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The forts on Hadrian s wall: a comparative analysis of the form and construction of some buildings
Taylor, David J.A.
How to cite: Taylor, David J.A. (1999) The forts on Hadrian s wall: a comparative analysis of the form and construction of some buildings, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4555/
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2 The forts on Hadrian's Wall: a comparative analysis of the
form and construction of some buildings
in three volumes
David J. A. Taylor
Volume 3
The copyright of this thesis rests witli the autlior. No quotation from it should be published witliout the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged.
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of
Archaeology, University of Durham, 1999 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
Figures and Plates Volume 3
List of Figures and Plates
Figures 1
Fig. 1 Location plan of Hadrian's Wall 2
2 Plan ofthe Roman Fort at: Wallsend 3
4 Benwell 5
5 Rudchester 6
6 Halton Chesters 7
7 Halton Chesters -
Magnetometry Interpretation 8
8 Chesters 9
9 Carrawburgh 10
10 Housesteads 11
11 Great Chesters 12
12 Carvoran 13
13 Birdoswald 14
14 Birdoswald -
Magnetometry Interpretation 15
15 Castlesteads 16
16 Stanwix 17
17 Burgh-by-Sands 18
m 18 Drumburgh 19
19 Bowness-on-Solway 20
20 Beckfoot 21
21 Maryport 22
22 Moresby 23
23 Birrens 24
24 Netherby 25
25 Bewcastle 26
26 South Shields 27
27 Chesterholm 28
28 Old Church, Brampton 29
29 Plan of the phncipia, Chesters 30
30 Plan of the principia, Housesteads 31
31 Diagramatic floor plan showing position of tabulated
dimensions, principia and gates 32
32 Diagramatic floor plan showing position of tabulated
dimensions, granaries and barracks 33
33 Section through a log showing a halved timber 34
34 Section through slated roof covering showing lap 35
35 Reconstruction of/?n>7c//?ja, Chesters 36
36 Roof forms: couple, close couple, and rafter roofs 37
37 Purlin roof and truss 38
38 Reconstruction of northern ambulatory and entrance into
courtyard, Wallsend 39
IV 39 Reconstruction of the basilica, Birdoswald 40
40 Reconstruction of the basilica, Birdoswald: section and
part elevation of arcade 41
41 Reconstruction of granary (A5, mid-Antonine), South Shields 42
42 Section through a Severan granary at South Shields, showing
introduction of a first floor with access above the loadmg bay 43
43 Part plan and elevation of reconstructed barrack block 44
44 Part elevation and section of reconstructed barrack block 45
45 Section through typical barrack block showing alternative
roof forms 46
46 Arrangement of double cantilevered scaffolding 47
47 Plan of Hadrianic principia, Chesterholm 48
48 Pier to east of aedes showing chamfered plinth course and
upper chamfered course, principia, Chesters 49
49 Reconstruction of opening to aedes, principia, Chesters 50
50 Reconstruction of floor to granary, Housesteads 51
51 Reconstruction of a gate, Wallsend 52
52 Front elevation and section through granary, Halton Chesters 53
53 Reconstruction of a gate with two storey towers, Birdoswald 54
54 Reconstruction of a gate with three storey towers and a storey
over the portals, Wallsend 55
55 Diagram showing layout of joists at first floor level to east gate,
Birdoswald 56
