Durkheim’S the Elementary Forms of Religious Life Anne Warfield Rawls Index More Information

Home , Anne Warfield Rawls

Cambridge University Press 052165145X - Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life Anne Warfield Rawls Index More information

Index

Abyss, conceptual 335 Distorting 37, 94, 101, 249, 275 Accounts 141, 327, 331, 333 Represent underlying reality 90 Retrospective justifications 4, 147–49, Versus practices 3, 41, 76, 113, 115–17, 188, 226, 229, 327 141, 162, 167, 186, 194–211, 269–71 Accountable to rules 4–5 Secondary and retrospective 5, 34–35, Contexts of accountability 327, 336, 337 40, 191, 219, 226, 327 Religious beliefs as 42, 191 Arbitrary 174 Advanced division of labor 3, 5 The primacy of rites over 206, 219–20 Aggregates of individual happenings 326, Origin in rites 194, 219 333 Racist 229 Alexander, Jeff 4, 24, 324 Scientific 229 Ancestral heroes (individual) 290 Totem exists only if believed in Ancestors (legendary) 191–92 224–25 Animal abilities 308 Individual pre-rational 233 Animism 125–29, 183–84, 235, 246 Must be enforced 254 (versus Naturism) 23, 109, 110, 124–25 Berkeley 96 Anthropomorphism 183–84 Bewitchment 217 Apriorism 9, 15–17, 19, 57, 58, 60–62, Biological individual 278, 308 152, 230, 235 Bloor, David 24, 329 Causality and 251, 256 Bourdieu, Pierre 325 Dualism of 81–85 Buddhism 115–16 Arbitrary (beliefs and representations) 174, 188 Cartesian Rationalist 7, 49, 73 ideas as 238 Categories of the understanding 1–2, 3, 8, Archaic Religion 34–41 9, 12, 16, 17–20, 22–23, 24, 26, 35, Defense of 34, 41–42 39, 48, 53–55, 56, 58, 60–62, 67, 73, Aristotle’s categories 48 83, 84, 93, 98–99, 102, 103–04, 108, Asceticism 198 110–11, 116, 178, 181, 188, 194–211, Association of ideas 200, 218 216, 230–61, 264, 289, 301, 337 Audio and video recording 332 Why they need to be social 304–05 Authority 249, 254–55 Six categories 301–02 As a final question of logic 301–15 Becker, Howard 327 Personality as 188 Beliefs 14, 20, 24, 34, 44–46, 116–17, Causality 212–29, 230–57, 261 266–71, 283 Role of emotion 231, 232 As a specialized form of social practice Innate 239 327 Necessary for reason and As commitment to practice 288 communication 254 Future of different from future of Classification as first category practices 286 337 As accounts 42, 141 Categorical imperative 176 As justifications for practices 320 Categorization 269

345

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052165145X - Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life Anne Warfield Rawls Index More information

