation of “cave-like space” making (Scale bar: +1c῎,./ mm; +1d῎/ mm; +1e῎0 mm) the colonies convexly shaped, almost unattached to the plate surface. The aspergilla of this isolate are dominantly uniseriate with compactly arranged +1. Aspergillus terreus THOM (Fig. +1) phialides surrounding the vesicle. Colonies on CYA +1ῌ,* mm diameter in 1 days at +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING ,/῏; floccose, sulcate; conidial areas light brown, col- (+32/)+-῍. onies margin yellowish, reverse dark golden brown; soluble pigment yellow; mycelia white. Colonies on +0. Aspergillus sparsus RAPER &THOM (Fig. +0) MEA +1ῌ+3 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, floccose, Colonies on CYA ,,ῌ,- mm diameter in 1 days at conidial areas light brown; mycelia white; reverse pale ,/῏; floccose, conidial production sparse becoming yellow. Conidial heads radiate; stipes smooth-walled, light grayish green, margin white; mycelia white; re- light colored; vesicle sub-globose, +1./ῌ,* mm wide. verse dark reddish brown. Colonies on MEA ,+ῌ,, Aspergilla biseriate; phialides covering ,/- of the vesi- mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, floccose, sparse conidial cle surface. Conidia globose, smooth to finely rough- production, conidial areas yellowish green; mycelia walled, ,./ mm diam. white; reverse yellow brown. Conidial heads radiate; Notes: The compact columnar and pale brownish stipes smooth-walled, reddish brown; vesicle flask- conidial head, tightly spaced metulae and phialides, shape, reddish brown, +*ῌ+,./ mm wide. Aspergilla and very small conidia distinguish this species from biseriate; phialides covering entire vesicle surface. others. +,῍ Conidiaglobose,smoothtofinelyrough-walled,,./ῌ.mm References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING diam. (+32/)+-῍. Notes: This species sparsely produces conidia in all media tested. The reddish brown stipes and vesicles +2. Basipetospora rubra COLE &KENDRICK (Fig. +2) also make this species distinguished from other. Colonies on PDA -2ῌ.* mm diameter in 1 days at +,῍ References: KLICH and PITT (+322) ,PITT and HOCKING ,/῏; velutinous, white, plane, mycelia white; reverse (+32/)+-῍. pale yellow. Conidiophores unbranched, hyaline, Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 87

Fig. +2 a) Colonies of Basipetospora rubra on Fig. ,* a) Colonies of Curvularia pallescens on PDA, b) conidiogenesis, c) globose conidia PDA, b) conidiophores, c) conidia and aleuriospores (Scale bar : ,*b῏ - mm;,*c῏/ mm) (Scale bar῏0 mm)

Fig. ,+ a) Colonies of Curvularia verruculosa on Fig. +3 a) Colony of Bipolaris ovariicola on PDA, PDA, b) conidiophores, c) conidia b) conidiophores and conidia (Scale bar: ,+b῏. mm; ,+c῏0 mm) (Scale bar῏0 mm)

