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Home , Aballava, Aesica, Alauna (Maryport), Anderitum, Arbeia, Bannaventa

Romano-British Place Names

ABONE Sea Mills, Avon [ Iter XIV...Abone, RC...ABONA CONCANGIS -le-Street, Durham (referring just to the river Avon ?) ] CONCAVATA , AD ANSAM Capel St Mary, ?? [ Iter IX...Ad CONOVIUM ?? Caerhun, Gwynnedd [Iter XI...Conovio ] Ansam ] CONDATE Northwich, Cheshire [ Iter II...Condate ] AD PONTEM East Stoke, Notts [ Iter VI...Ad Pontem ] , Tyne & Wear , Cumbria , Glos Great Chesters, Northumb CORIOSOPITUM , Northumb [ Iter AGELOCO Littleborough [ Iter VIII...Ageloco ] I..Corstopitum] ALABUM , Dyfed CROCOCALANA Brough, Notts [ Iter VI...Crocalana ] , Cumbria Mildenhall, Wilts ALAUNA Ardoch, Tayside DANUM , S Yorks [ Iter V...Dano ] ALAUNA Watercrook, Cumbria [ Iter X...Alone ] DELGOVICIA Millington E Yorks [ Iter I...Delgovicia ] , E DERVENTIO Malton, N Yorks [ Iter I...Derventione ] AQVAE ARNEMETIAE Buxton, Derby DERVENTIO Littlechester, Derby Bath, Avon DERVENTIO , Cumbria , Tyne & Wear DEVA Chester, Cheshire [ Iter II...Deva ] ARDOTALIA Melandra , Derby DUNUM Hod Hill, ARICONIUM Weston-under-Penyard, H'ford & Worcs Dorchester, Dorset , Cumbria DUROBRIVAE Water Newton, Cambs [ Iter V.Durobrivas ] Whilton Lodge, Northants [ Iter DUROBRIVAE Rochester, [ Iter II...Durobrivis ] II...Bannaventa ] DUROCOBRIVIS Dunstable, Beds [ Iter II...Durocobrivis ] BIBRA Beckfoot, Cumbria ?? Sittingbourne, Kent [ Iter II...Durolevo ] Birrens, Dumf and Gall [ Iter II...Blato , Cambs [ Iter V...Duroliponte ] Bulgin ] DURILITUM ?? Romford, [ Iter IX ...Durolito ] BOVIO Holt, Cheshire [ Iter II..Bovio ] DUROVERNUM , Kent [ Iter II...Durolevo ] BOMIUM ?? (Bridgend). Mid Glam [ Iter XII...Bomio ] DUROVIGUTUM , Cambs BOVIVUM , Cheshire , N Yorks [ Iter I...Eburacum ] Brancaster, EPEACUM , Northumb BRAVONIACUM , Cumbria [ Iter FANUMCOCIUM , Cumbria II...Brovonacis ] GABROSENTUM Moresby, Cumbria BRAVONIUM Leintwardine, H'ford & Worcs [ Iter GALAVA Ambleside, Cumbria [ Iter X...Galava ] XII...Bravonio ] GARIANNUM Burgh Castle, Norfolk High Rochester, Northumb [ Iter GLANNOVENTA , Cumbria I...Bremenio, RC..Bremenium, Pt..Bremenion ] , Glos BREMETENACUM Ribehester, Lancs [ Iter GOBANNEUM , Gwent [ Iter XII...Gobannio ] X...Bremetonaci ] Risingham, Northumb BREMIA Llanio, Dyfed ISCA , Gwent BRIGE ?? [ Iter XII..Brige ] ISCA DUMNONIORUM , Devon Brougham, Cumbria Aldborough, N Yorks [ Iter BROCOLITIA , Northumb I,II...Isurium, Iter V...Isubrigantum ] , Gwent [ Iter XII...Burrio ] ISSANAVANTIA ?? [ Iter V...Issanavantia ] CAESAROMAGVS , Essex [ Iter , Northants [ Iter II...Lactodoro ] V...Caesaromago ] LAGENTIUM Castleford, W Yorks [ Iter V...Legeolio, Iter CALACUM Burrow in Lonsdale, Lancs [ Iter X...Calcum ] VIII...Lagecio ] , N Yorks [ Iter II...Calcaria ] LAVATRIS Bowes, Durham [ Iter II...Lavatris, Iter , Hants [ Iter V...Levatri ] VII...Calleva Atrebatum ] LAUNA Learchild, Northumb CAMBODUNO Cleckheaton ?, W Yorks [ Iter LEMANIS, , Kent [ Iter IV...Portum Lemanis ] II..Camboduno ] Wall, Staffs [ Iter II...Etoceto ] CAMBORITUM