The Afterlife of Roman Forts
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EXCAVATIONS at the ROMAN FORT of CRAWFORD, LANARKSHIRE | 149 Extra-Mural Class in Archaeology at Edinburgh University
Excavation Romae th t sa n for Crawfordf o t , Lanarkshire by Gordon Maxwell INTRODUCTION The existence of a Roman fort in the neighbourhood of Crawford, although suspected by General Roy,i was not proved until 1938 when excavation carried out by Dr J K St Joseph2 on a site lying about 400 yds N of the village on the right bank of the Clyde put the matter beyon doubtl d al for e tTh . (NG 954214S RN ) occupie smoderatela y strong positio narroa n no w plateau of hard glacial gravel protected on the south by the Clyde, and on the E and W by the Camps Wate Berried an r s Burn respectively; site acces th ewoul N froo t se mth d have been impeded in Roman times by marshy ground (fig 1). Strategically, however, it was of great importance. At this point the Roman roads from Annandale and Nithsdale met, the latter probably crossing the Clyde to the SW of the site; the route then left the valley of the Clyde, avoidin e gorge-likgth e defile between Crawfor Abingtond dan climbed an , d northward over Raggengile th l Pas rejoio st f Coldchapel Clydo e nth S e e for th e jussitin e th o t t t f Th .musg o t also have been influence presencmuce s da th areconsiderable a y hf b th a o en i e native populationJ e nee th observo dt y b s a e regular intervals betwee e garrisonnth s guardin e Romagth n road notee networkb y d thama importance t I th .t stils site elth wa recognisef o e medievan di l times when Crawford Castle, originally a seat of the Lindsays, but later ceded to the Douglas family, Romae th f o nS site.e th 4wao t Doubtles s builyd 0 5 t s from this time onwar usefors e dth dwa t quarrconstructioa e s th a r yfo associates castlrepair e it n o th d f ean o r d buildings evidence .Th e for prehistoric use of the site is discussed below (pp 187—8). -
Roman Britain
Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall - History Vallum Hadriani - Historia “ Having completely transformed the soldiers, in royal fashion, he made for Britain, where he set right many things and - the rst to do so - drew a wall along a length of eighty miles to separate barbarians and Romans. (The Augustan History, Hadrian 11.1)” Although we have much epigraphic evidence from the Wall itself, the sole classical literary reference for Hadrian having built the Wall is the passage above, wrien by Aelius Spartianus towards the end of the 3rd century AD. The original concept of a continuous barrier across the Tyne-Solway isthmus, was devised by emperor Hadrian during his visit to Britain in 122AD. His visit had been prompted by the threat of renewed unrest with the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain, and the need was seen to separate this war-like race from the lowland tribes of Scotland, with whom they had allied against Rome during recent troubles. Components of The Wall Hadrian s Wall was a composite military barrier which, in its nal form, comprised six separate elements; 1. A stone wall fronted by a V-shaped ditch. 2. A number of purpose-built stone garrison forti cations; Forts, Milecastles and Turrets. 3. A large earthwork and ditch, built parallel with and to the south of the Wall, known as the Vallum. 4. A metalled road linking the garrison forts, the Roman Military Way . 5. A number of outpost forts built to the north of the Wall and linked to it by road. 6. A series of forts and lookout towers along the Cumbrian coast, the Western Sea Defences . -
Norman Rule Cumbria 1 0
NORMAN RULE I N C U M B R I A 1 0 9 2 – 1 1 3 6 B y RICHARD SHARPE A lecture delivered to Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society on 9th April 2005 at Carlisle CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY N O R M A N R U L E I N C U M B R I A 1 0 9 2 – 1 1 3 6 NORMAN RULE I N C U M B R I A 1 0 9 2 – 1 1 3 6 B y RICHARD SHARPE Pr o f essor of Diplomat i c , U n i v e r sity of Oxfo r d President of the Surtees Society A lecture delivered to Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society on 9th April 2005 at Carlisle CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND ANTIQUARIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Tract Series Vol. XXI C&W TRACT SERIES No. XXI ISBN 1 873124 43 0 Published 2006 Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Council of the Society for inviting me, as president of the Surtees Society, to address the Annual General Meeting in Carlisle on 9 April 2005. Several of those who heard the paper on that occasion have also read the full text and allowed me to benefit from their comments; my thanks to Keith Stringer, John Todd, and Angus Winchester. I am particularly indebted to Hugh Doherty for much discussion during the preparation of this paper and for several references that I should otherwise have missed. In particular he should be credited with rediscovering the writ-charter of Henry I cited in n. -
Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan April2006 United States Department of the Interior FISH AND Wll...DLIFE SERVICE P.O. Box 1306 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 In Reply Refer To: R2/NWRS-PLN JUN 0 5 2006 Dear Reader: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is proud to present to you the enclosed Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) for the Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge). This CCP and its supporting documents outline a vision for the future of the Refuge and specifies how this unique area can be maintained to conserve indigenous wildlife and their habitats for the enjoyment of the public for generations to come. Active community participation is vitally important to manage the Refuge successfully. By reviewing this CCP and visiting the Refuge, you will have opportunities to learn more about its purpose and prospects. We invite you to become involved in its future. The Service would like to thank all the people who participated in the planning and public involvement process. Comments you submitted helped us prepare a better CCP for the future of this unique place. Sincerely, Tom Baca Chief, Division of Planning Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Sherman, Texas Prepared by: United States Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Planning Region 2 500 Gold SW Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 Comprehensive conservation plans provide long-term guidance for management decisions and set forth goals, objectives, and strategies needed to accomplish refuge purposes and identify the Service’s best estimate of future needs. These plans detail program planning levels that are sometimes substantially above current budget allocations and, as such, are primarily for Service strategic planning and program prioritization purposes. -
Issues and Options Topic Papers
Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council Local Development Framework Joint Core Strategy and Development Management Policies Development Plan Document Issues and Options Topic Papers February 2012 Strategic Planning Tameside MBC Room 5.16, Council Offices Wellington Road Ashton-under-Lyne OL6 6DL Tel: 0161 342 3346 Email: [email protected] For a summary of this document in Gujurati, Bengali or Urdu please contact 0161 342 8355 It can also be provided in large print or audio formats Local Development Framework – Core Strategy Issues and Options Discussion Paper Topic Paper 1 – Housing 1.00 Background • Planning Policy Statement 3: Housing (PPS3) • Regional Spatial Strategy North West • Planning for Growth, March 2011 • Manchester Independent Economic Review (MIER) • Tameside Strategic Housing Land Availability Assessment (SHLAA) • Tameside Strategic Housing Market Assessment 2008 (SHMA) • Tameside Unitary Development Plan 2004 • Tameside Housing Strategy 2010-2016 • Tameside Sustainable Community Strategy 2009-2019 • Gypsy and Traveller Accommodation Assessment • Tameside Residential Design Supplementary Planning Document (SPD) 1.01 The Tameside Housing Strategy 2010-2016 is underpinned by a range of studies and evidence based reports that have been produced to respond to housing need at a local level as well as reflecting the broader national and regional housing agenda. 2.00 National Policy 2.01 At the national level Planning Policy Statement 3: Housing (PPS3) sets out the planning policy framework for delivering the Government's housing objectives setting out policies, procedures and standards which Local Planning Authorities must adhere to and use to guide local policy and decisions. 2.02 The principle aim of PPS3 is to increase housing delivery through a more responsive approach to local land supply, supporting the Government’s goal to ensure that everyone has the opportunity of living in decent home, which they can afford, in a community where they want to live. -
Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan: Is It Time for the United States to Sign the Ottawa Treaty and End the Use of Landmines?
