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Geopolitics Discrimination Gender & Immigration GEOPOLITICS DISCRIMINATION GENDER & IMMIGRATION Edited by JULIA DOBREVA EMILIA ALAVERDOV EMEK YILDIRIM-ŞAHİN GEOPOLITICS DISCRIMINATION GENDER & IMMIGRATION Edited by JULIA DOBREVA EMILIA ALAVERDOV EMEK YILDIRIM-ŞAHİN GEOPOLITICS DISCRIMINATION GENDER & IMMIGRATION Edited By Julia Dobreva Emilia Alaverdov Emek Yıldırım-Şahin GEOPOLITICS, DISCRIMINATION, GENDER, & IMMIGRATION Edited by: Julia Dobreva, Emilia Alaverdov, Emek Yıldırım-Şahin IJOPEC PUBLICATION London ijopec.co.uk Istanbul IJOPEC Publication Limited www.ijopec.co.uk 60 Westmeade Close E-Mail: [email protected] Cheshunt, Waltham Cross Phone: (+44) 73 875 2361 (UK) Hertfordshire (+90) 488 217 4007 (Turkey) EN7 6JR London Geopolitics, Discrimination, Gender, & Immigration First Edition, October 2020 IJOPEC Publication No: 2020/15 ISBN: 978-1-913809-06-5 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronically without author’s permission. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. A catalogue record for this book is available from Nielsen Book Data, British Library and Google Books. The publishing responsibilities of the chapters in this book belong to the authors. Printed in London. Composer & Cover Design: IJOPEC Art Design Cover illustrators are from Pinclipart & Freepik CONTENTS EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD ............................................................................5 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ......................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................13 Julia Dobreva, Emilia Alaverdov, Emek Yıldırım-Şahin 1. IMPERIALISM AND SUB-IMPERIALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST: US SANCTIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR IRAN .........................17 Farhang Morady 2. ANTI-ISLAMIC DISCOURSE IN MODERN EUROPE ...................................35 Emilia Alaverdov 3. UNDERSTANDING THE BOLSA FAMILIA PROGRAM AS A SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM IN BRAZIL.....................................................................53 Hikmet Gülçin Beken 4. SOCIAL CLEAVAGE AFTER REMAKING NATIONAL IDENTITY: CASE OF UN-ISLAMIZED TURKEY AND UN-CHINESELIZED TAIWAN ....77 Ting-Ya Hsu 5. GENDERED AID – THE JORDAN COMPACT AND ECONOMIC INCLUSION ....................................................................................97 Lara-Zuzan Golesorkhi 6. IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE DAILY LIFE OF FEMALE ACADEMICS ....................................................115 Emek Yıldırım-Şahin 7. LABOR MIGRATION FROM GEORGIA: PROBLEMS, CONSEQUENCES AND CHALLENGES .....................................131 Madlena Kotsotsashvili, Nino Otxozoria 8. FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN GEORGIA.....................................................151 Manana Darchashvili 3 CONTENTS 9. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES IN OTTOMAN STATE FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO THE REPUBLIC .......165 Perihan Hazel Kaya, Ning Hou 10. SOME LITTLE-KNOWN ASPECTS OF OTTOMAN WAQFS AND THEIR FUNCTION IN SOCIAL WELFARE ECONOMY .......................181 Ayşenur Karademir 11. THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TURKEY: A WORKSHOP WITHIN THE SCOPE OF “YOUTHATWORKEU” ...........................................................197 Duygu Hıdıroğlu 4 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Aytekin Demircioğlu Kastamonu University. Kastomonu, Turkey Çağatay Cengiz Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey Eka Rusieshvili Georgian Technical University. Tbilisi, Georgia Elif Karaçimen-Köse Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Rize Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey Gözde Eş-Polat Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Kaloyan Belitchovsky VUZF University, Bulgaria Gülçin Taşkıran School of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Altınbaş University, Turkey Kateryna Tryma Research Institute of Higher Education of NAES of Ukraine, Ukraine Kerem Gökten Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkey Muhammad Waseem Bari Government College University, Pakistan 5 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Nedko Minkov VUZF University, Bulgaria Orhan Şimşek Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Artvin Çoruh University, Turkey Özlem Tosuner-Ünal Fındıklı School of Applied Sciences, Rize Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey Polat Alpman Çınarcık Vocational School of Higher Education, Yalova University, Turkey Tamara Olenich Don State Technical University. Rostov-on-Don, Russia 6 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Editors Julia Dobreva is a full time Associate Professor of Economics