News in Review Resource Guide

March 2010 Credits Resource Guide Writers: Sean Dolan, Peter Flaherty, Jim L’Abbé, Jennifer Watt Copy Editor and Desktop Publisher: Susan Rosenthal Resource Guide Graphics: Laraine Bone Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Resource Guide Editor: Jill Colyer Supervising Manager: Karen Bower Host: Carla Robinson Senior Producer: Nigel Gibson Producer: Lou Kovacs Video Writers: Nigel Gibson Director: Ian Cooper Graphic Artist: Mark W. Harvey Editor: Stanley Iwanski

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News in Review, March 2010 1. A Deadly Earthquake Devastates Haiti (Length: 15:27) 2. Young Adults and Heart Disease (Length: 15:40) 3. The Trials of the Toronto 18 (Length: 16:37) 4. Diving for Clues to Canadian History (Length: 15:25) Contents In This Issue ...... 4

A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI ...... 6 Introduction ...... 6 Video Review ...... 7 The Devastation ...... 10 Canada’s Response ...... 12 A Marshall Plan for Haiti ...... 14 A Heartfelt Appeal from the Governor General ...... 16 Activity: Rebuilding Haiti ...... 18

YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE ...... 19 Introduction ...... 19 Video Review ...... 20 The Grim Statistics ...... 22 Social Determinants of Health ...... 24 Healthy Body, Healthy Mind ...... 26 Activity: Schools on the Move ...... 28

THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 ...... 30 Introduction ...... 30 Video Review ...... 31 A Shocking Case ...... 34 Alienated Youth...... 36 Community Assistance...... 38 Canada-U.S. Relations ...... 40 Activity: What is a suitable punishment? ...... 42

DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY ...... 43 Introduction ...... 43 Video Review ...... 44 Fur Trade History ...... 46 Unearthing History ...... 50 Historical Signiﬁcance and Primary Sources ...... 52 Activity: You Be the Historian ...... 54

News in Review Index ...... 55

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 3 In This Issue . . .

A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI (Length: 15:27) NiR Study On January 12, 2010, a powerful earthquake struck the small nation of Haiti. More Modules Using print and video than 100 000 people were killed, and about a million others were left homeless. In material from archival this News in Review story we’ll look at Haiti’s tragedy and how Canada and other issues of News in countries are trying to help the survivors. Review, teachers and students can create NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos thematic modules Kashmir Quake: Disaster in South Asia China’s Earthquake: The People in the for independent November 2005 Pictures assignments, and small Tsunami: The Indian Ocean Disaster Geologic Journey group study. February 2005 Quake Hunters City of Death: Iran’s Killer Quake February 2004 Related CBC Videos Other videos available Earthquakes: The West Coast Threat from CBC Learning; April 2001 see the back cover for contact details.

YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE (Length: 15:40) In late January 2010 a new report warned that Canada could be facing an epidemic of heart disease. It said that, because so many Canadians are not eating or exercising properly, even young adults are now at risk. In this News in Review story we’ll look at the problem and what can be done to try to correct it.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos Fashion and the Dangerously Thin Brain Gains: Better Grades through April 2007 Fitness Oxycontin Abuse: A Teenager’s Story Cafeteria Confidential November 2005 Calorie Confidential Marijuana: Taking Another Look, April 1998 Diet Confidential Smoking: The Campaign Against Addiction Hyping Health: Is Heath Check Always October 1996 Right?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 4 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 (Length: 16:37) In June 2006 police in Ontario arrested 18 young men and charged them with planning the biggest terrorist attack in Canadian history. In this News in Review story we’ll look at the trials of the so-called Toronto 18. We’ll also examine what could have led these young Canadians to want to attack their own country.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos The Terrorist Attack on Mumbai Air India 182 February 2009 9/11: Toxic Legacy 9/11: The Day that Changed the World Secret History of 9/11 October 2006 London Bombers: Alienation and Terror September 2006 Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges September 2006 Terrorist Attack: Protecting Canada November 2001

DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY (Length: 15:25) The fur trade played a large role in the early history of Canada. It opened up the country, created new communities, and led to the further exploration of North America. Archeologists have retrieved many artifacts from places like old trading posts. In this News in Review story we’ll join a team looking for them in a new location—at the bottom of rapids.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos Digging History, December 2003 Canada: A People’s History Re-examining History: Searching for Freedom’s Land: Canada and the Truth, April 1995 Underground Railroad Ghosts of Future’s Past: Tom Berger in the North Gone Sideways: Serendipity in Science Iron Road National Dream

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CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 5 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI Introduction Late in the afternoon on January 12, sent HMCS Athabaskan and HMCS 2010, a massive earthquake struck Haiti, Halifax to the devastated Caribbean Download the mp3 of this Introduction unleashing indescribable devastation on nation. By the end of January, Canada at newsinreview. an already destitute nation. Over 200 000 had committed 2 000 troops to provide cbclearning.ca. people were killed, including up to 80 aid in Léogâne—the epicentre of the Canadians, in what may be the deadliest quake—and Jacmel—a crucial sea port Focus earthquake in history. Almost 90 per cent off the southern coast of Haiti. Haiti, the poorest of Haiti’s capital, Port-au-Prince, was Meanwhile, Prime Minister Stephen nation in the western flattened by the quake, leaving hundreds Harper put Haiti at the top of his foreign hemisphere, was of thousands of people homeless and policy agenda. With over 100 000 rocked by a massive leaving millions desperate for food, expatriate Haitians living in Canada, and earthquake that water, and medical treatment. Haiti counting itself as the second largest killed over 200 000 The day after the earthquake an recipient of Canadian foreign aid after people and left most of the country in emotional Governor General of Canada, Afghanistan, the Prime Minister seized ruins. This News in Michaëlle Jean, herself an expatriate the opportunity to help the impoverished Review story looks at Haitian, appealed to the global nation. An immediate $5-million relief the earthquake that community: “Now more than ever, it fund was extended to Haiti, followed devastated Haiti and is time for us to show our solidarity by an additional $130-million as the Canada’s response to with the most vulnerable people in the crisis unfolded. Harper’s government the humanitarian crisis Americas, our brothers and sisters in also agreed to match donations given by that followed. Haiti, whose courage is once again being individual Canadians to recognized non- so harshly tested.” Rocked by political profit organizations. Did you know . . . and economic instability since the nation In late January in Montreal, Canada By the end of February was founded in 1804, Haiti could ill hosted an international conference on the 2010, 34 Canadians afford the catastrophic consequences crisis. Those at the conference concluded were confirmed dead, brought on by the 7.3 magnitude that the rebuilding of Haiti would require while over 50 were earthquake. Unfortunately, as Jean so a 10-year, $10-billion commitment if the still missing in Haiti. astutely and articulately posited, one Caribbean nation hopes to rise from the of the poorest nations in the world was rubble. Canada vowed to be an ally in “once again being so harshly tested.” this cause and promised Canada’s long- Canadian authorities responded term involvement in the reconstruction to the crisis quickly and efficiently. of Haiti. Almost immediately Canada’s Disaster The humanitarian emergency in Haiti Assistance Response Team (DART) is still in its infancy. Canadian efforts, gathered the necessary resources and both in the short and long term, should deployed to Port-au-Prince. The navy help Haiti emerge from this crisis. To Consider 1. How devastating was the earthquake in Haiti? Use specific examples from the article.

2. Why was an earthquake in Haiti considered particularly unfortunate?

3. How did Canada respond to the crisis? Should more have been done?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 6 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI Video Review Pre-viewing Questions Read the following passage and respond to the questions that follow. Be prepared to share your comments with the class.

Picture the main street of the town or the skyline of the city where you live. Next, picture an earthquake that ﬂattens more than half of what you have pictured in your mind. While this devastation takes place in your imagination, real devastation struck Haiti on January 12 when a 7.3 magnitude earthquake destroyed much of the impoverished nation.

1. Describe how drastically life would change if an earthquake wiped out most of the town or city where you live.

2. What complications would you face?

3. What would you have to do to survive?

4. How would you stay healthy?

5. How would you keep yourself clean?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video respond to the questions in the spaces provided.

1. What evidence does News in Review host Carla Robinson provide in her introduction to suggest that Haiti was in rough shape prior to being struck by an earthquake on January 12, 2010?

2. Describe some of the desperate circumstances people were forced to endure as described in David Common’s report.

3. What complications did authorities face in the delivery of emergency aid to people seeking food and water?

4. How many people were left homeless by the earthquake?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 7 5. How did the earthquake affect the lives of Andre Pierristil, Kevney Maxim, and Marita Abraham? Brieﬂy describe their suffering.

6. Where were Canadian troops asked to concentrate their efforts?

7. Where was the epicentre of the earthquake?

8. What part of Haiti sustained the most damage?

9. Where did the homeless of Haiti move after the earthquake? What does the United Nations hope to provide for the hundreds of thousands of homeless people living in Haiti’s capital?

10. How long does Prime Minister Stephen Harper think it will take to rebuild Haiti?

11. Describe the efforts of Canadian Forces personnel in Léogâne and Jacmel? Identify some the things the soldiers were doing to help the people of the area.

12. How many dead bodies did Haitian authorities say they collected after the earthquake?

13. How did the earthquake affect Haiti’s already struggling economy? What do experts suggest Haiti needs to do to get back on its economic feet? Use examples from the video.

14. Why do some economists see the rebuilding of Haiti as an opportunity for Haiti to improve economically?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 8 Post-viewing Activity Read the following passage and respond to the questions that follow. Be prepared to share your comments with the class.

Major Annie Bouchard describes an incident that happened a few days after the Canadian Forces opened a medical clinic in Jacmel. It was late in the afternoon, around 5:00 p.m., when the exhausted Canadians, having treated hundreds of sick and wounded Haitians, turned toward the clinic gate and saw a gathering of people. The locals of Jacmel proceeded to sing songs of thanks and praise to the Canadian medical staff and soldiers.

1. How do you think the Canadians would have felt about this tribute?

2. Why does this event seem remarkable in light of the earthquake and its aftermath?

3. Is this “proof” that nations need to help one another through difﬁcult times, or not? Explain your response.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 9 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI The Devastation

How do you put a human face on a amid the rubble, soldiers working in Did you know . . . tragedy that killed over 200 000 people? field hospitals, and relief flights taking Prime Minister Stephen Harper was How do you humanize the telling of such off and landing, the true extent of human the first world leader a story without becoming lost in a sea suffering is lost in a sea of numbers and to visit the devastated of statistics? While the magnitude of the facts. region, which he did earthquake was rated at 7.3, the human in February 2010. toll is almost beyond description: Money • 1.5 million Haitians left homeless, And then there’s the money. Global leading to the emergence of over 50 donors opened their pocketbooks and tent cities in the capital alone gave generously once they heard of • 5 million people in need of water, food, the earthquake. Within days of the and medical assistance catastrophe, the international community • 70 000 bodies recovered within the first pledged USD $300-million in emergency few days of the earthquake aid, with the United States putting up $100-million and Canada $50-million. • only 90 people rescued from The international number doubled to demolished buildings in the days USD $600-million a week after the immediately after the earthquake earthquake, and Canada’s contribution Do any of these statistics really do rose to $135-million by the end of justice to the scale of human suffering January—not including over $50-million brought on by the events of January 12, in donations given to aid agencies by 2010? individual Canadians. It is also important to note that in 2006 Canada pledged to Aid provide $555-million in aid to Haiti over Even describing the international a five-year period. Do these numbers put response to the disaster seems like an the devastation in perspective? exercise in fact listing. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, 40 nations The Haitian Government and the sent search-and-rescue teams to Haiti. United Nations A number of nations also sent troops, After the earthquake hit, some people including Canada—2 000 soldiers—and criticized the Haitian government for not the United States—10 000 soldiers—in providing relief quickly and efficiently. an effort to provide security and aid But the earthquake wiped out six in the relief effort. Canadian troops government ministry buildings and left were credited with setting up a critical- the other 11 damaged beyond repair. care hospital in Léogâne and opening The Haitian government was forced an airport in Jacmel, allowing relief to set up residence at a police station flights to deliver aid to people living in near the Port-au-Prince airport. How southern Haiti. Meanwhile U.S. troops does a government whose infrastructure turned the Port-au-Prince airport into a has been destroyed, and many of its vital international aid hub that saw the employees killed, respond quickly number of daily flights shoot from 30 to and efficiently to a disaster of this 180 a day. Again, unless you can really magnitude? visualize 40 rescue teams struggling

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 10 As well, the United Nations real picture of her own suffering and the Did you know . . . headquarters in Port-au-Prince was suffering of others? Was it even possible Canada has asked the international flattened by the earthquake, and over 100 for the government of Haiti and the community to cancel staff were killed, including the head of United Nations to deliver aid to Thermiti Haiti’s debt, leading the mission. Fortunately, most of the and the five million other people who the way with the 9 000 UN peacekeepers survived and needed help? cancellation of were able to provide security amid $965-million in debt the chaos of Haiti’s capital. The UN Looting and Crime incurred over the past several years. scrambled to provide aid for suffering While the overwhelming majority of Haitians and, by February, seemed to Haitians responded to the crisis with have a system in place for distributing courage and determination, some tried to food and setting up shelter for the take advantage of the situation, looting homeless. However, criticism rained stores and terrorizing earthquake victims. down on the UN and the Haitian The fact that 3 000 prisoners escaped the government in the days following the prison in Port-au-Prince, and over earthquake. An elderly woman named 1 000 police were killed in the Jacqueline Thermiti, whose nursing home earthquake, didn’t help security matters. was destroyed in the earthquake, told Death, injury, starvation, and disease reporters: “The government is a joke. are all aspect of the post-earthquake life The UN is a joke. We’re a kilometre of the people of Haiti. Can words really from the airport and we’re going to die describe the hardships the people of this of hunger” (Toronto Star, January 18, impoverished nation are enduring? 2010). Do Thermiti’s comments give us a

Follow-up 1. The article includes a number of questions. List the questions and attempt to answer them in point form. Your teacher might choose to have you work on the questions with a partner.