346 Epistemology and Practice

Causality 15, 54, 212–29, 230–61 Versus individual representations 92, 93, As creation 194, 233 97–98 As moral 228 Performance of ritual 122 As an aspect of force 237 Collective states 172 Like produces like as concrete statement Collective totems 155–56, 158 of 232 Collective utility 227 Idea of causality 232 Collins, Randall 337 As instinct 232–33, 243 Communal As a habit of thought 244, 250–52 Mentality 238–39 As category 232, 233, 244, 255–57 Communication 144, 178–79, 180, 247, Enactment of 233 254, 283, 292–93, 295, 304, 335 Principle of 236–41 Communitarian moral philosophy 21 Efficacy implied 237, 254 Comte 5, 169 And external experience 241–45 Concepts 87, 327–28 As internal experience 247–49 as collective representations 294 Durkheim’s argument for 258–61 truth of 297–99 Cause and effect, Concepts and general ideas 289–90, connected by force 237 292–93 in empiricism 251–52 Versus sense impressions 290–92 Christian and Hebrew calendars Conceptual abyss 335 284 Conceptual reality 335 Christianity allowed science to gain versus empirical reality 85, 86–90, 294 strength 287 Conceptual systems, sociology of 317, 321, Church 35–36, 121, 216, 270 327–28 Circle, individual society deity 210 Conceptual thought contemporaneous Circular argument 139, 229, 321, 335 with humanity 299–300 Circular thinking 270 Conceptual typifications 331 Citation patterns 262 Concrete practices 210, 278 Clan totemism 141, 156, 157, 184 Function of 317 Classification 83–84, 131, 150, 184 Concrete ways of knowing 294 Category of 151 Consensus theory of truth 230 As first category 108, 337 Constitutive practice, moral relevance of Moral 73 319 Sacred and profane as first 108 Constraint 123, 326 As a logical system 149–52, 183 Constructed (socially) 180, 238 Coat of arms 143 Constructivists, social 318 Coercion 63–65 Contagion 147, 199–202, 217 Coherence 220 Is real 200 Of sounds and movements 324 Is emotion 201–02 Collective effervescence (emotion) 170, Not irrational 202 171, 178, 181, 277 contexts of accountability 327, 336, 337 And human reason Garfinkel 4, 337 170 Mills 4–5, 327, 336 Collective experience 247 Contiguity and resemblance 214, 215, Collective feeling 241, 283 218, 223, 242 Collective forces 200–01 Contingencies 333, 334 Collective life 222 Contradiction (non-contradiction) 183, International 282 205, 320 Collective reflection 149 Conventional beliefs and ideas 174–75, Collective representations 19, 37, 50, 180 95–101, 103–04, 119, 177–82 Conventional divisions 151 Purpose as foundation of logic 303 Conventional interpretation 317 Emotion embodied in 178–79 The categories are not conventions 304 Collective symbol, totem as 141, 156, Conventional meanings 265 178 Conventions of use 265

Index 347

Conversation Analysis 333 Result of moral force 171 Conversational structures 331 And hierarchy 250 Conversion, cult groups 226 “Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Cosmology, religious 149–50, 286–87 Conditions” 6, 14, 24–72, 111 Creation, the principle behind imitative Durkheim rituals 213–15 argument for causality 258–61 Rites as 210 argument, organization of 2, 24–26, Causality as 212, 233 28–29, 32–33, 46, 140, 162–63, Crime 333 194–95, 231–32, 307 Critics of Durkheim 105, 265, 266, 293, as cultural sociologist 324 317, 321, 326, 335 as philosopher 16, 17–22, 32, 70–71, Inherent individualism of 321, 323 321 Initial critics in English 321 Philosophy as folk belief 77, 85, 86, 90, Culture 328 102 Custom and habit 244 defense of aboriginal intelligence 158–60, 182–83, 186–87, 199–200, Death 128–29 202, 215, 218–19, 225, 267, 300, 303 Deconstruction 329, 336 dualism 72–107, 233, 309 Dennes, William 82, 262, 321, 335 Critics of 82–83 Deity 264 Critique of Kant 93, 94, 99–100, 101 Deities 115, 160, 163, 167, 168, 188, interpreted as Kantian and rationalist 191–92, 199, 205–06 335 Only exist if sacred is created through interpreted as “Radical” 323 rites 207 interpreted as a pragmatist 324 Created by sacrifices 206–08 Dynamic relationship, emotions 220, Denzin, Norman 335 237 Details 23, 136, 219, 223, 269, 317–18, 320, 331 Economics, classical 11, 68–69 Relevance of 332 Efficacy 231, 233, 237 Deviance 333, 337 Rites not beliefs 234 Dietary restrictions 146 Implied by causality 237, 254 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, Of moral forces only when felt 248 Rousseau 6–7 Elias, Norbert 3 Divinity 115, 160, 167 Emblem 142–44, 145, 146, 154, 163 Division of Labor, Durkheim 3, 5, 21–22, Emerson, Robert 327 177, 263, 280, 281, 284, 322, 323, Emotion 2–3, 10, 13, 15–17, 20, 50, 334 65–66, 109, 165, 169, 207, 231, 235, Book III 4, 5, 284, 323 256, 278 Division of labor 319 Versus sensation 85, 86, 109 Dreams 127–28 Collective 143, 144, 168–69, 170, 172, Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde 263 180, 181, 241 Douglas 329 Individual state 173, 178, 179 Dualism 6, 14, 24–51, 58, 71, 72–107, Real,but only when created collectively 109, 111, 118, 134, 174, 182, 188, 278 309 And totems 144–45, 147 And Animism and Naturism 125 And reason 163 As a social fact 75 Mana as 163, 169–71 Of body and soul 85–86, 188, 191 As sentiment 170 Of personal and impersonal 87 Respect as 170–71, 175, 199 Kantian 88–89, 93, 98–99, 106–07 Passion 190 Cartesian 106–07 Created by rites 212 Double man or homo duplex 77, 78–80, Feelings of Moral force 213, 233 218 Feelings of cause and effect 237 Of sacred and profane as first And contagion 201–02 classification 108, 337 Corresponding to social facts 223