56 Section through a typical barrack block, Wallsend 57 57 Sandstone capital and two column bases of differing style,
principia, Wallsend 58
58 Capital to the arcade to the granary, Housesteads 59
59 A Cornice mould, principia, Housesteads 60
B Cornice mould, principia, Housesteads 60
60 A Moulded sill to probable tribunal, principia.
South Shields 61
B Moulded sill to front of tribunal, principia, stone fort 2,
Chesterholm 61
61 Section through thresholds to Hadrianic principia,
Housesteads and Chesterholm 62
Plates
Plate 1 Foundations to west gate, Halton Chesters 63
2 Typical external angle to masonry walling 64
3 Respond block to north portal to east gate Chesters, showing
chisel drafted margin and pitched face 64
4 Lower voussoir to east gate, Birdoswald 65
5 Projecting door threshold, rebated to take door linings,
praetorium, Chesters 66
6 Example of modem slating to a steeply pitched roof, France 67
7 Modem slates used in 6, indistinguishable from Roman slates 67
8 Recess by doorway to contubernium, southern barrack block
at Chesters 68
9 Buttress to west elevation to granary, Housesteads 66
VI 10 Junction of south-east internal tower with curtain wall,
Chesters 69
11 Junction of lesser east gate with curtain wall, Chesters 70
12 Typical construction of retaining walls, Housesteads 71
13 Stonework showing projecting pier at entrance to cross-hall,
principia, Housesteads 72
14 Opening to aedes showing chamfered plinth course with
upper chamfered course, Chesters 72
15 Square base in perimeter wall to Hadrianic principia,
Chesterholm 73
16 Finely dressed pitched stonework forming internal angles to
courtyard at the principia, Housesteads 73
17 Threshold in east wall to cross-hall of the principia, Wallsend 74
18 Threshold to north door to cross-hall of the principia,
Housesteads 74
19 Late nineteenth century photograph showing the aisle and
cross-hall to the principia, Chesters 75
20 Moulded threshold to aedes, principia, Housesteads 76
21 Moulded threshold to a^
22 Rear of face of eastern reveal to room to east of aedes,
principia, Chesterholm 78
23 Opening to room to east of aedes with sill panel, principia,
Chesterholm 78
24 Threshold to opening to aedes with threshold in fi^onto f
strongroom beyond, principia, Chesterholm 79
Vll 25 Slab reveals to doorway to third century bath house, Chesters 80
26 South east comer of granary, Housesteads 79
27 Threshold to west door of northem granary, Housesteads 81
28 Threshold to east door of southem granary, Bh-doswald 82
29 Typical sleeper wall arrangement to the Severan granaries.
South Shields 82
30 Northem granary, Housesteads 83
31 Mid-Antonine (A5) double granary. South Shields 83
32 Southem wall to later northem granary at Housesteads, showing
pilae built into the base of the wall 84
33 Foundations to guardchamber to east gate, Halton Chesters 84
34 New pivot stone block cut into primary foundation course,
north gate, Chesters 85
35 Setting out point on foundation course, west gate, Chesters 85
36 Foundation course to spina, east gate, Housesteads 86
37 Setting out lines to south portal, west gate, Housesteads 86
38 Threshold and pivot to south portal, west gate, Birdoswald 87
39 Plinth course to south guardchamber to east gate,
Housesteads 87
40 Masonry to south guardchamber, west gate. Great Chesters 88
41 West guardchamber to north gate, Housesteads 88