+/῍ rough walled, septated, ./ῌ+**῎,./ῌ. mm, con- Reference: SIVANESAN (+321) . idiogenesis holoblastic. Conidia single-celled, brownish red, rough-walled, aleuriospores (+,ῌ,*῎/ῌ+* mm), ,*. Curvularia pallescens (TSUDA &UEYAMA) globose (+*ῌ+, mm diam.). SIVANESAN (Fig. ,*) Notes: Basipetospora rubra is the conidial state of Colonies on PDA -2ῌ.* mm diameter in 1 days at Monascus rubber di#ers significantly from any other ,/ῐ; black, with almost regular margin; mycelia white. hyphomycetes genus so far described, both in morphol- Conidiophores simple and rarely branched, straight, ogy and conidium ontogeny. brown. Conidia mostly --septate, smooth-walled, pale +.῍ Reference: COLE and KENDRICK (+302) . to light brown, predominantly straight with few slight- ly curved, ellipsoidal to moderate fusiform, ,-ῌ-/῎ +3. Bipolaris ovariicola ALCORN (Fig. +3) +*ῌ+/ mm. Colony on PDA /-ῌ/0 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/ῐ; Notes: This isolate has larger and darker conidia +/῍ dark gray with reddish shades, irregular margin; aerial compared to species described by SIVANESAN (+321) . mycelia white to gray; reverse black. No conidiophore This fungus was noted by WALLBRIDGE and PINEGAR present, conidia arising directly from conidiogenous (+31/)+3῍ associated with crown rot disease of bananas nodes. Conidia mostly -ῌ0-septate, smooth-walled, from St. Lucia in the Windward Islands. +/῍ pale brown, predominantly straight to slightly curved, References: SIVANESAN (+321) ,WALLBRIDGE and +3῍ cylindrical, ,/ῌ1*῎+,./ῌ+1./ mm diam. PINEGAR (+31/) . Notes: No conidiophores were noted on this isolate and the conidia arise directly from conidiogenous ,+. Curvularia verruculosa TANDON &BILGRAMI ex nodes. This isolate has shorter conidia compared to M.B. ELLIS (Fig. ,+) +/῍ species described by SIVANESAN (+321) . Colonies on PDA -. mm diameter in 1 days at ,/ῐ; 88 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. ,- a) Colonies of Drechslera triseptata on Fig. ,, a) Pycnidia in cluster of Diplodia sp., b) PDA, b) conidiophore, c) conidia expanded view of the pycnidium, c) (Scale bar: ,-b῏- mm; ,-c῏/ mm) conidia (Scale bar: ,,a῏- mm; ,,b῏0 mm; ,,c῏1 mm) dark gray, with irregular margin; formation of ascomata on surface of the medium, *./* mm diam; mycelia white. Conidiophores simple, straight and curved, light brown in color. Conidia mostly --septate, rough-walled, pale to light brown, predominantly straight with few slightly curved, ellipsoidal to moder- ate fusiform, ,,./ῌ-/῎1./ῌ+/ mm. Notes: This isolate has thin and light colored conidia compared to the species described by SIVANESAN Fig. ,. a) Colonies of Gliocladium roseum on +.῍ (+321) . This fungus was noted by WALLBRIDGE and PDA, b) conidiophores, c) conidia +2῍ PINEGAR (+31/) associated with crown rot disease of (Scale bar῏- mm) bananas from St. Lucia in the Windward Islands. +/῍ References: SIVANESAN (+321) ,WALLBRIDGE and curved, ,,./ῌ-/῎1./ῌ+/ mm. +3῍ PINEGAR (+31/) . Notes: This isolate has thin and light colored conidia +/῍ compared to species described by SIVANESAN (+321) +/῍ ,,. Diplodia sp. (Fig. ,,) Reference: SIVANESAN (+321) . Pycnidia in cluster but mostly solitary, -/ῌ/0 mm diam., mostly globose shape, thick-walled, ostiolate. ,.. Gliocladium roseum BAINER (Fig. ,.) Hyphae hyaline to light brown, smooth-walled. Colonies on PDA -1ῌ-2 mm diameter in 1 days at Conidia hyaline becoming light brown by age, + ,/ῐ; white, cottony, reverse pale yellow; mycelia sepatate, rough-walled, obtuse apex and base, 0ῌ3῎,./ white. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, septated, mm. 3*῎,./ῌ/ mm, branched with ,ῌ- penicilliate branches Notes: This species of Diplodia has smaller pycnidia (,*ῌ,2 mm long). Conidia single-celled, hyaline, and conidia compared to the species described by smooth-walled, subglobose and ellipsoidal, /ῌ1./ mm 2῍ WARDLAW (+31,) isolated from dead fruits of Musa diam. sapientum. Notes: This species can be distinguished by its con- idiophores that are erect and Verticillium-like in young ,-. Drechslera triseptata (DRECHSLER)SUBRAMANIAN culture, bearing brush-shaped conidial bearing appara- --῍ &JAIN (Fig. ,-) tus. MARIN et al. (+32/) isolated G. roseum from crown Colonies on PDA ..ῌ.3 mm diameter in 1 days at rot of bananas in Latin America on Grande Naine and ,/ῐ; velutinous, colony center light gray with dark disease resistant hybrid bananas. +0῍ gray irregular margin; mycelia white. Conidiophores References: COOK and BAKER (+32-) ,MORQUER et al +1῍ --῍ simple, straight to slightly curved, light brown. (+30-) ,MARIN et al. (+32/) . Conidia mostly --septate, smooth-walled, pale to light brown, predominantly straight with few slightly ,/. Mucor racemosus FRESENIUS (Fig. ,/) Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 89

