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New Orientalism: Depictions of Muslims in the Canadian Media Hanan Harb Ryerson University

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New Orientalism: Depictions of Muslims in the Canadian Media Hanan Harb Ryerson University Ryerson University Digital Commons @ Ryerson Theses and dissertations 1-1-2008 New Orientalism: Depictions of Muslims in the Canadian Media Hanan Harb Ryerson University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/dissertations Part of the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Harb, Hanan, "New Orientalism: Depictions of Muslims in the Canadian Media" (2008). Theses and dissertations. Paper 96. This Major Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Ryerson. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ryerson. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW ORIENTALISM: DEPICTIONS OF MUSLIMS IN THE CANADIAN MEDIA by Hanan Harb BA, University of Toronto, 2007 A Major Research Paper presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Program of Immigration and Settlement Studies Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2008 © Hanan Harb 2008 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this major research paper. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this paper to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. ___________________________________ Signature I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this paper by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. _______________________________________ Signature ii NEW ORIENTALISM: DEPICTIONS OF MUSLIMS IN THE CANADIAN MEDIA © Hanan Harb 2008 Masters of Arts Immigration and Settlement Studies Ryerson University ABSTRACT This paper seeks to examine the topic of Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism that is currently present in reports of mainstream media and the implications it has on the lives of people in the Muslim community in Canada. The Western media has played a major role in both reviving historical Orientalist depictions of the ‘other’ and shaping the views of many ordinary Canadians about Muslims and people from the Middle East. Negative portrayals of Islam, and more specifically Muslims, have often been defended in the West under the principle of freedom of speech and the press, and this type of racism has been allowed to continue to exist in society under the contentious pretext of security. This paper draws on examples from two mainstream Canadian media outlets: The Toronto Star and Maclean’s Magazine. The analysis of the Toronto Star is limited to articles that were published between June 2nd, 2006 and July 29th, 2008 about the Toronto 18 case. The Maclean’s magazine analysis focuses on articles that were written between January 2005 and July 2006, many of which have also been at the center of a complaint before the Canadian Human Rights Commission. Key words: Maclean’s magazine; Toronto Star; Muslims; Islam; Islamophobia, Anti-Muslim racism; Orientalism iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank God for continuing to bless and guide me on this long journey of mine. This paper is dedicated to my family who has been so patient with me throughout this busy year. Despite missing almost every family event this year, they continued to support me and that is something that I am truly grateful for, thank you mama and baba, I love you! A special thanks to my supervisor, Tariq Amin-Khan for all his hard work supervising this paper. Tariq, thank you for all the great feedback and suggestions you gave me throughout this process, this paper would have definitely not been the same without you! Also, a big thank you goes out to my second reader, Sedef Arat-Koc for all her input. Last, but not least, I want to thank my dear friend Arwa for not only proof-reading my work, but for also being such a great friend to me. Arwa, I don’t think I would have enjoyed this year so much if it wasn’t for you, thanks for being there for me anytime I needed you, you’re the best! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 • Methodology 6 SECTION 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 SECTION 2: HISTORY OF TARGETED MINORITIES IN CANADA 15 SECTION 3: RECENT CHANGES TO POLICY POST SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 22 SECTION 4: CASE STUDY OF THE TORONTO STAR 28 SECTION 5: CASE STUDY OF MACLEAN’S MAGAZINE 35 SECTION 6: PUTTING ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CONTEXT 41 CONCLUSION 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 v For no other ethnic or religious group is it true that virtually anything can be written or said about it, without challenge or demurral. Edward Said vi INTRODUCTION: I have chosen to broadly examine the implications of the media’s coverage of the Toronto 181 in the Toronto Star and the anti-Muslim articles in Maclean's magazine within the framework of a new Orientalism that targets and demonizes Muslims and Islam. I am also concerned with the media coverage of different events and issues, such as the publication of the Danish Cartoons in Denmark, the debate over Shariah law in Ontario, and the reasonable accommodation debate in Quebec, as examples of negative portrayals of Muslims and Islam which show that the implication of such depictions are hardly considered by the media outlets or even the Canadian state. To add insult to injury, Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism in the mainstream media has often been defended under the principles of freedom of speech and the press. Although these negative depictions are definitely not new to the West, there has been through the media a new revival of historical Oriental depictions of the ‘other’ and in this case of Islam and Muslims in order to re-create the binary between ‘us’ and ‘them’. Also, the social and political environment post-September 11, 2001 has allowed for this type of racism and discrimination to continue to exist under a contentious pretext of security. The negative portrayal of Muslims in the media has in effect constructed this community as the new racialized ‘other’ in Canada and even worse, the ‘enemy from within’. The purpose of this paper is to explore the topic of Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism in the media and the implications it has on the lives of people in the Muslim community in Canada. Despite the fact that anti-Muslim sentiment can be found in almost any mainstream media outlet post-September 11, for the purpose of this paper I have chosen to draw examples 1 Toronto 18 is the name that has been given by the media to the 18 local Torontonians who were arrested and accused of terrorism related charges on June 2nd, 2006. For more information visit the following website: <http://toronto18.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=1>. 1 from the Toronto Star and Maclean’s Magazine. My analysis of the Toronto Star will be limited to articles that were published between the period of June 2nd, 2006 and July 29th, 2008 about the Toronto 18 case. In Maclean’s magazine, I will examine articles that were published between January 2005 and July 2007 about Islam and Muslims. Many of the articles published by Maclean’s Magazine have also been at the center of a human rights complaint that has been filed by the Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC). Throughout my analysis of these articles, I will briefly discuss the complaint of CIC that has recently been filed before the Canadian Human Rights Commission. I have chosen to draw examples from these two particular media outlets in order to demonstrate that despite the differences in political and theoretical perspectives of various newspapers, when it comes to media reports, Muslims and Islam have been targeted in Western mainstream media. In my analysis of both these newspapers I intend to demonstrate the harm done by such negative portrayal and treatment of Muslims and Arabs. The former President of the Canadian Arab Federation has been insightful in discussing the impact of the current political climate in Canada post-September 11: “our country has effectively engaged in an exercise of self- mutilation: stripping away civil liberties it holds dear, trampling on citizens’ rights it had foresworn to protect, and tearing away at its multicultural fabric with recklessness” (Arat-Koc 2006, 222). It is imperative that Canadians recognize that our liberal democracy that prides itself on being a multicultural society is in serious danger if this type of discrimination and racism continues to exist without public outrage. Although the threat of terrorism is something that should definitely be taken seriously by Western governments, the solution to this growing problem cannot be found in marginalizing a specific group in society; such a move, if anything, will only make the problem worse. It is only when one challenges this type of unfair treatment of 2 religious and ethnic minorities that we can effectively open the doors to dialogue. This paper is a contribution in that direction. In addition, through my own analysis of both the Toronto Star and Maclean’s magazine, I seek to demonstrate that despite the fact that freedom of speech is a principle that all Canadians should defend and want to preserve, such freedoms cannot be a licence to harm and hurt other fellow citizens. More specifically, freedom of speech is deemed to be limited if it incites hate or discrimination against any ethnic or religious community in society. However, as I will show in my paper, these limits to freedom of speech are often only applied in practice to specific ethnic groups and not to all communities in Canada. The exclusion of certain communities such as Muslims, Arabs, South Asians, Blacks, and Aboriginal peoples is related to the fact that these communities are not yet completely accepted in the West and are therefore seen by the dominant community in society as being outside the White-European ‘nation’.
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