42 Chamfered plinth to portal to west gate, Halton Chesters 89
43 North respond to north portal, west gate, Housesteads 90
44 Masonry below spina to north gate, Housesteads 89
vin 45 Southern spina to north gate, Housesteads 91
46 Internal angle to reveal to spina, west gate, Housesteads 92
47 Bonding of masonry to north inner portal, east gate, Chesters 93
48 Bonding of masonry to south inner portal, east gate, Chesters 94
49 West elevation to south portal, east gate, Chesters 93
50 Offset courses to west outer portal, north gate, Housesteads 95
51 Impost and lower voussoir outer north portal, east gate,
Birdoswald 96
52 Iron pivot sleeve and trackway, west gate, Chesters 96
53 Top double pivot stone to south gate, Chesters 97
54 Top single pivot stone to lesser east gate, Chesters 97
55 Medieval door at the Alcazar, Sevilla 98
56 Bottom iron pivot and socket to door at the Alcazar, Sevilla 98
57 Internal cross walls butt jointing with external wall, south
barrack, Chesters 99
58 Entrance to a northern barrack block, Chesters 99
59 Carved stone showing double portal gate, Maryport 100
60 Capital, unprovenanced, Chesters 100
61 Column bases to cross-hall arcade, Housesteads 101
62 Column base h, cross-hall of the principia, Housesteads 102
63 Column base a, to the ambulatory to the principia courtyard,
Housesteads 102
64 Column base to east ofprincipia, Housesteads 103
65 Base to the arcade to the granary, Housesteads 104
IX 66 Column base to northem extant barrack in praetentura,
Chesters 104
67 String course block HO 140, type HI, Housesteads 105
68 Impost to west respond to the south portal of the east gate,
Chesters 106
69 Probable impost to east respond to the south portal of the
east gate, Chesters 106
70 Probable impost to the east respond to the north portal of the
west gate, Chesters 107
71 Fragment of threshold in the cross-hall, principia, Chesters 107 Figures and Plates u ^
— 2i 2^. .2 S: o ^ — -a o \j ^V 0n0r O 5 - 5 S o . ^ O U 2 i .ii 5 r >^ CM _c
E _^c PS ^ t; z - o - r o ^_ ca o ^ ^ fN »r\ <^ P jj _< 'J ? _5 2: •= 5c ^ o 5 .2 — ^ _C u =2 O K ^ ^ V OC '~J ^ « C^ SC — rsl vj n_ n_ 1^ 00 op a 00 'a tic z ^ So « 2 o _r = c: 1 2 > a ^- - S o ^ il ^ to CI S k C - 2= ^ ^ ^ Fig. 1 Location Plan of Hadrian's Wall • M M i M M N . j ! i 1 i i ! i i - 1 ili.ijJ.J..!..ijL..±i 15 Li •1- 1 -I Li Fig. 2 Plan of the Roman fort at Wallsend PONS AELIUS. (1985) VIA PRAETORIA FORT WALL 28.^2 m WEST., GRANARY ^ EAST GRANARY VIA PRINCIPALIS I CO S _ SUPPOSED LINE '---'HOUSE OF FORT WALL \ H.G BUILDING HIGH -c..^- LEVEL \ ^\;^^ BRIDGE •-, ".7 I 23.10 m • me:^ ROADS Newcastle upon Tyne: plan of fon. Scale 1:785. {Drawn by J. Nolan) Fig. 3 Plan of the Roman fort at Newcastle-upon-Tyne I f HtSVMtOj SOjVTH EOCl Of V I A [ P R|l N C 1 ^ A L I J -:,7!^ of i*"-^ I 1^ S S M A L L WORKSHOP GRANARIES HEAOaVARTE R. S C O M M A N\D ANTS—FTOV^E '• !! L' 5 : ^ 11 BENWELL-CONDERCVM, 1926-29,1937: THE RETENTVRA Fig. 4 Plan of the Roman fort at Benwell ii A PLAN OF ROMAN R.UDCHESTEP.. (v I N D OJ A L HACK LINES INDICATl PORTIONS tXCXVATEO IQlt. THE POtriONS INDICATED JY DOTTED LINES AlE CONJ'cr-JIUL rosSISLY THEH.E A«.t INTt.VWEDIATt TUR-iLETS 3ETWEEN THE ANGLE TUH.R.ETS AND THE GATES. ...... ?:n CHE WALL. Til i I ij L jguaUAILTES.A ILT £ S tcziil O ny \.t.H. ; I ; fi »f« . ^ 3. ». i. SCALL Of n\T Fig. 5 Plan of the Roman fort at Rudchester