2. In a 100- to 150-word reflective response, indicate the thoughts and feelings that the questions provoked in you.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 11 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI Canada’s Response

When Canadian authorities heard of a prolonged period for Canadians to Did you know . . . the earthquake in Haiti, they responded be evacuated from embattled Lebanon. Over 100 000 people of Haitian origin with unprecedented speed. They As a result of these experiences, in live in Canada, with had learned some lessons from past 2010 the Canadian government started most residing in the disasters. For example, in 2005, it took preparing a relief mission as soon as province of Quebec. Canada 12 days to get aid to victims of ofﬁcials got word of the crisis. a tsunami in Indonesia. In 2006, it took Focus for Reading Copy an organizer like the one below into your notebook. As you read the following information, complete the organizer.

Canada’s Response in Haiti Who What DART

Canadian Embassy

Canadians at home

Canadian government

The first phase of the mission involved farm on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince dispatching the Disaster Assistance when the earthquake struck. Fortunately Response Team (DART)—a group no one was hurt, but the terrified group of about 200 highly trained Canadian was forced to sleep outside with no food Forces personnel who specialize in or water for several days. Their ordeal dealing with crises. Less than 24 hours came to an end when Canadian troops after the earthquake, the first Canadian located them and moved them to the military aid flight landed in Port-au- embassy to arrange for their evacuation Prince, with 20 DART soldiers ready for back to Canada. Meanwhile, as the their mission as well as a host of badly humanitarian crisis began to unfold needed medical supplies. and the true magnitude of the quake The Canadian Embassy became a became apparent, Canadian authorities crisis hub as embassy staff worked offered to move outside the capital while tirelessly to locate Canadians and arrange the United States and United Nations for their safe return to Canada. One focused on Port-au-Prince. group, a collection of staff and students This marked the beginning of the from a British Columbia high school, had second phase of the relief effort. just arrived in Haiti to help set up a goat Canadian Forces (CF) personnel,

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 12 including DART, brought their expertise again demonstrated the effectiveness of Did you know . . . to the epicentre of the earthquake in the social media in times of chaos. Léogâne is located 15 kilometres west town of Léogâne and the vital southern The Harper government did its best of Port-au-Prince, port city of Jacmel. Once DART to show its commitment to help Haiti in and Jacmel is located was fully operational, CF personnel its time of greatest need. First, Harper 40 kilometres south were distributing 2 500 meals a day pledged financial aid to the Haitian of the capital. It is and purifying thousands of litres of government. By the end of February estimated that close water. Their colleagues from HMCS around $135-million had been promised. to 90 per cent of both Athabaskan and HMCS Halifax also Second, the government loosened Léogâne and Port-au- Prince were destroyed purified water, provided security, and Canada’s immigration laws for Haitians by the earthquake, supplied logistical support for operations looking to unite with family and friends while close to 60 per from Jacmel. Meanwhile, state-of-the- in Canada. The rule changes would allow cent of Jacmel was art mobile field hospitals were rapidly as many as 5 000 Haitians to immigrate destroyed. assembled in Léogâne and Jacmel, to Canada. The government also made and hospital personnel began treating it easier for Canadians to adopt Haitian hundreds of patients per day. CF soldiers children orphaned by the earthquake. also repaired Jacmel’s airstrip, allowing Third, Canada hosted a conference in 160 relief flights a day to land in the Montreal to study the crisis in Haiti. region. While scenes in Port-au-Prince The late January meeting was attended were described as chaotic and unruly, by major political figures from a variety aid efforts in Léogâne and Jacmel went of nations that vowed to stick with Haiti smoothly for the Canadians. By the end for the long haul. Prime Minister Harper of February, 2 000 CF personnel had noted that the rebuilding of Haiti would been committed to Haiti. take 10 years and could cost $10-billion. Meanwhile, back home, Canadians The Montreal conference set the stage jumped into action. Community groups for a conference for major donors to began preparing thousands of care be held at the United Nations in New packages. Quilts, blankets, towels, and York in March 2010. Finally, in a show medical supplies were just a few of the of solidarity, Harper became the first items located, packaged, and shipped to world leader to visit Haiti since the Haiti. Thousands of cards and messages earthquake. The Prime Minister offered of hope were sent to Haiti. Canadians $12-million in immediate aid to help set up a telecommunications network to Haitian President René Préval get his share news of missing Canadians and to government back on its feet. He also help locate information about loved ones. visited CF personnel working in Léogâne This information was shared via e-mail and Jacmel. and on Facebook and Twitter, and once Analysis 1. Besides the fact that Haiti needed help, what other reasons did Canada have for responding to the crisis with unprecedented speed?

2. Describe the ﬁrst and second phases of the Canadian effort to help Haiti.

3. What did the government of Canada do to make it easier for Haitians wanting to come and live in Canada?

4. What did the Canadian government do to demonstrate its long-term commitment to Haiti?

5. Why is a long-term commitment to Haiti particularly important?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 13 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI A Marshall Plan for Haiti

Shortly after the earthquake that brought A “Marshal Plan” for Haiti? Did you know . . . Haiti to its knees, commentators began The financial plan to Prior to the earthquake Haiti was already support European calling for a “Marshall Plan” for Haiti. in dire straits. Universally acknowledged countries after the The Marshall Plan was an economic as the poorest country in the Western Second World War scheme put forward by the United hemisphere, Haiti’s gross domestic was formally known States in the aftermath of the Second product (GDP) was a mere $11-billion. as the European World War. The term “Marshall Plan” (Canada’s GDP is $1.3-trillion). Haiti’s Recovery Program. But was being used in reference to Haiti to inability to provide stable livelihoods for historians commonly highlight the need for massive aid for the refer to it as the its nine million people was connected Marshall Plan since the devastated country. to decades of political unrest and program was devised financial mismanagement. By the time by U.S. Secretary of The Marshall Plan the earthquake hit in early 2010, 80 per State George Marshall As the Second World War came to an cent of Haitians were living below the at Harvard University end in 1945, the U.S., Britain, France, poverty line, with over half of that group in 1947. and the Soviet Union sought to keep existing in abject poverty. Couple this Germany under their control. The with the fact that Haiti was struggling defeated nation was divided into zones to recover from a series of hurricanes of occupation, with each victorious allied and tropical storms that had pounded the country controlling a zone. Shortly after nation since 2008 and it became clear this strategy was put in place it became that the last thing Haiti could handle was clear that political differences between another natural disaster. the Soviet Union on the one hand and Nonetheless, a natural disaster the U.S., Britain, and France on the other was exactly what Haiti was forced to would destroy any hope of co-operation in endure on January 12, 2010, when a 7.3 the rebuilding of Germany along with the magnitude earthquake destroyed up to rest of war-torn Europe. In fact, by 1947, 90 per cent of the country’s capital and the Cold War battle lines were drawn, many other Haitian cities and towns. with Western Europe favouring capitalism Indeed, the damage brought on by the and democracy and eastern Europe earthquake could be likened to the after- turning to Soviet-style communism. effects of war. Thus, the Marshall Plan In an effort to ward off the spread of references started to surface as soon as communism into Western Europe, the the global media became aware of the United States offered significant financial extent of the devastation. assistance to European countries trying Little did most people know that a to get back on their economic feet in kind of Marshall Plan had already been the post-war period. The Marshall Plan in the works. A group of 33 Haitians— saw the U.S. invest $13-billion in the some living abroad and some living in European economy between 1948 and Haiti—had been working independently 1952. By the time the plan came to an prior to the earthquake to try to develop end, the European economy had enjoyed a plan for their homeland. Their overall unprecedented growth, surpassing pre- impression was that Haiti was mired in a war levels and essentially making the perpetual cycle of poverty and corruption democracies of Western Europe major brought on by greedy and incompetent global economic players. politicians. If Haiti hoped to emerge

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 14 as a legitimate Caribbean political and • Creation of a national tourism agency economic entity, it needed to put the to make Haiti a tourist destination that people first and find a way to make can compete with Haiti’s island partner, government work better. About a month the Dominican Republic after the earthquake, the group released • Abolition of school fees so that all the Strategic Plan for National Salvation, children can enjoy the benefits of a comprehensive, long-term scheme education designed to lift Haiti out of poverty. The • Creation of an agency to deal with the plan called for: reconstruction of the nation in the wake • Decentralization of government so of the earthquake that all of Haiti— not just people living in Port-au-Prince—received The plan would cost $100-billion administrative services over 25 years. Proponents of the plan argue the $4-billion annual cost is not • Transparent economic policy and much more than what Haiti receives government spending (it is believed in international aid in a given year. that once government accountability They also note that Haitians who have is in place and the economy begins left their homeland send $1.6-billion to grow, modest taxation could be back to relatives in Haiti every year. In introduced to fund government other words, the plan is workable if the initiatives) Haitian people are able to compel their • Infrastructure development to help bring politicians to co-operate. The goal would running water, sewers, and electricity be to wean the country off international to all Haitians—not just the wealthy; aid and build a sustainable economy Haiti is in appalling shape, with fewer with a level of government service that than 50 per cent of the people enjoying sees all Haitians enjoying a comfortable the benefits of running water and and healthy standard of living. The electricity; there are no modern public plan also avoids quick-fix solutions and sewage systems to speak of acknowledges that the rebuilding of Haiti is long-term endeavour.

Follow-up 1. What was the original Marshall Plan? What was it designed to do?

2. What is the “Marshall Plan” for Haiti? Describe its main ideas.

3. Do you think the Strategic Plan for National Salvation can work or is it too ambitious?

4. What might be an alternative to the Strategic Plan?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 15 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI A Heartfelt Appeal from the Governor General

The day after the earthquake in Haiti, Jean, a native of Haiti whose family Governor General Michaëlle Jean ﬂed to Canada when she was 11, spoke captured the hearts of Canadians with a earnestly and with emotions that moved speech that recognized the early efforts many Canadians. She communicated of the Canadian government in dealing compassion and concern with a clarity with the humanitarian crisis. The speech that motivated people to consider the also called on the global community to plight of the people of Haiti. Here is help Haiti in its greatest time of need. what she said:

Ottawa – Wednesday, January 13, 2010 Exactly one year ago, I was in Haiti to assess the damage caused by the hurricanes that had cruelly ravaged a country that has suffered so much, and to support the reconstruction efforts there.*

Yesterday, fate once again turned against the people of Haiti, who had only just begun to see a glimmer of hope.

I would ﬁrst like to say that my husband, Jean-Daniel, our daughter, Marie-Éden, and I are all thinking about the victims, the countless families who have been affected and are in mourning, and all those who, like us, are so worried about their loved ones and friends in Haiti.

Like me, Haitian communities across Canada are heartbroken and overwhelmed by the magnitude of this catastrophe. The images and news reports are unbearable to watch. So much distress, suffering, and loss. We are also, of course, imagining the worst, situations no image can capture that only increase our feeling of helplessness.

I salute the friendship and solidarity being demonstrated all across Canada and throughout the international community.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Prime Minister of Canada for all the emergency assistance that has been sent. I thank the Minister of Foreign Affairs and in particular the Minister of Defence, with whom I have closely monitored the situation as it evolved and discussed, along with the Chief of the Defence Staff, the urgent needs to be deployed to Haiti.

I am also grateful to our ambassador, Gilles Rivard, and to his team in Port-au- Prince, with whom we have remained in contact via satellite, who are making remarkable efforts to help Canadians in Haiti and who are standing beside the people of Haiti at this terrible time.

My thoughts are also with our police ofﬁcers, soldiers, missionaries, and humanitarian workers, and our UN family, who have all been hit very hard by this new disaster.

We still have no news of our dear friend, Hédi Annabi,** Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Haiti. All we know is that he was with his colleagues in the United Nations’ headquarters, which collapsed.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 16 As I say that to you what comes to my mind are all of the images . . . and the terrible night . . . [the] terrible evening . . . that long day yesterday and the long day today . . . and know that every minute, every hour can make a difference . . . and draw a line between life and death.***

Thank you to you, the media, for your all your reports and updates on the situation.

Now more than ever, it is time for us to show our solidarity with the most vulnerable people in the Americas, our brothers and sisters in Haiti, whose courage is once again being so harshly tested.

Ayisyen Ayisènn Pran couraj Pa lag****

Source: Statement from the Governor General following the earthquake in Haiti, January 13, 2010, www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13483&lan=eng

Notes *Michaëlle Jean starts by referring to a visit to Haiti in 2009. Between 2008 and 2009, Haiti was pounded by hurricanes and tropical storms that left a widespread path of destruction and misery.

