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Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites

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Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites biomolecules Article Sarocladium and Lecanicillium Associated with Maize Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites Lidia Błaszczyk 1,* , Agnieszka Wa´skiewicz 2, Karolina Gromadzka 2, Katarzyna Mikołajczak 1 and Jerzy Chełkowski 1 1 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy´nska34, 60-479 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (K.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-61-65-50-272 Abstract: The occurrence and diversity of Lecanicillium and Sarocladium in maize seeds and their role in this cereal are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate Sarocladium and Lecanicillium communities found in endosphere of maize seeds collected from fields in Poland and their potential to form selected bioactive substances. The sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer regions 1 (ITS 1) and 2 (ITS2) and the large-subunit (LSU, 28S) of the rRNA gene cluster resulted in the identification of 17 Sarocladium zeae strains, three Sarocladium strictum and five Lecanicillium lecanii isolates. The assay on solid substrate showed that S. zeae and S. strictum can synthesize bassianolide, vertilecanin A, vertilecanin A methyl ester, 2-decenedioic acid and 10-hydroxy-8- decenoic acid. This is also the first study revealing the ability of these two species to produce beauvericin and enniatin B1, respectively. Moreover, for the first time in the present investigation, pyrrocidine A and/or B have been annotated as metabolites of S. strictum and L. lecanii. The production of toxic, insecticidal and antibacterial compounds in cultures of S. strictum, S. zeae and L. lecanii suggests the requirement to revise the approach to study the biological role of fungi inhabiting Citation: Błaszczyk, L.; Wa´skiewicz, maize seeds. A.; Gromadzka, K.; Mikołajczak, K.; Chełkowski, J. Sarocladium and Keywords: maize seed-associated fungi; Sarocladium zeae; Sarocladium strictum; Lecanicillium lecanii; Lecanicillium Associated with Maize mycotoxins; bioactive compounds Seeds and Their Potential to Form Selected Secondary Metabolites. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 98. https:// doi.org/10.3390/biom11010098 1. Introduction Received: 8 December 2020 The seeds of many agronomically important crops such as maize (Zea maize L.) are Accepted: 11 January 2021 frequently colonized by fungal communities, both externally and internally. Recent studies Published: 13 January 2021 on the composition and variation in the seed-associated fungal mycobiomes have shown Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- and Trichoderma to be the most prevalent fungal taxa in Ascomycota [1–3]. In Basidiomy- tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- cota, Wallemia was the main genus observed to be associated with crop seeds [3]. Aspergillus, ms in published maps and institutio- Fusarium, Wallemia, Sarocladium, and Penicillium were also reported as the predominant nal affiliations. genera occurring in various maize kernel storage conditions [3]. At the species level, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, and Trichoderma gamsii were ex- clusively isolated from the internal tissue of maize seeds [2]. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- penicillioides, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium andiyazi, Fusarium censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. graminearum, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti, Fusarium nygamai, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, This article is an open access article Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor fragilis, and Wallemia sebi were isolated distributed under the terms and con- only from the surface of seeds [1–3]. However, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium verticillioides, ditions of the Creative Commons At- Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium polonicum, and Sarocladium zeae were tribution (CC BY) license (https:// isolated from both the external surface and internal tissues [1–3]. The occurrence of F. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ verticillioides and S. zeae in maize seeds has also been reported in our previous study [4]. 