DOCSLIB.ORG

Hadrian's Wall 1999-2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 HADRIAN’S WALL HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 A summary of recent excavation and research prepared for the Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 2009 HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 The Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall (a tradition going back to 1849) takes place every ten years, giving all who are interested in the remains of Rome’s most elaborate frontier a chance to revisit the remains and hear about the latest archaeological developments. This specially prepared book, with contributions from all the major excavators on the Wall, describes research and discovery that has taken place since the last pilgrimage in 1999. This has been an extraordinary decade for Wall-research, featuring the discovery of the probable ancient name for the barrier, and the recognition Compiled by N. Hodgson of a previously unknown element of its anatomy (obstacles in front of the Wall), which is the rst such addition to our image of the Wall in modern times. This book explains where the new information is to be found, and will appeal to all who visit or study Hadrian’s remarkable frontier. CUMBERLAND & WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE Compiled by N. Hodgson Front cover: the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan, inscribed with the names of Wall- forts and the probable ancient name of the Wall (courtesy of Portable Antiquities Scheme) Back cover: emplacements for obstacles between the Wall and its ditch, under excavation at Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne 551114_TWM_COVER.indd1114_TWM_COVER.indd 1 117/07/20097/07/2009 009:319:31 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HADRIAN’S WALL 1999-2009 A Summary of Excavation and Research prepared for The Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 8-14 August 2009 compiled by N. Hodgson Kendal, 2009 Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society and the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Hadrian’s Wall 1999-2009: a summary of excavation and research prepared for the Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall, 8-14 August 2009 © N. Hodgson and the various contributors 2009. All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted British Library Cataloguing in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-873124-48-2 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright owner or as expressly permitted by law. Requests for the copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be made of the copyright owner through the publishers. Printed by Titus Wilson & Son, Kendal 2009 CONTENTS Organising Committee for the Thirteenth Pilgrimage of Hadrian’s Wall iv Foreword (by D.J. Breeze) v Preface and acknowledgements vii 1. Previous Pilgrimages (by N. Hodgson) 1 2. A review of research on Hadrian’s Wall 1999-2009 (by N. Hodgson) 5 3. A round-up of other developments since 1999 (by various contributors) 53 4. Survey and excavation on Hadrian’s Wall, 1999-2009 (by various contributors) 61 Bibliography 173 iii ORGANISING COMMITTEE FOR THE THIRTEENTH PILGRIMAGE OF HADRIAN’S WALL Chairman: PROF. D.J.BREEZE, O.B.E., B.A., Ph.D., Hon. D.Litt, F.R.S.E, F.S.A, F.S.A. (Scot.), Hon. M.I.f.A. L. ALLASON-JONES, B.A., M.Litt, F.S.A., F.M.A., F.R.S.A., M.I.f.A. P.S. AUSTEN, M.A., M.A, M.I.f.A. I.D. CARUANA, M.A., F.S.A. (Scot.) PROF. J.G. CROW, B.A., M.Litt, F.S.A. W.B. GRIFFITHS, B.A. R. HINGLEY, B.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. N. HODGSON, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. R. NEWMAN, B.A., F.S.A. P.R. WILSON, B.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. iv FOREWORD An event with a history stretching over 150 years has, naturally, created its own traditions. One is that the direction of the Pilgrimage alternates each time; this year we start in the west and progress towards the east. However, new traditions can be created. In 1999, to mark the 150th anniversary of the fi rst Pilgrimage, we laid a wreath at the memorial to John Collingwood Bruce in Newcastle Cathedral and this time we will repeat this action. Certain walks have become traditional on the Pilgrimage. These include the sector from Housesteads west to Steel Rigg and from Cawfi elds to Carvoran. In 2009, we are not undertaking these walks but instead exploring quieter parts of Cumberland. One of the reasons for the change is to ensure that we do not contribute to the wear in the central sector. Another is to consider new research