348 Epistemology and Practice

Mimetic rites and 218 Field Work 327–28, 332, 333 Causality and 260 Flag 143–44 And the categories 304 Flesh is profane 198 empirical contexts of use 317 Force 67, 235 Empirical is contingent 303 Moral 15, 20, 39, 58, 63–65, 83, empirical validity 167–68, 175, 219–20, 235 243, 246, 247, 254, 306, 312–14, Classification as first moral force 108 326, 337 External 63–65, 248 empiricism 9, 111, 125, 130, 182, 184, Internal 247–49 200, 218, 223, 225, 230, 235, 241, Idea originates in Mana 164–68, 171 247, 250, 252–53 Cause as an aspect of 237 dualism of 81–85 Impersonal forces 247 causality 214–15, 238, 244, 251–53, Framework of mental life 304 256 Frazer 23, 135–36, 217, 218, 228 Durkheim’s criticism of 217–19 French revolution 285 Hume 230, 267 Function 231, 243 Locke 294 Functionalism 34, 35, 37, 38 enacted practice 3, 4, 5, 20, 23 As a test of truth 38, 42 English Anthropology 321–22 Use of cause 34 Enlightenment individualism 7, 11–12, 14, Of totemism 164, 190, 221 312 Of the categories 304 Enlightenment philosophy 283 Justice as functional prerequisite for Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding division of labor 334 244 epistemology 5, 46–68, 230–31, 258 Garfinkel 4, 6, 22, 42, 219, 269, 282, 299, crisis 8–11, 230–31 318, 319, 320, 327, 331, 333, 336, empiricists 7, 55, 230, 241 337 classical empiricism 15–17, 235 Gehlke, Charles Elmer 262, 321 apriorists 55, 235 Gemeinschaft versus Gesellschaft 12, 35, Pragmatist 6, 55 70 categories of the understanding 1–2 Gender 328 Durkheim’s 7–8, 10–11, 16–17, 232 General ideas 37, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 83, Locke 9, 57 131, 185, 264, 289–90 Hume 15–17, 57, 227, 230, 334 Generalization 257 Kant 15–17, 230 Generic representations 83 James 9, 56 Giddens, Anthony 269, 323 Justified belief 230 Globalization 70, 319 Theory of knowledge 234–35 Goffman 4, 6, 269, 285, 319, 333, 337 Ethics 4, 13, 21, 68 Involvement obligations 320 Ethnomethodology 4–5, 27, 330–34 Group mind 170, 264, 293, 311, 321 Evans-Pritchard 228 Group unity 143–44, 205, 208, 213 Evolution of ideals 278 Grundrisse 281, 319 External constraint 123, 174–77, 317 Gurwitsch 265 External experience 241–47 External forces 63–65, 248 Habit 58, 243, 293–94 Cause as 244, 250–52 Faith must rush before the truth 288 Habit of belief 202 Fallacy of misplaced abstraction 219, Habitus, Pierre Bourdieu 294 324–26 Hallinan 327 Fallacy of misplaced concreteness Heidegger 149 (Whitehead) 325 Heterogeneity 119–20 Feelings Hierarchies 119, 249–50 of cause and effect 237 Historical materialism 276, 280 collective 241 Hobbes 255 individual 245 humanities 326, 329

