American Football“

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American Football“ D I P L O M A R B E I T Titel der Diplomarbeit „Computerunterstützte Spielanalyse im American Football“ Verfasser Georg Zivko angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Naturwissenschaften Wien, im November 2008 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 481 295 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Sportwissenschaften Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Arnold Baca Eidesstattliche Erklärung „Ich erkläre, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst habe und nur die ausgewiesenen Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Diese Arbeit wurde daher weder an einer anderen Stelle eingereicht (z.B. für andere Lehrveranstaltungen) noch von anderen Personen (z.B. Arbeiten von anderen Personen aus dem Internet) vorgelegt.“ Georg Zivko Wien, November 2008 1 DANKSAGUNG „Leider lässt sich eine wahrhaftige Dankbarkeit mit Worten nicht ausdrücken.“ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) Trotz des Wissens um die Unzulänglichkeit einer Danksagung möchte ich mich bei allen Menschen bedanken, die irgendeiner Weise mit meiner Diplomarbeit und mir in Kontakt getreten sind. Danke für die Hilfe, Unterstützung, Kritik, Gespräche, usw. Ich widme diese Arbeit meiner Familie. 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG .............................................................................................................. 6 2. AMERICAN FOOTBALL – EINE EINFÜHRUNG .................................................. 8 2.1. Die Geschichte ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Vom „Urspiel“ zum „Soccer“ (nach Bowy, Knitter & Rosenstein, 1994) ................................ 9 2.1.2. Die „Rugbyrevolution“ (nach Bowy, Knitter & Rosenstein, 1994) ......................................... 10 2.1.3. Ein neuer Sport nimmt Formen an (nach Bowy, Knitter & Rosenstein, 1994) ....................... 11 2.1.4. 1880 - endlich einheitliche Regeln (nach Heinrich, 1995) ...................................................... 11 2.1.5. Neue Regeln „entschärfen“ das Spiel (nach Heinrich, 1995) .................................................. 12 2.1.6. Sport-Konzern NFL (nach Heinrich, 1995) ............................................................................. 12 2.1.7. World League (nach Heinrich, 1995) ...................................................................................... 13 2.1.8. Deutschland (nach Heinrich, 1995) ......................................................................................... 14 2.1.9. Österreich ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1.10. Der europäische Verband - EFAF ....................................................................................... 16 2.2. Das Spielfeld .................................................................................................................. 17 2.3. Die Spieler und die Teams im Team ........................................................................... 19 2.3.1. Die Offense Spieler / die Offense ............................................................................................ 20 2.3.1.1. Offense Line ................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1.2. Quaterback ..................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.3. Runningback .................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1.4. Receiver ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1.5. Offense / Offensestrategien ............................................................................................ 22 2.3.2. Die Defense Spieler / die Defense ........................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.1. Defense Line .................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2.2. Linebacker ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2.3. Defense Backfield oder Defense Secondary .................................................................. 28 2.3.2.4. Defense / Defensestrategien ........................................................................................... 29 2.4. Das Spiel ........................................................................................................................ 33 2.4.1. Spielzeit ................................................................................................................................... 38 2.4.2. Punkte ...................................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.3. Ende eines Spielzuges ............................................................................................................. 40 2.4.4. Strafen ..................................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4.1. Loss of Down – Verlust eines Versuches ....................................................................... 42 2.4.4.2. Loss of 5 Yards – 5 Yards Raumverlust ........................................................................ 43 2.4.4.3. Loss of 10 Yards – 10 Yards Raumverlust..................................................................... 44 3 2.4.4.4. Loss of 15 Yards – 15 Yards Raumverlust..................................................................... 45 2.4.4.5. Charged Timeout for a Violation – Verlust eines Timeouts .......................................... 48 2.4.4.6. Disqualification .............................................................................................................. 48 2.4.4.7. Die Schiedsrichter .......................................................................................................... 52 3. DAS SPIELBEOBACHTUNGSPROGAMM – SPAF 1.1 ........................................ 56 3.1. Theorie ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.1.1. Modellbildung ......................................................................................................................... 56 3.1.2. Software-Entwicklungsprozessmodelle ................................................................................... 57 3.2. Praxis ............................................................................................................................. 59 3.2.1. Modellbildung im SPAF 1.1 .................................................................................................... 59 3.2.2. Entwicklungsprozess des SPAF 1.1......................................................................................... 60 3.3. SPAF 1.1 – Das Offense-Formular .............................................................................. 61 3.3.1. Eingabe der spielbeschreibenden Daten (Rahmendaten) ......................................................... 63 3.3.2. Videosteuerung ........................................................................................................................ 64 3.3.3. Spielsituation ........................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4. Merkmalsausprägungen eines Offense-Spielzuges .................................................................. 67 3.4. SPAF 1.1 – Die Auswertungen-Offense ...................................................................... 79 3.4.1. Run .......................................................................................................................................... 83 3.4.1.1. P.o.A. games by game .................................................................................................... 83 3.4.1.2. P.o.A. + Play .................................................................................................................. 83 3.4.1.3. P.o.A. + Play + Down/Distance ..................................................................................... 84 3.4.1.4. P.o.A. + Play + Down/Distance + Ball on + Quarter ..................................................... 84 3.4.1.5. Formation + Play ............................................................................................................ 84 3.4.1.6. Play ................................................................................................................................ 85 3.4.2. Pass .......................................................................................................................................... 85 3.4.2.1. QB Action + Passzone + Down/Distance ...................................................................... 85 3.4.2.2. QB Action + Passzone + Down/Distance + Ball on + Quarter ...................................... 86 3.4.2.3. Completion Rate ............................................................................................................ 87 3.4.2.4. Formation + Passzone .................................................................................................... 87 3.4.2.5. Passresult ........................................................................................................................ 88 3.4.2.6.
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