on the Wall. In two specifi c areas, there have been signifi cant contributions to knowledge. One is through the work of Humphrey Welfare in examining the surviving earthworks which have enabled him to draw out specifi c conclusions concerning the lack of causeways in front of milecastle north gates and the nature of the upcast mound to the north of the ditch. Elsewhere the geophysical surveys of TimeScape have revolutionised our knowledge of civil settlements outside forts, as well as providing signifi cant evidence elsewhere relating to the location and nature of the various linear elements. One of the most important new discoveries through excavation has been the pits on the berm, the space between the Wall and the ditch, by Tyne and Wear Museums. This has demonstrated that archaeological remains can survive well in urban contexts as well as providing Hadrian’s Wall with an entirely new element. Furthermore, the apparent narrowing of the berm by T 11b allowed Paul Bidwell to make sense of the recording of the changing width of the berm in the sector west of Birdoswald in the 1930s. Recording and understanding the surviving remains is one thing, but interpreting them is another. Does the existence of the pits on the berm make it more or less likely that there was a wall-walk along the top of the Wall, as Lindsay Allason- Jones memorably asked? The nature of the stone wall has been the subject of two books by Peter Hill. They challenge many of our preconceptions about the building of Hadrian’s Wall, including the length of time it would have taken to construct. Acceptance of these points allows other theories to be developed about the building programme and its director. All of this demonstrates that Hadrian’s Wall studies are alive and well or, to put it another way, that Mortimer Wheeler was wrong when he said that all the problems of Hadrian’s Wall were solved and all we had to do now was v to dot the ‘i’s and cross the ‘t’s. This companion for the 2009 Pilgrimage is a testimony to the vitality of Wall studies. At the time of the last Pilgrimage, it was decided to produce a different style of handbook and that proved so popular that we have repeated the formula this year. Here we have a statement of research on Hadrian’s Wall over the last decade, ably brought together by one of the leading students of the Wall. It will have a life long beyond the Pilgrimage. David Breeze Chairman of the Organising Committee vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Pilgrimage Book is traditionally not a guidebook to the Wall, but an account of new discovery and research, both on general themes and at individual sites. A scholarly, up-to-date and well-illustrated description of the sites is available in the form of David Breeze’s fourteenth revised edition of the Handbook to the Roman Wall (2006) which readers are recommended to use in conjunction with the present work. The period covered here is the 10 years since the Pilgrimage of 1999, when Paul Bidwell compiled the most ambitious Pilgrimage publication to date in size and scope. The bibliography of research since 1999 is designed to form a supplement to the comprehensive bibliography of work 1989-99 provided in that volume. At the request of the organising committee some passages are included (in italics) which describe the reasons for the 2009 Pilgrimage visiting some parts of the Wall that are off the usual beaten track. This is not just to avoid erosion in the well-trodden parts, but because neglected areas of the Wall often raise questions of real importance to which it is worthwhile drawing special attention. Some effort has been made to include plans and illustrations of sites to be visited by the Pilgrimage in 2009. However, even though the Pilgrimage in 2009 will travel from west to east, Chapter 4 of this book is organised in the traditional order of Wall sites from east to west, to make it easier for researchers to use in conjunction with the Handbook to the Roman Wall and other archaeological literature. I am grateful to the organising committee for asking me to compile this volume and for their guidance, and particularly to David Breeze for his close interest and support throughout. I especially thank the contributors, who responded promptly to squeeze a vast amount of information into a short compass. I am grateful also to Brian Dobson and Paul Bidwell for reading and valuably commenting on the bulk of the text, and to David Breeze for similarly reading and most usefully commenting on Chapter 2.
Recommended publications
  • Distribution: Electronically Initiated By: ANM-300 CHANGE U.S