Lackford, Suffolk [ Iter V...Camborico ] LEUCARUM Loughor, W Glam [ Iter XII...Leucaro ] CAMBOGLANNA , Cumbria LEUCOMAGUS East Anton, Hants , Essex [ Iter V..., Iter LEVOBRINTA Forden Gear, Powys IX...Camuloduno ] , CANONIUM Kelvedon, Essex [ Iter IX...Canonio ] LINDUM Lincoln, Lincs [ Iter V...Lindo ] CANOVIUM Caerhun, Gwynedd , Gtr London [ Iter II...Londinio ] EXPLOPATORUM Netherby, Cumbria LONGOVECIUM Lanchester, Durham CASTRA EXPLORATORUM Netherby, Cumbria [ Iter LUENTINUM Pumsaint, Dyfed II...Castra Exploratum ] , Cumbria [ Iter II...Luguvallo, Iter Catterick, N Yorks [ Iter I, V...Luguvalio ] II...Cataractoni, Iter V...Caractone ] MAGIOVINIUM Dropshort, Bucks [Iter II...Magiovinto, Iter CAUSENNIS Saltersford, Lincs [ Iter V...Causensis ] VIII...Magiovino ] CECUCMUM , Powys MAGIS Burrow Walls, Cumbria CILURNUM Chesters, Northumb MAGLONA Old Carlisle, Cumbria CLAUSENTIUM Bitterne, Hants [Iter VII...Clausentum ] Kenchester, Notts [ Iter XII...Magnis ] COCCIUM ?? Wigan, Lancs [ Iter X...Coccio ] MAGNIS Carvoran, Northumb COMBRETOVIUM Baylham House, Suffolk [ Iter MAIA Bowness-on-Solway, Cumbria IX...Combretonio ] , Gtr Manchester [ Iter II...Mamucio, Ier X...Mancunio ] , Gwynedd MANDUESSEDUM , Warwicks [ Iter SITOMAGUS ?? [ Iter IX...Sitomago ] II...Manduesedo ] SORVIODUNUM , Wilts MARGRIDUNUM Castle Hill, Notts [ Iter VI...Margiduno ] SULLON IACI S Brockley Hill, Gtr London [ Iter MEDIOBOGDUM Hardknott, Cumbria II...Sulloniacis ] Whitchurch, Shrops [ Iter II...Mediolano ] Newstead, Borders , Dyfed Cave's Inn, Warwicks [ Iter VI...Tripontio ] MORIDUNUM Seaton, Devon ?? UXACONA Redhill, Shrops [ Iter II...Uxacona ] NAVIO Brough, Derby UXELODUNUM , Cumbria NIDUM Neath, W Glam [ Iter XII....Nido ] VAGNIACIS Springhead, Kent [ Iter I...Vagniacis ] NOVIOMAGVS REGNORUM , W Sussex VARIS St. Asaph, Clwyd [ IterXI...Varis ] NOVIOMAGVS Crayford, Gtr London [ Iter II...Noviomago VELUNIATE Carriden, Central ] VENONIS High Cross, Leics [ Iter II...Venonis ] OLENACUM Elslack, N Yorks , Hants [ Iter VII...Venta ONNUM Halton, Northumb Belgarum ] Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex , Norfolk [ Iter PENNOCRUCIUM Water Eaton, Staffs [ Iter V...Icinos, Iter VIII...Venta Icinorum ] II..Pennocrucio ] , Gwent PETUAREA Brough on , Humbs VERBEIA llkley, W Yorks Newcastle, Tyne& Wear VERCOVICIUM Housesteads, Northumb PONTES Staines, [ Iter VII...Pontibus ] VERLUCIO Sandy Lane, Wilts PORTUS ARDAONI Portchester, Hants VERNEMETUM Willoughby, Notts [ Iter VI...Verometo, PORTUS , Kent [ Iter II...portum Dubris ] Iter VIII...Vernemeto ] Lympne, Kent VERTERIS Brough, Cumbria [ Iter II...Verteris ] PRAETORIO Brough on Humber, Humbs [ Iter I...Prateorio VEROMITO ?? [ Iter VI...Verometo ] ] , Herts [ Iter II...Verolamio ] RATAE , Leics [ Iter VI...Ratas ] VINDOBALA Rudchester, Northumb REGODUNUM Castleshaw, Gtr Manchester VINDOCLADIA Badbury, Dorset , Kent Chesterholm, Northumb RUTUNIO ?? [ Iter II..Rutunio ] VINDOMA ?? [ Iter XII...Vindomi ] RUTUPIAE Richborough, Kent [ Iter II...Ritupis ] VINDOMORA Ebchester, Durham [ Iter I...Vindomora ] SALINAE Droitwich, H'ford & Worcs Binchester, Durham [ Iter I...Vinovia ] SALINAE Middlewich, Cheshire VIROCONIUM , Shrops [ Iter II...Urioconio ] SALINAE Droitwich, H'ford & Worcs VIROSIDUM Brough-by-Bainbridge, N Yorks , Tyne & Wear VOREDA Old Penrith, Cumbria [Iter II ...Voreda ] SEGELOCUM Littleborough, Notts [ Iter V...Segeloci ]

