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XXIV. a Descriptive Outline of the Roman Remains in Norfolk, by SAMUEL WOODWARD, Esq., in a Letter to HUDSON GURNBY, Esq

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XXIV. a Descriptive Outline of the Roman Remains in Norfolk, by SAMUEL WOODWARD, Esq., in a Letter to HUDSON GURNBY, Esq 358 XXIV. A descriptive Outline of the Roman Remains in Norfolk, by SAMUEL WOODWARD, Esq., in a Letter to HUDSON GURNBY, Esq. V.P., F.R.S. accompanied by a Map of the County. Read 23d December, 1830. DEAR SIR, HAVING done me the honour of exhibiting to the Society of Anti- quaries in March 1824, a rough draft of a Map of Roman Norfolk, with other Plans which related to Norwich, I now beg leave to transmit to the Society through you a more finished Map,a accompanied by a descrip- tive Outline of the Roman Remains in that county: and in so doing I can-, not but suggest, that if others, conversant with antiquarian pursuits, would construct similar Maps of other counties of Great Britain, the whole might form the basis of a Map of Roman Britain, which is much wanted. The advantages resulting, would, I am convinced, fully compensate the labour; much light would be thrown upon the works of Gale, Horsley, Reynolds, and other learned Antiquaries, who have written on the Itinerary of Antoninus; and the early history of this country be placed in a much clearer point of view than it has hitherto been. The accurate Surveys which have been taken of every County have removed the obstacles which before impeded such an attempt; and these, combined with the geological researches which have of late years been made, particularly in our maritime counties, afford sure data for such an undertaking. « Plate XXXI. Iffl M E T A R IS /ESTVAR IVM ". /:'. or'ti Descriptive Outline of the Roman Remains in Norfolk. 359 A work of this nature would seem to come peculiarly within the pro- vince of the Society of Antiquaries, I therefore beg leave to submit to them the progress I have made as far as relates to Norfolk, and remain, dear Sir, Yours most respectfully, SAMUEL WOODWARD. A DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE OF THE ROMAN REMAINS IN NORFOLK. Previously to the arrival of the Roman armies in Britain, the County of Norfolk formed the northern part of the country of the Iceni. At that period the tidal waters, unrestricted by the works of man, and un- interrupted by the geological changes which have since taken place, spread themselves over a large portion of its borders; the waters also of the Ouse and Waveney, its southern boundary, formed it into a com- plete Island. In eastern Norfolk, the Garienis Ostium of Ptolemy, once insulating the hundreds of East and West Flegg and Lothingland, is now reduced to small streams, kept in a navigable state by art. In western Norfolk, the Metaris iEstuarium of the same geographer is reduced to pasture and arable land, leaving an evidence of its former existence in the names of several villages on its borders; as Hilg-ay, Souther-ey, Thorn-ey, &c. they having formerly been situated on iso- lated spots. The portion of Anglo-Roman History relating to Norfolk, according to Suetonius as cited by Ives,b commences with the reign of Claudius, b Garianonum, p, 13. 360 Descriptive Outline of the ''• who, ambitious of following the steps of Julius, formed the design of completing what Cassar had begun, and of reducing Britain to a Roman Province: in pursuance of which, he arrived here about the year of Christ 45, having previously sent Aulus Plautius with troops sufficient to effect his intention. The Emperor's stay was about six months ; Plautius remained here near four years, and carried on the Britannic war with spirit and success. Next in command was the Pro-Praetor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, an experienced officer, in whom conduct and courage were equally united. To him the Romans were indebted for the subjection of the Iceni; to him they were obliged for the reten- tion of their conquests ; and to him we owe the founding ofGariano- num." We learn from the Notitia Imperii, that the country of the Iceni, together with a considerable line of coast, was under the government of the Count of the Saxon Shore ; under whom, in Norfolk, we find the commander of the Dalmatian horse, stiled Branodunensis, atBrancaster; and the commander of the Stablesian horse, stiled Garianonensis, at Burgh Castle.c From the proximity of this County to the Islands of Denmark, the abode of the Vikingr, or Sea Kings, it was continually subject to their attacks ; and along its coast we trace a line of Forts calculated to meet such descents. These forts are situate on high ground near the beach ; and within such distance of each other, as to be enabled, on the appear- ance of an enemy, to give notice by signal to the whole line, and pro- bably to the stations in the interior. Rising Castle was probably the site of the first of these Forts, on the western side of the county ; it stands at the head of what was once an extensive bay, which is now only a marsh. The Roman Castrum is a long square, parallel with the coast, exceeding in length the usual form of such works; as its dimensions are about 300 yards by 140: this is intersected by the fosse and vallum of the Norman castrametation, re- c Horsley's Brit. Rom. p. 476. Roman Remains in Norfolk. 