**During the speech, the Governor General mentions a number of names, including Hédi Annabi, the Tunisian diplomat who headed the mission in Haiti. It was later learned that Annabi died when the UN Headquarters in Port-au-Prince collapsed, killing him and scores of other UN personnel.

***The ellipses (…) indicate points where an emotional Jean had to pause during her speech.

****The Governor General’s speech ends with a brief comment in Creole. Jean later translated: “I said in Creole, ‘Women and men of Haiti, we must not lose hope. We are known for our strength and resilience, and need to stand courageously before this challenge that is affecting us again’” (The Globe and Mail, January 14, 2010).

Follow-up 1. To get a true sense of Michaëlle Jean’s public appeal, watch the speech at www.citizenvoices.gg.ca/en/videos/167. How does viewing and listening to the speech enhance your understanding of the Governor General’s message?

2. Does a speech like this make a difference in how governments and the public respond to a crisis? Explain your opinion.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 17 A DEADLY EARTHQUAKE DEVASTATES HAITI Activity: Rebuilding Haiti

This activity will provide you with the opportunity to participate in a Four Corners Debate. Here’s how it works: A Four Corners Debate is a non- threatening way of debating topics in a timely yet provocative manner. Your teacher will post four signs, one in each corner of the classroom. They will say: AGREE, DISAGREE, STRONGLY AGREE and STRONGLY DISAGREE.

Next your teacher will write a statement on the board. Your job is to read the statement and go to the corner that you feel best describes your position regarding the statement. Once you are in your corner, you will work with your classmates to develop your own statement that summarizes your position. Listen carefully to what others have to say to make your summary as clear and concise as possible.

After about five minutes, your teacher will ask one member of each group to deliver their summary statement along with a one- to two-minute explanation of the group’s position. After your spokesperson has finished delivering your summary, the floor will be opened to debate as people from other groups question and challenge your position. Each group will present in turn and you will have a chance to question and challenge their statements as well. At the end of the debate, your teacher will ask if you want to move to another corner of the room because your opinion has changed.

The goal of this debate style is to allow for informal debating while enhancing listening and presentation skills.

Resources: Before starting the debate, it might be helpful to review the video and the Guide material from this News in Review story.

Here are a few debate statements that your teacher might choose to use: • Canada has a moral obligation to provide whatever humanitarian assistance the people of Haiti require, even if it means endangering the lives of Canadian soldiers and aid workers in the process. • U.S. President Barack Obama echoed the sentiments of many of the world’s political leaders when he said: “To the people of Haiti, we say clearly, and with conviction, you will not be forsaken; you will not be forgotten” (The Globe and Mail, January 16, 2010). While these remarks are promising, it is more than likely that the crisis in Haiti will be forgotten and the world community will once again turn its back on Haiti. • Haiti should be left completely in charge of where relief donations are used and all aspects of the reconstruction effort. Foreign countries like Canada should not interfere even if they are giving hundreds of millions of dollars in reconstruction money. • Canada cannot afford to help Haiti rebuild for the next 10 years. With the price tag set at a minimum of $10-billion, Canada needs to admit that the reconstruction of Haiti is too time consuming and too expensive. • Canada must forge a reconstruction partnership with Haiti. If Canadians and Haitians work together, they can make Haiti a prosperous Caribbean nation.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 18 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE Introduction

Canada’s young people are less healthy processed food. Low physical activity today than they were in previous combined with high-calorie foods Download the mp3 of this Introduction decades. Medical doctors see more cases has resulted in higher body weights. at newsinreview. of children and adolescents with high Children with high body weights tend to cbclearning.ca. blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, become adults with high body weights. and diabetes. An alarming rise in the These adults face increased risk of heart Focus incidence of childhood and youth obesity disease, diabetes, problems with their In late January 2010, a has also occurred. bones, and other chronic diseases. medical report warned What are the reasons for this trend of This trend of ill health is a major that Canada could poor health? Young people simply do not concern for individuals, families, and be facing a future move their bodies as much as in previous communities. An unhealthy population epidemic of heart generations. Sitting for hours in front puts a strain on the human resources of disease. The report of a computer or television has become families and communities in addition to said that because so many Canadians normal behaviour, whereas in previous the ﬁnancial resources of the Canadian are not eating or decades more time was spent being health-care system. Ultimately, young exercising properly physically active. people, in partnership with their families, even young adults The eating habits of young people communities, and schools, must face up are now at risk. In have also changed. Kids today have to their risky health behaviours and make this News in Review a diet higher in fat, calories, and salt a combined effort to change for a healthy story we’ll look at the because they consume a great deal of future. problem and what can be done to try to correct it. To Consider 1. Read the statements below and record in your notebook whether you agree, disagree, or are not sure about each of the statements. Then, with a Quote partner or in a small group, discuss your responses. “Some doctors [are] a) What I eat and the amount I exercise are personal matters and therefore warning that the no one’s business but my own. children of today could be the ﬁrst b) Young people are very concerned about their health and well-being. generation to live shorter lives than their c) Young people are very well informed in schools about how to lead parents.” — News in healthy lifestyles. Review video, March 2010 d) Television and computers are the main reasons for unhealthy lifestyles in young people.

e) Our society is too obsessed with physical perfection.

2. What do you think are the main reasons for young people not eating and exercising properly?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 19 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE Video Review

Did you know . . . Pre-viewing Activity Michelle Obama, Before you watch the video, discuss the following questions with a partner or in the First Lady of the a small group. United States, has 1. What do you know about heart disease and diabetes? announced that her personal mission while in the White House will be to promote healthy lifestyles for 2. Does anyone in your family suffer from heart disease or diabetes? If so, young children and how does this affect their quality of life? adolescents.

Quote “Experts estimate that 10 to 25 per cent of 3. What role do you think schools could play in promoting healthy lifestyles all teenagers and 20 among students? to 50 per cent of all adults have a weight problem. It is known that obesity brings many health hazards 4. Do you think you lead a healthy lifestyle? Why or why not? with it, including heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes with all of its complications.” — Obesity Canada, www. 5. Do you think schools and governments can successfully change the eating obesitycanada.com habits and activity levels of their students? Why or why not?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video respond to the questions in the spaces provided. 1. What is the average life expectancy for a baby born in the years 2005 to

2007? ______.

2. Obesity has overtaken ______as the number-one threat to health. 3. The two factors responsible for the increase in obesity are:

______and ______.

4. Why can it be hard to convince younger people to live healthier lifestyles?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 20 5. Describe the lives and problems of some of the kids at City Park Collegiate Did you know . . . in Saskatoon. The Childhood Obesity Foundation of Canada promotes the 5-2-1- 0 rule to encourage healthy lifestyles. That means ﬁve servings of fruits and vegetables per day; two hours of screen time or less per day; one hour of 6. What strategy did teacher Allison Cameron use to try and help her students? physical activity per day; and zero sugar- sweetened drinks per 7. What impact did this strategy have on her students? day. — Childhood Obesity Foundation of Canada, www. childhoodobesity foundation.ca

8. How much exercise is required to sharpen the brain?

9. What is different about our lifestyles today from those of our ancestors in previous generations?

Post-viewing Activity After you have watched the video, discuss and respond to the following questions. Your teacher may choose to place you in a small group with other students. 1. Based on what you have seen in the video, return to the pre-viewing questions and add any new information.

2. Would you be willing to work out in class during the day? Why or why not?

3. Do you agree that working out in class is different than being in a physical education class? Why?

4. Based on what you learned from the video story, what aspects of your behaviour might be the result of lack of exercise (e.g., restlessness, trouble concentrating)?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 21 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE The Grim Statistics

Note to Teachers Before Reading Teachers should In your notes, create a chart like the one below to record information as you be aware that the read. The chart will summarize two or three significant points of information for teaching of sensitive each question. Be prepared to share your chart with a partner after reading the and controversial information to discuss any similarities and differences in your summary charts. issues such as body image, disease, The Grim Statistics and other health 1. How unhealthy are Canadians? issues may provoke emotional responses • The Heart and Stroke Foundation says that thousands of young Canadians will from students. A high suffer heart attacks, stroke, or die prematurely from cardiac disease. degree of care should • be taken before 2. What is heart disease? the lesson to ensure • that the learning • environment allows for conflicting sets of 3. . . . . values to be processed analytically and with respect for differences 1. How unhealthy are Canadians? heart is a muscle that gets energy from in people and their blood that carries oxygen and nutrients. A The Canadian Heart and Stroke identities, cultures, constant supply of blood keeps the heart Foundation’s 2010 research report, and world views. working the way it should. When blood A Perfect Storm of Heart Disease vessels in the heart become blocked or Looming on Our Horizon, warned that narrowed, blood cannot reach the heart, a Further Research unless something changes, thousands condition called coronary artery disease. It A health advocacy of young Canadians will suffer heart can cause chest pain and heart attack. group found that attacks, stroke, or die prematurely popular foods such as cereal, hamburgers, from cardiac disease. Dangerous risk 3. How can you prevent heart disease? and submarines in factors such as unhealthy diet, inactivity, Canada had much obesity, diabetes, and heart disease have The Heart and Stroke Foundation higher amounts of increased by as much as 260 per cent suggests that you can reduce the risk of salt than the same among Canadians aged 12–34 between heart disease by doing the following: brands sold in other 1995 and 2005. The only health risk • Do not smoke. countries. Too much factor that has diminished overall is • Be physically active. salt in food can lead smoking. The study was a wake-up call • Eat a healthy diet. to hypertension and • Achieve and maintain a healthy weight. heart disease. For the to Canadians of all ages to learn about complete report go to how lifestyles affect personal health. The • If you have diabetes, get help to the World Action on Canadian government is concerned that manage it. Salt Web site at www. it will not be able to afford the health- • Do not drink alcohol. worldactiononsalt. care costs associated with this increase in • Reduce stress. com. heart disease and diabetes. • Visit a doctor regularly.

2. What is heart disease? 4. What is type 2 diabetes? The Heart and Stroke Foundation defines Along with heart disease, diabetes is heart disease as any condition affecting the the second major disease threatening structure and functions of the heart. The the health of young people in Canada.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 22 According to the Canadian Diabetes healthy heart will also reduce the risk of Further Research Association (CDA) one in every three type 2 diabetes—especially achieving Find out more about diabetes by visiting Canadian children may be diagnosed with and maintaining a healthy weight and the Web site of the diabetes in their lifetime. This represents engaging in regular activity. Canadian Diabetes a shocking number of people who The CDA also suggests the following Association at www. will require special medical assistance changes to your lifestyle: diabetes.ca. Click on and lifestyle changes in order to cope • Drink water, not pop or juice or energy the tab “Diabetes and with this disease and prevent related drinks. You” and then check complications and premature death. • Drink low-fat milk and eat low-fat out the information under the heading Type 2 diabetes is a life-long condition dairy products. “Youth.” where the pancreas does not produce • Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. enough insulin. Insulin is required • Walk or bike whenever possible. by the body to control the level of • Reduce “screen time” and do sugar (glucose) in the blood needed something fun and active instead. to make energy. Without the required insulin, glucose builds up in the blood 6. Who is more at risk? in an unhealthy way. Complications There are certain racial groups that are include heart disease, blindness, at greater risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, and nerve damage. and diabetes than the general population. The development of type 2 diabetes is Research has shown that Aboriginal closely related to obesity; about 95 per people, people of South Asian descent, cent of children with type 2 diabetes and people of African descent are more are overweight. The number of obese likely to have high blood pressure and children in Canada tripled from 1981 to type 2 diabetes. The Heart and Stroke 1996. This number concerns health-care Foundation research on the health of experts because obese children tend to Canadians warns that Aboriginal people become obese adults. in particular “are experiencing a full- People with type 2 diabetes can have a blown cardiovascular crisis.” Type 2 healthy life by eating healthy food, doing diabetes is being found in Canadian regular physical activity, and maintaining Aboriginal peoples as young as eight healthy blood glucose levels. years of age. A drastic intervention is required to improve the health of 5. How can you prevent type 2 diabetes? Aboriginal peoples in particular and all Many of the lifestyle suggestions for a young Canadians in general.

Post-reading Activities 1. Take the Health and Stroke Foundation’s risk assessment at www. heartandstroke.on.ca to ﬁnd out how your age, family history, and medical conditions affect the health of your heart. a) What did you learn? b) Were you surprised by anything you learned? c) Are there any behaviours you should change to improve your heart health?