HALTONCHESTERS 1956-1961 •i SECOND CENTURY • THIRD CENTURY H LATE FOURTH CENTURY rO NEWCASTLE 200 FEET METRES Fig. 6 Plan of the Roman Fort at Halton Chesters 11 _ i16 -13 1S 12 19 17 ^'1 20 I I I I' I ti I I 22 21 .1 14 15 Mil,' 1 1 23 1 )^ • Q D Ci 30 50 metres 23 \ \ \ ^ \ 31 Fig. 7 Plan of the Roman Fort at Halton Chesters - Magnetometry Interpretation Ground plan of fort Miniifmt'iiiiil] ••••••••••f LLUlLULLt^! =0 B ARRACmm.K S AQUE.Dll'cj' STABLES STABLES '-V_i TURRET 27 = WORKSHOP GRANARIES 1 P"" I.UDC HEADQU\RTERS LJBUILDINC COMMANDANT'S £ HOUSE&BATH-HOUSE - BARRACKS HOSPITAL lilillliil.lililll lliniiiliiiliiiiil rilliiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiuN. ^ I 50 O 50 100 150 200 2.50 300 "bSO SCALE OF FEET SCALE OF METRES Visible walls are shown in solid black. The names in brackets arc those of sister-forts supplying evidence for the outline plans of the buildings so marked. Fig. 8 Plan of the Roman fort at Chesters BARRACK BC'OCKS y I iJ GRANARIES CARRAWBURGH 1967 - 69 Fig. 9 Plan of the Roman Fort at Carrawburgh 10 n 36b-^Q *::::::::::::::::::: i . 1 in I ':|—Ml I I I • 11 17 [ 12 18 HL 010 100 200 500 ft Fig. 10 Plan of the Roman Fort at Housesteads 11 HADS.:AN!C INSCRIPTION OFA.a n 12.8 OR. AfTEiL I i J MILECASTLE +3 GREATCHESTERS FIELATION OF THE FORT AND GREAT WALL l??^ I 1^Plan of Greatchesters Fort, with earlier discoveries Fig. 11 Plan of the Roman Fort at Great Chesters 12 CARVORAN Magna Ml 46 Qart' or an Ditches , crop mark 4 FORT Maiden Way Fig. 12 Plan of the Roman Fort at Carvoran 13 i BAKIUCX BLOCK 1987-9 CXANAJUES 7 IJ SOUTH (lATT four orrcMis VAU.UM CXOStlNC ^ \\^ ^ Birdoswald Fort, all known archacoloeical remains. Fig. 13 Plan of the Roman Fort at Birdoswald 14 L_Tr7 Fig. 14 Plan of the Roman Fort at Birdoswald. Magnetometry interpretation 15 Fig. 15 Plan of the Roman Fort at Castlesteads 16 11 '3"° KELLS 1932-4 1940 PLACE 1940 I I ST MICHAE CHURCH 940 VALLUM VALLUM Fig. 16 Plan of the Roman Fort at Stanwix 17 I riEKE rrmin uiinunmiiii.iOiuui' tao rr.' Fig. 17 Plan of the Roman Fort at Burgh-by-Sands 18 IDRUMBURGH. 1947 liiMiillMlllirtlillUminlllliimUH itmruMiiimiimi orrcH visisic DITCH VKimLI iiiiiiimiiiimmiH TW or THt OO^IIHf D TW WAUtr?^ g~1 to;-<-;3 15 «»'TOM* »o*or. Fig. 18 Plan of the Roman Fort at Drumburgh 19 Bowness-on-Solway 0 100 200 excavated areas threatened areas Fig. 19 Plan of the Roman Fort at Bowness-on-Solway 20 On DO Ft 0 400 Plan of Beckfoot Fort Fig. 20 Plan of the Roman Fort at Beckfoot 21 site of Romaii building (shrine?) RIB 836 pits coQIaining seventeen altjrs Roman strip building lemptes Pudding Pie Hill Parade ground' Fig. 21 Plan of the Roman Fort at Maryport 22 Paint ProviJmc4 DorJc Jfi ° PromJence Bay {ovQaU St«ii/je K'w^ >H:a)(^„„ b o c ". Parly! DiT. Bj i', •S " , ,. . BP Parlcn Bay artoi Sump Rock 1 ^-^^^'^ Fuhing Rock Thompson Rock Tanyard Bo Reproduced from tlie 6' Ordnance Survey map (Cumberland lxi, s.w.), with the sanction of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office, and printed by litus Wilson and Son, Limited, 28, Highgate, Kendal Fig. 22 Plan of the Roman Fort at Moresby 23 nTTTnTTTTTTTnTniTTTHTl ITIITTTTIITTni f IT r T I T I uiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiii nUTTmTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTITT tiniT TTT TT TTT n n ! T n T T I ^l^lilllUliniHllilillliUli liiiiniiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiii '-.