Common Welsh Placenames Welsh placenames can reveal much about a town, village, area or mountain. Many placenames are based on local physical or geographic features, such as rivers, hills, bridges, woodlands and so on. Aber, for example, means ‘mouth of’, so Abersoch means ‘The mouth of the River Soch’. Here are a few examples of Welsh you will encounter during your visit: aber confluence, river mouth glyn glen afon river gwaun, waen moor, mountain pasture bach, fach small hendre winter dwelling, permanent home ban, fan peak, crest heol road blaen head, end, .source church, enclosure bryn hill llwyn grove, bush bwlch pass llyn lake , gaer fort, stronghold llys hall, court carreg stone, rock maen stone castell castle mawr, fawr great, big cefn ridge merthyr martyr clawdd hedge, , dyke moel, foel bare hill coch, goch red mynydd, fynydd mountain craig, graig rock pant hollow, valley crib crest, summit, ridge pen head, top, end cwm valley, cirque pentre village, homestead cymer meeting of rivers plas hall, mansion dinas fort, city pont, bont bridge du, ddu black sarn causeway, old road dyffryn valley tre, tref hamlet, home, town eglwys church uchaf upper, higher, highest ffin boundary ystrad valley floor

Welsh Placenames

BRECON / ABERHONDDU Brecon – from the Welsh personal name Brychan, a 5th century ruler, and Welsh iog = territory of. The kingdom was later called Brycheiniog which was corrupted by English speakers to Brecknock. Aberhonddu – from Welsh aber = mouth and the river name Honddu, from hawdd = pleasant or quiet and du = dark. BUCKLEY – also a family name From the boc = beech and leah = wood clearing. BUILTH WELLS / LLANFAIR-YM-MAULLT Builth – in the 10th century was Buelt and came from bu = cow and gellt = pasture. The name was originally the cantref name and Wells was added to Builth in the 19th century referring to the chalybeate (containing iron) springs. Llanfair-ym-Maullt (Lanveyr). From llan = church and Mair = Mary. CILYCWM From ci = narrowing river source; y = the; cwm = valley. COITY From Ty = house in the coed = wood. CAERLEON / CAERLLION-AR-WYSC Isca was the headquarters of Roman 2nd Augustan Legion. From early Welsh Cair Legeion guar Usic – ‘the caer of the llion on the Usk’; caer = fort and legionum () = of the legions. CALDEY ISLAND The monastery was founded in the 12th century. From Old Scandinavian - kald = cold and ey = island. CAREW Possibly from carw = stag. CARMARTHEN Roman name Maridunum from mor = sea and din = fort. The Welsh caer = fort was added later after the meaning had been forgotten. CARREG CENNEN From carreg = rock and Cennen/Cynnen (Personal name). DINAS From dinas = fort or camp. DINEFWR Was the seat of the Lord Rhys in the 12th century. From din = fort and fawr = big. DRYSLWYN From dryslwyn = thornbush, thicket, brambles. EWENNY