Fig. ,/ a) Colony of Mucor racemosus on PDA, b) collumellae, c) sporangium, d) chlamydo- ,0 spores, e) sporangiospores Fig. a) Conidiogenesis of Nigrospora oryzea, b) conidiogenous cell, c) expanded view of (Scale bar῎+/ mm) b, d) conidia (Scale bar: ,/b῎2 mm; ,/c῎+* mm; ,/d῎1 mm) On PDA, colony spreading over the petri plates in 1 days at ,/῏; light yellowish brown, reverse pale yellow; mycelia white. Sporangiophores born from aerial mycelia, smooth-walled; sporangia light brown with encrusted walls, +1./ῌ-*mm diam;collumellae2ῌ ,* mm. Sporangiospores hyaline, smooth-walled, ellipsoidal to nearly cylindrical, ,./ῌ1./ mm diam. Chlamyspores abundantly formed. Notes: Mucor racemosus could be di#erentiated from other Mucor species by its small collumellae and ab- undant production of chlamydospores. +-῍ Reference: PITT and HOCKING (+32/) .

,0. Nigrospora oryzae HUDSON (Fig. ,0) Conidiophores .ῌ/ mm wide. Conidiogenous cells 0ῌ 1./ mm diam. Conidia spherical, smooth-walled, hyaline when young becoming black by age, ++ῌ+3 mm (mostly +,./ῌ+/ mm diam). Notes: Nigrospora state of Khuskia oryzae HUDSON has the smallest conidial size among other species of Nigrospora. Nigrospora oryzae sometimes considered synonymous with N. sphaerica (SACCARDO)MASON, enters the cut on the crown and, although no symp- toms are apparent in green fruit, rotting is evident soon Fig. ,1 a) Colonies of Penicillium digitatum on after removal from the ripening room (FITZEL and -/῍ CYA, b) on MEA, c) penicilli, d) conidia ALLEN (+310) . ῎+* ++῍ -/῍ (Scale bar mm) References: ELLIS (+31+) ,FITZEL and ALLEN (+310) .

,1. Penicillium digitatum (PERSOON :FRIES)SACCARDO plane, sparse; reverse pale. Conidiophores borne for (Fig. ,1) aerial hyphae, rough-walled; uncolored stipes, 2*ῌ Colonies on CYA .+ῌ/* mm diameter in 1 days at +.* mm long. Penicilli terminal biverticillate; phialides ,/῏; plane, irregular margin, very light yellow green, ampulliform to cylindroidal. Conidia very large, reverse pale green; mycelia white. Colonies on MEA ellipsoidal to cylindroidal, smooth-walled, .ῌ+* mm -/ῌ.* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, plane, irregular long. margin, yellow brown, reverse yellow brown; mycelia Notes: The production of large metulae, phialides or white. Colonies on G,/N 1ῌ+, mm in 1 days at ,/῏; conidia is the distinctive feature of P. digitatum. 90 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. ,2 a) Colonies of Penicillium funiculosum on Fig. ,3 a) Colonies of Penicillium implicatum on CYA, b) on MEA, c) penicilli, d) conidia CYA, b) on MEA, c) simple and d) (Scale bar: ,2c῎0 mm; ,2d῎. mm) branched penicilli, e) conidia (Scale bar: ,3c῎,./ mm; ,3d῎+* mm; ,3e῎/ mm)

