CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHODOLOGY C hapter 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this section, the description of the study site will be discussed. Further it will also elaborates upon the sample, sampling procedure, methods of data collection, ethical procedures adopted, framework of analysis and interpretation. 2.1 Study Setting The study was conducted in Pune, which is one of the important cities in the western State of Maharashtra in India (Figure 2,1). Pune, known as the cultural capital of Maharashtra, exemplifies indigenous Marathi culture and ethos, which give due prominence to education, arts and crafts, and theatre. Pune has been an example of the blending of culture and heritage with modernization. Pune is known by various names such as Pensioner's Paradise, the Oxford of East, cultural capital of Maharashtra, Deccan Queen, etc. It is also the upcoming Information Technology (IT) capital of India. (Wikipedia, 2011) 2.2 Locale and Characteristics Pune district is located between 17 degrees 54’ and 10 degrees 24' North latitude and 73 degrees 19' and 75 degrees 10' East longitude. Pune is located 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea level on the western margin of the Deccan plateau. It is situated on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which form a barrier from the Arabian Sea (Wikipedia, 2011). The total geographical area of Pune district is 15642 sq. kms. Pune district is bound by Ahmadnagar district on North-East, Solapur district on the South-East, Satara district on South, Raigad district on the West and Thane district on the North-West. It is the second largest district in the state and covers 5.10% of the total geographical area of the state. The landscape of Pune district is distributed triangularly in western Maharashtra at the foothills of the Sahyadri Mountains and is divided into three parts: "Ghatmatha'\ "M avaF and "Desk" (Pune Collectorate, 2011). 23 Around 700 sq. ktns are under the urban areas. Pune is a tropical monsoon land and shows a seasonal variation in temperature as well as rainfall conditions. Owing to its geographical location the climate of Pune is pleasant throughout the year (Wikipedia, 2011;Nalawade, 2007). 2.2.1 Population Pune is the second largest district in Maharashtra State with a population percent of 8.4%. The total population of Pune district as per the provisional census figures of 2011 is 9,426,959 with 4,936,362 males and 4,490,597 females. Pune is also the second largest district of Maharashtra in terms of growth rate; the district was found to have population growth rate of 30.34% (Census 2011). The percentage share of total population across rural and urban areas is 39.11% (3,687,243) and 60.89% (5,739,716) respectively (Census, 2011). 2.2.2 Pune City Pune is the 8th largest city in India, the 2nd largest in the state ofMaharashtra after Mumbai, and the largest city in the Western Ghats (Figure 2.2). Pune It is a relatively hilly city, with its tallest hill, Vetal Hill, rising to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. Just outside the city, the Sinhagad fort is located at an altitude of 1300 m. Central Pune is located at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana and Indrayani rivers, tributaries of the Bhima River, traverse the northwestern outskirts of metropolitan Pune (Wikipedia, 2011). The city of Pune is divided into zones (Table 2.1) for administrative purpose by Pune Municipal Cooperation and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Cooperation. This is a broad framework from which home based sample is identified for the present study. From the same area, old age homes (institutions) were also identified. 24 FIGURE 2.1: MAP OF PUNE DISTRICT iPtSTmCTiXAi*I PUNE iCOCMO MBl>ne«»atol» <ft 30 wnrm.map ■ ol $giKMt*4 «« 11Au«uii ?eiii Source: Maps of India FIGURE 2.2: MAP OF PUNE CITY Source: www.coolguruji.com 25 TABLE 2.1: ADMINISTRATIVE ZONES OF PUNE CITY Sr. No ZONE NEIGHBOURHOOD Administered by Pune Municipal Cooperation (PMC) 1 Central Pune The seventeen Peths (markets) of Pune: Kasa Peth, Guruwar Peth, Somwar Peth, Mangalwar Peth, Shukrawar Peth, Raviwar Peth, Shaniwar Peth, Bhavani Peth, Ghorpade Peth, Budhwar Peth, Ganesh Peth, Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Rasta Peth, Nana Peth, Ganj Peth (Mahatma Phule Peth), Navi Peth 2 New Developments Deccan Gymkhana, Erandwane and Shivajinagar in the west; (Inner) Camp, Bund Garden and Koregaon Park in the east; Swargate, Parvati Hill, Sahakamagar, Mukund Nagar, Maharshi Nagar, Gultekdi and Salisbury Park to the south. 