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Vallo Di Adriano VALLO DI ADRIANO Il Vallo di Adriano Il V.d.A., certamente il più imponente tra i resti romani della Gran Bretagna, fu costruito per volere dello stesso imperatore Adriano, dopo una missione di quest’ultimo nella provincia conclusasi nel 122 d.C., con lo scopo dichiarato di tracciare una divisione tra i Romani e le popolazioni barbare. Il V.d.A. è stato oggetto di approfondite indagini, ma sono molti gli aspetti ancora da chiarire. Una prima linea di frontiera, in realtà, esisteva già lungo la via di Stanegate, a 1 km circa dal tracciato del vallo. Questa demarcazione era sorta durante il regno di Traiano (98-117 d.C.) e comprendeva una serie di fortifi cazioni e torri di guardia, con una palizzata e un fossato sul versante occidentale. Il centro di questo primo sistema difensivo era costituito dal forte di Vindolanda (Chesterholm), eretto poco prima del 90 d.C. Il sito ha restituito un ragguardevole numero di documenti scritti, oltre 600 dei quali a inchiostro su tavolette lignee e pertinenti al periodo traianeo, che hanno fornito preziose informazioni su quest’area di confine, in particolare riguardo agli aspetti pratici della vita militare, come il sistema di approvvigionamento, la consistenza della guarnigione, la corrispondenza. In essi compare anche un riferimento a un centurione di stanza a Luguvalium (Carlisle), posto a comando della regione. Questi documenti consentono di delineare dunque quello che dovette essere un primo approccio da parte dei Romani alla questione, relativamente nuova per l’area, dell’organizzazione di una linea di frontiera. Il vallo rappresentò, al confronto, un’impresa assai più sofisticata del problema in sé. Costruito in massima parte sotto A. Pletorio Nepote, governatore della Britannia tra il 122 e il 125 d.C., esso doveva aderire a uno schema progettuale accuratamente predisposto, che prevedeva di erigere una vera e propria barriera tra gli estuari del Tyne e del Forth, lunga oltre 80 miglia romane (118 km ca.). A ogni miglio doveva ergersi un fortino (i cd. milecastles), con due torrette alternate tra ogni fortino. La muratura doveva essere spessa 10 piedi romani (3 m ca.) e realizzata, almeno nel settore orientale, di pietra. L’altezza massima del vallo, misurata agli spalti merlati, si aggirava tra i 7 e i 5 m (gli attuali resti non superano i 3 m di altezza). Nel corso dell’opera il progetto subì tuttavia considerevoli modifiche. La muratura venne ridotta di spessore dopo che le fondazioni erano state gettate per un lungo tratto e nel settore occidentale venne inizialmente impiegato il tufo, solo successivamente sostituito dalla pietra. Non tutti i milecastles sono nella posizione prevista dal progetto; una torretta aggiuntiva all’altezza di Peel Gap, nel settore centrale della frontiera, dimostra una certa flessibilità dell’iter costruttivo. Significativa al riguardo la decisione, presa nel corso dei lavori, di spostare le fortificazioni della linea di Stanegate a ridosso del vallo; in questo modo la sola Vindolanda, dove venne eretto un nuovo forte, veniva a essere compresa al di là del vallo. Recenti scavi (1992) sul sito hanno evidenziato le strutture di una complessa centrale di comando, posta al centro del sistema difensivo. Il vallo costituiva comunque una barriera formidabile la cui efficacia era accresciuta da un profondo fossato per quasi tutta la lunghezza del versante esterno e, su quello interno che delimitava la zona strettamente militare, da trincee con bastioni le quali costituiscono ciò che ora è definito il vallum vero e proprio. Diversi avamposti sorgevano sul fronte settentrionale, mentre oltre il limite occidentale, sulla costa della Cumbria (Cumberland), un sistema di fortifi cazioni miliari, torrette e fortini collegati da doppie palizzate, si estendeva per 27 miglia romane (40 km ca.). Le iscrizioni a noi pervenute testimoniano che il vallo e le sue strutture vennero edificate dalle tre legioni di stanza in Britannia: la II Augusta, la VI Victrix e la XX Valeria Victrix, coadiuvate dagli uomini della flotta, la classis Britannica, da truppe ausiliarie e, probabilmente, giovandosi del lavoro coatto della popolazione locale sottomessa. Il vallo era presieduto da unità ausiliarie, diverse per grandezza e composizione; quando la guarnigione era al completo si calcola che non meno di 16.000 uomini fossero dislocati lungo la frontiera. Gli scavi hanno consentito di definire con discreta completezza le piante dei forti. Quello di Segedunum (Wallsend), all’estremità orientale del vallo, comprendeva, ad esempio, 9 o 10 caserme e diverse officine e stalle; nel recinto centrale si trovavano la residenza del comandante, due granai e un ospedale. La guarnigione di stanza nel II sec. d.C. era la II coorte dei Nervii, mentre tra il III e il IV secolo vi stanziava la coorte dei Lingones. Entrambe contavano 500 uomini; tra i Lingones vi erano anche truppe equestri. Le terme si trovavano probabilmente distaccate dalla cinta