2. Research the health of your province or territory as reported in the Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation’s 2010 Annual Report of Canadians’ Health at www.heartandstroke.on.ca. a) Do you live in a particularly healthy area or not? b) Why do you think there are discrepancies in the health of people in certain provinces and territories?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 23 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE Social Determinants of Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) A major health disparity exists between Quote has found that social determinants of various groups in our society. These “Adolescents—young people between health account for major discrepancies disparities are mostly attributed to the ages of 10 between the health within national socioeconomic status, Aboriginal and 19 years—are communities and between nations of heritage, sex, and geographic location. often thought of the world. These discrepancies are These disparities are shaped by the as a healthy group. considered preventable through pro- distribution of money, power, and Nevertheless, many active government policy decisions. resources at national and local levels, adolescents do which can be seen as unfair and die prematurely due to accidents, What are social determinants of health? avoidable differences caused by policy choices of governments. suicide, violence, They are socio-economic conditions pregnancy-related Poor and socially disadvantaged that shape the health of individuals complications, and people in Canada and the rest of the and communities. These conditions other illnesses that world are more likely to be unhealthy lay outside the realm of personal are either preventable and suffer from major preventable or treatable. In choices—for example where someone diseases. The World Health Organization addition, many serious was born, their sex, ethnicity and challenges all governments throughout diseases in adulthood culture, their socio-economic status, and the world to answer the question: “Why have their roots in how local and national governments adolescence. For treat people if you don’t change what support the health of the population example, tobacco use, makes them sick?” sexually transmitted as a whole. Other important social determinants include access to: medical infections—including Making Changes HIV—and poor care, education, healthy food, healthy The problem of the poor health of eating and exercise workplaces, healthy environments, Canadians is one with no easy solutions. habits lead to illness adequate shelter, decent employment, It will take individuals, institutions, or premature death and other social supports. later in life.” — World communities, and governments working Health Organization together to try to avert a health-care Why should Canadians worry about Web site, Adolescent crisis that will impact on the future of all Health page at www. these social determinants of health? Canadians. who.int/topics/ adolescent_health/en/ Thinking It Through Consider how the following social determinants of health may impact on a person’s ability to lead a healthy lifestyle that includes a high level of physical activity, access to healthy food, access to health care, and access to education. For each example, state a way in which the school, community, and local, provincial, or federal government could improve the person’s chance of leading a healthy lifestyle. a) A family lives in a remote geographic area. b) Schools have more organized sporting teams for boys than for girls. c) A family has recently immigrated to Canada. d) A person faces discrimination due to their racial/ethnic group and cannot secure regular employment. e) A young person cannot afford to join the local hockey team or pay for a school ski trip. f) A young person goes to school and works nights to help pay the rent.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 24 Follow-up 1. Calculate your body mass index (BMI) at the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/) to determine if you are underweight, at normal weight, overweight, or obese. a) What did you ﬁnd out? b) Were you surprised by the results? c) Do you consider this a valid predictor of your future health? Why or why not?

2. At the same Web site learn about how the portion sizes served in restaurants have increased in the last two decades by reading the results of research entitled “Portion Distortion.”

3. Think about the saying “Prevention is the best medicine.” How does this saying apply to your health and the health of other young Canadians?

4. Go to the “My Food Guide” section of Canada’s Food Guide Web site (www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/myguide-monguide/index-eng. php) to see what types of food and quantities you should be eating. Keep a health journal for a week to see if you are following the guidelines.

5. Children and adolescent do not typically eat or stay active because of perceived health beneﬁts. They eat because they like certain foods, and they get active when they have the choice of doing something they ﬁnd fun. What do you think does, or could, motivate you to eat well or stay active?

Sources: Public Health Agency of Canada (2008), “Healthy Living and Healthy Weight Among Canadian Youth”; Childhood Obesity Foundation, www.childhoodobesity foundation.ca; Public Health Agency of Canada (2009). Canada’s Response to the WHO Commission on The Social Determinants of Health, 2005-2008.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 25 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE Healthy Body, Healthy Mind

Did you know . . . Before Reading One in four Canadian Think about the mind-body connection in terms of healthy living. How are the children and mind and body interconnected in terms of health? What positive and negative adolescents ages two emotions do you associate with food? What positive and negative emotions do to 17 is overweight you associate with exercise and physical activity? or obese (www. jumpropeforheart.ca). Mind-Body Connections of loneliness, sadness, and anxiety—that The relationship between the mind and continues into their adolescent years. the body is an important consideration The media perpetuate the negativity for a healthy lifestyle. Your attitudes with countless images and products that and feelings influence your choices. declare that obesity is undesirable. You must want to change in order to change. One of the major challenges Foundations for a Healthy School for some young people in becoming Merryl Bear suggests that schools that healthier is that they are not motivated recognize the relationship between the to change unhealthy behaviours. Some mind and the body can do a great deal young people feel invincible and to promote healthy lifestyles (Exercise, cannot imagine a future of heart disease Physical Appearance and Self-Esteem or diabetes. Some young people are in Adolescence, Ontario Physical and motivated to maintain a slim figure due Health Association, 1996). Schools can to societal pressures that have little to promote healthy attitudes and behaviours do with health benefits. Still others may related to physical education and can view physical activity in a negative prevent negative attitudes and behaviours light due to their own previous negative associated with physical activity. Bear experiences in competitive, non- outlines the following guidelines for supportive, or punitive environments. schools: • Create a climate where students Body Image understand that healthy bodies come in Young people in Canada realize a range of sizes. that bullying, discrimination, and • Model healthy attitudes and behaviours. stereotyping are wrong. However, there • Develop non-competitive forms of is one group in Canadian society—those physical activities. who are overweight—who continue to • Consider single-sex activities in face bigotry without the same degree order to create a safe and comfortable of moral outrage that other types of environment for exercise. bigotry meet. It seems that “fat” people are easy targets for hate. Those who are • Disapprove of any weight prejudice or overweight are seen as lacking in self- disapproval of anyone’s body. control and motivation. Young people’s self-esteem can be largely based on their Addictive Behaviours and Health perceptions of their bodies and whether You may think of “addicts” as people they accept or reject the body they live who abuse alcohol or drugs, but there in. Overweight children often suffer from is growing evidence that some young low self-esteem—exhibited as feelings people are suffering from addictions to

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 26 video games. These “addicts” cannot more time with a screen than with other Did you know . . . self-regulate their gaming or draw the people, you should consider talking to Anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating line between a “normal” amount of use your family doctor for advice on how to are psychological and an “excessive” amount that takes break this habit. disorders that them away from friends, family, and manifest themselves in other balanced activities in life. Benefits of Physical Activity on a person’s relationship A research study in British Columbia Mental Health to food. For some in 1998 sought to answer the question The American Heart Association’s young adults, a main “Why are so many young people today source of pleasure or Statement of Exercise (1996) revealed displeasure is food. In turning on their video-game consoles in a connection between mental health an unhealthy mental search of excitement, distraction, and and regular exercise. One of the main state, cognitive solace among the various other options findings of the review of research was therapy may be for leisure, self-development, and that, compared with inactive people, required to make the entertainment?” (Video Game Culture: active people are more likely to be person aware of how Leisure and Play Preferences of B.C. “better adjusted . . . and to report fewer their eating behaviour Teens, Media Analysis Laboratory, is a product of their symptoms of anxiety and depression.” emotions and how to Simon Fraser University, 1998). The This link between exercise and mental build coping abilities study revealed that the intense emotional health may be due to the fact that and strategies. experience of game play was the main exercise boosts activity in the brain’s reason for its appeal to young people. frontal lobes and the hippocampus. While the majority of teens still preferred Exercise has also been found to increase sports, malls, and hanging out with levels of brain-derived neurotrophic friends as diversions, a significant factor (BDNF). This substance may amount of their available leisure time improve mood and play a role in the was already taken up with video-game beneficial effects of exercise. play. If you find that you are spending Analysis With a partner, or in a small group, respond to the following questions. 1. Compare advertising for food or exercise equipment. Is the focus on a healthy lifestyle or on a certain body image?

2. Motivation is one important factor in achieving healthy lifestyles. Work with a friend to commit to healthier living in two or three realistic ways.

3. Does physical activity improve your mood? Share your thoughts with a partner.

4. Decide on two or three changes you would like to make in the next month. Keep a health journal. Record your activity and eating patterns. Record how you feel as you try to achieve healthier lifestyle goals.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 27 YOUNG ADULTS AND HEART DISEASE Activity: Schools on the Move

When there is a problem in society, many people look to education for a solution. Schools have become more deliberate and determined in their efforts to promote healthy eating and lifestyles for their students, parents/guardians, and community members.

Consider Your School Community Answer the following questions to begin to gauge if your school promotes healthy eating and physical activity.

1. Do most students walk, bike, take the bus, or get driven to your school?

2. Do most students take part in physical education?

3. How many extra-curricular activities promote physical activity for fun?

4. How many extra-curricular activities promote physical activity for competition?

5. Are extra-curricular activities available equally to boys and girls?

6. Have you been taught about healthy food choices?

7. Have you been taught about the beneﬁts of regular physical activity?

8. Does the school offer healthy food choices at reasonable prices?

9. What percentage of food found in the school (including vending machines) is healthy versus reﬁned food high in fat, salt, and sugar?

10. Is there a park, recreation centre, or other area near your school where you can participate in physical activity for free?

11. How many fast food restaurants are within walking distance of your school?

Healthy Schools: Two Case Studies City Park Collegiate — Saskatoon Allison Cameron is a teacher at City Park Collegiate in Saskatoon. She heard about the research ﬁndings of Harvard University psychiatrist John Ratey that connected exercise, speciﬁcally sustained aerobic movement, with brain function and was curious to see if she could improve her students’ concentration and mental abilities. She moved exercise equipment into her classroom and asked students to work out for 20 minutes before the beginning of class. According to Cameron, the students’ attention improved dramatically. At the end of the school year her grade eights on average had improved a full grade in reading, writing, and math.

James S. Bell Public School — Toronto Boys enrolled in the behavioural class at James S. Bell school in Toronto also follow an aerobic exercise routine on stationary bikes and treadmills for 20

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 28 minutes before the start of class. The students report feeling more positive and less inclined to aggressive behaviours. The program began after the principal heard about the success of Allison Cameron in her Saskatoon classroom. Because of its success in improving student behaviour and academic success, the program is now running in the entire school.

School and Community-based Health Ideas There are a growing number of schools and communities working together to improve the health of young people. Planting and maintaining school and/ or community gardens to provide low-cost, nutritious food, offering healthy breakfast and snack programs in collaboration with local businesses, and developing class timetables that include daily physical education for all students are some of the innovative ideas being tried.

Activity 1. Choose what you think are the three best solutions from the list below that a school could adopt to improve the health of students. Create criteria on which to judge your selection of “best” (e.g., financial cost, degree of health benefit, level of engagement of young people). • Remove all unhealthy foods from vending machines. • Provide healthy food choices at reasonable cost in school cafeteria. • Make physical education mandatory in all grades. • Allow time for physical activity before the school day begins. • Remove all chairs from some classrooms and replace with balance balls. • Provide peer coaching and/or support groups for those who want to be healthier. • Create mandatory periods of daily physical activity (e.g., 20 minutes per day). • Teach all young people how to shop for and prepare healthy food. • Give every student a pedometer to encourage them to count their daily steps.

2. Create four or five of your own unique ideas for making your school and community a healthy place.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 29 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Introduction

When the first 17 arrests took place on At first the case against the Toronto 18 June 2, 2006, it was hard for Canadians seemed shaky. Some said that perhaps the Download the mp3 of this Introduction to believe the extent of the threat posed Canadian Security Intelligence Service at newsinreview. by the alleged plots: massive truck (CSIS) and the police had overreacted. cbclearning.ca. bombs aimed at targets in downtown The Toronto 18 became the Toronto 11, as Toronto, another bomb intended for a charges against seven of the group were Focus major military base in southern Ontario, stayed before trials began. But as evidence This News in Review armed attacks and hostage takings at the was revealed during the trials, the story examines the Parliament buildings in Ottawa, and the seriousness of the threats was confirmed. fate of the Toronto beheading of some of those hostages The first trial resulted in the conviction of 18: eighteen Muslim- until the group’s demands were met. All the youngest member charged. Five other Canadian men and of these planned actions were aimed at plotters subsequently confessed, and a youth, mostly in their forcing Canada to withdraw its military seventh pleaded no contest to the charges teens and twenties, accused of plotting troops from Afghanistan and ending against him. At the time this story went to terrorist acts on what the group perceived as a Western press, four more awaited trial. Canadian soil. We war against Islam and all Muslims. Some members of the Muslim-Canadian look at the suspects The bombing plot was almost ready community hoped that the charges would themselves, the for execution. Some of the group were prove false. It soon became clear, however, motivation behind arrested taking delivery of what they that this would not be the case. Indeed, their acts, and how believed was the material that would be two members of that community had acted terrorism has affected Canada’s relations used to build their bombs. as “moles” for the intelligence services, with its neighbour, the For the most part, the accused were monitoring the group and providing much United States. young men in their teens and twenties, of the evidence that led to the arrests. As and most were still students in high school a result, many organizations are exploring or university. What they all seemed to new ways of discouraging the growth of Further Research have in common was an ideology—or extremist elements in their communities. The key events of belief system—that said violence was an The trials of the Toronto 18 have made the Toronto 18 case can be found at acceptable tool to use to achieve one’s all Canadians rethink their attitude toward www.cbc.ca/canada/ goals. Where that ideology had originated the possibility of homegrown terrorism. story/2008/06/02/f- was unclear. The Internet had certainly Many of us felt that Canada, with its rich, toronto-timeline.html. played a part in the plot; it was the source tolerant, multicultural tradition, was safe. of the bomb-making instructions. But The lesson seems to be that extremism there was also evidence that some of the knows no borders and can be bred hatred of, and contempt for, Canada and anywhere. its values had been learned right here in Canada. To Consider 1. What do you imagine would have happened if the Toronto 18 had not been stopped? 2. What might have been the effects on the rights and freedoms of individual Canadians? 3. How would measures to promote public security have been impacted? 4. How might the relationship between the Muslim-Canadian community and other Canadians have been affected?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 30 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Video Review

Quote Pre-viewing Discussion “Terrorism is a heinous Make notes in response to the following questions. Then select a partner, or and evil crime, but not form a small group, and discuss your responses. necessarily everyone who commits a 1. Do you consider Canada to be a relatively safe country? Why or why not? heinous and evil crime is himself evil. I don’t believe Mr. Gaya is evil.”— Paul Slansky, Saad Gaya’s lawyer, March 2010 News in Review video 2. Do you think most Canadians are concerned about terrorist activity within Canada? Why or why not?

