Developing Grapple Plant (Harpagophylum

ENVIRONMENTALRESEARCH PROGRAMME

Developing Grapple Plant (Harpagophylum . procumbens DC, Management Strategies in Botswana:

People's Agenda for Effective and Sustainable Natural Resource Utilization and Management

...... • ~.. 'l 1l\1." .' . -

M.B.M"Sekhwela and P.G. Ntseane

National Institute of Development Research and Documentation Prepared for Thusano Lefatsheng Natural Resources ManagementProject Private Bag 00251 (USAIDProject Number690-0251 -33) Gaborone P.O.Box 131 " Gaborone

UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA

1994 ., .

NIR was established in 1975, and is an integral part of the Uni versi ty of Botswana. Its main aims are to promote , coordinate and conduct research, and publish results which will benefit the population of Botswana and contribute to Botswana's goal of self-reliance

Sekhwela, M.B.M. Ntseane, P.G.

Developing Grapple Plant (Harpagophytwn procumbens DC) Management Strategies in Botswana: People's Agenda for Effective and Sustainable Natural Resource Utilization Management

/plant resource/ /resources utilization/ /management development/ /Resources management/ /research reports/ (botswana)

ISBN: 99912-2-065-8

Cover Photograph: A women slicing and drying Grapple plant storage tubers in rural areas before selling to buyers like Thusano

Lefatsheng (Source: Sue Clayton. Marung Magazine. Vol.7 .. (37) 1998) ENVIRONMENTALRESEARCH PROGRAMME

Developing Grapple Plant (Harpargophytum procumbens DC, Management Strategies in Botswana:

People's Agenda for Effective and Sustainable Natural Resource Utilization and Management

M.B.MSekhwela and P.G. Ntseane

National Institute of Development Research and Documentation

Prepared for

Thusano Lefatsheng Natural Resources Management Project Private Bag 00251 (USAIDProject Number 690-0251-33) Gaborone P.o.Box 131 Gaborone

• UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA

1994 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . ;

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii .. 1.0 INTRODUCTION•..•••• 1 1.1 General Background 1

2.0 DEVELOPINGA STRATEGY FOR EFFECTIVE GRAPPLE PLANT MANAGEMENT . . 3 2.1 Innovative Strategies for Effective Resource Management •• 3 1.2 Grapple Plant (Harpagophytum procumbens DC) Utilization and Management in Botswana . • . . . . • ...... 4 2.2 Current Grapple Management and Conservation Strategies 4 2.2.1 Government Institutions ....•...... • 4 2.2.2 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO's) and Private Sector ...... 5 2.2 Improvement in Grapple Plant Management ...... 6 2.2.1 Community Based Management of Grapple Plant Resource ...... 6 2.2.2 Government Institutions and Grapple Plant Management ...... 8 2.2.3 Thusano Lefatsheng and Other Interested NGO's or Private Sector...... 10 2.2.3.1 Extension Programmes ...... 10 a) Appropriate Training of Extension Officers . 10 b) Target Groups ...... , 11 c) Resource User Groups ...... 11 d) Grapple Plant Conservation Measures .. 11 2.2.3.2 Research ...... 11 2.2.3.3 Grapple Plant Products Transfers 11 2.2.3.4 Consortium/Forum of Grapple Plant and Other Resource Dealers 12 2.3 Specific Grapple Management Schemes .. 12

GHANZIDISTRICT . . 13 Groot Laagte 14 Chobokwane . . . . 14

KGALAGADIDISTRICT 16 Tsabong . . 17 Werda . . . . 17

SOUTHERNDISTRICT . 19 Kanaku 20 Mahotshwane . 20

KWENENGDISTRICT 22 Takatokwane 23 Diphuduhudu 23

• REFERENCES. . . 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work would not have been possible without the funding of the USAIDand the initiative of Thusano Lefatsheng. We are very grateful to these institutions for having made and afforded us the opportunity to undertake and make this challenging study a reality.

The study also benefitted from technical support from some staff members of the Department of Environmental Science, Ms. P.O. Dube and Mr. P.G. Koorutwe. They agreed to assist with aerial photograph interpretation and subsequent production of maps respectively, with nominal payment despite the amount of work involved. Dr. N. Winer, NRMP, put a lot of time in reviewing and commenting on the draft reports, together with Mr. G. Phorano, General Manager and Extension Coordinator of Thusano Lefatsheng. Their input has been highly appreciated. The same sentiments are true of my colleague Dr. D.L. Kgathi who also criticized and made suggestions on the report. It is impossible to list all those who contributed to this study in one way or another, and I would like to heartily thank all of them.

