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Annotated Bibliography CHAPTER II: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION This annotated bibliography examines nearly fifteen hundred primary and secondary sources that have relevance to those Indians who had an association with the trail. These work cover the years before, during, and after the onset and demise of the road. It is divided into seven subject categories: firsthand narratives, Santa Fe Trail histories, Indigenous nations studies, general histories, military histories, biographies, and bibliographies. Firsthand narratives provide insight for comprehending the ways in which nineteenth-century non-Indians viewed Indians and described encounters. Diaries, reports, correspondence, journals, and memoirs penned by government officials from various governments, missionaries, migrants, soldiers, adventurers, and others who had contact with Indians compose the vast majority of these sources. A few of these accounts provide reliable details about Indian customs, beliefs, social organizations, and while many others simply echo negative racial stereotypes and misinformation. Written histories are a starting point for gaining an understanding of how scholars from various disciplines and history buffs have contextualized Indian relations with the trail. Usually featuring the trail‟s travelers, hardships, growth, and functions, these studies are available in numerous books and journal articles. While presenting Indians with varying degrees of accuracy, detail, and sensitivity, these studies oftentimes highlight the trail‟s significance in the development of the United States with celebratory language and the language of racism. They frequently depict Indians as savage peoples who frequently posed trouble for intrepid trail travelers. Much of the most recent 19 research appears in Wagon Tracks, the official journal of the Santa Fe Trail Association. Each issue contains articles about some component of the trail‟s history that reference Indians. They also republished firsthand narratives and occasion print recent discoveries. Indigenous nation studies often provide useful information regarding how U.S. expansion and polices impacted Indian land tenure and cultures. These works in general provide a detailed look at the ways in which Indians interact with their surroundings and other peoples. Generally, the strength of many of these studies is that they rely heavily on information provided by cultural insiders. This emic approach, to a degree, enables individuals to express group norms, values, historical experiences, and relations with others. As with other studies considered by my research, some of these works are tainted by the researchers‟ racial biases. The general history section provides a discussion of books and articles pertaining to nineteenth-century topics with a direct or indirect connection to the trail and associated Indians. Written by a wide array of scholars, these studies discuss Indians, in varying degrees of value, in such contexts as the trans-Mississippi west, overland migrations, state histories, warfare, explorers, trappers, towns, disease, health seekers, colonial Spain, cattle drives, trading posts, economics, buffalo, surveyors, legal cases, pioneers, settlers, missionaries, U.S. Indian policy, treaties, Euroamerican women, gold seekers, social change, and roadside markers. The military history section focuses on the history of U.S. military relations with Indians on the plains and in the Southwest. These studies address peacetime relations as well as armed conflict. Some of them deal rather extensively with military operations against Indians in the vicinity of the trail. The biography listings examines studies about 20 many individuals, both Indian and non-Indians, who had contact with the trail and Indians associated with the road. Studies with the life stories of Indian leaders, U.S. army officers, trappers, colonizers, explorers, and others are included. Finally, the bibliography segment cites references that may lead researchers to sources about Indian nations, individuals, gold rushes, state histories, and other topics. A. Firsthand Narratives 1. Abert, James William. Expedition to the Southwest: An 1845 Reconnaissance of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. In 1845, Abert, a U.S. Army Topographical Engineers lieutenant, documented his contact with Cheyennes and Apaches as his small party explored the Canadian River region of the southern plains, much of which was in Mexican territory, and traveled hundreds of miles over the Santa Fe Trail. On the Staked Plains while returning to the States, Abert met Kiowas and Comanches. 2. Abert, J. W. “Journal of Lt. J. W. Abert from Bent‟s Fort to St. Louis in 1845.” Introduction and notes by H. Bailey Carroll. Panhandle-Plains Historical Review 14 (1941). First officially published in the Senate Documents, 29th Congress, 1st sess. under the title of “Journal of Lieutenant J. W. Abert from Bent‟s Fort to St. Louis in 1845,” Abert describes his experiences interacting with Cheyennes at Bent‟s Fort at a time when those Indians were on peaceful terms with Euroamericans. 