4.0/). Biomolecules 2021, 11, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11010098 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules Biomolecules 2021, 11, 98 2 of 11 Moreover, our study documented the presence of Fusarium subglutinans, Trichoderma atro- viride, and Lecanicillium lecanii [4]. These species were identified on average from 1 to 35% in maize ear samples with Fusarium maize ear rot (MER) symptoms. Most of the maize seed-associated fungi are classified as commensals with yet un- known functions in plants or as pathogens that include toxigenic Fusarium and Aspergillus species [1–3]. The less common ones are those shown to have beneficial effects on plants, such as Trichoderma, which is a well-known important Microbial Biological Control Agent (MBCA) that can protect maize plants and enhance their vegetative growth [5]. Several studies have reported a seed-borne protective endophyte of maize, namely Sarocladium zeae, as Acremonium zeae [6–8], which produces dihydroresorcylide and pyrrocidine metabolites that are antagonistic to A. flavus and F. verticillioides [6,7] as well as hydrolytic enzymes such as amylases, proteases, cellulases, and lipases [1]. However, knowledge about the role of endophytic Sarocladium species, including S. zeae or Sarocladium strictum, in maize is still scarce. There is accumulating evidence that entomopathogenic, nematophagous Lecanicil- lium spp. may demonstrate activity against fungal plant pathogens [9,10]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated how the seed-associated Lecanicillium species interact with maize plants. The occurrence and diversity of both Lecanicillium and Sarocladium in maize seeds and their role in maize plants are still poorly understood. In addition, the potential of these maize seed-borne fungi to produce toxic and/or insecticidal and antibacterial compounds has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, to gain insights into their diversity, including their ability to produce secondary metabolites, the present study aimed to investigate Sarocladium and Lecanicillium communities found in maize ears collected from fields before harvest in Poland and their potential to form selected bioactive substances. This could open the way to understanding the functions of endogenous Saro- cladium and Lecanicillium species and indicates a strategy for selecting potential candidates for the biological protection of maize crops. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Fungal Collection The 17 S. zeae strains, three S. strictum strains, and five L. lecanii strains investigated in the present study are listed in Table1. Seven S. zeae strains, one S. strictum strain and five L. lecanii strains sourced from maize ears sampled in October 2015 from the Greater Poland Region (maize field location: 50◦580 N, 16◦550 E) in Poland had been previously isolated and identified by Gromadzka et al. [4]. Ten S. zeae strains and two S. strictum strains were isolated from maize ears collected before harvest in October 2018 (56 samples) from the same maize field location (50◦580 N, 16◦550 E) in the Greater Poland Region (Poland). 2.2. Fungal Isolation and Identification The maize ear samples collected in 2018 were placed in separate paper bags, trans- ported to the laboratory, and dried at room temperature. The maize ears were then hand-shelled, and the separated kernels from each ear were cut with a sterile scalpel and placed in duplicate on agar plates containing a low nutrient SNA medium [11]. A tip of hyphae from each off-white culture was transferred to both potato dextrose agar and synthetic SNA low nutrient agar, and multiple passages were performed to obtain a homogeneous culture. The isolates with cultural and morphological characteristics [8,12] of Sarocladium and Lecanicillium were molecularly identified as described by Gromadzka et al. [4]. The results of species identification of all Lecanicillium strains isolated in 2015 were additionally verified on the basis of sequencing of the large-subunit (LSU, 28S) rDNA region. The results of species identification of all Sarocladium strains isolated in both 2015 and 2018 (Table1) were additionally verified on the basis of sequencing of the large-subunit (LSU, 28S) rDNA region and a fragment of the actin gene (ACT1). The 1200-bp target region of rDNA LSU was amplified using the primers LROR [13] and LR6 [14] by PCR annealing at 52 ◦C and the 370-bp fragment of the actin gene was amplified using primer pair ACT 512-F and ACT 783-R [15] by PCR annealing at 55 ◦C. Other conditions of PCR Biomolecules 2021, 11, 98 3 of 11 and sequencing were the same as those reported by Gromadzka et al. [4]. For identification, the sequences were matched against the nucleotide database using BLASTn (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) from NCBI [16]. All the LSU and ITS rDNA sequences obtained here as well as reported by Gromadzka et al. [4] were deposited in the NCBI GenBank [16]. The accession numbers are provided in Table1. Table 1. The list of identified or re-identified in present study endophytic fungi isolated from maize ear samples collected in the Greater Poland Region. NCBI GenBank Accession No. Species Isolate Code Sampling Year ITS LSU 207 MT372981 MT373083 213
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