Index 349

human nature, general properties of 218 Individualism 3, 11, 16, 19, 42, 62–63, human reason 170, 226–27 153–54, 156–57, 167, 218, 272, Hume 8, 9–10, 15–17, 20, 57, 95–105, 305–06, 321 179, 184, 185, 202, 242–45, 308, Durkheim’s argument against 3, 11, 37, 309, 315 41, 56, 58–60, 167–68, 231 Problem with concepts 131 Empiricist individualism 23, 125, 182 Durkheim’s critique of 58–60 Hume’s 57 Causality 230, 242–44, 245 Kant’s 23, 57, 58 emotions 13 Enlightenment 7 empiricism 267 And classical economics 11 Epistemology and 9–10 Soul and 188, 189–90 Skepticism 227 Individualist 216, 246, 250 Enquiries Concerning Human Industrial revolution 284 Understanding 244 Initiations 144, 191 Treatise on Human Understanding 244 Innate 239 Hyperexcitation 187–88 Instinct 232–33 causality as 232–33, 244 Idealism 17–18, 95–105, 149, 178, institutional accountability 330, 336 181–82, 220, 266–83, 306, 325 institutionally ordered 336 Durkheim’s critique of 92, 96–97, 275 Instrumental 209, 211, 216, 220, 226 Durkheim interpreted as 105, 265, 266, Intelligibility 3–5, 10, 16–17, 20, 21–22, 293, 317, 321, 326 39–40, 144, 178–79, 180, 247, 254, Ideals 255, 283, 317, 319, 320, 324, 327, create distortion 277 331, 334, 337 explain emotions 278 As a constraint on practice 317 Ideal types 219 Interactional involvement 332 Ideas 177, 207, 219, 304 Interaction obligations, moral 331, 337 Imitative rites and causality 212–29, 233, Interaction orders 14, 38, 100, 327, 251, 253 338 Purpose of 220 Of gender and race 14 Mimetic rites 212, 213, 233 Interior life 248 Causal rite 233 Internal constraint 174–77 Impressed (ideas on the mind) 187 Internal knowledge 202 Individual Internal experience 247–49 as a general category 144 Versus external experience 245–47 as a natural end 303, 314 International 303, 319 “Individual and Collective collective life 282, 299–300 Representations” Durkheim 6, 24–26 Interpretation 37–38, 249, 269, 317, 318, Individual (biological) 141, 156, 171, 177, 326, 332, 333–34 180, 187, 218, 280 Interpretive sociology 333 Individual purposes 309 Intersubjective individual belief 233, 319 meaning 257, 292–93 individual cults 122–23 communication 295 individual experience 125–26, 165, 184, Intichiuma 203–04 188 Involvement obligations 320 individual perception 85, 86, 185, 245, Irrational 210 305 Is versus ought 19, 275–76, 297, 303 individual sensations 256 individual representations 178, 179 James, William 9, 16, 17, 56, 272, 305, individual totemism 152–61 315 individual will 190 Pragmatism 9 individual utility 227 Radical empiricism 6, 16 individual feelings 245 Jefferson, Gail individual forces 250 Joas, Hans 324 individual generalizations 290 Justiﬁed belief 11, 16, 17, 230