3. Do you think most Canadians are concerned about Canada becoming the target of a terrorist attack?

4. Have you ever heard any information about what Americans think about the links between Canada and terrorism? If so, do you think those comments are justiﬁed? Explain.

5. Respond to the following statement: “Because Canada is largely a tolerant, multicultural society, there is little reason for Canadians to want to take violent action against members of the government or government institutions.”

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 31 Quote Viewing Questions God says in the As you watch the video, respond to the questions in the spaces provided. Qur’an, you save one 1. How much ammonium nitrate was found in the possession of those life justly, it is as if you’ve saved all of arrested? humankind. There’s no two ways about it. I don’t need the 2. How much ammonium nitrate was used to blow up the federal building in re-interpretations or Oklahoma City in 1995? context. It’s straight up. That’s it.” — Mubin Shaikh, CSIS 3. What were the planned physical targets of the alleged and convicted informant, March 2010 terrorists? News in Review video

4. Record three points that describe the role of the Internet in terrorism today.

5. According to the video, what can the Muslim-Canadian community do to help reduce violence in society?

6. Why did Mubin Shaikh say he became an informant for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)?

7. What sorts of things did Mubin Shaikh do to inﬁltrate the terrorist network?

8. What sentence did the ring leader of the group, Zakaria Amara, receive from the court?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 32 Post-viewing Analysis Make notes in response to the following questions. Then join with another classmate, or create a small group, and discuss your notes.

1. According to the brieﬁng by the prosecution, the terrorists hoped that by carrying out the bombings and kidnappings they could bring about the release of Muslim prisoners and pull troops out of Afghanistan. Do you think the Canadian government would have done those two things if the men had of been successful with their plan?

2. Review the targets of the plot (question 3 on page 32). Why would these buildings have been targeted? What do they represent?

3. What might be the most effective ways to reach alienated youth who may be easily inﬂuenced by others who try to recruit them for violent activities?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 33 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 A Shocking Case

Quote Focus for Reading “They’re probably As you read the following information about the Toronto 18, consider whether expecting what or not this case seems “Canadian” or “un-Canadian”—that is, is this the kind of happened in London case that one usually associates with Canada. or something . . . Some bombing in a At the time of the arrests of the Toronto of the wife of one of the accused subway kills 10 people 18, Canadians were shocked to hear • A prisoner in a Kingston penitentiary and everybody gets the objectives of the alleged terrorists’ who had been convicted of illegally deported. We’re plots. According to press reports, these importing weapons into Canada not doing that. . . . objectives included: storming Parliament So our thing it’s, it’s much, much greater and taking MPs hostage, beheading the Two Plots: The Bombings on a scale . . . you Prime Minister, bombing buildings in The remaining 11 members of the do it once and you downtown Toronto, and bombing an Toronto 18 are accused of being make sure they can unspeciﬁed military base near Ontario’s involved in two separate plots. A never recover again.” Highway 401 (likely Canadian Forces dispute between two of the leaders is — One of the accused Base Trenton) . believed to have moved the group in recorded during As the trials of the alleged terrorists two different directions. One group a police wiretap, as reported in the proceeded, the nature of the threats planned to obtain the materials for, Toronto Star on March became much clearer. One charge— and carry out, the bombing of three 26, 2008 participation in, or abetting, a terrorist targets: the Toronto Stock Exchange, the training camp—was common to all but Toronto headquarters of the Canadian one of the group. Another charge— Intelligence and Security Service (CSIS), plotting to bomb targets in southern and a military base near Highway 401. Ontario—was limited to four members Four members of the group were of the group. charged in the bomb plot. Three of these admitted their crimes. They include Saad Charges Stayed Khalid, a University of Toronto student, Not all the people arrested went to and Saad Gaya, a high school student. trial. Charges against seven individuals Neither was considered by the judge to were stayed. That means that the be central to the plot. Both were arrested Crown decided not to proceed with in a sting operation when the RCMP the charges, but reserved the right to delivered phony fertilizer to a warehouse begin proceedings again within a year. rented by the group. Khalid, the ﬁrst Individuals whose charges were stayed to plead guilty, received a sentence of included: 14 years in prison, with credit of seven • The oldest person arrested, originally years for time served. Gaya received a accused of being the ringleader and 12-year sentence, also with credit for encouraging the group to plan the time served. alleged acts of terrorism The third person to confess was the • Three juvenile suspects who attended a plot’s acknowledged leader, Zakaria winter training camp—the youngest of Amara. He designed and built the whom was 15 at the time cell phone detonator to be used in • A high school student who was the last the bombings and researched the of the group to be arrested construction of the truck bombs to be • A university graduate married to a sister used and the sites that would be bombed.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 34 Amara was sentenced to life in prison. of participating in a terrorist group. He Quote Shareef Abdelhaleem, the fourth admitted to planning to cause death “We’re here to kick it off man. We’re here person charged in the bombing, and serious harm to Canadians and was to get the rewards ultimately chose not to contest the sentenced to seven years. Amin Durrani of everybody that’s evidence against him, but argued that also pleaded guilty, was sentenced to gonna come after he had been entrapped by a CSIS mole 7.5 years, but was released the day after us, God willing, if we involved in the fertilizer purchase sentencing because of credit for time don’t (get) a victory, sting operation. The court rejected this served. God willing, our kids will get it. If not them, argument; Abdelhaleem was found guilty At the time this story was produced, their kids will get it, if and will be sentenced at a later date. three suspects remained in jail awaiting not them, the(n) five trial. A fourth, also expecting trial in generations down Two Plots: A Terrorist Cell 2010, has been granted bail. somebody will get it, The second plot has been described by God willing. This is the Bill Gillespie, the security correspondent Two Plots: Two Moles promise of Allah . . .” for CBC News, as “the attempt to create As early as 2002, one of the members of — One of the accused recorded during a large al-Qaeda-type cell in Toronto—to the Toronto 18 drew attention to himself a police wiretap, arm themselves with weapons and then through Internet activity. He had been as reported in the to create some sort of mayhem that participating in extremist chat groups. Toronto Star on March would scare the Canadian public into By the fall of 2005, many members of 26, 2008 withdrawing troops from Afghanistan” the group were under regular police (www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/ surveillance. story/2010/01/20/toronto-18-plea941. Intelligence agents also managed html). to place two moles in the group. One, Involved in this plot are the members Shaher Elsohemy, was a businessman of the Toronto 18 who talked of taking who was entrusted with arranging a MPs hostage and perhaps raiding other shipment of three tonnes of ammonium targets. The group had collected some nitrate fertilizer to be used in making weapons, but the actual targets had not truck bombs. The second man, Mubin been finalized when police made their Shaikh, infiltrated the group and arrests. accompanied them to their winter One person from this second group, training camp, where he had been asked a young offender, was the first of the to assist with weapons training. Toronto 18 to be found guilty in court. Both men provided police and He was convicted of conspiracy and prosecutors with information invaluable participation in a terrorist group. He was in charging and bringing to justice the sentenced to time served, placed on two seven convicted members of the group. years’ probation, and prohibited from Elsohemy is now part of Canada’s owning weapons for 10 years. Witness Protection Program. Shaikh, a Two others have now pleaded guilty well-known activist, maintains a very to similar charges. Ali Dirie, one of two public presence in the Muslim-Canadian people accused of acquiring weapons community. for the cell, pleaded guilty to one count Analysis What parts of this story seemed “un-Canadian”? That is, what parts of the story seem to be very unusual for Canada and Canadian society?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 35 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Alienated Youth

With one exception, the seven members fundamentalism.” According to The Quote of the Toronto 18 convicted of terrorist- Economist (July 16, 2005), Roy “We are seeing phenomena in related crimes were all in their teens or describes it as “a broad reaction by Canada such as early twenties. The one exception is a Muslims in Western countries against the emergence of 30-year-old computer programmer who their families and background, as well homegrown second- provided funds to the group to purchase as against their host societies. As Mr. and third-generation materials for the bomb plot. Five of Roy portrays them, such Muslims terrorists. These are the remaining six, including the leader have abandoned the food, music, and people who may have immigrated to Canada of the bomb plot, were high school or customs of the ‘old country’ but still feel at an early age who university students. Recent terror plots in repelled by the ethos and values of the become radicalized Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands have ‘new country.’” In other words, to most while in Canada. involved similar groups of young men. people in society, it would appear that They are virtually What turns a group of young men into these Muslims have adapted to a new life indistinguishable a terrorist cell is an important question in a new place. And, outwardly, this is from other youth. and not one that is easy to answer. For indeed the case. Inwardly, however, the They blend into our society very well, they those of the Toronto 18 who have spoken adaptation has been far from satisfactory. speak our language, out in court, either in justification or Some researchers also write about and they appear to apology, Canada’s participation in the what they call the “second generation be, for all intents Afghan conflict is usually given as the phenomenon.” This occurs when the and purposes, well fundamental reason for their actions. children of immigrant parents are turned assimilated.” — CSIS Their expectation was that bombing or off by the culture of the country they live deputy director Jack attacking Canadian targets would force in. They then form an idealized view of Hooper, quoted in the Toronto Star, June 3, the government to stop what they saw as the culture their parents abandoned. 2006 a war against Muslims around the world. Often their parents are absorbed in A negative reaction to Canada’s role their work, struggling to make a new in Afghanistan, however, does not alone and better life for themselves and explain their turning to violence as an their children. The children, in turn, answer. After all, many Canadians, may believe that their parents are Muslim and non-Muslim alike, have insufficiently concerned with the serious spoken out in opposition to Canada’s issues that face Muslims around the part in the Afghan war. Only a very few world. would see violence against their fellow Canadians as a countermeasure. Those The Group Dynamic are the extremists. For some, the chance to belong to a dedicated group is the key to their The Roots of Extremism radicalization. Jordan Peterson, a Studies of extremism among Muslims psychology professor at the University suggest that it tends to attract young of Toronto, says that joining extremist men who feel they are not a part of groups allows individuals to give up mainstream society and are also unhappy responsibility for their own actions while with the form of Islamic culture in which maintaining their identity as part of the they were raised. group. “To be an individual, you have Olivier Roy is a French writer on to practise at it. If you’re hiding inside Islam. He calls this process “neo- the confines of a very tight group, then

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 36 you sacrifice your individual identity and For extremists, the Internet plays many Quote you become weaker and weaker as an roles. “The Internet has become a ‘virtual individual. That makes you cling more • It provides visual documentation of university’ for desperately to your group identity. It’s Western aggression against Muslim terrorists, with a vicious cycle” (The Globe and Mail, nations and oppression against Muslim manuals from how to June 10, 2006). groups. For example, scenes of the build a ‘dirty bomb’ If the recruit has a weak self-identity, carnage after misdirected NATO air and poisons, to then the organization can hand him a strikes against Afghan civilians, or the tutorials on how to use global-positioning very strong, ready-made group identity. abuse of Iraqi prisoners by American devices or attack a The more sacrifice the group calls for, soldiers are readily available. motorcade.” — Simon and the more hard and fast answers to • It introduces them to ideologues Wiesenthal Center, life’s difficult questions it provides, the propagating a vision of radical Islam Toronto Star, June 4, stronger will be the zeal generated in the encouraging violent action against 2006 new member. Western aggression and oppression. Among the most successful is Anwar The Role of the Internet al-Awlaki, born in the United States According to those who track and believed to be a recruiter and international terrorism, the recruitment of motivator for al-Qaeda. (Al-Awlaki young people to Islamic extremist groups may have been killed in an air raid in is a growing phenomenon in Canada and Yemen in December 2009.) other Western countries. • It provides weapons-making The Internet has made it increasingly instruction. Zakaria Amara, leader of simple for disaffected individuals to the bombing plot for the Toronto group, connect with radical groups. Middle- used the Internet to design his cell class, “ordinary” young people can phone detonator and the fertilizer bomb easily connect with radical groups and the group planned to use. individuals they might otherwise never encounter. The neo-fundamentalists Canada’s experience proves that no described by Olivier Roy often turn to country can assume it is safe from the the Internet, where they find “a simple, conditions that promote extremism. What electronically disseminated version of it can do is identify those conditions and the [Islamic] faith [that] can readily be use that knowledge to identify potential propagated among people of all cultures” threats. (The Economist, July 16, 2005). For Discussion Some newspaper commentators have expressed their belief that schools play a role in the development of extremist groups. They argue that Muslim students are often stereotyped by other students and isolated from the mainstream, and that this isolation creates resentment and heightens a group dynamic that can lead to extremist religious views.