    Distribution: Electronically Initiated By: ANM-300 CHANGE U.S

    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ORDER CHANGE NM 3930.11 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION CHG 6 Effective Date: National Policy 09/12/17 SUBJ: Aviation Medical Examiner for FAA Employees and Applicants Requiring Medical Certification. 1. Purpose. This order transmits Aviation Medical Examiner – Employee Examiner (AME- EE) information to the following: Transport Airplane Directorate (ANM-120s, ANM-130s, ANM-140s, ANM-150s), Flight Standards (FSDOs, Alaska CMO, SWA-CMO, Seattle AEG) and the ATO Western Service Area with Enroute and Terminal employees assigned to facilities located in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming requiring Federal Aviation Administration Aerospace Medical Certification. 2. Who this change affects. Branch level and above in the following divisions in the Northwest Mountain Region: Aerospace Medicine, Flight Standards, Transport Airplane Directorate and the ATO Western Service Area (CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA and WY) - Enroute and Terminal. 3. Disposition of Transmittal Paragraph. Retain this transmittal sheet until the directive is cancelled by a new directive. PAGE CHANGE CONTROL CHART Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated Appendix A 9/1/17 Appendix A 9/12/17 4. 5. Administrative Information. This order change is distributed to Branch level and above in the following divisions in the Northwest Mountain Region: Aerospace Medicine, Flight Standards, Transport Airplane Directorate and the ATO Western Service Area (CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA and WY) - Enroute and Terminal. Responsibility for Distribution: The above divisions are responsible for verifying that there have been no updates to this order prior to scheduling an employee exam. Brett A. Wyrick, D.O. Regional Flight Surgeon Northwest Mountain Region Distribution: Electronically Initiated By: ANM-300 U.S.
  • Roman Britain

    Roman Britain

    Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall - History Vallum Hadriani - Historia “ Having completely transformed the soldiers, in royal fashion, he made for Britain, where he set right many things and - the rst to do so - drew a wall along a length of eighty miles to separate barbarians and Romans. (The Augustan History, Hadrian 11.1)” Although we have much epigraphic evidence from the Wall itself, the sole classical literary reference for Hadrian having built the Wall is the passage above, wrien by Aelius Spartianus towards the end of the 3rd century AD. The original concept of a continuous barrier across the Tyne-Solway isthmus, was devised by emperor Hadrian during his visit to Britain in 122AD. His visit had been prompted by the threat of renewed unrest with the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain, and the need was seen to separate this war-like race from the lowland tribes of Scotland, with whom they had allied against Rome during recent troubles. Components of The Wall Hadrian s Wall was a composite military barrier which, in its nal form, comprised six separate elements; 1. A stone wall fronted by a V-shaped ditch. 2. A number of purpose-built stone garrison forti cations; Forts, Milecastles and Turrets. 3. A large earthwork and ditch, built parallel with and to the south of the Wall, known as the Vallum. 4. A metalled road linking the garrison forts, the Roman Military Way . 5. A number of outpost forts built to the north of the Wall and linked to it by road. 6. A series of forts and lookout towers along the Cumbrian coast, the Western Sea Defences .
  • Gateway West Local Amenities

    Gateway West Local Amenities

    GATEWAY WEST LOCAL AMENITIES BARS Lloyd’s No1 Bar – 35-37 The Close, Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3RN Tel 0191 2111050 www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk Osbournes Bar 61 - Osbourne Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 2AN Tel 0191 2407778 www.osbournesbar.co.uk Pitcher & Piano – 108 Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3DX Tel 0191 2324110 www.pitcherandpiano.com The Keelman’s Lodge – Grange Road, Newburn, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8NL Tel 0191 2671689 www.keelmanslodge.co.uk The Three Mile Inn – Great North Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 2DS Tel 0191 2552100 www.threemileinn.co.uk BUS SERVICE The 22 bus runs every 10 mins from Throckley to Wallsend timetable enclosed CASH MACHINES Co-operative Post Office - 9 Tyne View, Lemington, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8DE Lloyd’s Bank – Station Road, Newburn, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8LS Tel 0845 3000000 Sainsbury’s Supermarket - Newburn Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 9AF Tel 0191 2754050 CRICKET CLUBS Durham CCC – County Ground, Riverside, Chester-le-Street, Co Durham Tel 0844 4994466 www.durhamccc.co.uk Northumberland CCC – Osbourne Avenue, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 1JS Tel 0191 2810775 www.newcastlecc.co.uk South Northumberland CC Ltd – Roseworth Terrace, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 1LU Tel 0191 2460006 www.southnort.co.uk DAY CARE AND NURSERIES Places for Children – The Waterfront, Kingfisher Boulevard, Newburn Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8NZ Tel 0191 2645030 www.placesforchildren.co.uk The Lemington Centre – Tyne View, Lemington, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8DE Tel 0191 2641959
  • Hadrian and the Greek East

    Hadrian and the Greek East

    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
  • The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

    The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142

    Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
  • Antonine Wall - Castlecary Fort