361 ducing it to the appearance of outworks to the latter; within which stands a very perfect specimen of Norman architecture, resembling in style the castle at Norwich, but of a later period. No trace or tradition remains of any Roman road communicating with this place ; but there is reason to suppose that the sea-bank, on the present margin of the Wash, which is attributed to the Romans, was constructed as a medium of communication between this place and the midland districts. About twelve miles north of Castle Rising, at the little village of Holme, on the coast, is the termination of the Peddar's-Way; at this place there must consequently have been some kind of Fort or Station ; but from the continued ravages of the sea the probability is that its site has been covered by the waters. Following the contour of the coast, about five miles east of this place, is Brancaster, the Branodunum, where was stationed the Dalmatian horse: the camp is situate about a quarter of a mile east of the village, and is a parallelogram, having its greatest length from east to west, and containing within its area about eight acres: it is nearly obliterated by the plough, and at the present day is called the Wreck-hills. A great number of urns, coins, and other antiquities, have, from time to time, been found here ; and last year a gold ring was hoed up, having a projecting part used probably as a signet, upon which are engraved two rude heads, and above them VIVAS, beneath IN DEO. Four miles further on the coast, opposite Holkham, are the remains of another camp of smaller dimensions ; it is situate upon the beach, near the " Rabbit Farm," and about three-fourths of a mile from the church, which stands upon the remains of a Danish fort. The next place on the coast is " Warbury Hill," which, in Faden's Map of the County, is named as a Roman camp: it has a commanding appearance, and is seen for a long distance. On examination no trace of a camp is observable; on the north side are the remains of a tumulus twenty paces across; it is concave in the middle, and the ditch surround- ing it is about six feet in depth. About one mile and a half from this place, in a south-west direction, is a Danish fortress called " Barrow VOL. xxm. 3 A 36-2 Descriptive Outline of the Hill Camp ;" it is situate in the parish of Warham, on the east side of the river, and surrounded by two deep ditches, except on the west side, where the outer ditch merges into the valley, and was probably filled with water when the river was at a higher level; the area of the inner ballium contains about three acres, and is planted over. On the north side was a plantation called Sweno's Wood, and the meadow on the west side is said to be named in old writings Sweno's Meadow. One mile west of this, was another circular camp, which is now levelled and formed into a plantation. From Warbury-hill to Weybourne the distance is nine miles and a half, where, "at a place called Wayborn Hope," Blomefielddsays, "was a fortifi- cation ; the shore is stony, and the sea so deep that ships may ride here and lie against it: the Danes are said to have landed here in their inva- sions." Upon this evidence it may, with every appearance of proba- bility, be regarded as the locality of a Roman fort: the powerful abra- sion of the waters of the German Ocean, which for ages have been act- ing on the cliffs of this part of the coast, precludes the possibility of determining its precise site. The line of coast from Weybourne to Happisburgh, consisting of cliffs of blue clay, has been so much altered since this period, that the two following stations or forts are merely conjectural. The first must be placed near Cromer, seven miles distant from Weybourne, as lying in the direction of the Roman road from Venta Icenorum through Fret- tenham, Brampton, Burgh, Tuttington, &c. The second, from its name Happisburgh, may perhaps have a greater claim : this village is situate about twelve miles from Cromer; but the site of the Roman fort, if ever there was one in this vicinage, may now be a mile out at sea, the cliffs decreasing at the rate of about three feet per annum.
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