350 Epistemology and Practice

Justifications, accounts as 229, 327 Macro sociology 333 Justice 21–22, 264 Magic versus religion 121–23, 196, 212, Functional prerequisite for division of 226–29, 270 labor 334 And mimetic rites 215–17 Bewitchment 217 Kant, Immanuel 7, 8, 15–17, 58, 230, 250, Origins in causality 215 252, 319 Comes from religion 216 Religion and 279 Magician 122 Rationalism 73 Malinowski 321 Apriorism 23, 58, 280, 305 Mana 129, 163, 240 Categorical Imperative 176, 320 As a universal 166 Dualism 58, 72–89, 90–96, 98–99, As emotion 163, 169–71 106–07 As origin of force 164–71, 240 Epistemology and 9–10 Collective force 240 Kingdom of ends 70 Marx 7, 11, 12, 69, 88, 157, 280–81, 312 Time and space as intuitions 50 Material end 209 Duty 176 Material representations 273, 274 Contradiction (non-contradiction) 176, Mathematical knowledge 242 183, 184, 320 Mauss, Marcel and Hubert 216–17 Will 164, 190 Mead, George Herbert 12, 39–40, 146, And causality 244, 252 168 Knowledge, social versus individual forms Mestrovic 11–12 90–96 Methodological critique 136 Kuhn, Thomas, normal versus Methods 269, 318 revolutionary science 106 Micro versus Macro 4, 27, 136, 242, 317–18 Labels 180–81 Mill, John Stuart 13, 87 Laboratory science 329, 332 Mills, C. Wright 4, 42, 229, 327 LaCapra 73 Mimetic rites 212, 223, 233 Lang, Andrew 159–60 Religion not magic 215–17 Language 131–32, 262–94, 300, 328 Most basic religious rite 216 Confusions introduced by 159–60, 183 Image of totem in 217–18 limitations of 130–31 Pure creation 218 social origin of 288–300 Cause the idea of sacred 233 function of 295 Causal rite 233 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 20, 321, 323 And causality 251, 253 Levy-Bruhl, Lucien 321 Modern industrial society 336 Liberty 190 Modern versus traditional life (organic Like produces like 214, 217, 221, 233, 247 versus mechanical) 1–3, 5, 12, 35, 70, Involves belief in causality 253 171, 186, 198, 285, 312–14, 319, Causal rite 233 337, 338 And theory of knowledge 234 Montesquieu and Rousseau 6–7, 13, 17, Linguistic turn 325 308 Locke, John 9, 57, 96, 294 Moral/empirical knowledge Logic 30–31, 50, 52–54, 181, 182–85, Morality 16–17, 21 188, 200, 201–02, 218, 242, 262–96, Social solidarity 334–38 300, 301, 334 social thought 4, 21 Logical opposition 120–21 Moral imperative 4 Logical system, classification as 149–50, Moral relations 1–9 152 Justice 10, 21–22 Social origin of 288–300, 303 Moral classification 73, 150 Categories of the understanding 301–15 Moral reasoning 138 Modern 312–14 Moral unity 150 Logically necessary 302–03 Moral issues in 134 Lukes, Steven 23, 323 Moral obligations, interactional 337

Index 351

Moral issues, science of 263 Negative cult 196–202 Moral force 15, 20, 29–30, 39, 60, 63–65, Neo-Kantian 265 83, 118, 121, 154, 235, 314, 337 Nominalism 131, 304 Origin of 162–92 Norms and rules 317 Feelings of 213, 233, 277 Energy 184 Ockham, William of 277 And symbolic meaning 103–04 Ockham’s razor 277 Classiﬁcation as ﬁrst type 108 Opinion as collective knowledge 170–71 Totemism and 171 Orders of practice versus institutional Sacred and profane phases 172–74 orders 4, 27 Moral union 233 Original division in two 150, 155, 157 Not perceived through senses 242 Origins of Inequality, Rousseau 272, 308 Can be touched directly 248 Separates sacred and profane 249 Pain as a symbol 198 Created by practice 274 Paradigms and labels 17–18, 319, 329 Moral Philosophy 10, 21–22, 69–70, 314, Parsonian structuralism 333, 336 319 Parsons’s Plenum 269, 318 Enlightenment 283 Parsons, Talcott 20, 269, 281, 321–22 communitarian 21 Perceived coherence 220 practice conception 21 Perception, individual 178, 179, 182, 183, utilitarian 68, 69–70, 87, 166, 196 184–85, 241–45, 305 Durkheim and 69–70 Perception versus emotion 15–17, 118, Moral unity, outward expression of 221 150, 164, 170 Movements and cries 213, 221–22, 227, Personal forces 250 318, 324, 326, 330, 336 Personality 29, 163, 190 Movements in unison 222 As a category 188 Reduced to concepts 327 As will 190 Muller, Max 130–33 Origin in soul 255 Multiple possibilities, realities 329 Phenomenologists 265 Mutual intelligibility 1–22 Philosophy, Myths 130, 132–33, 147–49, 165, 168 implications for 316–18, 338 As misleading and retrospective 147–48, individual bias of 319 168, 188, 191, 275 Philosophical Investigations,Wittgenstein Function of 148 263, 297 Secondary level 148 Physical forces 114, 175 Mythic persons and legendary ancestors Physical causes 227 191–92 Picture theory of meaning 270 Plato, Durkheim’s critique of 92, 97–98 Na¨ıve statistical conceptualism 335, 336 Police 333–34 Narrative and myth 14, 35, 37, 40–41, studies of 333 44–46, 130, 276–78 ideas generalized to social theory peoper Represents underlying reality 90, 94, 101 334 Sociology 317 Positive cult 202–11 Truth of 38, 130, 132 Positivism 4, 8, 17–18, 220, 259, 268, 317, And texts 326 325 As a specialized form of social practice Postmodernism 4, 10–11, 327, 334 327 Poststructuralism 12, 323, 327, 333, 336 Outgroup narratives 331 Practice 266–83, 318–19, 325, 335 Natural causes 227 Theory of 1–3, 14, 21, 336 Natural objects 325 Versus beliefs 3, 41, 112, 115–17, 167, Natural versus social forces 14–15, 93, 265, 266–71, 283 109, 164, 165–67, 175 Orders of 4 Naturism 129–33, 235 Study of 27 Versus Animism 109, 110, 124–25 Collective performance of 122, 255 Necessity, as cause 250–52 Detail 223