1. Would you agree with this view?

2. Are Muslim students treated differently than other students?

3. Does your school have programs that encourage inclusiveness and counteract this kind of behaviour? Are they effective?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 37 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Community Assistance

What role can and do Muslim need to be politically active to Further Research communities play in preventing the promote their legitimate goals. This To learn more about the experience of radicalization of Muslim youth? kind of activity is a demonstration that Muslims living in Muslims in democratic countries can the United States, Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim participate fully in the political life of read the study by Americans their country in order to address any Schanzer, Kurzman, David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman, and grievances. and Moosa entitled Ebrahim Moosa of the Sanford School “Anti-terror lessons of 5. Identity politics. Expressions of Muslim-Americans” at of Public Policy at Duke University have deep religious belief by Muslims www.sanford.duke. noted that, since the events of September help demonstrate that the country edu/news/Schanzer_ 11, 2001, very few Muslims living in welcomes them as part of its Kurzman_Moosa_Anti- the United States have turned to violent multicultural identity, along with other Terror_Lessons.pdf. extremism. This has been the case racial, ethnic, and religious groups. despite a perception among Muslim- Many of these practices have Americans of an increased anti-Muslim been embraced by Canada’s Muslim bias in the U.S. communities. Certainly, organizations The authors outline ﬁve practices by like the Canadian Islamic Congress Muslim-Americans that they believe and the Muslim Canadian Congress have led to this result. They are as have consistently condemned the use of follows: violence and terror to achieve religious 1. Persistent public and private aims. At the same time, these and other denunciation of violence and terrorism Muslim organizations have been actively by Muslim religious and community involved in protecting the rights of leaders. Canadian Muslims and speaking out on 2. Self-policing practices: their behalf. • Confronting ideologues Many Muslims were quick to speak • Refusing to allow extremists to out after the arrests of the Toronto 18, preach in mosques arguing that the Muslim community • Reporting concerns to law- needed to do more to prevent the spread enforcement authorities of extremism among Muslim-Canadian • Denying radical extremists youth. Emran Qureshi, a Canadian memberships in mosques human rights specialist working at • Identifying and counselling youth Harvard University, blamed a mistaken who react inappropriately to view of Islam for the activities of the controversial issues Toronto 18. “The argument that this has 3. Community-building activities. nothing to do with Islam is false. The Communities strong in such areas young Muslim adults who learned to as social networking, educational hate our generous and tolerant Canadian programming, and providing social society learned it not from pimps or drug services are better able to identify dealers, but from Islamic fundamentalists individuals prone to radicalization, and who preyed on them within Canadian to intervene. mosques” (The Globe and Mail, June 4. Political engagement. Like other 15, 2006). He concluded with a call interest groups, Muslim organizations for action. “Canadian Muslims have

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 38 rights and responsibilities that come Co-operation with citizenship. Canadian Muslim Most Canadians are likely unaware leaders should not continue to evade the that CSIS agents contacted many of the seriousness of recent events and their parents of the younger members of the responsibilities in cleaning up this mess.” Toronto 18 before the arrests and warned them that their children were part of a “Detoxing” Extremists group following an extremist ideology. Even before the arrests of the Toronto Both CSIS and the police place a 18, religious leader Sheik Sayyid great deal of emphasis on the influence Ahmed Amiruddin had been counselling that Muslim parents can have on their Canadian youth in danger of becoming children’s beliefs and behaviour. The radicalized. After the arrests, he organization hoped that their warning developed a 12-step program to treat would be a call to action and have a and counsel young Muslims sympathetic moderating influence in the investigation. to extremist ideology. The program Many Muslim civic organizations now promotes a more tolerant form of Islam view co-operation between the police and addresses the responsibilities of a and Muslim communities as crucial in Muslim living in Canada. promoting tolerance and discouraging Amiruddin has presented his program extremism and have written that co- to members of the RCMP and the operation into their policy statements. Muslim community, asking the former to Identifying extremism and preventing endorse it and the latter to help finance terrorist violence is a matter of concern it. Two other Muslim organizations have for all Canadians. The job can best be subsequently adopted similar programs done in those communities from which (www.winnipegfreepress.com/life/ radical extremists are likely to emerge. faith/12-step-program-helps-young- Muslims-avoid-extremism-56223047. html). Analysis Prepare a written response to the opening question of this section: “What role can and do Muslim communities play in preventing the radicalization of Muslim youth?” Be prepared to share your response with the class.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 39 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Canada-U.S. Relations

The border between Canada and the governments might take to reconcile Further Research United States has long been known as their individual policies on who got to To learn more about border co-operation “the world’s longest undefended border.” enter each country and how they would between Canada But many changes have occurred over be treated at the borders. and the United this border since the 9/11 terrorist attacks The intent of the agreement was to States, check out against the U.S. develop an action plan for determining, the Joint Statement Although none of the 9/11 terrorists detecting, and prosecuting security of Cooperation on entered the U.S. from Canada—a threats, but to still ensure that goods Border Security and truth that Canada still has to remind and people could flow freely across the Regional Migration Issues, which was Americans of—the attacks led to border. The amount of trade between the signed in December renewed U.S. demands that border two countries makes this cross-border 2001. The text of crossings between the two countries be movement critical to the economies of the agreement is at better controlled to keep terrorists out. both countries. ottawa.usembassy. Pressure to tighten border controls gov/content/textonly. had actually increased before the 2001 Integrated Border Enforcement asp?section=can_usa attacks. In 1999 Ahmed Ressam—an &subsection1=borderi Teams ssues&document=bor Algerian who had originally entered One of the results of the talks between derissues_statement_ Canada on a forged French passport Canada and the United States was the 120301. and was denied asylum as a political Smart Border Declaration and Action prisoner—was arrested as he tried Plan (www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/le/bs/ Did you know . . . to cross the border into the state of sbdap-eng.aspx). Among other things, A full description Washington. The car he was driving this plan created the Integrated Border of the required contained explosives and timing devices Enforcement Teams (IBETs) (www. documentation that Ressam intended to use to bomb rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ibet-eipf/index-eng.htm). required for Canadians the Los Angeles airport. Ressam was Fourteen teams are located at strategic entering the United carrying a Canadian passport that he had locations along the Canada-U.S. border. States can be found registered under a false name. These are teams made up of officials at www.cbsa-asfc. Ressam’s arrest confirmed the belief gc.ca/whti-ivho/tourist- from several different agencies in each touriste-eng.html. of many U.S. authorities that Canada’s country—law enforcement, immigration, immigration and refugee policies were and customs—who work daily with lax, and that the country was a haven local, provincial, and state officials. for terrorists hoping to do harm in the Their objective is to keep the border United States. Combined with the horror open for legitimate trade and travel, but of 9/11, pressure mounted to see that closed to criminals and terrorists. something was done to make the border between the two countries more secure. Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Border Security As part of its own attempts to tighten In December 2001 the Joint Statement border security, the U.S. government of Cooperation on Border Security and passed a law called the Western Regional Migration Issues was signed Hemisphere Travel Initiative. The law between the United States and Canada. was controversial in Canada because it The statement initiated discussion on changed the documentation necessary a number of measures that the two for crossing the border from Canada

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 40 into the United States. For most people, “‘The muddling of counter-terrorism this means that they now need to carry a and immigration enforcement is the passport to enter the U.S. This regulation single biggest mistake we’ve made since includes U.S. citizens returning from 9/11,’ said Edward Alden, a senior fellow Canada to their homes in the United at the Council of Foreign Relations.” States. Until recently, a birth certificate The article goes on to report that U.S. was sufficient proof of citizenship for Customs and Border Protection has more land travel between the two countries. than four times as many border patrol agents on the Canada-United States A Security Report Card? border than it had before 9/11, and a On April 19, 2009, Hearst Newspapers budget that has almost doubled in the last published an article titled “Heightened five years. Security at United States-Canada Border The article concludes: “A Hearst Catching Few Terror Suspects.” It Newspapers analysis of records provided began: “Public data obtained by Hearst by the Transactional Records Access Newspapers show the United States Clearinghouse (TRAC), a public interest government, despite a massive injection research group, found that of all the of resources and staff to guard against national security and terrorism charges terrorists crossing the Canadian border, filed in federal district courts along the is mostly catching ordinary illegal northern border since 2001, only three immigrants—creating a backlog of court were based on referrals made by CBP. cases and a flurry of protest from the In other words, there is scant record of public about random highway stops and northern border enforcement catching bus or train inspections. terrorists.”

For Discussion In your estimation, has the United States overreacted in its attempts to tighten border security at the Canada-U.S. border? Are the new policies really necessary? Does the information in the Hearst article show that the money spent on U.S. Customs and Border Protection is being wasted, or that the new policies and methods are working?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 41 THE TRIALS OF THE TORONTO 18 Activity: What is a suitable punishment?

To date, the six sentences handed out to those in the Toronto 18 convicted of terrorism-associated crimes have included the following: • The youngest offender: Guilty of conspiracy; sentenced to time served, two years probation, and prohibited from owning a weapon for 10 years. • Saad Gaya: Guilty of intending to cause an explosion in association with a terrorist group; sentenced to 12 years. With credit for time served, the sentence amounts to an additional 4.5 years, with a possibility of parole in 1.5 years. Sentence has been appealed by the Crown. • Saad Khalid: Guilty of intending to cause an explosion in association with a terrorist group; sentenced to 14 years. With credit for time served, the sentence amounts to an additional seven years, with a possibility of parole in 2.3 years. Sentence has been appealed by the Crown. • Ali Dirie: Guilty of knowingly participating in or contributing to an activity of a terrorist group; sentenced to two years in addition to time served, for a total of seven years. • Amin Durrani: Guilty of conspiracy; sentenced to 7.5 years. With credit for time served, he was immediately eligible for parole and released the day after sentence was passed. Additional restrictions include three years’ probation and a lifetime prohibition from owning a weapon. • Zakaria Amara: Guilty of knowingly participating in a terrorist group and intending to cause an explosion for the beneﬁt of a terrorist group; sentenced to life. He will be eligible for parole in 6.5 years.

Canadian law recognizes four major terrorism-related areas in which crimes are committed. These include: • Knowingly collecting or providing funds, either directly or indirectly, in order to carry out terrorist crimes. This offence carries a maximum 10-year sentence. • Knowingly participating in, contributing to or facilitating the activities of a terrorist group. Maximum sentences range from 10 to 14 years. • Instructing anyone to carry out a terrorist act or an activity on behalf of a terrorist group (a “leadership” offence). This offence carries a maximum life sentence. • Knowingly harbouring or concealing a terrorist. This offence carries a maximum 10-year sentence.

Your Task In small groups, discuss the punishment options as detailed in Canadian law for terrorism-related crimes. • Are they likely to prevent terrorist acts? • Do they sufﬁciently punish those acts? • Do they in any way help to rehabilitate individuals guilty of terrorist acts? • Were they appropriately applied in the convictions of the Toronto 18? • Are there recommendations the group would make for changes in any of these areas? Choose one member of the group to report the group’s conclusions to the class.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 42 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Introduction

In the summer of 2009 CBC news territories in the past. The team was

reporter Evan Solomon teamed up with eager to determine whether any of the Download the mp3 of this Introduction Les Stroud of the well-known television items they would have been travelling at newsinreview. program Survivorman and a crew of 12 with might have ended up at the bottom cbclearning.ca. to explore the wild Missinaibi River of the river in the event that their vessels region of Ontario’s northland in search had capsized in the raging rapids. Focus of long-lost artifacts from the area’s Stroud is passionate about Canada’s This CBC News in fur-trading past. The searchers included rugged north country and its history. Review story focuses expert divers and canoeists, a marine He is especially fascinated with the role on an expedition to archaeologist, and a representative that the fur trade played in opening up a remote region of from Ontario Parks, the provincial body this region and forging contacts between northern Ontario responsible for the area. The expedition European voyageurs, fur traders, and whose goal was to search for long-lost was a joint venture of CBC’s The Aboriginal people. He enjoys retracing artifacts from the fur National and Outpost magazine, and its the routes these early expeditions trade. The fur trade goal was to discover what light these would have taken through exceedingly played an important artifacts could shed on the dramatic difficult terrain and treacherous rivers role in Canada’s and sometimes violent struggle for like the Missinaibi, whose rapids have history, and for the supremacy between the Hudson’s Bay taken the lives of many canoeists over first time, artifacts Company and the Northwest Company the centuries. As he comments, “the collected from beneath the water that had played itself out in the vast story of the voyageurs coming down were being sought as northern reaches of Canada during the the rapids in their birch-bark canoes is clues to this important late 18th and early 19th centuries. one I’ve thought about my whole life. episode in Canada’s One site the team visited was the I mean think about it. Every time one history. ruins of Missinaibi House, a Hudson’s of their laden canoes goes down, so Bay Company trading post that had goes their musket balls, guns, knives, been burned down by agents of the rival pottery, coins—all sorts of very cool Northwest Company in 1780. But the objects. To finally have a chance to main focus of the expedition was to see look for lost artifacts, to dive for them? if any important traces of the fur trade For sure” (excerpt from “What lies could be found beneath the fast-flowing beneath,” Outpost magazine, www. Missinaibi River itself. Fur-trading cbc.ca/thenational/indepthanalysis/ expeditions had used canoes to traverse story/2009/11/20/national-furtrade.html). the river routes through these forbidding To Consider 1. What was the purpose of CBC’s The National and Outpost magazine’s expedition to the remote Missinaibi River region of Northern Ontario in the summer of 2009?