RIZER FORMATTED POST PROOF EDIT.DOC 2/1/2013 1:19 PM LESSONS FROM IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN: IS IT TIME FOR THE UNITED STATES TO SIGN THE OTTAWA TREATY AND END THE USE OF LANDMINES? ARTHUR RIZER* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 36 II. HISTORY ......................................................................................... 37 A. History of Landmines Warfare ........................................... 37 1. The First Silent Killers .................................................. 37 2. The Revolution of Landmines ...................................... 40 3. With Sticks and Duct Tape: IEDs ................................. 42 B. History of the Law .............................................................. 43 1. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons ............ 43 2. Ottawa Treaty ............................................................... 46 3. The United States’ Role in Landmine Law .................. 49 C. Reconciling the Law and the Weapons ............................... 53 III. A NEW DIRECTION: SECURITY PRAGMATISM ................................ 54 A. Morality is Not Relative ..................................................... 55 B. Military Effectiveness ......................................................... 63 C. Power in Numbers ............................................................... 66 IV. THE OTHER SIDE: COUNTERARGUMENTS ...................................... 68 * Arthur Rizer is a prosecutor with the United States -
Archaeology in Northumberland Friends
100 95 75 Archaeology 25 5 in 0 Northumberland 100 95 75 25 5 0 Volume 20 Contents 100 100 Foreword............................................... 1 95 Breaking News.......................................... 1 95 Archaeology in Northumberland Friends . 2 75 What is a QR code?...................................... 2 75 Twizel Bridge: Flodden 1513.com............................ 3 The RAMP Project: Rock Art goes Mobile . 4 25 Heiferlaw, Alnwick: Zero Station............................. 6 25 Northumberland Coast AONB Lime Kiln Survey. 8 5 Ecology and the Heritage Asset: Bats in the Belfry . 11 5 0 Surveying Steel Rigg.....................................12 0 Marygate, Berwick-upon-Tweed: Kilns, Sewerage and Gardening . 14 Debdon, Rothbury: Cairnfield...............................16 Northumberland’s Drove Roads.............................17 Barmoor Castle .........................................18 Excavations at High Rochester: Bremenium Roman Fort . 20 1 Ford Parish: a New Saxon Cemetery ........................22 Duddo Stones ..........................................24 Flodden 1513: Excavations at Flodden Hill . 26 Berwick-upon-Tweed: New Homes for CAAG . 28 Remapping Hadrian’s Wall ................................29 What is an Ecomuseum?..................................30 Frankham Farm, Newbrough: building survey record . 32 Spittal Point: Berwick-upon-Tweed’s Military and Industrial Past . 34 Portable Antiquities in Northumberland 2010 . 36 Berwick-upon-Tweed: Year 1 Historic Area Improvement Scheme. 38 Dues Hill Farm: flint finds..................................39 -
Early Christian' Archaeology of Cumbria
Durham E-Theses A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. How to cite: O'Sullivan, Deirdre M. (1980) A reassessment of the early Christian' archaeology of Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7869/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Deirdre M. O'Sullivan A reassessment of the Early Christian.' Archaeology of Cumbria ABSTRACT This thesis consists of a survey of events and materia culture in Cumbria for the period-between the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain circa AD ^10, and the Viking settlement in Cumbria in the tenth century. An attempt has been made to view the archaeological data within the broad framework provided by environmental, historical and onomastic studies. Chapters 1-3 assess the current state of knowledge in these fields in Cumbria, and provide an introduction to the archaeological evidence, presented and discussed in Chapters ^--8, and set out in Appendices 5-10. -
Romans in Cumbria
View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117. -
Roman Roads in Britain