at the Department of Finance and Director of Economics Division VUZF Lab, University for Fi- nance, Business and Entrepreneurship (VUZF), Sofia, Bulgaria. She is also Hon- orary university lecturer at the University of Sheffield, UK and teaches within the joint program of CITY College, International Faculty of the University of Shef- field in Thessaloniki, Greece. She received her MBA and also her PhD in Politi- cal Economy from the University of Sofia, Bulgaria. She has published a number of articles in sustainable development, public economics, behavioural economics and institutional economics in both Bulgarian and English in many international and national journals. She is also author of books and textbooks, as well as several book chapters. She is editor in chief of IJOPEC Publications, UK. Emilia Alaverdov, Ph.D. in Political Science, associate professor, Faculty of Law and International Relations since 2011. She received her bachelor’s degree in Lan- guages and Literature, has been awarded a qualification of Philologist of English Language and Literature and Spanish Language and Literature, Ilia Chavchavadze State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. She has a master’s degree in International Rela- tions and Politics from the Diplomatic Academy of Georgia. Member of Edito- rial board of the following journals: Journal US-China Foreign Language, David Publishing Company, IJOPEC Publication, London-Istanbul; DergiPark Aca- demic; Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, Foundation Pro Scientia Pub- lica; International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences; European Journal of Economics Law and Politics, ELP. She is the editor of 3 books, the author of about 20 scientific papers and co-author of 5 books, participant of 6 Erasmus + Projects and 48 international scientific conferences (majority abroad) and organ- izer of various international scientific events. Her research interests are religion, migration, religious tourism, and European and Russian studies. She is fluent in the following languages: English, Russian, Georgian, Azerbaijani, and Greek. Emek Yıldırım-Şahin is currently working in the Department of Political Sci- ence and Public Administration at Artvin Çoruh University as a Dr. Research Assistant. She took her B.A. degree from the Department of Philosophy at the 7 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Middle East Technical University (METU), the minor degree from the Depart- ment of History at METU, M.SC. degree from the Department of Political Sci- ence and Public Administration at METU, and Ph.D. degree from the Depart- ment of Political Science and Public Administration at Ankara University as well. Between 2008- 2010, she has been in pre-PhD research at the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (РУДН/RUDN) in Moscow. Her teaching and research are mainly in the area of political sociology, and she works upon fields such as gen- der, political economy, political ideologies and political movements. Authors Farhang Morady is Principal Lecturer in International Development in the Cen- tre for the Study of Democracy at the University of Westminster in London. He researches in the fields of international political economy, and energy and de- velopment in post-revolutionary Iran. Farhang has been awarded ‘Outstanding Teacher’ in 2013, 2014 and 2016, 2018 and 2019 at the Staff Appreciation for Most Nominations from students across the categories at the University of West- minster. Farhang’s recent publication: Morady, F. (2020). Contemporary Iran: Pol- itics, Economy, Religion. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. Emilia Alaverdov, Ph.D. in Political Science, associate professor, Faculty of Law and International Relations since 2011. She received her bachelor’s degree in Lan- guages and Literature, has been awarded a qualification of Philologist of English Language and Literature and Spanish Language and Literature, Ilia Chavchavadze State University, Tbilisi, Georgia. Has a master’s degree in International Rela- tions and Politics from the Diplomatic Academy of Georgia. Member of Edito- rial board of the following journals: Journal US-China Foreign Language, David Publishing Company, IJOPEC Publication, London-Istanbul; DergiPark Aca- demic; Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, Foundation Pro Scientia Pub- lica; International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences; European Journal of Economics Law and Politics, ELP. She is the editor of 3 books, the author of about 20 scientific papers and co-author of 5 books, participant of 6 Erasmus + Projects and 48 international scientific conferences (majority abroad) and organ- izer of various international scientific events. Her research interests are religion, migration,
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