DOCSLIB.ORG

The Edge of Violence Described As a Process of Radicalisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Edge of Violence Described As a Process of Radicalisation Edge of violence cover 11/17/10 5:01 PM Page 1 The path into terrorism in the name of Islam is often The Edge of Violence | described as a process of radicalisation. But to be radical is “Tackling home-grown not necessarily to be violent. Violent radicals are clearly enemies of liberal democracies, but non-violent radicals might sometimes be powerful allies. This pamphlet is a terrorism requires a summary of two years of research examining the difference between violent and non-violent radicals in Europe and Canada. It represents a step towards a more nuanced radical approach…” understanding of the behaviour of radicalised individuals, the appeal of the al-Qaeda narrative, and the role of governments Jamie Bartlett · Jonathan Birdwell · Michael King and communities in responding. The Edge of Violence suggests that government policy must distinguish clearly between radicalisation that leads to THE EDGE OF VIOLENCE violence and radicalisation that does not: ways must be found to ensure young people can be radical and dissenting without Jamie Bartlett violent consequences. The pamphlet argues that the best way to fight radical ideas is with a liberal attitude to dissent, as Jonathan Birdwell silencing radical views can create a taboo effect that Michael King inadvertently makes such ideas more appealing. The threat of violent radicalisation can never be ‘solved’ or completely neutralised, it can only be managed. The process of radicalisation to violence still eludes complete understanding: any response will entail controversial decisions and unintended consequences. Therefore, governments must focus on the things they can realistically change, while the lead role in prevention must be played by society: individuals, groups, organisations and communities. Jamie Bartlett is Head of the Violence and Extremism Programme at Demos. Jonathan Birdwell is a Researcher at Demos. Michael King is a PhD student in the psychology department at McGill University ISBN 978-1-906693-56-5 £10 © Demos 2010 Edge of violence cover 11/17/10 5:01 PM Page 2 Demos is a think-tank focused on power and politics. Our unique approach challenges the traditional, ‘ivory tower’ model of policymaking by giving a voice to people and communities. We work together with the groups and individuals who are the focus of our research, including them in citizens’ juries, deliberative workshops, focus groups and ethnographic research. Through our high quality and socially responsible research, Demos has established itself as the leading independent think-tank in British politics. In 2010, our work is focused on four programmes: Family and Society; Violence and Extremism; Public Interest and Political Economy. We also have two political research programmes: the Progressive Conservatism Project and Open Left, investigating the future of the centre-Right and centre-Left. Our work is driven by the goal of a society populated by free, capable, secure and powerful citizens. Find out more at www.demos.co.uk. First published in 2010 © Demos. Some rights reserved Magdalen House, 136 Tooley Street, London, SE1 2TU, UK ISBN 978 1 906693 56 5 Series design by modernactivity Typeset by Chat Noir Design, Charente Printed by Lecturis, Eindhoven Set in Gotham Rounded and Baskerville 10 Cover paper: Flora Gardenia Text paper: Munken Premium White THE EDGE OF VIOLENCE Jamie Bartlett Jonathan Birdwell Michael King Open access. Some rights reserved. As the publisher of this work, Demos wants to encourage the circulation of our work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. We therefore have an open access policy which enables anyone to access our content online without charge. Anyone can download, save, perform or distribute this work in any format, including translation, without written permission. This is subject to the terms of the Demos licence found at the back of this publication. Its main conditions are: · Demos and the author(s) are credited · This summary and the address www.demos.co.uk are displayed · The text is not altered and is used in full · The work is not resold · A copy of the work or link to its use online is sent to Demos You are welcome to ask for permission to use this work for purposes other than those covered by the licence. Demos gratefully acknowledges the work of Creative Commons in inspiring our approach to copyright. To find out more go to www.creativecommons.org Contents Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 9 1 Muslim communities in the West 23 2 Why do people radicalise? 