352 Epistemology and Practice

Relevance of detail 332 Radcliff-Brown 321 Constitutive, moral relevance of 319 Radical Durkheim 323 As moral and epistemological Rational categories of thought 181 foundation for public life 320 Rational individualism 11–12, 19 Practices 95–105, 116–17, 269–71 Rationalism Usually transposed into concepts by Cartesian 73 theorists 324, 327 Kantian 60–62, 73 Reduction to belief a fallacy 327 Rationalist, Durkheim interpreted as 239, Beliefs about 330 245 Details 320 Real, Turned toward action 286 Forces 315 Future of different from future of belief practices as 266–83 286 Realism versus idealism, false distinction Function of 40–41, 125, 185 between 275, 322, 325 Concrete 210, 318, 325 Real creates ideal 275–76 Laboratory 299 Reason 19–20, 170, 278, 283, 304, 326, As the essence of religion 112–13 334 And social solidarity 2–3 Result of social practices 6–7, 28, 68–69, Civil 3 75, 118, 132–33, 164, 190, 249 Enacted shared 4, 5, 20, 23, 75, 185, Categories necessary for 254 264, 316, 320 Religion and 11–15, 33–57 Situated 22 Recognizability 22, 282, 283, 317, 324 Ritual Religious rites 21, 39, 168, 204 Recognizable by design 330–34 Prospective 4 Recognizable turn structure 331 Routinized rites 173 Referential Mimetic rites 215–17 Contexts 328 Create moral force 274 Meaning 304 Generate universal ideas 304–05 relationship 145, 218, 222, 227, 265 Pragmatism 6, 7, 9, 10–11, 12, 16, 19, 68, Regularity of expectation 253 182, 184, 230, 271, 282–83, 309, 318 Religious narratives 276–78 Consensus theory of truth 11, 16, 17, Conversion narratives 329 326 Religion 33–36, 46, 113, 262–300 William James 6, 9, 16, 272, 305 Cooperation with science 288 Religious individualism 282–83 Is action science is conceptual 287–88 Pragmatism and Sociology 6, 24 Definition of 112, 113–16, 121, 123 Pre-invitation (Alene Terasaki) 332 Broad definition of 336 Pre-rational 233 Belief versus practice 112, 115–17, 186, Presentation of self 333 194–211, 283–86 Primitive Classification 6, 50, 52–54, 108, Origin of 44–46 150–51 As origin of causality 258 Primitive religion, defense of 34, 41–42 and Reason 11–15, 21, 187 Primitive thinking 200 cultural pluralism 12–13, 21 Process 194, 232 as individual belief 41, 49–50 Profane (and sacred) 144 and belief 44–46, 319 Professional associations 338 as beliefs about dualism 85, 86–90 Prohibitions express the sacred 197, 199 as distinction between sacred and Protestant asceticism 198 profane 95–101 Protestant Ethic 198, 234, 266 versus magic 121–23 Protestant reformation 284 truth of 38 Pure reason 242 and logic 289 real function of 319 Quakers 270 as practice 319 Qualitative (versus quantitative) 27, 136, Religion and logic 202 317, 318 Religion and science the same 270, 283–88 Quantitative methods 268, 317, 326 Religious cosmology 286–87