The Abbey was founded in the 12th century. From Aventi (a Celtic goddess). GOODWICK / WDIG From: Old Scandinavian gothr = good and vik = bay. GOODIG / GWDIG Possibly from Old Scandinavian gothr = good and vik = port (see Goodwick). HAVERFORDWEST Probably from Old English hæfr = he-goat or buck and ford – the ‘West’ was added about 1400 to distinguish it from Hereford. JOHNSTON From Villa Johannis then John’s tun (Old English) = John’s farm or settlement From a personal name Cadwal plus the suffix -i = the land of Cadwal. The more popular explanation locally is the alternative cyd = united or together and gwely = river bed – the joining of two rivers. The Gwendraeth Fawr and the Gwendraeth Fach meet and flow into one. LEUCARUM/LLWCHWR/LOUGHOR Latin form derived from Celtic leuco, bright, shining, white. The river name transferred to the settlement. LANDEILO From llan = church of St. Teilo. From llan = church of St. Elli. MACHYNLLETH From ma = plain or low-lying land and the personal name Cynllaith, which means ‘kind, gentle’ as an adjective and ‘slaughter, destruction’ as a noun. MANORBIER From early record Pyrri – maenor, an ancient land division, and St. Pyr (a 6th century saint). MARGAM The Abbey was founded 1147. From the 7th century Prince Morgan of Gwent, who also gave his name to Glamorgan (glan = shore and Morgan = name). Morgan may derive from môr = sea and geni = to be born or the bright one. MARSHFIELD From Old English mersc = marsh and feld = open area. OGMORE Possibly from og = cave and môr = sea. OXWICH From Old English oxa = ox and wic = working farm. PEMBREY From pen = top and bre = hill. PENRHOS From pen = head or end and rhos = moorland. PICTON Probably from Old English pic = pointed instrument (peak or summit) and tun = farm or settlement. PONTARDULAIS From pont = bridge; ar = over and Dulais, (river) du = black and glais = stream. RHOSSILI From rhos = moor of Sulien. ROCH From Old French roche = rock. RUABON / RHIWABON From rhiw = hill and the personal name Mabon. SAINT CLEARS / SANCLER From sanctus (Latin) = saint and the personal name Clarus. SAINT DAVIDS / TYDDEWI Monastery founded by St. David who was born during the 5th century SAINT DOGMAELS The abbey dates from c. 1115. From St. Dogmael a 5th - 6th century Welsh monk. / Probably from the Old English burg = fort in the scrob = brushwood and from the Welsh pen = the end of the gwern = swamp. SKOKHOLM ISLAND Probably from Old Scandinavian stokkr = log or narrow river or straight sound. SKOMER ISLAND From Old Scandinavian skálm = short sword and ey = island. SPITTAL Belonged to St David’s From Middle English spitel = house of the sick or deceased a corruption of hospital. STACKPOLE From Old Scandinavian stakkr = haystack and pollr = pool became the pool near Stack rock. SWANSEA / ABERTAWE From Sweynesse Old Norse personal name Sveinn and saer = sea and ey = island, Sveinn’s island. Abertawe = Aber = mouth of the Tawe (probably dark river). TENBY / DINBYCH-Y-PYSGOD From din = fort; bych (bach) = small; y = the and pysgod = fish. TYWYN From tywyn = sand-dune or sandy shore.