37 3 The current threat of terrorism and radicalisation 47 4 The policy response 55 5 Violent and non-violent radicals: social and personal characteristics 67 6 Violent and non-violent radicals: religion and ideology 79 7 Violent and non-violent radicals: attitudes to terrorism 91 8 Violent and non-violent radicals: the journey of radicalisation into violence 97 9 Violent and non-violent radicals: organisations 105 10 Violent and non-violent radicals: the community 115 11 Recommendations 127 Annex 1 – Research methodology 153 Contents Annex 2 – Glossary of terms 165 Notes 173 Bibliography and references 215 7 Acknowledgements In March 2010, we released a summary version of this pamphlet that was available electronically from the Demos website. We had been unable to publish the full version of the pamphlet due to an ongoing terrorism trial that involved individuals who were subjects of the research. With the conclusion of the trial, we are now able to publish the pamphlet in its entirety. This pamphlet presents two years of research examining the difference between violent and non-violent radicals across Europe and Canada. While Europe has been debating the problem of al-Qaeda inspired terrorism and the appropriate policy response for the past decade, the problem of 'home- grown' terrorism in Canada is more recent and growing in concern. This final version contains for the first time significant primary research around al-Qaeda inspired extremism and radicalism in Canada. This report owes much to many people. We are grateful to Public Safety Canada, Justice Canada and the UK Economic and Social Research Council for supporting this research. We would like to thank all those across the Canadian government who provided support and helpful feedback throughout, in particular Brett Kubicek. At Demos, thanks are due to several former and current colleagues: Rachel Briggs, Alessandra Buonfino, Charlie Edwards, Catherine Fieschi, Peter Harrington, Sian Jones, Beatrice Karol Burks, Julia Margo, Richard Reeves and Susannah Wight. A long list of research assistants and interns provided invaluable assistance, including Melodie Bouchard, Juliano Fiori, Mariam Ghorbannejad, Maryem Haddaoui, Zarlasht Halaimzai, Judith Ireland, Nary Lou, Camilla MacDonald, Carl Miller, Malthe Munke, Nehal Panchamia, Davina Reid and Steven Simon. We would also like to thank the members of our steering group and associates who provided advice and guidance throughout, but whose names should remain anonymous. Most importantly, we would like to thank everyone who participated in this research by granting us interviews, sharing contacts, and making the work possible. Their names we must keep anonymous. The report does not reflect the views of the Acknowledgements Canadian government and the Economic and Social Research Council. Any errors or omissions remain our own. Jamie Bartlett Jonathan Birdwell Michael King November 2010 9 Introduction What is to be done with the millions of facts that bear witness that men, fully understanding their real interests, have left them in the background and rushed headlong to meet peril and danger… ? Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes from Underground, 18621 The rise of ‘home-grown’ terrorism, inspired by al-Qaeda, is one of today’s most pressing security concerns. However, the journey to becoming a ‘home-grown’ terrorist is still difficult to explain and predict, despite dozens of theoretical models and profile studies. What is clear is that there is no such thing as a typical terrorist, and no such thing as a typical journey into terrorism.2 This journey into terrorism is often described as a process of ‘radicalisation’. However, to be a radical is to reject the status quo, but not necessarily in a violent or even problematic manner.3 Of course, the process of radicalisation is a problem when it does lead to violence, and the most obvious case of this is al-Qaeda inspired terrorism. But the last decade in particular has also seen a growth in many types of non-violent radicalisation. Therefore a successful counter-terrorism strategy must be based on a clear understanding of these distinct forms of radicalisation. Separating different types of radicalisation is not an easy task. There is an overlap in the ideologies and goals of many radical groups and individuals including Islamist groups, religious conservative movements, and ultra-orthodox organisations and individuals.4 Differentiating between these types of radicalisations is extremely important because targeting the wrong people can breed resentment and alienation, and erode the freedoms Western governments want to preserve. Violent radicals are clearly enemies of liberal democracies but non-violent radicals might sometimes be powerful