3. [Abert, Lt. J. W.] U. S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. Notes of a Military Reconnoissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, Including Part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848. Abert provides detailed information about his encounters with Indians during his 1846 explorations. At Bent‟s Fort, he recorded his daily interaction with Cheyennes. In New Mexico, he observed Pueblo Indians in Santa Fe and the surrounding countryside. On his return trip, he and his fellow travelers had a tense meeting with some Pawnees. 4. [Abert, Lt. J. W.] U. S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. Through the Country of the Comanche Indians in the Fall of the Year 1845: The Journal of a U.S. Army Expedition Led by Lieutenant James W. Abert of the Topographical Engineers, 21 Artists Extraordinary Whose Painting of Indians and the Wild West Illustrate this Book. Edited by John Galvin. San Francisco: J. Howell Books, 1970. First published in 1846 under the title of “Message from the President of the United States ... communicating a report of an expedition led by Lieutenant Abert on the upper Arkansas,” Abert documents his stay at Bent‟s Fort from August 2 to 9, 1845, and contacts with Cheyennes through his diary, paintings and drawings. The diary describes the Indians that his small party met as they moved southward to the Moro River and then eastward to Fort Gibson. 5. Abert, J. W. Western American in 1846-1847: The Original Travel Diary of Lieutenant J. W. Abert who Mapped New Mexico for the United States Army with Illustrations in Color from His Sketchbook. Edited by John Galvin. San Francisco: John Howell, 1966. This volume contains Abert‟s field notebook that records the journey of his party from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe in 1846 and 1847. His party met Pawnees, Apaches, Arapahos, Comanches, Cheyennes, Kaws, and others. It lists some Indian words. 6. Alexander, Eveline M. Cavalry Wife: The Diary of Eveline M. Alexander, 1866- 1867. Edited by Sandra L. Myres. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1977. In her diary, Alexander, who held racial biases toward Indians, Mexicans and Black soldiers, recorded her observations of Indian-Euroamerican relations following the Civil War as she traveled in New Mexico and Colorado. In the summer of 1866, accompanied by her colonel husband and U.S. soldiers, she spent a few days at Ft. Union before journeying northward on the trail to Fort Stevens in Colorado. On August 23, south of Raton Pass, she reported seeing a Ute “buck” and “squaw” riding separate horses. Alexander‟s account notes Mohuache Utes conflict with the U.S. military and settlers near Trinidad and at Fort Stevens. Those Utes, as Alexander learned from Kit Carson, viewed the arrival of Euroamericans as a threat to their way of life. While visiting Bosque Redondo, she commented on the conditions facing Navajos incarcerated there. 7. Allen, Alonzo, H. “Pioneer Life in Old Burlington, Forerunner of Longmont.” Colorado Magazine 14 (July 1937): 145-57. Using the language of racism, Allen writes about pioneer lore regarding Indian- Euroamerican relations in Colorado north of the trail, asserting that Indians were content to beg for food. He stated that in 1864 at Sand Creek Colonel John M. Chivington‟s men attacked [Cheyenne] Indians who had killed immigrants, burnt wagons, and stole livestock. 22 8. Allyn, Joseph Pratt. The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn, Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863-1866. Edited by John Nicolson. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974. The author‟s introduction provides information about Allyn‟s 1863 trip over the Plains. Allyn had contact with Caddos, whom Fort Larned soldiers were mistreating, Arapahos, and Comanches. Allyn‟s letters describe his travel from Santa Fe to Arizona. His experiences on the Santa Fe Trail are found in West by Southwest. 9. ––––––––––. West by Southwest; Letters of Joseph Pratt Allyn, a Traveller along the Santa Fe Trail, 1863. Dodge City: Kansas Heritage Center, 1984. Traveling westward in 1863 with a party of Arizona territorial officials and a motley crew of U.S. army escorts on the military road from Fort Leavenworth through Topeka, Manhattan, Junction City, Fort Riley, and Salina, Allyn reached the Santa Fe Trail near Pawnee Rock. He describes the people, “embryo” towns, military posts, helter-skelter buffalo hunting of his companions, and Indians he saw along the way. At Fort Larned, he interacted with Caddos, Indians loyal to the Union who had been driven northward by white Texans. 10. ––––––––––. By Horse, Stage and Packet: The Far West Letters of Joseph Pratt Allyn. Edited by John Nicolson and David K. Strate. San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1988. The editor‟s introduction discusses Allyn‟s experiences on the trail and in New Mexico in the fall of 1863. 11. Almy, Kenneth J., ed. “Thof‟s Dragon and the Letters of Capt. Theophilus H. Turner, M.D., U.S. Army.” Kansas History 10 (Autumn 1987): 170-200.
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