•{tMUTTTTTnTTTTtTtTTnTTT TtTTTTunimmnnnn iiiiuinniiiiuiiiiiiii ,,1 T TT t T mi t 7T T T TUTTTTI T]i in n u u TI n ui I n T T T T T lllililU lllUUUUiiiilil V ^ , T T1 T T T T T T 7 T T rn T T TT ITTITT nrTTTTT I TT TTT7TT TTTTTITTT T I I UUillUliUilUlUUiiiii 1 1 •^s^" , vVLiiiHuiiuiimiiuiauaU im n u u 1 u i m I u u n 11 uuj;_/. -Plan of Fort at Birrens. Based on 1895 Plan, with line of rampart added from 1962-67 excavations. Fig. 23 Plan of the Roman Fort at Birrens 24 VVaxhirst Hill': - .-5' V Susp^sw .i U-i.*0^inii:i.::± ^ *' Netherby and its immediate surroundings. Fig. 24 Plan of the Roman Fort at Netherby 25 BEWCASTLE •^AfiiS^ • erioc IV fort walP C '"'Id praetoria 100 metres 400 feet Fig. 25 Plan of the Roman Fort at Bewcastle 26 1 ix-i-r-: p e LJ . 5Cm 0 20on South Shields, the Antoninc date fort. Fig. 26 Plan of the Roman Fort at South Shields 27 1 delencea \ Vindolanda. plan ot the stone forts. Fig. 27 Plan of the Roman Fort at Chesterholm 28 RO M AM^ FOFTToN the STANEGATE, OLD MARTIN5 ^^^ OLD CFIURCH, BRAMPTON ^^^^l I'!! !' " rj r iii'" II ,1 "TTTT Mli. Fig. 28 Plan of the Roman Fort at Old Church, Brampton 29 IIMIIll. I 0 1 11 • > * r 8 SCAUS OP FFTT OROUM. 0 PLAN 5 E c r I C M i THE." P R/ETOKI VM. ATCHESTERS t C I LV R N V M ] r.V<.HO0»tOH ./IMO I MOOOIOM I Fig. 29 Plan of the principia, Chesters 30 ^ECTION.H.B ] PJATFORM GROUND PI3N. ..NOTE.. DENOTES EAWuV WORX. . lATCW . TRACES OF FOUND? INFERRED WAlLi . ROCK COURT ^ECTION CD. "2 3 ^ S S 7 8 § /o TtrMBTKE ;9 .FEET . THE PRAETORIUM AT HOUSESTEADS. Fig. 30 Plan of the principia, Housesteads 31 V ^ > A principia -ji y-^ lJi ^—f-^—y A gate Fig. 31 Diagrammatic floor plans showing position of tabulated dimensions, principia ana gates 32 ++ ^ ^ + -K—i^ fJT—n—n—n—n—n—n n •If—* -k- WJ U U—u—ur—u—u—u—u—i /—^ if* ^ Jvf f A granary 4 —7'- f * sT J t A barrack Fig. 32 Diagrammatic floor plans showing position of tabulated dimensions, granaries and barracks Fig. 33 Section through a log showing a halved timber 34 Fig. 34 Section through a slated roof covering showing lap 35 n o 0 &5 o r n n Ml a Jl n n • o o o n p 31 A couple roof /> / / / //' / / A close couple roof A rafter roof Fig. 36 Roof forms: coupie, close couple and rafter roofs A purlin roof / ^ / V / / /A / / / / Roof truss Fig. 37 Purlin roof and truss 38 o c o "a Fig. 38 Reconstruction of northern ambulatory and entrance into courtyard, Wallsend 39 Fig. 39 Reconstruction of the basilica, Birdoswald 40 Cross section Part sectional elevation of arcade Fig. 40 Reconstruction of the basilica, Birdoswald: section and part elevation of arcade 41 0 O o > o o r+ o t3 O o 0 V r H rn2 N) i-rm-P4Ti1 Gable elevation Section Fig. 42 Section through a Severan granary at South shields, showing mtroduction of a first floor with access above the loading bay 43 Pan front elevation Part plan :\ 1 I Ilm Fig. 43 Part plan and elevation of reconstructed barrack block 44 Part rear elevation i Section Fig. 44 Part elevation and section of reconstructed barrack block 45 Double pitched roof over double barrack Two double pitches roofs over double barrack Fig. 45 Section through typical barrack block showing alternative roof forms 46 Fig. 46 .'