    Antonine Wall - Castlecary Fort

    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC170 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90009) Taken into State care: 1961 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL - CASTLECARY FORT We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH ANTONINE WALL – CASTLECARY FORT BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property is part of the Antonine Wall and contains the remains of a Roman fort and annexe with a stretch of Antonine Wall to the north-east of the fort. The Edinburgh-Glasgow railway cuts across the south section of the fort while modern buildings disturb the north-east corner of the fort and ditch. The Antonine Wall is a linear Roman frontier system of wall and ditch accompanied at stages by forts and fortlets, linked by a road system, stretching for 60km from Bo’ness on the Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde. It is one of only three linear barriers along the 2000km European frontier of the Roman Empire. These systems are unique to Britain and Germany. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Archaeological finds indicate the site was used during the Flavian period (AD 79- 87/88). Antonine Wall construction initiated by Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161) after a successful campaign in AD 139/142 by the Governor of Britain, Lollius Urbicus.
  • A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R

    A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R

    A Roman Altar from Westerwood on the Antonine Wall by R. P. Wright The altar here illustrated (PI. 23a) was found3 in ploughing in the spring of 1963 perhaps within r moro , e likel fore f Westerwoowesth e o ty , th jus of to t tAntonine th n do e Walle Th . precise spot could not be determined, but as the altar was unofficial it is more likely to have lain outsiddragges fortboundare e wa aree th th t I ef .fieldth e o d a o t th f ,y o wherrecognise s wa t ei d two days later by Master James Walker and was transferred to Dollar Park Museum. The altar4 is of buff sandstone, 10 in. wide by 25 in. high by 9£ in. thick, and has a rosette with recessed centr focus e plac n stonei e th severas f Th eo .e ha l plough-score bace d th kan n so right side, and was slightly chipped when being hauled off the field, fortunately without any dam- age to the inscription. Much of the lettering was at first obscured by a dark and apparently ferrous concretion, but after some weeks of slow drying this could be brushed off, leaving a slight reddish staininscriptioe Th . n reads: SILVANIS [ET] | QUADRVIS CA[E]|LESTIB-SACR | VIBIA PACATA | FL-VERECV[ND]I | D LEG-VI-VIC | CUM SVIS | V-S-L-M Silvanis Quadr(i)viset Caelestib(us) sacr(wri) Vibia Pacata Fl(avi) Verecundi (uxor) c(enturionis) leg(ionis) VI Vic(tricis) cum suis v(ptum) s(olvii) l(ibens) m(erito) 'Sacred to the Silvanae Quadriviae Caelestes: Vibia Pacata, wife of Flavius Verecundus, centurion Sixte oth f h Legion Victrix, wit r familhhe y willingl deservedld yan y fulfille r vow.he d ' Dedications expressed to Silvanus in the singular are fairly common in Britain,5 as in other provinces.
  • Archaeology in Northumberland Friends

    Archaeology in Northumberland Friends

    100 95 75 Archaeology 25 5 in 0 Northumberland 100 95 75 25 5 0 Volume 20 Contents 100 100 Foreword............................................... 1 95 Breaking News.......................................... 1 95 Archaeology in Northumberland Friends . 2 75 What is a QR code?...................................... 2 75 Twizel Bridge: Flodden 1513.com............................ 3 The RAMP Project: Rock Art goes Mobile . 4 25 Heiferlaw, Alnwick: Zero Station............................. 6 25 Northumberland Coast AONB Lime Kiln Survey. 8 5 Ecology and the Heritage Asset: Bats in the Belfry . 11 5 0 Surveying Steel Rigg.....................................12 0 Marygate, Berwick-upon-Tweed: Kilns, Sewerage and Gardening . 14 Debdon, Rothbury: Cairnfield...............................16 Northumberland’s Drove Roads.............................17 Barmoor Castle .........................................18 Excavations at High Rochester: Bremenium Roman Fort . 20 1 Ford Parish: a New Saxon Cemetery ........................22 Duddo Stones ..........................................24 Flodden 1513: Excavations at Flodden Hill . 26 Berwick-upon-Tweed: New Homes for CAAG . 28 Remapping Hadrian’s Wall ................................29 What is an Ecomuseum?..................................30 Frankham Farm, Newbrough: building survey record . 32 Spittal Point: Berwick-upon-Tweed’s Military and Industrial Past . 34 Portable Antiquities in Northumberland 2010 . 36 Berwick-upon-Tweed: Year 1 Historic Area Improvement Scheme. 38 Dues Hill Farm: flint finds..................................39
  • ROMANO- BRITISH Villa A