+2῍ Reference: PITT (+322) . vesiculate. Conidia globose to subglobose, smooth- walled, ,./ῌ. mm diam, borne in columns. ,2. Penicillium funiculosum THOM (Fig. ,2) Notes: Penicillium implicatum is slow growing with Colonies on CYA -,ῌ.* mm diameter in 1 days at dense colonies on standard media. +2῍ ,/῏; funiculose, very light orange becoming dull green Reference: PITT (+322) . by age, reverse pale orange; mycelia white; colorless exudates formed. Colonies on MEA -/ῌ.* mm diame- -*. Penicillium italicum WHEMER (Fig. -*) ter in 1 days at ,/῏, almost similar with CYA. Colonies Colonies on CYA .1ῌ/- mm diameter in 1 days at on G,/N 1ῌ+* mm in 1 days at ,/῏; plane, funiculose; ,/῏; plane, light brown, conidial areas light blue, irreg- reverse pale. Conidiophores borne for aerial hyphae; ular margin; mycelia white; reverse reddish brown. short, smooth-walled, uncolored stipes, +*ῌ.2 mm. Colonies on MEA .*ῌ.- mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, Penicilli terminal biverticillate; metulae and phialides plane, light blue, colony margin irregular of yellow closely appressed; phialides acerose. Conidia sub- brown in color; mycelia white; reverse dark reddish globose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, ,./ῌ/ mm. brown. Colonies on G,/N +-ῌ+/ mm in 1 days at ,/῏; Notes: The striking funiculose colony of this species plane, reverse deep brown. Conidiophores borne from makes them easily recognized from others. The closely surface hyphae, smooth-walled, uncolored stipes, packed penicilli and short conidiophores are dis- up to ,**ῌ-/* mm. Penicilli terminal terverticillate tinguishing features of this species. with some irregular biverticillate observed, phialides +2῍ Reference: PITT (+322) . cylindroidal. Conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, hya- line, smooth-walled, ,./ῌ1 mm diam. ,3. Penicillium implicatum BIOURGE (Fig. ,3) Notes: Penicillium italicum is readily recognized in Colonies on CYA +1ῌ,* mm diameter in 1 days at nature as the cause of a destructive bluish gray rot of ,/῏; radially sulcate, light peach, reverse pale orange; lemons or other citrus fruits. +2῍ mycelia white, low, and dense. Colony on MEA +1ῌ,* Reference: PITT (+322) . mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, floccose, dull green. Colonies on G,/N 1ῌ3 mm in 1 days at ,/῏; similar to -+. Penicillium miczynskii ZALESKI (Fig. -+) those on CYA. Conidiophores borne from surface Colonies on CYA +1ῌ,* mm diameter in 1 days at hyphae, smooth-walled, uncolored stipes, -2ῌ+2* mm. ,/῏; plane and dense, bright yellow; yellow sclerotia Penicilli monoverticillate or often with less metulae, produced; limited production of conidia; mycelia Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 91

Fig. -, a) Colonies of Penicillium oxalicum on Fig. -* a) Colonies of Penicillium italicum on CYA, b) on MEA, c, d & e) penicilli, f) CYA, b) on MEA, c) penicilli, d) conidia conidia (Scale bar῎- mm) (Scale bar῎1 mm)

yellow; limited production of conidia; reverse bright yellow. Conidiophores borne from surface hyphae, smooth-walled,stipesaredelicateandeasilybreaks,/2ῌ +-/ mm. Penicilli biverticillate; metulae in verticils of -ῌ/, phialides ampuliform. Conidia, ellipsoidal, smooth to finely rough-walled, small, ,./ῌ. mm diam. Sclerotia globose to subglobose, ,**ῌ-** mm diam. Notes: This isolate of Penicillium miczynskii has col- onies of low, dense, and yellow pigmented. Limited conidial production with abundant yellowish sclerotia on standard media was observed. +2῍ Reference: PITT (+322) .

-,. Penicillium oxalicum CURRIE &THOM (Fig. -,) Colonies on CYA /*ῌ0* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏; outer colony zone plane but centrally wrinkled and radially sulcate, light peach; mycelia white; re- verse pale yellowish brown. Colonies on MEA /-ῌ -+ Fig. a) Colonies of Penicillium miczynskii on /2 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, plane, loosely veluti- CYA, b) on MEA, c) simple and d) nous, mycelia white; reverse uncolored. Colonies on branched penicilli, e) sclerotia, f) conidia G,/N +*ῌ+- mm in 1 days at ,/῏; plane, white; reverse (Scale bar: -+c,d&f῎. mm; -+e῎+** mm) pale. Conidiophores borne from surface hyphae. Penicilli biverticillate; closely appressed metulae in white; reverse reddish brown. Colonies on MEA ,/ῌ verticils of ,ῌ., phialides acerose. Conidia, ellipsoidal, -* mm diameter in 1 days at ,/῏, plane, golden yellow large, smooth-walled, .ῌ1./ mm diam. with shades of gray in the center; yellow sclerotia pro- Notes: Penicillium oxalicum is perhaps the most obvi- duced; limited production of conidia; mycelia yellow- ously distinctive species of Penicillium because the ish; reverse dull brown. Colonies on G,/N +*ῌ+/ mm colonies grow rapidly on CYA and produce numerous in 1 days at ,/῏; plane, pale yellow; sclerotia pale large ellipsoidal conidia appearing as long closely 92 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Fig. -. a) Colony of Rhizopus oryzea on PDA, b) sporangium, c) sporangiospores (Scale bar῏+* mm)

