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Bahá'í Teachings on Economics and Their Implications for the Bahá'í

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Bahá'í Teachings on Economics and Their Implications for the Bahá'í Bahá’í Teachings on Economics and Their Implications for the Bahá’í Community and the Wider Society Hooshmand Badee Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds York St. John University Faculty of Education and Theology August 2015 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2015 - The University of Leeds - Hooshmand Badee 3 Acknowledgements The preparation, execution and completion of this dissertation has been made possible through the unfaltering support of many people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude. First and foremost, my sincere thanks go to my primary supervisor Professor Sebastian Kim, who was a source of encouragement and inspiration for me throughout this intellectual journey. His faith in my abilities motivated me to continue my research. My thanks go to my other supervisors, Professor Pauline Kollontai and Dr Susan Yore, for providing valuable and constructive comments on different parts of this thesis. I am immensely thankful to the University of Leeds and York St John University for giving me the opportunity to research on the proposed theme. Throughout my research endeavour, many people touched my life and accompanied me during this wonderful and exciting experience, and I have had the opportunity of receiving valuable opinions from them. To them all, I express my appreciation. Within the Bahá’í community, I received guidance and support from the Supreme Governing Body, the Universal House of Justice, the Office of Social and Economic Development, and the Research Department at the Bahá’í World Centre, as well as the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United Kingdom. I am appreciative and owe a profound gratitude to several Bahá’í scholars including Dr Shapoor Rassekh, Dr Vahid Ra’fati, Mr Mark Hellaby, and Professor Farhad Rassekh, for their generosity in giving me their time and sharing their valuable knowledge and insights. 4 Finally, the greatest source of support during the period of this research has been my family, whose unwavering supports have been a part of this dissertation. My special thanks to my son-in-law Sam, my daughter-in-law Jenny and my children, Sahba, Vesal and Nawgole, for their assistance, valuable suggestions and immense warmth and affection. The love, sacrifice and patience Vesal showed with technical assistance and formatting of the thesis in addition to his very helpful thoughts and ideas were received with great appreciation. While carrying out this research, my life was blessed and made enjoyable by four grandchildren, Kara, Lana, Lani, and the newest born grand daughter Mila, by their charm and fascination and I hope in their own good time they will chose the path to serve the humanity. There are never enough words to express my love and gratitude to my wife, May, for her full support throughout this journey. Her sacrifices and advice have been outstanding, and it is inconceivable how I could have finished this work without her support. 5 Abstract: The Bahá’í faith has appeared at a time of global social and economic integration and internationalisation of affairs. Therefore, it is timely to carry out a systematic study of the extensive volume of primary writings of the Bahá’í faith on economics and related subjects. This is the focus of this dissertation. This research will further attempt to explore and develop the understanding of Bahá’í writers and scholars on this subject, and systematise them in a fashion that is accessible to academia, and beneficial to the Bahá’ís, the Bahá’í institutions and the wider society. This requires extensive study of primary scriptures and institutional resources of the Bahá’í faith. The discussion will be centered on the Bahá’í belief of unity as a core principle and as a prerequisite for improving the material and spiritual life of the Bahá’í community. Consequently, through a holistic approach this research links spiritual principles to the material life of individuals and families. The proposition is that a multi-dimensional solution based on the material and spiritual aspects of life can influence human action and improve people’s quality of life. The thesis argues that the role of economics is to attain a good life and the role of religion is to educate and inspire people how to live a good life, hence the assertion is that the Bahá’í faith as a religion and economics as a social science are complementary in their aims and objectives. The two entities as social disciplines would work well together in creating a better-balanced life and prosperous communities. The inspired vision of this thesis is therefore not limited to the Bahá’í community but also applies to the wider society. Without discarding the existing economic systems, models and theories, the proposition is that the exploration, appreciation and understanding of moral and spiritual principles of the Bahá’í faith on economics would be harmonising and beneficial to all. 6 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 11 1.2 The aims and significance of this research ............................................... 11 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................... 14 1.4 Key words, definitions and concepts ........................................................ 16 1.4.1 Economics ......................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Spirituality ......................................................................................... 20 1.4.3 The Bahá’í community ...................................................................... 27 1.4.4 The wider society .............................................................................. 29 1.4.5 The analogy of the family ................................................................. 31 1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................ 34 1.6 Literature review ...................................................................................... 42 1.7 A brief history of the Bahá’í faith in context of this research .................. 53 1.8 An account of the contents of the following chapters .............................. 59 Chapter 2: Sustainable production .................................................................. 63 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 63 2.2 The historical perspective of work ethics ................................................. 64 2.3 Sustainable production ............................................................................. 69 2.4 Bahá’í work ethics .................................................................................... 73 2.5 Bahá’í teachings to increase supply of labour .......................................... 83 2.5.1 The Bahá’í view on idleness ............................................................. 83 2.5.2 The Bahá’í view on begging ............................................................. 87 7 2.5.3 Equal opportunity for women and men ............................................. 91 2.5.4 The importance of education and training ......................................... 95 2.5.5 A consultative method of decision-making ....................................... 98 2.5.6 Employee-employer relationship .................................................... 102 2.5.7 Cooperation instead of competition ................................................ 104 2.6 Chapter conclusion ................................................................................. 107 Chapter 3: Distributive Justice ...................................................................... 110 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 110 3.2 The significance of distributive justice .................................................. 111 3.3 A discussion of the contemporary theories of distributive justice ......... 117 3.4 The Bahá’í perspective on the importance of wealth ............................. 122 3.5 The Bahá’í view on self-interest ............................................................ 128 3.6 Voluntary versus compulsory giving of one’s income and wealth ........ 136 3.7 Specific Bahá’í principles on wealth redistribution ............................... 141 3.7.1 Government participation ................................................................ 141 3.7.2 The principle of equity .................................................................... 145 3.7.3 Profit sharing ................................................................................... 147 3.7.4 Progressive income tax .................................................................... 152 3.7.5 The law of inheritance ..................................................................... 155 3.7.6 The law of Huqúqu’lláh (the Right of God) .................................... 158 3.7.7 Contribution to the Bahá’í Fund and the law of Zakát ...................
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