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES !' m ... 0'<.;v.' •cv^ '. V'- / / ^ .^ /- \^ ; EARLY BRITAIN. ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN BY THOMAS CODRINGTON M. INST. C.E., F.G.S. WITH LARGE CHART OF THE ROMAN ROADS, AND SMALL MAPS LY THE TEXT SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, LONDON: NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.G. ErIGHTON ; 129, NORTH STREET. 1903 PUBLISHED UNDEK THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMAHTTEE. DA CsHr PREFACE The following attempt to describe the Roman roads of Britain originated in observations made in all parts of the country as opportunities presented themselves to me from time to time. On turning to other sources of information, the curious fact appeared that for a century past the literature of the subject has been widely influenced by the spurious Itinerary attributed to Richard of Ciren- cester. Though that was long ago shown to be a forgery, statements derived from it, and suppositions founded upon them, are continually repeated, casting suspicion sometimes undeserved on accounts which prove to be otherwise accurate. A wide publicity, and some semblance of authority, have been given to imaginary roads and stations by the new Ordnance maps. Those who early in the last century, under the influence of the new Itinerary, traced the Roman roads, unfortunately left but scanty accounts of the remains which came under their notice, many of which have since been destroyed or covered up in the making of modern roads ; and with the evidence now avail- able few Roman roads can be traced continuously. The gaps can often be filled with reasonable cer- tainty, but more often the precise course is doubtful, and the entire course of some roads connecting known stations of the Itinerary of Antonine can IV PREFACE only be guessed at. -
Ii. Sites in Britain
II. SITES IN BRITAIN Adel, 147 Brough-by-Bainbridge, 32 Alcester, cat. #459 Brough-on-Noe (Navia), cat. #246, Aldborough, 20 n.36 317, 540 Antonine Wall, 20 n.36, 21, 71, 160, 161 Brough-under-Stainmore, 195 Auchendavy, I 61, cat. #46, 225, 283, Burgh-by-Sands (Aballava), 100 n.4, 301, 370 118, 164 n.32, cat. #215, 216, 315, 565-568 Backworth, 61 n.252, 148 Burgh Castle, 164 n.32 Bakewell, cat. #605 Balmuildy, cat. #85, 284 Cadder, cat. #371 Bar Hill, cat. #296, 369, 467 Caerhun, 42 Barkway, 36, 165, cat. #372, 473, 603 Caerleon (lsca), 20 n.36, 30, 31, 51 Bath (Aquae Sulis), 20, 50, 54 n.210, n.199, 61 n.253, 67, 68, 86, 123, 99, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150, 151, 128, 129, 164 n.34, 166 n.40, 192, 157 n.81, 161, 166-171, 188, 192, 196, cat. #24, 60, 61, 93, 113, I 14, 201, 206, 213, cat. #38, 106, 470, 297, 319, 327, 393, 417 526-533 Caernarvon (Segontium), 42 n.15 7, Benwell (Condercum), 20 n.36, 39, 78, 87-88, 96 n.175, 180, 205, 42 n.157, 61, 101, 111-112, 113, cat. #229 121, 107 n.41, 153, 166 n.40, 206, Caerwent (Venta Silurum), 143, 154, cat. #36, 102, 237, 266, 267, 318, 198 n. 72, cat. #469, 61 7 404, 536, 537, 644, 645 Canterbury, 181, 198 n.72 Bertha, cat. #5 7 Cappuck, cat. #221 Bewcastle (Fan um Cocidi), 39, 61, I 08, Carley Hill Quarry, 162 111 n.48, 112, 117, 121, 162, 206, Carlisle (Luguvalium), 43, 46, 96, 112, cat. -
273 KING ARTHUR of the ROMANS: LUCIUS ARTORIUS CASTUS and the SARMATIANS in BRITAIN J O H N M a T T H E W S the Earliest Docum
KING ARTHUR OF THE ROMANS: LUCIUS ARTORIUS CASTUS AND THE SARMATIANS IN BRITAIN J o h n M a t t h e w s UDK:94(37)Artorius Castus, L. 821.111-34 Izvorni znanstveni rad John Matthews Oxford (FIOS, BCM Hallowquest London U radu se iznose moguće veze između života rimskog vojnika iz 2. st., Lucija Artorija Kasta, i kasnijih, srednjovjekovnih legendi oko polu- mitskog kralja Artura. Autor pretpostavlja da se zahvaljujući natpisu otkrivenom u blizini Splita (Podstrana), može izgraditi čvrsta teza da je Kast bio najstariji povijesni lik za koji se može dokaza- ti da je utjecao na razvitak kasnijih legendi u Bri- taniji. Sačuvane su priče o sarmatskim ratnicima koji su u Britaniju došli kao dio rimskih legija, a kojima je zapovijedao sam Kast; naime sarmatske i keltske priče stapaju se međusobno u razdoblju nakon Kastovog života. The earliest documents that record the deeds of the British hero Arthur show that he was not perceived as a king but as a soldier, bearing the Latin title dux (duke); a charismatic leader who fought ‘alongside the leaders of the British’. Just such a man is a career-officer of the legions named Lucius Artorius Castus, who lived and fought in Britain in the 2nd century AD – almost 300 years earlier than the more usually accepted dates for Arthur. ‘Arthur’ is the generally accepted form today, but in reality this name has a far longer history and a variety of spellings. It can be proven with reasonable certainty that ‘Artorius’ either derives from the British name Arthur or is the Latin original of that name.