Fig. -- a) Colonies of Penicillium pinophilum on CYA, b) on MEA, c) penicilli, d) expanded penicilli, e) conidia (Scale bar: --c&e῏- mm; --d῏. mm) packed chains under low magnification. +2῍ -/ Reference: PITT (+322) . Fig. a) Conidiogenesis and conidia of Stem- phyliomma valparadisiacum (Scale bar῏/ mm) --. Penicillium pinophilum HEDGCOCK (Fig. --) Colonies on CYA /-ῌ/2 mm diameter in 1 days at ,/ῐ; plane, floccose, bright yellow with shades of spores. +-῍ orange; white mycelia in the margins; brown exudates; Reference: PITT and HOCKING (+32/) . reverse pale yellow. Colonies on MEA /-ῌ/2 mm diam- eter in 1 days at ,/ῐ, plane, floccose, mycelia white; -/. Stemphyliomma valparadisiacum (SPEGAZZINI) reverse uncolored. Conidiophores borne from surface SACCARDO &TRAVERSO (Fig. -/) hyphae, stipes smooth-walled, /*ῌ22 mm. Penicilli ter- Conidiophores hyaline, less than ,./ mm, rough- minal biverticillate; phialides acerose. Conidia, sub- walled. Conidiogenous cells terminal monoblastic. globose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, .ῌ/ mm diam. Conidia ellipsoidal to fusiform, straight, +ῌ. septate Notes: This isolate of Penicillium pinophilum is (mostly ,ῌ-), brown, rough-walled, +,./ῌ,2 mm῎1ῌ characterized by the production of bright yellow +,./ mm. mycelia on CYA. It grows faster on CYA and MEA as Notes: Stemphyliomma valparadisiacum di#ers from +2῍ compared to those species described by PITT (+322) . Stemphyliomma terricola by its thin hyphae and small +2῍ Reference: PITT (+322) . conidia. +*῍ ++῍ References: ELLIS (+310) and ELLIS (+31+) . -.. Rhizopus oryzea WENT &PRINSEN GEERLIGS (Fig. -.) -0. Tetraploa aristata BERKELEY &BROOME (Fig. -0) On PDA, colonies spreading over the Petri plates in 1 On PDA, colonies spreading over the Petri plates in 1 days at ,/ῐ, grayish; mycelia grayish, reverse pale. days at ,/ῐ, cottony, yellowish. Conidiophores almost Sporangiophores born in clusters of +ῌ- from rhizoids; unrecognized. Conidia brown, rough-walled, mostly stipes unbranched; sporangia globose to subglobose, with . cells to each column, -/ῌ1*῎+1./ῌ,,./ mm, up to .2ῌ/- mm diam. Sporangiospores hyaline, smooth- 1 septation with apical septated appendage. walled, globose to subglobose, /ῌ1./ mm diam. Notes: The conidia of T. aristata are mostly ,ῌ. cells Notes: Rhizopus oryzea could be di#erentiated from in each column as compared to .ῌ2 of T. ellisii. R. stolonifer by its smaller sporangia and sporangio- Tetraploa aristata was isolated from leaf and stem of Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 93

Fig. -0 a) Colony of Tetraploa aristata on PDA, b Fig. -2 a) Colonies of Thysanophora penicillio- & c) conidia ides on CYA, b) on MEA, c) penicilli, d) (Scale bar῏+* mm) conidia (Scale bar῏/ mm)