Index 353

Religious faith, belief 255 Totemic emblem as 163, 166, 174 Religious forces 200–01 Totem as origin of 141–49, 184 Religious individualism, pragmatism and Cause and purpose 134–35 282–83 As dualism 75, 77, 95–101, 118 Religious practice or rites 21 As first classification 108, 110–11, All have same purpose 258 277 Are efficacious 199, 212, 221–22, As social versus individual 93 223–29, 234 Origin of 118–21, 232 Mimetic rites the most basic 215–16, Outline of Durkheim’s argument for 217 110–11 Imitative, purpose of 220 Time 163, 172–74, 178, 179 Primacy of rites over beliefs 206, 219–20 Origin in emotion not sensation 170 Rites, routinized 168, 173 Sacred beings only exist through Create emotion 212 representation 206 Cause causality 194–211 Negative rites protect the sacred 196 Cause ideas 194 Separated by negative rites 197 Reproduce totemic species 221 Approaching the sacred 197–98 Details 136, 223 Contagion 199–201 Function of 3, 133 Separated by moral force 249 Ritual 115–16, 184, 204 Sacrificial communion 204, 205–06 Collective performance of 122 Schmauss, Warren 230 Versus belief 167 Schopenhauer 11–12 Ritual phases of 203–04 Schuab, Charles 321 Religious prohibitions as Categorical Science Imperatives 196–97 Of man 303 Representation 100, 102–03, 139–40, 142, cooperation with religion 288 143, 166, 167, 170, 175, 178, 199, and religion the same 270 206, 207, 208, 241, 254, 273, 274, as faith 299 295 is conceptual religion is action 287–88 Resemblance and contiguity 214, 215, laboratory 329, 332 223, 242 Scientific Respect 170–71, 175, 255 terminology 292 Respect precedes belief 194 objectivity 298 Retrospective accounts 141, 147–49, 188, symbols 299 191 argument 262–300 Rites, versus social things 328–30 give signs their meaning 266 Theories 270 are primary 273 Secondary source tradition 7, 17–18, 26, Ritual Interaction Chains (Collins) 337 29, 262, 321 Rituals, Secular orders 337 continued performance of 254 Secular faith 285 interactions, modern and secular 336 Self, social construction of 319 Rousseau 6–7, 13, 51, 74, 79, 239, Sensation, sense impressions 85, 86, 93, 249–50, 258, 272, 281, 308–10 118, 167, 169, 170, 175, 180, 183, Routinization 173 184–85, 187, 190, 200, 201–02, 207, Rules, following versus accountable to 4–5 241–45, 247, 303 Rules of the Sociological Method, Durkheim Versus concepts 290–92 5–6, 8, 10, 219, 258, 338 Sensible idea 207 Sentiments 14, 65–66, 170 Sacks, Harvey 320 Sequential form of practice 332 Sacred (and profane) 10, 25, 29–31, Sequence of talk 332 72–101, 107, 117–18, 144, 145, 176, Sexual Totemism 152–61 277 Significant symbol 39–40, 146, 168, Created by Positive cult 202 188 Totem as 142, 160 Single case method 136, 267–69