2. What challenges did this region pose to the team mounting the expedition?

3. Why is Les Stroud of Survivorman so passionate about the North and the role the fur trade played in this region?

4. How did the fur trade bring European explorers and fur traders and indigenous people together?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 43 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Video Review

Further Research Pre-viewing Questions Learn more about the Make notes in response to the following questions. Then select a partner, or fur trade in Canada form a small group, to discuss your responses. today at http://fur.ca. 1. Why do you think the beaver is Canada’s national animal?

2. What do you know about the fur trade and its importance in Canadian history?

3. Why are the artifacts archaeologists ﬁnd in their digs important to our understanding of the past?

4. Do you think people should be able to buy fur products today? Explain.

Viewing Questions As you watch the video respond to the questions in the spaces provided 1. Where is the Missinaibi River region located?

2. What objects may have fallen to the bottom of the river when canoes capsized in the past?

3. Why are the potential archaeological sites of Northern Ontario of greater interest than those of other parts of the world, according to Les Stroud?

4. Why is mounting this kind of expedition to a remote part of Canada such a complicated undertaking?

5. What is the importance of Ferry Point and the pictographs found there?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 44 6. Why did the Hudson’s Bay Company establish a fur-trading post at Missinaibi House in 1777?

7. Why was the fort burned down? Why was it finally abandoned?

8. What artifacts does the team find while exploring the ruins of Missinaibi House? What can they tell us about everyday life in a Hudson’s Bay Company post during the fur-trading era?

9. What regulations has the Ontario Ministry of Culture established for the treatment of archaeological artifacts found in their natural settings? What is the purpose of these regulations?

10. Why are the regions of Quittagene and Long Rapids such challenging spots for the team to continue its search for fur-trade-era artifacts?

11. What artifacts does the team find at Quittagene and Long Rapids? According to marine archaeologist Kimberley Monk, what can they tell us about life during the fur-trading era?

12. What does Les Stroud mean when he says, “it’s about the chase, it’s about the hunt, it’s about the chase itself”?

Post-viewing Activities 1. Join your partner or small group again and review the responses you made to the Pre-viewing Questions. Have your responses changed now that you’ve watched the video? Explain in what ways they have or have not. 2. If you had the opportunity, would you like to be part of an expedition such as the one Evan Solomon, Les Stroud, and the others participated in to the Missinaibi River? Why or why not?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 45 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Fur Trade History

Quote Focus for Reading “The fur trade played Create an organizer like the one below in your notebook. As you read the a formative role in the following information on the history of the fur trade, write down key points in creation of Canada. It your organizer. You should be able to enter three to ﬁve points in each section provided the motive of your chart. You will be using this information in the activities that follow the for the exploration of end of the text material. much of the country and remained the Fur Trade History in Canada economic foundation for Western Canada 1. Introduction until about 1870. • The fur trade is part of the Canadian identity. The fur trade also • The fur trade would not have been a success without the knowledge and determined the assistance of Aboriginal Canadians. relatively peaceful • pattern of Indian- 2. The Early Years of the Fur Trade white relations in • Canada.” — John E. • Foster, “The fur trade • after 1760,” Canadian 3. French Settlements Encyclopedia

4. French-English Conﬂict

5. The Hudson’s Bay Company v. The Northwest Company

1. Introduction that these newcomers from Europe The trade in beaver pelts between the could have succeeded in surviving and Aboriginal peoples and European fur establishing a permanent presence here. traders from the 17th to the 19th century The contacts that grew from this was a formative period in Canada’s intercultural exchange between history and evolution as a nation. Along Aboriginal peoples and European traders with the building of the Canadian Paciﬁc resulted in the Métis people: descendents Railway in the 1870s and 80s, it has of the union of Aboriginal women and become a powerful national touchstone French traders and voyageurs. So in for our identity as Canadians. many ways, the fur trade helped to foster Without the fur trade and the extensive a very different relationship between exploration of the remote interior regions Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples of the continent that followed from it, than the one that developed south of the it is very unlikely that Canada would border in the United States. have been settled by colonists from France and later England. And without 2. The Early Years of the Fur Trade the assistance of the Aboriginal peoples For thousands of years, Canada’s who knew this forbidding land well Aboriginal peoples had used the fur and helped the white explorers and fur from beaver and other wild animals traders learn to live in and adapt to its they hunted for making clothes to keep harsh climate and terrain, it is doubtful them warm during the harsh winters.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 46 In the late 15th century, fishing fleets Champlain founded his settlement at Further Research from Europe arrived off the shores of Quebec City in 1608, and in return for An excellent Web site exploring Canada’s fur Newfoundland, finding rich catches of this was permitted to pursue the fur trade can be found at cod in the waters of the Grand Banks. trade. He did so with local Aboriginal http://furtradestories. In order to preserve the fish before peoples, especially the Huron, ca. Check it out and transporting them back to Europe, these Algonquin, and Montagnais. see what more you fishing expeditions established drying The settlers who arrived in Quebec can learn. stations on shore, where the catch could found that the fur trade was far more be dried and salted. Here, they came into profitable, as well as easier and more Definition contact with local Aboriginal people exciting, than farming. Because of French fur traders curious to see what these strange white this, the French crown tried to restrict were coureurs de people were up to. the practice by licensing only a certain bois. In English, this Aboriginal peoples were eager to number of colonists to leave the means “runners of the acquire metal goods such as iron knives settlements of Quebec City and later woods.” and copper pots and pans from the Montreal to head into the pays en haut Europeans, and exchanged fresh meat or the “up-river country” in search of and beaver pelts for them. This was the beaver pelts. These regulations proved origin of the fur trade, which was to unpopular and caused two fur-trading flourish in North America for over two coureurs de bois to lose their entire centuries. supply of beaver furs—100 canoes’ Around 1600, a new style began to worth—because they had obtained them sweep Europe—the wide-brimmed felt from Aboriginal people without a royal hat. Felt hats became an essential item licence. for the well-dressed lady or gentleman. Felt is a kind of fabric made by pressing, 4. French-English Conflict heating, or treating animal hair with At the same time as the French were chemicals. The best kind of felt comes establishing fur-trading relationships from the soft under-fur of the beaver, with the Huron, Algonquin, and which is composed of strands with Montagnais, English explorers were tiny barbs that mat together tightly. seeking a Northwest Passage that would The numbers of European beaver were link Europe to Asia through the frigid dwindling as a result of increased waters of the Arctic Ocean. This quest demand for felt, and a new source had was to prove futile, but it served to to be found. When European explorers increase English interest in Canada, found that this animal was flourishing and eventual conflict with the French. in the forests of North America, the fur Aboriginal peoples would soon find trade began in earnest. themselves enmeshed in this struggle, as the English turned to the Iroquois, 3. French Settlements traditional enemies of the Huron, as their The French were the first to establish allies in the fur trade. permanent settlements in what is now Furthermore, after the French crown Canada. Following Jacques Cartier’s confiscated the entire supply of beaver voyages of discovery in the St. Lawrence pelts from coureurs de bois Pierre River in the 1530s, the French crown Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart claimed these lands and later authorized de Groseilliers, the two men decided to Samuel de Champlain to bring colonists look for a new backer. They soon found from France to settle in what came to be it in the king of England, Charles II, known as New France and later Quebec. who met them in London in 1665 and

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 47 authorized them to lead a fur-trading explore the possibility of taking the trade Did you know . . . mission to the shores of Hudson Bay directly to Aboriginal groups in their Alexander Mackenzie, a one-time Hudson’s a few years later. This expedition, led own territory, sometimes spending the Bay Company by Grosseilliers’ ship the Nonsuch, winters with them and returning with employee who later marked the beginning of England’s entry stocks of pelts in the spring. switched his allegiance into the North American fur trade, and This practice was to become far more to the Northwest the establishment of the Company of common with the rise of the Northwest Company, became the Merchant Adventurers, otherwise known Company—the main competitor to the first European to reach as the Hudson’s Bay Company, in 1670. Hudson’s Bay Company. The Northwest the Pacific Ocean overland by crossing Competition over the fur trade was one Company began to build up a rival the Rockies in 1793. of the main factors contributing to the fur-trading empire in Canada’s north wars England and France were to fight that was to challenge the Hudson’s for possession of the North American Bay Company for supremacy for half continent and its economic riches a century, especially in remote regions during the late 17th and 18th centuries. like the Missinaibi River country south In 1763, after England’s victory in the of James Bay. From its main base in Seven Years’ War, New France passed Fort William at the western end of from French to English control. France Lake Superior, Northwest extended its was now frozen out of the fur trade, domination over the interior fur trade and the vast French colony became a and appeared well-positioned to supplant possession of the English crown. For the Hudson’s Bay Company as the pre- the Hudson’s Bay Company, this meant eminent fur-trading operation in British that it had no competition in carrying North America. on the fur trade in the huge territories Both companies began to erect trading the king had granted to it, including all posts throughout the region, sometimes the lands drained by rivers flowing into literally next door to each other, and Hudson Bay, home to the most plentiful raids on rival posts, such as the one that stocks of beaver on the continent. This resulted in the burning of Missinaibi was Rupert’s Land, named in honour of House, became common. In addition, Charles’ cousin Prince Rupert, an eager The Hudson’s Bay Company sought supporter of the company at the time it to establish permanent colonies in the was founded. west, to guarantee their control over the rich fur-trading region of Athabaska 5. The Hudson’s Bay Company v. the in present-day Manitoba. In 1815, the Northwest Company Earl of Selkirk established a colony of The Hudson’s Bay Company established Scottish settlers on the banks of the Red a chain of “factories,” or trading posts River. One year after its founding, Métis on the shores of Hudson and James fur traders working for the Northwest Bay, the most important of which was Company attacked the infant colony, York Factory. These posts were given killing over 20 people in what became this name because the company official known as the Seven Oaks Incident. in charge of the post was known as The rivalry between the two a “factor.” Here the company traders companies over the fur trade took an waited for local Aboriginal people to increasingly violent turn, causing the bring their supplies of beaver pelts to be British government to intervene and exchanged for metal objects, blankets, draw it to a close. In 1821, legislation and sometimes liquor. However, another was passed forcing the two companies group of adventurers was beginning to to merge and giving the Hudson’s Bay

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 48 Company a controlling position. By this solidify Canadian control over it. time, the popularity of beaver felt hats in In 1869, the Hudson’s Bay Company European fashion circles was declining signed a Deed of Surrender to Ottawa, as the silk top hat replaced it. The new and one year later, the entire region that Hudson’s Bay Company used its control had been its domain for two centuries over a vast swath of land stretching from became the Northwest Territories of Quebec to the Rockies to diversify and Canada. Much of it would later be supply goods to Aboriginal people, fur carved up to create the new provinces of trappers, and settlers in the regions under Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905. But its jurisdiction. by this time, the era of the fur trade was In 1867 the Dominion of Canada was over, and the Hudson’s Bay Company formed with the Confederation of the began to transform itself into what it is provinces of Canada: Ontario, Quebec, today—The Bay: the largest chain of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. One retail stores in Canada. of the goals of the country’s first Prime Sources: “Exploration: The fur trade Minister, John A. Macdonald, was to and Hudson’s Bay Company,” www. extend its authority over the vast western canadiana.org/hbc/hist/hist1_e.html; areas as quickly as possible in order to “Fur trade,” Canadian Encyclopedia, forestall what he viewed as an inevitable www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ American takeover attempt from across index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=a1ART A0003112; “History of the fur trade in the 49th parallel. This meant that the Canada,” http://faculty.marianopolis. Hudson’s Bay Company had to relinquish edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/ its hold over Rupert’s Land to the new encyclopedia/FurTradeCanada.htm federal government so that a railway, and eventually settlers, could open it up and

Follow-up 1. With a partner compare the information in your summary chart. Help each other to complete any missing information.

2. Why was the era of the fur trade such an important period in the history of Canada and its development as a nation?

3. How did the fur trade result in both co-operation and competition among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada?