    ROMANO- BRITISH Villa A

    Prehistoric (Stone Age to Iron Age) Corn-Dryer Although the Roman villa had a great impact on the banks The excavated heated room, or of the River Tees, archaeologists found that there had been caldarium (left). activity in the area for thousands of years prior to the Quarry The caldarium was the bath Roman arrival. Seven pots and a bronze punch, or chisel, tell house. Although this building us that people were living and working here at least 4000 was small, it was well built. It years ago. was probably constructed Farm during the early phases of the villa complex. Ingleby Roman For Romans, bath houses were social places where people The Romano-British villa at Quarry Farm has been preserved in could meet. Barwick an area of open space, in the heart of the new Ingleby Barwick housing development. Excavations took place in 2003-04, carried out by Archaeological Services Durham University Outbuildings (ASDU), to record the villa area. This included structures, such as the heated room (shown above right), aisled building (shown below right), and eld enclosures. Caldarium Anglo-Saxon (Heated Room) Winged With the collapse of the Roman Empire, Roman inuence Preserved Area Corridor began to slowly disappear from Britain, but activity at the Structure Villa Complex villa site continued. A substantial amount of pottery has been discovered, as have re-pits which may have been used for cooking, and two possible sunken oored buildings, indicating that people still lived and worked here. Field Enclosures Medieval – Post Medieval Aisled Building Drove Way A scatter of medieval pottery, ridge and furrow earthworks (Villa boundary) Circular Building and early eld boundaries are all that could be found relating to medieval settlement and agriculture.
  • Romans in Cumbria

    Romans in Cumbria

    View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117.
  • Ii. Sites in Britain

    Ii. Sites in Britain

    II. SITES IN BRITAIN Adel, 147 Brough-by-Bainbridge, 32 Alcester, cat. #459 Brough-on-Noe (Navia), cat. #246, Aldborough, 20 n.36 317, 540 Antonine Wall, 20 n.36, 21, 71, 160, 161 Brough-under-Stainmore, 195 Auchendavy, I 61, cat. #46, 225, 283, Burgh-by-Sands (Aballava), 100 n.4, 301, 370 118, 164 n.32, cat. #215, 216, 315, 565-568 Backworth, 61 n.252, 148 Burgh Castle, 164 n.32 Bakewell, cat. #605 Balmuildy, cat. #85, 284 Cadder, cat. #371 Bar Hill, cat. #296, 369, 467 Caerhun, 42 Barkway, 36, 165, cat. #372, 473, 603 Caerleon (lsca), 20 n.36, 30, 31, 51 Bath (Aquae Sulis), 20, 50, 54 n.210, n.199, 61 n.253, 67, 68, 86, 123, 99, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 151, 128, 129, 164 n.34, 166 n.40, 192, 157 n.81, 161, 166-171, 188, 192, 196, cat. #24, 60, 61, 93, 113, I 14, 201, 206, 213, cat. #38, 106, 470, 297, 319, 327, 393, 417 526-533 Caernarvon (Segontium), 42 n.15 7, Benwell (Condercum), 20 n.36, 39, 78, 87-88, 96 n.175, 180, 205, 42 n.157, 61, 101, 111-112, 113, cat. #229 121, 107 n.41, 153, 166 n.40, 206, Caerwent (Venta Silurum), 143, 154, cat. #36, 102, 237, 266, 267, 318, 198 n. 72, cat. #469, 61 7 404, 536, 537, 644, 645 Canterbury, 181, 198 n.72 Bertha, cat. #5 7 Cappuck, cat. #221 Bewcastle (Fan um Cocidi), 39, 61, I 08, Carley Hill Quarry, 162 111 n.48, 112, 117, 121, 162, 206, Carlisle (Luguvalium), 43, 46, 96, 112, cat.
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)

    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.