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MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO Master´S Thesis MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH LEXICAL AMBIGUITIES AND WORDPLAY BASED ON THE SITCOM HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Master´s Thesis Brno 2016 Supervisor: Author: Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph.D. Hana Křepelková Declaration I declare that I worked on my master´s thesis on my own and I used only the resources mentioned in the thesis. I agree with storing my thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University Brno and making it accessible for study purposes. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury a internetových zdrojů. Souhlasím, aby byla práce uložena na Pedagogické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity v Brně pro studijní účely. Brno 3th March 2016 ................................... Hana Křepelková 2 Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to Mgr. Martin Němec, Ph.D. for supervising my master´s thesis. I would like to thank him for his time and support as well as for providing inspiring ideas, useful advice and instructive sources. 3 Abstract The diploma thesis focuses on the matter of translation of English lexical ambiguities. It studies the Czech translation of wordplay, set phrases, idioms, proverbs or sayings that are often employed in order to achieve a humorous effect. The research is thus based on the popular sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The aim of the thesis is to study whether the translators manage to transform those phenomena into Czech, what techniques there are used in order to translate the "untranslatable" and also to assess if the comical effect may be retained. Since such renderings are often not thorough enough, the paper proposes more accurate alternatives. The research method is realized through a careful examination of each episode. Furthermore, several phenomena are evaluated: whether the Czech equivalent is sufficiently apt and apposite or whether the meaning of an utterance is more convenient to be changed and why. According to the data reported by Delabastita (1997), Nornes (1999) et al., it is analysed whether the translator transferred the wordplay directly, whether it was explicated, compensated for by more natural linguistic devices, completely changed, or simply omitted. The goal of the paper is to facilitate the process of translating phrases with a double meaning as it occurs frequently in this popular sort of series. Anotace Předmětem diplomové práce je překlad anglických dvojsmyslů. Zabývá se tedy českým překladem slovních hříček, ustálených slovních spojení, idiomů a rčení, jichž je často užíváno pro dosažení komického efektu. Výzkum tedy vychází z populárního sitcomu Jak jsem poznal vaši matku. Cílem mé práce je zjistit, zda jsou čeští překladatelé schopni přenést tyto jevy do mateřského jazyka, jaké techniky jsou používány, aby bylo přeloženo zdánlivě nepřeložitelné. Práce dále hodnotí, zdali zmíněný komický efekt může být zachován. Jelikož překlad dvojsmyslů občas není zcela přesný, v textu jsou navrženy vhodnější alternativy. Výzkumná metoda spočívá v pečlivém průzkumu každé epizody sitcomu a je zhodnoceno, zda je český 4 ekvivalent vhodným překladem nebo je na místě raději českou verzi změnit a z jakého důvodu. Na základě poznatků různých expertů (Delabastita, 1997 či Nornes, 1991) analýza zkoumá, zdali jsou jednotlivé slovní hříčky přeloženy přímo, je-li jejich význam vysvětlen, je- li pro vystihnutí dvojsmyslů užito přirozenějších jazykových prostředků, dále je pozorováno, zda jsou slovní hříčky od základu změněny, či vynechány úplně. Práce si klade za záměr zjednodušit překladateský proces těchto jazykových jevů, jelikož právě slovní hříčky tvoří často nedílnou součást oblíbeného žánru, jakým je situační komedie. 5 Key words translation, ambiguity, wordplay, pun, double meaning, homonymy, homophony, polysemy, paronymy, comical effect, original, preservation of the pun, translative method Klíčová slova překlad, dvojsmysl, slovní hříčka, dvojí význam, homonymie, homofonie, polysémie, paronymie, komický efekt, originál, zachování slovní hříčky, překladatelská metoda 6 Content 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 1. 1 The subject of the thesis .............................................................................................. 9 1. 2 Subtitles as up-to-date research material ..................................................................... 9 1. 3 Goal of the analysis ................................................................................................... 10 1. 4 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 11 1. 5 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................ 12 2 Wordplay analysis ............................................................................................................. 14 2. 1 Definition of wordplay .............................................................................................. 14 2. 2 Wordplay, pun and double entendre as distinctive terms........................................... 15 2. 3 Types of wordplay ..................................................................................................... 16 2. 4 Further distinction: paradigmatic and syntagmatic puns ........................................... 17 3 Translating puns ................................................................................................................ 18 3. 1 Puns and the difficulty of translation ......................................................................... 18 3. 2 Wordplay based on phonetic factors .......................................................................... 20 3. 3 Identification techniques and methodology ............................................................... 20 3. 4 Modes of translation: Direct copy, explanation and omission, abusive subtitling .... 22 3. 5 Foreignisation, neutralisation and naturalisation ....................................................... 23 3. 6 Play with literal and figurative meaning .................................................................... 23 3. 7 Deviation from the original ....................................................................................... 24 3. 7. 1 Change of image ................................................................................................. 24 4 Translators´ benefits and obstacles ................................................................................... 27 5 Subtitles: Limitations and obstacles .................................................................................. 29 5. 1 Reduction due to space and time ............................................................................... 30 5. 2 Technical and linguistic restrictions .......................................................................... 31 6 Summary of hypotheses .................................................................................................... 33 7 Analysis of wordplay in practice ...................................................................................... 35 7. 1 Situational comedy as a resource ............................................................................... 35 7. 1. 1 How I Met Your Mother ..................................................................................... 35 7. 2 Direct copy, change of image, explanation, omission, abusive subtitling ................. 36 7. 2. 1 Direct copy ......................................................................................................... 36 7. 2. 2 Change of image ................................................................................................. 46 7. 2. 3 Explanation ......................................................................................................... 52 7 7. 2. 4 Omission ............................................................................................................. 54 7. 2. 5 Abusive subtitling .............................................................................................. 60 7. 3 Cultural reference ...................................................................................................... 64 7. 3. 1 Foreignisation ..................................................................................................... 64 7. 3. 2 Naturalisation ..................................................................................................... 66 8 Discussion and findings .................................................................................................... 69 8. 1 Evaluation of the methods of direct copy, change of image, explanation, omission and abusive subtitling ........................................................................................................... 69 8. 1. 1 Direct copy ......................................................................................................... 69 8. 1. 1. 1 Direct copy and preservation of pun ............................................................ 72 8. 1. 1. 2 Substitution of comical pun by comical non-pun ......................................... 74 8. 1. 2 Change of image ................................................................................................. 74 8. 1. 3 Explanation ........................................................................................................
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