354 Epistemology and Practice

Single intellect 293 Supernatural 113–15, 165 Situated construction 330 Symbol, collective 180, 224, 273–75 Situated practice 22 totem as 39, 141, 142, 156 Smith Robertson 205 pain as 198 Social causes 227 generating moral force 221 Social constructions 177, 180 referential 222 Social constructivism 6, 10–11 of feeling 222 Social contract 21–22 significant 39–40, 146, 168 Social facts 5–6, 37–38, 44–46, 206, 211, Symbolic Interactionism 12, 334 219, 223, 258, 317, 320 Symbolic meaning 40, 317 Dualism as 75 As effect of moral forces 103–04 Social forces 248, 249–50 Symbol systems 329 are natural forces 67, 93, 175 social order 320 Taken for granted 327, 331 Socialism 9, 280 Talk, sequence of 332 Socialist beliefs unscientific 323 Taylor 127 Socialism and Saint-Simon Texts and narratives 326, 329 , Durkheim 280 Theory of knowledge 234–35 Social authority 249 Theory of Practice Bourdieu 325 Social theory 27, 319 Theory (social) with a capital “T” 336 Social Theory of Practice Turner 325 Thing (s) 139–40, 142, 166, 170, 183–84, Social unity 254 207, 325, 332 Society, Thought versus reality 8–9, 15, 16–18 Not nominal 304, 314 Time (and space) 50, 51–54, 163, 172–74, Concretely experienced 304 178, 179, 203–04, 208–11, 305 real not ideal 304 Total institutions 285 is not illogical 310–12 Totality 306 Sociology Totem as origin of the sacred 141–49, 174 Holding itself to a false model of Totem as symbol 39–40, 141, 156 abstraction 332 Totem creates unity of group 157–58, as a paradigm science 17–18 224–25 Epistemological crisis 316 Totemic forces 250 Sociology of knowledge 4, 7, 19, 23–24, Totemic rites, causality as essential belief 53–54, 87, 93, 95–100, 102–03, 105, in 253 118, 151, 235, 261, 264, 278–80 Totemism 23, 34–41, 109, 110, 121, Sociology, implications for 316–19, 338 135–36, 184, 221, 268 Soul 127, 128–29, 163, 188, 189–90, 211, Exists only as long as believed in 219, 250 224–25 Dualism of 188 Logic and 182 Symbolic expression of personality 190, Defense of 34, 41–42 255 Defense of primitive intelligence Sounds and movements 14, 37, 168, 173, 125–26, 127–28, 158–60 180, 209, 221–22, 227, 318, 326, In defining religion 113 330, 332, 336 Individual Totemism 23, 152–55, 161 Coherence of 324 Clan Totemism 141, 156, 157, 184 Reduced to concepts 327 Sexual totemism 23, 152–61 Space (and time) 50, 51–54, 307 As emblem 142–46, 154, 221 Spencer, Herbert 126 As symbol of moral unity 221 Statistical accounts 336 Emblem as sacred 174 Stigma 331, 337 And emotion 144–45 Structural Anthropology, French Collective 155–56, 158 321–23 Function of 164, 190 Structure of Social Action, Parsons 322 Symbols 166 Suicide, Durkheim 5, 285, 334 Versus magic 212 Sui generis 78–79, 92, 96–97 Not personal forces 247

Index 355

Totemism as first instance of moral force Use meanings 265, 317 171 Utilitarian 196, 209–10, 211 Traditional reason 226 Utility, collective 227, 308 Traditional versus Modern (mechanical Utility, individual 227 versus organic) 1–3, 5, 12, 35, 70, Utility of mimetic rites 223–26 171, 186, 198, 312–14, 319, 338 Translation issues 235, 236, 237, 238–39, Validity, empirical 167–68, 169, 175, 194, 240–41 243, 246, 247, 254, 306, 312–14, Treatise on Human Understanding 244 326, 337 Trust 2, 22, 337 Value rational 226 Truth 230, 260, 297, 326, 328 Vocabulary of motives 229 of religious myth 129 Vocation of sociology 303, 314–15, 325 of concepts 297–99 Voices, underrepresented 329, 334 correspondence type 303 overlapping consensus 326 Weber 12, 43, 112, 198, 216, 219, 224–25, Turn completion points 331 226–27, 269, 270 Turner, Steven 325 Western industrial capitalism dysfunctional “Two Concepts of Rules,” John Rawls 323 319 Western scientific thinking 200 Two Durkheim Hypothesis 4, 7, 320–24 Whitehead, Alfred North 325, 328 Tylor 217, 218, 228 Whyte, William Foote 327 Typification, conceptual 269, 331, 333–34 Will, individual 11–12, 190, 246, 250 Witnessable 325, 330, 332 Unity 122, 142–44, 150, 157–58, 181, achievement 317 213, 216, 220 enactment of social facts 320 Universal 239, 261, 305 Wittgenstein 20, 142, 178, 222, 263, 264, Meaning general 291 265, 270, 297, 319 Universality as a social requirement Women 329, 334 292 Word sounds 331 Universe of concepts 306 Working consensus 21–22 Universe of discourse 329 Wuntian group mind theory 103