Fig. -3 a) Colony of Ulocladium atrum on PDA, b) conidiophores and conidia c) expanded conidia (Scale bar : -3b῏/ mm;-3c῏+* mm) Fig. -1 a) Colony of Trichoderma saturnisporum on PDA, b) conidiophores, c) conidia (Scale bar῏/ mm) ++ mm diameter in 1 days at ,/ῐ, plane, gray, irregular margin, conidial formation sparse; reverse pale. Musa. Conidiophores borne from surface hyphae, smooth- ++῍ Reference: ELLIS (+31+) . walled, short, ,./ῌ. mm. Penicilli terminal biverticill- ate; phialides acerose, less than / mm long. Conidia in -1. Trichoderma saturnisporum HAMMILL (Fig. -1) chain, ellipsoidal, born in columns, smooth-walled, /ῌ On PDA, colony spreading over the Petri plates in 1 1 mm long. days at ,/ῐ, low; cottony, conidial areas deep green; Notes: Thysanophora penicillioides di#ers from T. reverse bright yellow, mycelium rough-walled. longispora by its small conidia and abnormally fre- Conidiophores regular to irregularly branched; quent proliferation. .0῍ phialides flask shape, straight to slightly curved, 0ῌ2῎ Reference: KENDRICK (+30+) . ,./ῌ- mm. Conidia globose to subglobose with few ellipsoidal, hyaline to gray, rough-walled some almost -3. Ulocladium atrum PREUSS (Fig. -3) smooth, some with mucous like wing surrounding con- Colonies on PDA -/ῌ.* mm diameter in 1 days at idia, -ῌ.῎- mm. ,/ῐ; gray, with almost regular margin; mycelium Notes: The mucous like wing surrounding conidia white. Conidiophores smooth-walled. Two conidial are distinguishing characteristic of this species. shapes (a,b) formed: a) obovoid, pale to dark brown, ..῍ Reference: GAMS and BISSETT (+332) verrucose, +ῌ- transverse and + or more longitudinal septa, +/ῌ,,./῎+*ῌ+1./ mm; b) globose to subglobose, -2. Thysanophora penicillioides (ROUMEGUE∆RE)KEND- cruciately septate, +,./ῌ+/ mm diam. RICK (Fig. -2) Notes: Ulocladium atrum is characterized by its ver- Colonies on CYA +/ῌ+3 mm diameter in 1 days at rucose, obovoid and spherical conidia. It di#ers from ,/ῐ; plane, conidial areas grayish black, irregular its closely allied species, U. botrytis, by its cruciately margin in pale color; reverse pale. Colony on MEA 2ῌ septate conidia. 94 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

Table + List of fungi isolated from developing banana fruits, non-chemical banana farms, non-chemical banana fruits in Japan from the Philippines, and the reported fungi on banana fruits

+*ῌ Reference: ELLIS (+310) . pling and trapping assistance; Prof. Keiko T. NATSUAKI, Ph. D., Laboratory of Tropical Plant Protection, Tokyo Acknowledgement University of Agriculture, for administrative support The authors wish to acknowledge TOYOTA Founda- and technical assistance. tion for the financial support; Alter Trade Corporation (ATC) and CORDEV, Solano, Nueva Viscaya for the References +ῌ experimental site and logistic support; Prof. Renato G. ALVINDIA, D.G., KOBAYASHI, T., YAGUCHI,Y.andNATSUAKI, K.T., ,***. Evaluation of cultural and postharvest prac- REYES, Ph. D., Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, tices in relation to fruit quality problems in Philippine Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, for sam- non-chemical bananas, Jpn. J. Trop. Agr., .. (-), +12ῌ+2/. Identification of Fungi Isolated from Non-chemical Banana Fruits and Farms in the Philippines 95