4. How did fashion trends in Europe influence the development of the fur trade in Canada?

5. Prepare a timeline of what you think are the most important events in the history of the fur trade in Canada outlined in the passage above.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 49 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Unearthing History

When most people think of archaeologists Although little of the palace’s original the image that often comes to mind is architecture remains, Auger and his team of an Indiana Jones-type of adventurer did find sections of the wooden palisade exploring long-forgotten tombs of that was built to defend the colony from Egyptian pharaohs. One of the most attack. Cedar posts originally erected famous real-life archaeologists was in 1690 were discovered in very good Howard Carter, an English archaeologist condition, along with pieces of the whose discovery of the tomb of King original flagstone floor. But the real gold Tutankhamun, or King Tut, in 1922 mine for Auger and his group, ironically still ranks as one of the most significant enough, was the communal latrine or archaeological find of modern times. Very outdoor toilet located just behind the few Canadians would be aware of the fact palace itself. Many glass liquor bottles that this country contains archaeologists were found there, indicating that it was who are in the process of excavating a the custom in those days for people to number of rich and important sites in enjoy a drink while they used the facility. order to find clues that will help them In addition, the team unearthed a pair of piece together aspects of the country’s dice perhaps lost by an unlucky gambler, long and fascinating history. and pieces of broken glass and ceramics. It is believed that the latter were placed Archaeologist Reginald Auger in the privy to discourage scavenging One of these people is Reginald Auger, vermin such as rats from gathering there. an archeologist at Quebec City’s Laval University, who has been deeply involved Piecing Together the Past in explorations of a number of sites in From scraps of food also found in the and around that historic location. Every latrine, Auger is able to piece together summer since 1982 he has led a group some clues about the diets of people of students on digs in various parts of living in the colony. And by studying the city, and in the process discovering a the surrounding soil with a microscope, number of interesting facts about its early his team could also discover traces of history at the time of the French regime parasites that people of the time carried that dated from its founding in 1608 to the within their bodies. Because of serious English Conquest in 1759. He has also outbreaks of cholera and other infectious explored the city’s subsequent growth and diseases that ravaged Quebec City during development as a military base, port, and the early 19th century, city officials built commercial centre during the 19th century. a sewage system to prevent run-off from One of Auger’s most intriguing and the latrines from contaminating the St. important digs was the one that he Lawrence River, the city’s main water supervised in anticipation of the 400th source. As a result, latrines such as the anniversary of Champlain’s founding of one located behind the palace were filled Quebec City, held in 2008. Eight years with garbage and layers of ash to prevent before the observations of that event, odours and the spread of bacteria. Auger and his team began to excavate Another site Auger has explored with the site of the Palais de l’Intendant, his team is the Auberge Saint-Antoine, located in Bas Ville (Lower Town), the now a luxury period-style hotel located oldest neighbourhood in the city. in the Vieux Port (Old Port) part of

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 50 the city. In 1990, Tony Price, a fifth- landmark—the renowned Château generation Quebec City native, assumed Frontenac hotel—archaeologists stripped ownership of a group of crumbling away a portion of the boardwalk known warehouses and apartment buildings in as the Dufferin Terrace to reveal parts the neighbourhood and built a hotel on the of Champlain’s wooden fort built in site. While construction was underway, the 1620s. On this site, archaeologist builders uncovered a rich treasure trove Manon Goyette—who heads a team of archaeological artifacts from the city’s of 40 archaeologists and construction past, including soles of shoes, an old workers—found many artifacts including lantern, and even musket balls believed glasses, dishes, ceramics, silverware, to have been fired by invading English jewels, and Dutch smoking pipes believed forces during the siege of Quebec in 1759. to have been discarded by the colony’s Price began to collaborate with Auger’s settlers. As she explains, “in those days archaeological team from Laval, city there was no garbage collection so people authorities, and the provincial Ministry would throw away objects that were of Culture to preserve and later display broken or no longer wanted.” The team any artifacts found on the site. In 1991, also found the remains of a blacksmith’s Auger assumed personal direction of the forge and six axes. This excavation was excavations to ensure that the artifacts sponsored by an $11-million grant from found on site were handled appropriately. Parks Canada and coincided with the 400th His investigations revealed that the anniversary of Quebec City’s founding land where the hotel stood had once in 2008. The site was open to the public been a cannon battery in wartime and during the celebrations, but in 2009 it had also been a thriving centre for was buried in sand to protect it, and the trade and commerce in more peaceful sections of the boardwalk removed during periods. The artifacts found there the excavations were replaced. indicated a continuous record of military, Sources: “One man’s garbage is … the commercial, and residential occupation true treasures of the Palais de l’Intendant for over three centuries. As the hotel took lies outside its walls,” The Beaver, June- shape, Price contracted the expert services July 2006; “Reginald Auger, archaeologist of William Moss, Quebec City’s chief in action,” Kayak, May-June 2007; archaeologist, who helped in arranging for “Blending past and present at the Auberge Saint-Antoine, archaeological the incorporation of archaeological and gleanings are only a touch away,” The historical features into the hotel’s design Beaver:, June-July 2006; Auberge Saint- and the most effective preservation and Antoine Web site, www.saint-antoine. display of the articles found on site. com; “Where Canada began,” The Closer to another Quebec City Beaver, July-August 2006. Activities 1. To what extent is the work of archaeologists like Reginald Auger and Manon Goyette important to an understanding of the early history of Quebec City? 2. Do you believe that archaeological excavations such as the one that took place near the Château Frontenac should have been continued after the end of the 400th anniversary observations of Quebec City’s founding? 3. Do you support the idea that government bodies should fund the work of archaeologists in Canada with tax revenues? Why or why not?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 51 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Historical Signiﬁcance and Primary Sources

What makes an event from the past and Iraq, for example—that are still Further Research historically significant? An important impacting on the world almost 10 years Learn more about historical thinking part of the historian’s task is determining after the attacks took place. and the Benchmarks which of the infinite number of things The second criterion Seixas uses for Project at www. that have occurred over millennia of judging the historical significance of historybenchmarks.ca. human history are worth recording, an event is that it must be revealing. studying, and reflecting on. We are This means that through the study of surrounded by the traces of the past that the event, we can come to a better survive in our present-day lives, but it understanding of important aspects of is sometimes difficult to make sense how people lived at various times in the of them and understand how they have past. By studying the history of the fur shaped our current reality as Canadians trade in Canada, for instance, we can living in the early 21st century. learn about how this enterprise impacted the lives of many individuals—coureurs Historical Significance de bois and voyageurs, employees Professor Peter Seixas is a historian with of the Hudson’s Bay and Northwest the Centre for the Study of Historical Companies, Aboriginal peoples, and Consciousness at the University of settlers—whose names might not British Columbia. Along with other otherwise find their way into the academics and high-school history history books. That the fur trade caused teachers, he has developed a set of important changes in Canadian society benchmarks to help students develop and reveals so much about how the their critical thinking skills through people involved in it lived during its the study of history. In his view, for an heyday indicates to Seixas and others event from the past to be considered that it fulfills the two criteria that are historically significant, it requires two required for an event to be considered characteristics. historically significant. First, it must result in change, meaning that it must have caused important Primary-source Evidence changes in the way many people lived For historians, primary sources represent for a considerable period of time. Thus, important pieces of evidence in helping to events such as the outbreak of the construct their knowledge about the past. First World War in 1914 or the Second Primary sources are anything from the World War in 1939 would be considered past that has survived to the present, and as historically significant, since they may include things like official records, resulted in tremendous change for diaries, works of art, or archaeological millions of people all over the world— artifacts. The task of the archaeologist changes whose effects we are still feeling or historian is to “read” these primary today. More recently, the terrorist attacks sources as evidence, seeking to determine on New York City and Washington, D.C., what they can tell us about the period on September 11, 2001, would also be from which they date. viewed as historically significant, since According to Seixas, reading for they unleashed a series of international evidence is different from reading for conflicts—the wars in Afghanistan information. We may read a history

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 52 text book, or secondary source, to learn the abandoned Hudson’s Bay Company more about people and events from post and at the bottom of the Missinaibi the past. But reading a primary source River are primary sources in that they for evidence requires the historian to are objects from the past that have use different skills. Seixas illustrates managed to survive to the present. The the difference between reading for approach that the members of the team information and reading for evidence took to examining these artifacts is a by comparing a telephone book with a good example of what Seixas means by boot print in the snow outside a crime the processes of contextualization and scene. When we read a phone book, we inference making. An expert marine are not concerned with who wrote it or archaeologist like Kimberley Monk why it is organized the way it is. We knows how to “read” the artifacts she are only interested in obtaining a piece found while participating in the trip for of information contained in it—i.e., the what they can tell us about the people phone number. who made them, what they were used But when we study a boot print, a for, and most importantly how they can trace of an event taking place in the past, help to shed more light on what life we want to determine what clues it can was like for people involved in the fur offer about the person who was wearing trade in a remote part of Canada’s North the boot, when the print was made, hundreds of years ago. Even though and what events may have been taking the team did not succeed in ﬁnding as place at that time. This process, which many artifacts as it hoped, from the ones is crucial in our investigation of primary it did locate it was able to construct an sources, is known as contextualization, argument or narrative about the fur trade or locating the source within a particular that helps to increase our understanding time in the past. From this, we may be and appreciation of this fascinating and able to make inferences, or educated important era in Canadian history. guesses, about what the source can tell us Source: “Benchmarks of historical about the historical period from which it thinking: A Framework for assessment comes down to us in the present. in Canada,” Peter Seixas, Centre for the The artifacts the National and Outpost Study of Historical Consciousness, UBC, team were searching for on the site of August 18, 2006

Activities 1. Based on the criteria for determining historical signiﬁcance outlined in the passage above, give some examples of what you would consider to be historically signiﬁcant events that have occurred during your lifetime.

2. Do you consider the fur trade to be a historically signiﬁcant event in Canada’s history? Why or why not?

3. Some people might dismiss the artifacts the team found on the Missinaibi River trip as nothing more than a broken mug handle, a glass liquor bottle, or an old axe head—that is, unimportant objects from the past. But why do marine archaeologists like Kimberley Monk argue to the contrary that they are important primary sources in constructing the history of the fur trade in Canada? Do you agree? Why or why not?

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 53 DIVING FOR CLUES TO CANADIAN HISTORY Activity: You Be the Historian

Among the most important skills a historian or archaeologist must acquire are the ability to determine historical significance and how to read a primary source as evidence for clues about the past. Here are some activities that may assist you in honing these skills by examining some of the information and evidence about the fur trade and its importance in Canadian history presented in this CBC News in Review story.

How to Determine Historical Significance 1. Read the section titled, “Fur Trade History” (page 46) and from it select five events that occurred during the history of the fur trade in Canada. Explain why you consider these events to be historically significant, based on the criteria Peter Seixas has outlined.

2. Log on to the Web site “Fur Trade Stories from 1867 to the Present” at www.furtradestories.ca/sub_category.cfm?cat_id=3&sub_cat_id=6 and read some of the stories presented. Choose two or three that you consider to be the most historically significant, and give reasons for your choices. You may also wish to select one that you do not consider to be historically significant and state why.

3. Complete the Historical Significance worksheet that can be found at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca based on the information in the section entitled “Fur Trade History” in this guide.

How to Read Primary Sources as Evidence 1. Read the section titled “Unearthing History” (page 50) and present a narrative or argument about life in Quebec City based on the evidence uncovered by archaeologists while excavating sites in the old part of the city.

2. Return to the CBC News in Review video or read the article “The great Missinaibi adventure” in Outpost magazine (November-December 2009) by Evan Solomon. Prepare a list of the artifacts the team found while exploring this region and assess their value as primary sources or evidence about the history of the fur trade in that part of Canada in the past. You may also wish to consult “Search for lost artifacts of the fur trade,” on the CBC Web site at www.cbc.ca/thenational/indepthanalysis/story/2009/11/20/ national-furtrade.html.

3. Complete the Primary Source Evidence worksheet from the CBC News in Review Web site using as your example of primary source evidence one or more of the artifacts the team involved in the Missinaibi River expedition discovered.

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 54 News in Review Index A list of the stories covered last season and to date in the current season is provided below.

The complete chronological index for all 19 seasons of News in Review, and a subject-oriented index listing News in Review stories appropriate for various subject areas can be accessed through our Web site at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca. Hard copies of these indexes can also be obtained by contacting CBC Learning. SEPTEMBER 2008 SEPTEMBER 2009 Putting a Tax on Carbon Two Canadians Meet in Space China and the Olympic Games Canada and the Swine Flu Canada’s Residential School Apology Iran’s Summer of Discontent Boom Times in Saskatchewan Asbestos: Canada’s Ugly Secret OCTOBER 2008 OCTOBER 2009 Canadians to Vote in a Federal Election Canada and the Stranded Canadians Deadly Bacteria Strike Canadians Afghanistan’s Troubled Election The Dangerous Crisis in Georgia Remembering Canada’s War Dead Commuters, Cars, and Bicycles Autism: Living with Difference NOVEMBER 2008 NOVEMBER 2009 Canada and the Economic Meltdown Parliament and the Election Question Americans Choose a New President Keeping Up with the Swine Flu A Community Fights Gangs and Guns Adoption: Looking for a Baby Abroad The Push to Grow More Food in Canada Trying to Save the World’s Amphibians DECEMBER 2008 DECEMBER 2009 Canada Faces a Recession The Copenhagen Climate Change Summit Cell Phones and Drivers Is the Recession Really Over? Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan The Internet: Forty Years Later Electronic Waste and China The Great U.S. Health-Care Debate FEBRUARY 2009 FEBRUARY 2010 The Conservatives and the Coalition Richard Colvin and the Afghan Detainees Canadians, Credit Cards, and Debt The Road to the Winter Olympics The Terrorist Attack on Mumbai The Plane Bomber and Airport Security When It’s Cool to Be Kind Canada’s Amazing Neptune Project MARCH 2009 Barack Obama Visits Canada Canada Gets a Recession Budget Guantanamo Bay and Omar Khadr Afghanistan: A Soldier’s Story APRIL 2009 Hard Times Hit the Auto Industry The Future of the Oil Sands White Dragons: The Killer Avalanches The Flight of the Silver Dart

MAY 2009 CBC Learning The Recession and the Developing World P.O. Box 500, Station A Afghanistan and the Rights of Women Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Decline of the Traditional Media M5W 1E6 Hockey Players and Life Lessons Tel: (416) 205-6384 Fax: (416) 205-2376 E-mail: [email protected]

CBC News in Review • March 2010 • Page 55