\rrangement of double cantilevered scatfolding 47 ^' I, I II II • m •III riT~ta^^-~o^ ^ I m m • • • ?0 50 The principia of Stone Fort 1, scale 1:500 after (Birlcy E, Richmond and StanHeld \9?>(\ Fi^urc 3). Fig. 47 Plan of Hadrianic principia, Chesterholm 48 End elevation 7 N J: Front elevation Plan Scale 1:20 Fig. 48 Pier to east of aedes showing chamfered plinth course and upper chamfered course, principia, Chesters 49 4 t-t-t •4 Fig. 49 Reconstruction of opening to aedes, principia, Chesters 50 X i n C n Fig. 50 Reconstruction of floor to granary, Housesteads 51 ?3 W n o z ft o H o d n •^1 H 2 o o o t3 w O H o V3 Mi >—o— o s CD 65 »-»• o :3 >ir- |i.4-4-i *^ r 2; -D Gable elevation Section 5- Urn Fig. 52 Front elevation and section through granary, Halton Chesters 53 7i hUiifLLh Fig. 53 Reconstruction of a gate with two storey towers, Birdoswald 54 Fig. 54 Reconstmction of a gate with three storey towers and a storey over the portals, Wallsend 55 Fig. 55 Diagram showing layout of joists at first floor level to east gate at Birdoswald 56 Section through barracks assuming no verandah Fig. 56 Section through a typical barrack block, Wallsend 57 Elevation of capital Sections through bases Scale 1:5 Fig. 57 Sandstone capital and two column bases of differing style, principia, Wallsend 58 Scale 1:5 Fig. 58 Capital to the arcade to the granary, Housesteads 59 B Scale 1:5 Fig. 59 A Cornice mould, principia, Housesteads B Cornice mould, principia, Housesteads 60 B Scale 15 Fig. 60 A Moulded sill to probable tribunal, principia, South Shields B Moulded sill to front of tribunal, principia, stone fort 2, Chesterholm 61 Housesteads n Plan Chesterholm Plan 'b Z>00 Sections 1/4 full siz( Fig. 61 Section through thresholds to Hadrianic principia, Housesteads and Plans 1:50 Chesterholm 62 PI. 1 Foundations to west gate, Halton Chesters 63 PI. 2 Typical external angle to masonry walling PI. 3 Respond block to north portal to east gate Chesters showing chisel drafted margin and pitched face 64 PI. 4 Lower voussoir to east gate, Birdolswald 65 PI. 5 Projecting door threshold, rebated to take door linings, praetorium, Chesters PL 9 Buttress to west elevation to granary, Housesteads 66 PI. 6 Example of modern slating to a steeply pitched roof, France PI. 7 Modern slates used in pi. 6, indistinguishable from Roman slates 67 PI. 8 Recess by doorway to contubemium, southern barrack block at Chesters 68 I PI 10 Junction of south-east internal tower with curtain wall, Chesters 69 PI. 11 Junction of lesser gate with curtain wall, Chesters 70 PI. 12 Typical construction of retaining walls, Housesteads 71 PI. 13 Stonework showing projecting pier at entrance to cross-hall, principia, Housesteads PI. 14 opening to aedes showing chamfered plinth course with upper chamfered course, Chesters 72 Pi. 15 Square base in perimeter wall to Hadrianic principia, Chesterholm PI. 16 Finely dressed pitched stonework forming internal angles to courtyard at the principia, Housesteads 73 PI. 17 Threshold in east wall to cross-hall of the principia, Wallsend PI. 18 Threshold to north door to cross-hall of the principia, Housesteads 74 PI. 19 Late nineteenth century photograph showing the aisle and cross-hall to the principia, Chesters 75 PI. 20 Moulded threshold to aedes, principia, Housesteads 76 PI. 21 Moulded threshold to aedes, Hadrianic principia, Chesterhohn 77 PI. 22 Rear face of eastern reveal to room to east