3 New developments Khadki, Aundh and Ganeshkhind in the northwest; Kothrud and (Outer) Paud Road in the west; Dattawadi, Sahakamagar and Dhankawadi in the southwest; Bibvewadi and Lullanagar in the southeast; Yerwada, Wadgaon Sheri (including Kalyani Nagar and Shastri Nagar) in the northeast; Vishrantwadi in the north; Ghorpadi, Fatimanagar, Wanowrie and Hadapsar South to the east. 4 Suburbs Baner and Pashan in the northwest; Bavdhan and Waije in the west; Wadgaon Budrukh, Dhayari and Ambegaon in the southwest; Katraj, Wanawadi, NIBM, Kondhwa, Undri and Mohammedwadi in the southeast; Hadapsar, Mundhwa and Manjri in the east; Kharadi in the northeast; Dhanori and Kalas to the north. Administered by the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) 5 Pimpri and its Chikhli, Kaiewadi, Kasarwadi, Phugewadi and Pimple Saudagar surroundings 6 Chinchwad and its Thergaon, Tathawade and Talawade surroundings: 7 Sangvi and its Dapodi, Wakad, Hinjewadi, Pimple Nilakh and Pimple Gurav surroundings: 8 Bhosari and its Moshi, Dighi, Dudulgaon and Charholi Budruk surroundings: 9 Nigdi, Akurdi and Ravet, Dehu Road and Somatane its surroundings: 26 The literacy rate of Pune is 80.45% (Census, 2011). Over the past one decade, the population of Pune urban area has increased from 4,200,837 in 2001 to 5,739,716 in 2011 (Census, 2011). So also the density of population has increased from 462 per sq. km in 2001 to 603 per sq. km in 2011. According to the Pune Municipal Corporation, 38.9% of the population in Pune city lived in slums in 2001 (Anjali R, 2006). A sharp increase in censorial decade can be attributed to the growth in the software and education sectors which has led to an influx of skilled labour from across India. The migrating population rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005 (M CPB, 2001; Indian Express, 2006). The population of 60 yrs. and above has reached 5,89,280 according to 2011 census. 2.3 Sample and Sampling Strategy Government of India has set 60 years as the age for a person to be called as senior citizen (The Gazette of India, 2007). The present study has selected respondents based on this inclusion criterion. The data for the present study was collected from: a. Home based elderly: These respondents were either staying alone by themselves or living only with their spouses or with their married / unmarried children. b. Institution based elderly: Institution based respondents are the ones who are staying at the old age homes for senior citizen. The sample of home based elderiy persons was drawn from three city areas - old city (Peth), newly developed, and suburb which were recently developed because of the emergence of information technology parks. Table 2.2 highlights the area of data collection for the present study. 27 TABLE 2.2: DISTRIBUTION OF HOME BASED SAMPLE 2A>ne Area N Central Pune (Old city) Sadashiv Peth, Narayan Peth, Navi Peth 19 Parvati hill, Dattawadi, Kothrud, Erandwane, Newly developed Gokhale Nagar, Ganeshkhind, Bhoslenagar, 42 Model colony, Aundh Suburb (under PCMC) Sangvi, Pimple Gurav, Pimpale Saudagar 20 Total 81 The Peth’s or Pune’s old city areas are the main centre for cultural and social activities. While the old city areas shows traditional socio-cultural configuration, the newly developed where migrants of different socio-cultural background are located show more elements of modernity. The third, i.e. the peripheral areas which have recently been developed have emerged as the centre of technocracy and house number of IT parks, BPOs and educational institutions. Therefore, these three areas were identified from where sample was drawn to ensure that the diverse social settings are represented in the study. Data were also collected from various institutions located in and around Pune city which comes under Pune Municipal Corporation limits. Institutes selected for the study were: TABLE 2.3: DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE AMONG THE OLD AGE HOMES UNDER STUDY Zone Institution N Sandhya home for the aged at Nana Peth 5 Central Pune (Old city) St John’s home at Guruwar Peth 15 Newly developed Shatayu Bhavan at Vidya Nagar 11 Jeevhela & Mahervat at Wadgaon Dhairi 13 Suburb (under PM C) Athashri at Pashan 6 Total 5 50 28 All the homes under study, except Athashri, are private and paid homes as residents live there on pay and stay basis. On the other hand, Athashri is a residential complex only for senior citizens. Purposive sampling technique was used for sampling the respondents from the two populations i.e. home based and institution based. Using this criterion, a total of 131 elderly people were sampled for the study of which 81 were home based and 50 were institution based elderly. Further, out of 131 samples, a total of 38 respondents were interview in-depth using interview guide. Among these, 19 respondents were interviewed from each of the two populations under study. Procedures of sampling are described below. 2.3.1 Sampling Procedure 2.3.1.1 Home Based Elderly Procedures adopted for sampling the elderly from home based are given below: 1. Areas which fall under the old city or Peth, newly developed, and suburb were identified.