allies. Introduction The method This report seeks to cast light on how and why some types of radicalisation develop into violence and others do not, how the different types relate to each other, and what implications this has for social and security policy. To answer these questions, the report compares two phenomena: · Radicalisation that leads to violence (‘violent radicalisation’). This is a process by which individuals come to undertake terrorist activity, or directly aid or abet terrorist activity. To understand this process, 62 in-depth profiles of ‘home-grown’ terrorists were created. They were drawn from seven cells or plots across Canada and Europe. The appellation ‘cell’ is applied to a group of individuals, some of whom have been convicted of terrorism- related crimes but which might also include individuals who were ultimately found innocent of such charges.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2008 Hate Crime Survey
    2008 Hate Crime Survey About Human Rights First HRF’s Fighting Discrimination Program Human Rights First believes that building respect for human The Fighting Discrimination Program has been working since rights and the rule of law will help ensure the dignity to which 2002 to reverse the rising tide of antisemitic, racist, anti- every individual is entitled and will stem tyranny, extremism, Muslim, anti-immigrant, and homophobic violence and other intolerance, and violence. bias crime in Europe, the Russian Federation, and North America. We report on the reality of violence driven by Human Rights First protects people at risk: refugees who flee discrimination, and work to strengthen the response of persecution, victims of crimes against humanity or other mass governments to combat this violence. We advance concrete, human rights violations, victims of discrimination, those whose practical recommendations to improve hate crimes legislation rights are eroded in the name of national security, and human and its implementation, monitoring and public reporting, the rights advocates who are targeted for defending the rights of training of police and prosecutors, the work of official anti- others. These groups are often the first victims of societal discrimination bodies, and the capacity of civil society instability and breakdown; their treatment is a harbinger of organizations and international institutions to combat violent wider-scale repression. Human Rights First works to prevent hate crimes. For more information on the program, visit violations against these groups and to seek justice and www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination or email accountability for violations against them. [email protected]. Human Rights First is practical and effective.
    [Show full text]
  • POLICING REFORM in AFRICA Moving Towards a Rights-Based Approach in a Climate of Terrorism, Insurgency and Serious Violent Crime
    POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, Mutuma Ruteere & Simon Howell POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, University of Jos, Nigeria Mutuma Ruteere, UN Special Rapporteur, Kenya Simon Howell, APCOF, South Africa Acknowledgements This publication is funded by the Ford Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Open Societies Foundation. The findings and conclusions do not necessarily reflect their positions or policies. Published by African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Copyright © APCOF, April 2018 ISBN 978-1-928332-33-6 African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Building 23b, Suite 16 The Waverley Business Park Wyecroft Road Mowbray, 7925 Cape Town, ZA Tel: +27 21 447 2415 Fax: +27 21 447 1691 Email: [email protected] Web: www.apcof.org.za Cover photo taken in Nyeri, Kenya © George Mulala/PictureNET Africa Contents Foreword iv About the editors v SECTION 1: OVERVIEW Chapter 1: Imperatives of and tensions within rights-based policing 3 Etannibi E. O. Alemika Chapter 2: The constraints of rights-based policing in Africa 14 Etannibi E.O. Alemika Chapter 3: Policing insurgency: Remembering apartheid 44 Elrena van der Spuy SECTION 2: COMMUNITY–POLICE NEXUS Chapter 4: Policing in the borderlands of Zimbabwe 63 Kudakwashe Chirambwi & Ronald Nare Chapter 5: Multiple counter-insurgency groups in north-eastern Nigeria 80 Benson Chinedu Olugbuo & Oluwole Samuel Ojewale SECTION 3: POLICING RESPONSES Chapter 6: Terrorism and rights protection in the Lake Chad basin 103 Amadou Koundy Chapter 7: Counter-terrorism and rights-based policing in East Africa 122 John Kamya Chapter 8: Boko Haram and rights-based policing in Cameroon 147 Polycarp Ngufor Forkum Chapter 9: Police organizational capacity and rights-based policing in Nigeria 163 Solomon E.