Table + Continued

,ῌ VALMAYOR, R.V., +32+. Philippine banana cultivars name harvest diseases on non-chemical bananas imported and synonyms, IPB Bull. No. -., Nat. Plt. Gen. Res. Lab. from the Philippines, Jpn. J. Trop. Agr., .. (,), 21ῌ3-. IPB, UPLB. /ῌ ALVINDIA, D.G., KOBAYASHI,T.andAOKI,T.,,**+. Identific- -ῌ ALVINDIA, D.G., YAGUCHI, Y., KOBAYASHI,T.andNATSUAKI, ation of fungi isolated from non-chemical bananas im- K.T., +333. Occurrence and symptoms of postharvest ported from the Philippines, J. Agr. Sci., Tokyo Nogyo diseases on non-chemical bananas imported from the Daigaku, ./ (.), ,0/ῌ,2,. Philippines, Proc. DABIA III. NODAI Cen. Inter. Prog., 0ῌ MEREDITH, D.S., +302. Freckle disease of banana in Tokyo Univ. Agr. (Tokyo), -0+ῌ-0.. Hawaii caused by Phyllostictina musarum (Cke.) Petr., .ῌ ALVINDIA, D.G., KOBAYASHI, T., YAGUCHI,Y.andNATSUAKI, Ann. Appl. Biol., 0,, -,3ῌ-.*. K.T., ,***. Symptoms and the associated fungi of post- 1ῌ SLABAUGH, W.R. and GROVE, M.D., +32,. Postharvest dis- 96 DG.ALVINDIA,TKOBAYASHI and S TANDA

eases of bananas and their control, Plant Disease, 00, 1.0 ,2ῌ JIMENEZ, M., LOGRIECO,A.andBOTTALICO,A.,+33-. Occur- ῌ1/*. rence and pathogenicity of Fusarium species in banana 2ῌ WARDLAW, C.W., +31,. Banana diseases including plan- fruits. J. Phytopathol., +-1, ,+.ῌ,,*. tains and abacas, ,nd Edition, Longman (London). 212 pp. ,3ῌ GREENE, G.L. and GOOS, R.D., +30-. Fungi associated with 3ῌ ALVINDIA, D.G., KOBAYASHI, T., YAGUCHI,Y.andNATSUAKI, crown rot of boxed bananas. Phytopathol., /-, ,1+ῌ,1/. K.T., Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from non-chemical -*ῌ KNIGHT, C., CUTTS, D.F. and COLHOUN,J.,+311. The role of bananas, Manuscript accepted to Jpn. J. Trop. Agr. (in Fusarium semitectum in causing crown rot of bananas. press). Phytopathol. Z., 23, +1*ῌ+10. +*ῌ ELLIS, M.B., +310. More dematiaceous hypomycetes, CMI -+ῌ HIRATA,T.andKIMISHIMA,E.,+331. Fusarium fruit rot of (Kew). banana caused by F. moniliforme intercepted in plant ++ῌ ELLIS, M.B., +31+. Dematiaceous hypomycetes, CMI quarantine. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jap., 0-, .3.ῌ.3/. (Ab- (Kew). stract in Japanese) +,ῌ KLICH, M.A. and PITT, J.I., +322. A laboratory guide to -,ῌ HIRATA, T., KIMISHIMA, E., AOKI, T., NIRENBERG, H.I. and common Aspergillus species, CSIRO (North Ryde). O’DONNELL, K., ,**+. Morphological and molecular char- +-ῌ PITT, J.I. and HOCKING, A.D., +32/. Fungi and food spoil- acterization of Fusarium verticillioides from rotten age, Academic Press, CSIRO (Sydney). banana imported into Japan. Mycoscience, .,, +//ῌ+00. +.ῌ COLE,G.T.andKENDRICK, W.B., +302. Conidium ontogeny --ῌ MARIN, D., SUTTON, T.B. and BLANKENSHIP,S.,+330. in hyphomycetes. The perfect state of Monascus rubber Pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown rot of and its meristem arthrospores, Can. J. Bot., .0, 321ῌ33,. bananas in Latin America on Grande Naine and disease- +/ῌ SIVANESAN,A.,+321. Graminicolous species of Bipolaris, resistant hybrids. Plant Disease, 2*, /,/ῌ/,2. Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum and their tele- -.ῌ MEREDITH, D.S., +303. Fungal diseases of banana in omorphs, CMI (Kew), Mycol. Pap., +/2. Hawaii. caused by Phyllostictina musarum (Cke.) Petr., +0ῌ COOK, J.R. and BAKER, K.F., +32-. The nature and practice Ann. Appl. Biol., 0,, -,3ῌ-.*. of biological control of plant pathogens, APS Press -/ῌ FITZEL, R.D. and ALLEN, R.N., +310. A postharvest decay (Minnesota). of banana fruit not controlled by benzimidazole fungi- +1ῌ MORQUER, R., VIALA, G., ROUCH, J., FAYRET,J.andBERGE≈, cides. Austral. Phytopathol. Soc. Newsletter, /, 1ῌ2. G., +30-. ContributionŸ a l’e»tude morphogenique de genre -0ῌ QUIMIO,A.J.,+320. Postharvest diseases of bananas and Gliocladium. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr., 13, +-1ῌ,.+. their control in the Philippines. In. UMALI, B.E. and +2ῌ PITT, J.I., +322. A laboratory guide to common Penicilli- LANTICAN, C.M. (eds) Banana and Plantain Research and