of aedes, principia, Chesterholm PI. 23 Opening to room to east of aedes with sill panel, principia, Chesterhohn 78 PI. 24 Threshold to opening to aedes, with threshold in front of strongroom beyond, principia, Chesterholm PI. 26 South east comer of granary, Housesteads 79 PI. 25 Slab reveals to doorway to third century bath house, Chesters 80 J. PI. 27 Threshold to west door of northern granary, Housesteads 81 PI. 28 Threshold to east door of southern granary, Birdoswald PI. 29 Typical sleeper wall arrangement to the Severan granaries, South Shields 82 PI. 30 Northern granary, Housesteads PI. 31 Mid-Antonine (A5) double granary. South Shields 83 PI. 32 Southern wall to later northern granary at Housesteads, showingpilae built into the base of the wall PI. 33 Foundations to guardchamber to east gate, Halton Chesters 84 PL 34 New pivot stone block cut into primary foundation course, north gate, Chesters PI. 35 Setting out point on foundation course, west gate, Chesters 85 PI. 36 Foundation course to spina, east gate, Houseateads PI. 37 Setting out lines to south portal, west gate, Housesteads 86 PI. 38 Threshold and pivot to south portal, west gate, Birdoswald PI. 39 Plinth course to south guardchamber to east gate, Housesteads 87 PI. 40 Masonry to south guardchamber, west gate, Great Chesters PI. 41 West guardchamber to north gate, Housesteads 88 PI. 42 Chamfered plinth to portal to west gate, Halton Chesters PI. 44 Masonry below spina to north gate, Housesteads 89 PI. 43 North respond to north portal, west gate, Housesteads 90 PI. 45 Southern spina to north gate, Housesteads 91 PI. 46 Internal angle to reveal to spina, west gate, Housesteads 92 PI. 47 Bonding of masonry to north inner portal, east gate, Chesters PI. 49 West elevation to south portal, east gate, Chesters 93 PI. 48 Bonding of masonry to south inner portal, east gate, Chesters 94 PI. 50 Ofifset courses to west outer portal, north gate, Housesteads 95 PI. 51 Impost and lower voussoir outer north portal, east gate, Birdoswald PI. 52 Iron pivot sleeve and trackway, west gate, Chesters 96 PI. 53 Top double pivot stone to south gate, Chesters PI. 54 Top single pivot stone to lesser east gate, Chesters 97 PI. 55 Medieval door at the Alcazar, Sevilla PI. 56 Bottom iron pivot and socket to door at the Alcazar, Sevilla 98 PI. 57 Internal cross walls butt jointing with external wall, south barrack, Chesters PI. 58 Entrance to a northern barrack block, Chesters 99 i PI. 59 Carved stone showing double portal gate, Maryport PI. 60 Capitals, unprovenanced, Chesters 100 PI. 61 Column bases to cross-hall arcade, Housesteads 101 PI. 62 Column base h, cross-hall of the principia, Housesteads PI. 63 Column base a, to the ambulatory to the principia courtyard, Housesteads 102 PI. 64 Column base to east ofprincipia, Housesteads 103 PL 65 Base to the arcade to the granary, Housesteads PI. 66 Column base to northern extant barrack in praetentura, Chesters 104 HO'T4G PI. 67 String course block HO 140, type III, Housesteads 105 I PI. 68 Impost to west respond to the south portal of the east gate, Chesters PI. 69 Probable impost to east respond to the south portal of the east gate, Chesters 106 PI. 70 Probable impost to the east respond to the north portal of the west gate, Chesters PI. 71 Fragment of threshold in the cross-hall, principia, Chesters 107