    [Show full text]
  • IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1
    Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1 Spring 2015 Article 1 2015 IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal Recommended Citation "IMW Journal of Religious Studies Volume 6 Number 1." Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies 6, no. 1 (2015). https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/imwjournal/vol6/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies is designed to promote the academic study of religion at the graduate and undergraduate levels. The journal is a student initiative affiliated with the Religious Studies Program and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Utah State University. Our academic review board includes professional scholars specializing in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Mormonism, as well as specialists in the fields of History, Philosophy, Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, and Religion. The journal is housed in the Intermountain West, but gladly accepts submissions from students throughout the United States and around the world. INTERMOUNTAIN WEST JOURNAL Of RELIGIOUS STUDIES ‡ Advisors PHILIP BARLOW RAVI GUPTA Managing Editor CORY M. NANI Editor JEDD COX Associate Editor CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS Emeritus Editors CHRISTOPHER BLYTHE MARK BULLEN RASMUSON DAVID MUNK Cover Design CORY M. NANI ________________________________________________________________ Academic Review Board RAVI GUPTA Utah State University REID L. NIELSON LDS Church Historical Department KAREN RUFFLE University of Toronto ANNE-MARIE CUSAC Roosevelt University STEPHEN TAYSOM Cleveland State University KECIA ALI Boston University PETER VON SIVERS University of Utah R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors
    Shades of Intolerance: The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada. by Chuck Baker A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs Written under the direction of Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin and approved by ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Newark, New Jersey May, 2015 Copyright page: © 2015 Chuck Baker All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Influence of Terrorism on Discriminatory Attitudes and Behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada by Chuck Baker Dissertation Director: Dr. Gregg Van Ryzin, Ph.D. Terrorism has been shown to have a destabilizing impact upon the citizens of the nation- state in which it occurs, causing social distress, fear, and the desire for retribution (Cesari, 2010; Chebel d’Appollonia, 2012). Much of the recent work on 21st century terrorism carried out in the global north has placed the focus on terrorism being perpetuated by Middle East Muslims. In addition, recent migration trends show that the global north is becoming much more diverse as the highly populated global south migrates upward. Population growth in the global north is primarily due to increases in the minority presence, and these post-1960 changes have increased the diversity of historically more homogeneous nations like the United Kingdom and Canada. This research examines the influence of terrorism on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, with a focus on the United Kingdom in the aftermath of the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks in London.
    [Show full text]
  • PERSPECTIVES on TERRORISM Volume 11, Issue 5
    ISSN 2334-3745 Volume V, Issue 5 October 2017 PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 11, Issue 5 Table of Contents Welcome from the Editors......................................................................................................1 Articles Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons: A Review of Key Recent Research and Critical Research Gaps.........................................................................................................................2 by Andrew Silke and Tinka Veldhuis The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric..................12 by Ariel Koch Exploring the Continuum of Lethality: Militant Islamists’ Targeting Preferences in Europe....................................................................................................................................24 by Cato Hemmingby Research Notes On and Off the Radar: Tactical and Strategic Responses to Screening Known Potential Terrorist Attackers................................................................................................................41 by Thomas Quiggin Resources Terrorism Bookshelf.............................................................................................................50 Capsule Reviews by Joshua Sinai Bibliography: Terrorist Organizations: Cells, Networks, Affiliations, Splits......................67 Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes Bibliography: Life Cycles of Terrorism..............................................................................107 Compiled and selected by Judith
    [Show full text]
  • Is God Great?