ROMAN CELTIC 800BC-400BC SAXON 350AD-1000AD CASTER- [-FortCamp later on Town- ABER--River mouth or ford- BOURNE--Stream- CESTER-- [Fort camp later on Town AFON--River-- BURN--Stream-- CHESTER--[Fort Camp later on town- ALLT--Hillside-- BURG--Large Village-- FOS-- [Ditch- AVON,'ESK,'EYE,'DEE--River-- CROFT--Small enclosure- PORT- [-Harbour BEDD--Grave-- COT--Small hut-- STREET [ Paved way BRE,'DRUM,'DON--Hill-- DELPH--Ditch, dyke, Stream- CAER--Fortress-- DEN--Pig pasture-- CAPEL--Chapel-- EG,'EY,'EA,'EIG--Island- CARNEDD--Cairn-- FALL--Area cleared of trees- CASTELL--Castle-- FEN--Fen-- COED--Wood--CWM--Valley-- FIELD--Field- DINAS--City- HAM--Village- GLAN--River Bank- HURST--Clearing-- HAMPS--Dry stream in summer- ING--People-- LLAN-Church- LAKE--Lake-- LLYN--Lake-- LEY,'LEA--Clearing- MAWR--Big-- MERE--Pool- MOR--Sea-- MOOR--Moor-- MYNYDD--Mountain-- MOSS--Swamp-- PANT--Hollow-- RIDING--Rod, cleared land- PEN,BRYN--Hill, Head-- STEAD--Place-- PLAS--Palace- STOC--Summer Pasture- PONT,'BONT--Bridge- STOKE--Daughter Settlement-- PORTH--Harbour-- STOW--Holy place-- TRE--Hamlet, Village, Town- TON,TUN--House, Farm-- TREATH--Beach-- --Wold,High woodland- YNYS--Island-- WIC,'WIKE--Farm, group of huts- WOOD--Wood-- WORTH--Fenced land-- WORTHY--Enclosed land VIKING 750AD-1100AD SAXON OR NORSE AKR--Acre- BARROW,BAR,BERRY,BURGH--Hill, BECK--Stream- mound, tumulas-- BOOTH--Summer pasture-- BARTON--Corn Farm,outlying grange- BY--Farm, Village-- BECK--Stream-- EY--Island-- BROCK,BROUGH,BROOK,BROKE-- FELL,'HOW--Hill, Mound- Brook or stream- FIORD--Fiord- BROUGH,BURGH,BURY,BOROUGH,- FISKR--Fish-- -Fortified place- GARDR--Yard, landing place- BOURNE,BORN--Strem spring-- GARTH--Enclosure-- CLEVE,CLIF,CLIFF,LEY--Cliff or bank- GATE--Road-- - GEIT--Goat-- COATE,COTON,COT,COTE--Cottage- GILL--Ravine ,Valley- DEANE,DEN,DEAN,--Valley- INGS--Marsh, Meadows- FRITH--Woodland-- KALD--Cold- HALE,HAL,ALL,HALL--Nook,narrow KELDA--Spring , stream- valley- KIRK--Church- HAMPTON--Home farm-- LAITHE--Barn-- HANGER--Slope- LIN--Flax- HAY,HEY--Fence enclosure- LUND--Grove- HAD,HAT,HED,HEATH--Heath heather- MELR--Sandbank-- HOLT,HURST--Wood-- ORME--Serpent- LEA,LAY,LEIGH,LOW--Forest wood POLLR--Pool-- glade clearing-- SKAR--Cleft- MED,MEDE--Meadow- SKER--Rock-- MOND,MONT--Mount hill- SLACK--Stream in a valley- STRET,STURT,STRED,STRAT--Street- STAKKR--Rock in the sea- THWAITE--Clearing or meadow-- STAN--Stone- WICK,WIG,WICH,--Dwelling farm-- STOKKR--Sound-- TARN--Lake-- THORP--Daughter settlement- THWAITE--Forest clearing, meadow- TOFT--Homestead-- WATH--Ford-- WRAY--Remote place.