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フィリピンにおいて無農薬バナナおよび圃場から 分離された菌類の同定

῍ Dionisio G. ALVINDIA* ***ῌ小林享夫**ῌ丹田誠之助***

῏平成 +. 年 , 月 ,2 日受付ῌ平成 +. 年 . 月 ,0 日受理ῐ

要約 : フィリピン産無農薬バナナに発生する菌類の由来を調べるため῍ 無農薬バナナおよびその生産圃場に 認められる菌類の調査を ,*** 年 0 月から ,**+ 年 / 月に῍ フィリピンルソン島のヌエヴァヴィスカヤ州で実 施したῌ 果実の菌類は果実表面を綿棒で拭って῍ また῍ 圃場の菌類は寒天トラップで採集したῌ .+ 属 2* 種の菌類がバナナ圃場の空気中で採集された῍ それらのうち῍ ,/ 属 /. 種はバナナ果実からも分離 されたῌ すなわち῍ +2 種の Aspergillus 属῍ +* 種の Penicillium 属῍ 0 種の Fusarium 属῍ - 種の Curvularia 属῍ Pestalotiopsis 属および Phomopsis 属῍ Colletotrichum 属および Phoma 属がそれぞれ , 種῍ Acladium 属῍ Acremonium 属῍ Annellophorella 属῍ Arthrinium 属῍ Aureobasidium 属῍ Basipetospora 属῍ Bipolaris 属῍ Cladosporium 属῍ Cylindrocarpon 属῍ Dactylaria 属῍ Diplodia 属῍ Drechslera 属῍ Gliocladium 属῍ Glomerella 属῍ Lasiodiplodia 属῍ Monilia 属῍ Mucor 属῍ Nectria 属῍ Nigrospora 属῍ Nuerospora 属῍ Oedocephalum 属῍ Oidiodendron 属῍ Plectosporium 属῍ Rhizopus 属῍ Spiromyces 属῍ Stemphyliomma 属 Tetraploa 属῍ Thielaviopsis 属῍ Trichoderma 属῍ Thysanophora 属῍ Ulocladium 属および Verticillium 属 が各 + 種の各菌であるῌ 無農薬バナナ圃場の空気中で採集した合計 2* 種の菌類のうち῍ /. 種 ῏02῍ῐ は圃場で生長中の無農薬バナ ナからも検出されたが῍ 日本に輸入された無農薬バナナのポストハ῎ベスト病害の病斑から検出されたのは ./ 種 ῏/0῍ῐ であったῌ フィリピンにおける無農薬バナナ果実上の菌類相と比較すると῍ 日本に輸入後の無 農薬バナナ果実上の菌類は +1 種類も少なかったῌ これらの結果から , 圃場で生育中の無農薬バナナおよび日 本に輸入された無農薬バナナのポストハ῎ベスト病害の病原菌は῍ フィリピンの無農薬バナナ圃場の気中菌 に由来すると考えられたῌ 同時に , バナナ圃場と生育中のバナナ果実 , および日本に輸入されたフィリピン 産の無農薬バナナ果実から検出される菌類のうち῍ Acremonium strictum, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, Gliocladium roseum, Glomerella cingulata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta musarum および Thielaviopsis paradoxa の各菌は῍ 既報のバナナ病原菌と共通であったῌ

キῌワῌド : 無農薬バナナ῍ 糸状菌感染源῍ 同定῍ バナナ圃場

* Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE), CLSU Compound -+,*, Nueva Ecija, Philippines ** 東京農業大学国際食料情報学部国際農業開発学科 *** 東京農業大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