    IS GOD GREAT? CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS AND THE NEW ATHEISM DEBATE Master’s Thesis in North American Studies Leiden University By Tayra Algera S1272667 March 14, 2018 Supervisor: Dr. E.F. van de Bilt Second reader: Ms. N.A. Bloemendal MA 1 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 1 – The New Atheism Debate and the Four Horsemen .............................................. 17 Chapter 2 – Christopher Hitchens ............................................................................................ 27 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 433 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 455 2 3 Introduction “God did not make us, we made God” Christopher Hitchens (2007) "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence" Christopher Hitchens (2003) “Religion is violent, irrational, intolerant, allied to racism and tribalism and bigotry, invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry, contemptuous of women and coercive toward children." Christopher Hitchens (2007) These bold statements describe the late Christopher Hitchens’s views on religion in fewer than 50 words. He was a man of many words, most aimed at denouncing the role of religion in current-day societies. Religion is a concept that is hard
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Jihad in the Netherlands
    Violent Jihad in the Netherlands Current trends in the Islamist terrorist threat Violent Jihad in the Netherlands Current trends in the Islamist terrorist threat 2 Contents Foreword 5 Introduction 7 The murder of Theo van Gogh: consequences and effects 7 General trends in the development of jihadism 9 Framework of terms and definitions 10 1 From exogenous threat to home-grown terrorism 13 1.1 What is a jihadist network? 13 1.2 Historical development of network formation 15 1.2.1 The traditional phase: migration of jihadists 15 1.2.2 The proliferation phase: recruitment 16 1.2.3 The ‘home-grown’ phase: radicalisation and jihadisation 17 1.3 Three types of jihadist networks 17 2 Decentralisation and local implantation of international jihad19 2.1Al-Qaeda: from ‘network of gynetworks’ 19 to trademark and ideolo 2.2 Ideology of global violent jihad 21 2.3 Decentralisation of international jihad 22 2.4 Local implantation of international jihad 26 3 Radicalisation and the emergence of local networks 29 3.1Radicalisation, recruitment and jihadisation 29 3.2 The religious context of radicalisation 30 3.3 The socio-political context of radicalisation 33 3.4 The cultural and socio-psychological context of radicalisation 35 3.5 Emergence of local autonomous cells and networks 37 3.6 Backgrounds and functioning of local autonomous networks 38 3.7 The significance of the Hofstad network 39 4 Virtualisation of jihad 43 4.1The Internet as a propulsion of the jihad movement 43 4.2 Al-Qaeda as a virtual database (top-down) 44 4.3 The virtual umma (grass
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Public Forum
    Anti-Terrorism and the Security Agenda: Impacts on Rights, Freedoms and Democracy Report and Recommendations for Policy Direction of a Public Forum organized by the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group Ottawa, February 17, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................2 ABOUT THE ICLMG .............................................................................................................2 BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY DIRECTION ..........................................................14 PROCEEDINGS......................................................................................................................16 CONCLUDING REMARKS...................................................................................................84 ANNEXES...............................................................................................................................87 ANNEXE I: Membership of the ICLMG ANNEXE II: Program of the Public Forum ANNEXE III: List of Participants/Panelists Anti-Terrorism and the Security Agenda: Impacts on Rights Freedoms and Democracy 2 __________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Forum session reporting
    [Show full text]
  • 595 an Empirical Study of Terrorism Prosecutions in Canada
    EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS IN CANADA 595 AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS IN CANADA: ELUCIDATING THE ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENCES MICHAEL NESBITT* AND DANA HAGG** It has now been over 15 years since Canada enacted the Anti-Terrorism Act, codifying what we think of today as Canada’s anti-terrorism criminal laws. The authors set out to canvass how these provisions have been judicially interpreted since their inception through an empirical analysis of court decisions. After exploring how courts have settled initial concerns about these provisions with respect to religious and expressive freedoms, the authors suggest that courts’ interpretations of Canada’s terrorism offences still leave us with many questions, particularly with respect to the facilitation and financing offences. The authors explore these questions and speculate about future challenges that may or may not be successful with the hopes of providing guidance to prosecutors and defence lawyers working in this area. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 595 II. TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS TO DATE ............................ 599 III. JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS OF TERRORISM OFFENCES .................................... 608 A. DEFINITIONS (SECTION 83.01)............................. 608 B. OFFENCES ............................................ 620 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS ....................... 647 I. INTRODUCTION It has now been over 15 years since Canada expeditiously enacted the Anti-Terrorism