difensiva del forte, come nel caso di quelle, rivolte verso il Tyne e splendidamente conservate, di Cilurnum (Chesters), il sesto forte dal termine orientale del vallo. La reale funzione svolta dal vallo, e in particolare la sua natura militare, è tuttora oggetto di estese e controverse discussioni. Peraltro il vallo non deve essere inteso solo come una postazione di combattimento in senso stretto. È evidente che esso, oltre naturalmente ad alloggiare l’esercito in caso di disordini di confine, ebbe anche il compito di regolare i traffici attraverso la frontiera. Giova ricordare che, a soli 20 anni dalla sua costruzione, il V.d.A. venne sostituito nella sua operatività militare da quello di Antonino nella Scozia meridionale e, mentre quest’ultimo veniva progettato, esso venne progressivamente sguarnito. Un breve periodo di riutilizzazione si ebbe forse tra il 155 e il 158 d.C. Estese ricostruzioni vennero intraprese nel III sec. d.C., sotto il governatorato di Alfeno Senecio (205-207) e con Settimio Severo, quando l’imperatore era impegnato in diverse campagne in Scozia, si intervenne addirittura sulle fondamenta. La teoria per cui il vallo sarebbe stato danneggiato da incursioni delle popolazioni locali al volgere del III sec. d.C. sembra essere contraddetta dai moderni dati archeologici. Durante questo periodo la Britannia godette infatti di una relativa tranquillità sul piano strettamente militare e molte delle fortificazioni del vallo caddero in disuso. La funzione bellica del vallo fu brevemente riesumata da Costanzo Cloro, morto a York nel 306 d.C., per le sue campagne nell’area. Le fortificazioni erette nel IV secolo ebbero però caratteristiche marcatamente diverse da quelle precedenti; gli insediamenti civili maggiori (i vici), sorti in loro prossimità, vennero abbandonati. Alcune modeste abitazioni rustiche presenti in alcuni forti, testimoniano invece della presenza di piccoli nuclei familiari. La consistenza della guarnigione diminuì, secondo un processo di smobilitazione che durò per tutto l’arco del IV secolo. Non è certo se il vallo venisse veramente scavalcato dalle forze della cosiddetta “cospirazione barbara” del 367/8; sicuramente però, dopo questo evento, l’abbandono fu completo. Le costruzioni lignee di età più tarda che si addossano ai granai del forte di Camboglanna (Birdoswald) indicano, infine, che la struttura fu probabilmente usata da comunità locali ormai distaccatesi dall’amministrazione romana. A Newcastle (Pons Aelius), Chesters, Carlisle e South Shields si trovano i principali musei dedicati all’esposizione dei reperti relativi al V.d.A. Bibliografia C.M. Daniels, s.v. Hadrian’s Wall, in PECS, pp. 370-72 (con bibl. prec.). 13 J. Collingwood Bruce, Handbook to the Roman Wall, Newcastle 1978 . 3 D.J. Breeze - B. Dobson, Hadrian’s Wall, Harmondsworth 1987 . C.M. Daniels (ed.), The Eleventh Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, Newcastle 1989. 2 V.A. Maxfield - M.J. Dobson, Roman frontier studies, Exeter 1991 . Y. Le Bohec, L’esercito romano, Roma 1992, pp. 222-23. B. Dobson, The Function of Hadrian’s Wall, in Roman Offi cers and Frontier, Stuttgart 1993, pp. 431- 60. D. Shotter, The Roman Frontier in Britain. Hadrian’s Wall, the Antonine Wall and Roman Policy in the North, Preston 1996. L. Allason-Jones - D.B. Dungworth, Metalworking on Hadrian’s Wall, in Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Oxford 1997, pp. 317-21. G. Colonna, Un Ercole sabellico dal Vallo di Adriano, in ArchCl, 49 (1997), pp. 65-100. G.D.B. Jones - D.J. Woolliscroft, Hadrian’s Wall from the Air, Stroud 2001. Il Vallo dal punto di vista archeologico (già presente in forma di link sul testo “presentazione britannia”) Recenti indagini sulla principale frontiera settentrionale della Britannia hanno consentito di valutare ancora meglio la sua complessità dal punto di vista sia progettuale sia storico. Si sono poste in discussione idee ormai accettate da lungo tempo, in modo particolare la nozione di una serie uniforme di «periodi» del V. di A. (IA: c.a 122-140 d.C.; IB: c.a 155- 180/197; II: c.a 200-296; III: c.a 369-383), separati (tranne IA/IB) da episodi di distruzione a opera delle tribù settentrionali. Sembra invece verisimile che pochi tra i «depositi di distruzione» possano essere attribuiti senza dubbio all'azione dei nemici, e che le suddivisioni cronologiche non siano presenti uniformemente in tutti i principali tratti scavati. È invece accettata la data dell'abbandono del Vallo Antonino, attorno al 163 d.C., cosicché non è più necessario supporre che entrambe le frontiere siano state occupate simultaneamente nel periodo IB del V. di Adriano. Ne consegue che il passo di Dione Cassio (lxxiii, 8) relativo all'attraversamento di un «vallo» da parte delle tribù del Nord nel 180 deve riferirsi al V. di A., anche se segni dell'attacco sono stati forse localizzati in scavi nei pressi di Dere Street, in particolare nei forti di Rudchester, Haltonchesters e Corbridge.
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