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Global Policing
    The Politics of Global Policing Forthcoming as Chapter 9 in Bowling, B., Reiner, R. and Sheptycki, J. (2019) The Politics of the Police (5e). Oxford: Oxford University Press. This is a working draft – please do not cite or quote without permission of the authors. Please contact [email protected] The core argument in this book is as follows. Policing is the aspect of social control that is directed at identifying and rectifying conflict and achieved through surveillance and the use of legitimate violence to impose sanctions. At the heart of the policing task, therefore, are two fundamental paradoxes. First, the police must use the state’s monopoly of coercive violence – a morally dubious means – to preserve peace, order and tranquillity. The resolution of the perpetual scandal caused by the deployment of the ‘diabolical power’ of the police is resolved by the claim that the police represent the democratic will of the people and the rule of law. The second paradox is that ‘not all that is policing lies with the police’. Although the police stand as romantic symbols of crime control, the sources of order and community safety lie, to a large extent, beyond the ambit of the police in the political economy and culture of society (Reiner 2016). The politics of the police in a just society should therefore be geared towards enhancing informal social control and minimizing the need to resort to police intervention so that – when they do respond to occurrences of crime and disorder – their intervention is fair, effective and legitimate. This assertion gives rise to a wide range of questions that are covered in this book, such as the meaning of fairness, effectiveness and legitimacy; how best to ensure that police power can be held accountable to the people that it purports to serve; and about the nature of the political processes that govern policing.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of a Modern Homegrown Terror Cell: Aabid Khan Et Al
    Anatomy of a Modern Homegrown Terror Cell: Aabid Khan et al. (Operation Praline) Evan F. Kohlmann NEFA Senior Investigator September 2008 In June 2006, a team of British law enforcement units (led by the West Yorkshire Police) carried out a series of linked arrests in the cities of London, Manchester, Bradford, and Dewsbury in the United Kingdom. The detained suspects in the investigation known as “Operation Praline” included 22-year old British national Aabid Hussain Khan; 21-year old British national Sultan Mohammed; and 16-year old British national Hammaad Munshi. All of the men would later be indicted by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) for violations of Section 57 of the U.K. Anti- Terrorism, Crime, and Security Act of 2001. In August 2008, following a jury trial at Blackfriars Crown Court in London, Khan, Mohammed, and Munshi were found guilty of charges that included possessing an article for a purpose connected with the commission, preparation, or instigation of an act of terrorism, and making a record of information likely to be useful in terrorism. Khan and Mohammed were each sentenced, respectively, to 12 and 10-year prison terms. According to Karen Jones, the reviewing lawyer in the case from the U.K. Crown Prosecution Service Counter Terrorism Division, “The evidence showed Khan was a committed and active supporter of Al Qaida ideology. He had extensive amounts of the sort of information that a terrorist would need and use and the international contacts to pass it on… Aabid Khan was very much the ‘Mr. Fix-it’ of the group.
    [Show full text]
  • How Anwar Al-Awlaki Became the Face of Western Jihad
    As American as Apple Pie: How Anwar al-Awlaki Became the Face of Western Jihad Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens Foreword by Lord Carlile of Berriew QC A policy report published by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) ABOUT ICSR The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) is a unique partnership in which King’s College London, the University of Pennsylvania, the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (Israel), the Regional Center for Conflict Prevention Amman (Jordan) and Georgetown University are equal stakeholders. The aim and mission of ICSR is to bring together knowledge and leadership to counter the growth of radicalisation and political violence. For more information, please visit www.icsr.info. CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London 138 –142 Strand London WC2R 1HH United Kingdom T. +44 (0)20 7848 2065 F. +44 (0)20 7848 2748 E. [email protected] Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2011 AUTHOR’S NOTE This report contains many quotes from audio lectures as well as online forums and emails. All of these have been reproduced in their original syntax, including all spelling and grammatical errors. Contents Foreword 2 Letter of Support from START 3 Glossary of Terms 4 Executive Summary 6 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Chapter 2 Methodology and Key Concepts 13 Social Movement Theory 13 Framing and
    [Show full text]