• UST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NIR National Institute of Development Research and Documentation

NGO Non-Government Organisation

USAID United States Agency for International Development

.. NRMP Natural Resources Management Project RADs - Remote Area Dwellers

ARB Agricultural Resources Board

NCS National Conservation Strategy

TL Thusano Lefatsheng

•

i i 1.0 INTRODUCTION There is a general lack of success in the existing natural resource degradation abatement strategies in Botswana, particularly resources which are vital for livelihoods in rural areas (e.g. land, water, veld products, etc. ). The situation of resource depletion continues to worsen, despite heightened campaigns by both government, NGO's, and private sector alike. The campaigns have however, increased awareness of environmentally negative aspects of resource utilization and development compared to the past few decades (Sekhwela, 1990). Much of these campaigns are directed towards rural communities who are directly depended on exploiting environmental and natural resources for a livelihood. Non-sustainable means of resource utilization and development are commonlyused by the rural populations, who are also believed to have a wealth of knowledge about various important and valuable natural resources. Such knowhow forms a framework of tradit iona 1 and indigenous resource utilization and development which communities have lived with for millinea and has become part of livelihood strategies. Any new type of framework or strategy is most likely to be judged against the existing and trusted ones. Consequently, introduced strategies have to be highly beneficial in the eyes of the grass roots, otherwi se old strateg i es pers i st and the status quo is maintained. The result of which is failure of resource degradation abatement strategies.

This report makes some proposals towards improving management strategies of Grapp le plant (Harpagophytum procumbens DC) in Botswana, following some revelations on the lack of adoption of conservation measures introduced by Government some years ago by Grapple plant harvesters (Sekhwela, 1993). The proposals are preceded by a general review of problems of natural resource management and conservation, with some examples of successful cases of management strategies elsewhere also highlighted. 1.1 General Background The acceptance and use of existing indigenous technical knowledge of environmental and natural resources as a basis for the development of effective and sustainable resource management techniques should otherwise be obvious. But lack of ways of capturing such knowledge has led to the insistence of the superiority of modern scientific know-how, which in most cases is fragmental and often lacks social aspects. This has impeded the use of indigenous technical knowledge for the development, protection and sustenance of valuable environmental and natural resources. The consequences of which has been the development of natural resource management techniques and policies devoid of existing indigenous resource management systems which take account of cultural and social issues. The newly introduced management systems often need enforcement machinery, and in most cases success is limited because of likely resentment and antagonistic attitudes. The foregoing truly reflects the current natural resources management and conservation strategies in Botswana, characterised by highly centralized systems which have in fact killed traditional and indigenous natural resource management systems. Centralization has disempowered the people, and eroded traditional institutions for the control, rationalization of resource utilization, development and conservation. Such institutions are typical of societies the world over which are still reliant on their own traditional and indigenous systems of resource utilization, development and conservation for subsistence livelihood (Sorensen, 1993). The effectiveness and success of such systems depended (lor depend) very much on the strength of community

/ based institutions and other st ructures, which in fact refl ect the power the communities had (or have) on the control of their resources. After destroying community based institutions and other structures by disempowering of the grassroots, modern government impose their own institutions. Normally such institutions for natural resource management assume lack of knowledge of any resource management strategies among resource users. Consequently traditional and indigenous resource management techniques are not recognized nor made use of. As such, the cultural and social aspects which differ among communities are ignored by the standardized and imposed framework of natural resource management and conservation. This creates resentment and antagonistic attitudes as the newly introduced systems are perceived in terms of denying the communities the use of their own frameworks of the natural resource utilization, management and conservation. Normally their frameworks are holistic in nature, including various cultural aspects, ethno botany and other aspects of ecological know-how, resource development techniques, conservation, etc (Sorensen, 1993). Relevant examples of such mechanical insensitive and deculturalization frameworks of resource management in Botswana span wi ldl ife management, cattle industry and the general approach to natural resource management. Until recently, wildlife conservation has been the Government reserve and no tread area for communities which had no power or say on how the resource should be conserved. Consequently high resentment and antagonism characterised wild life issues particularly in areas of high wildlife densities. Similarly, traditional cattle rearing has been a rotational system based on seasonal cattlepost and land areas grazing system. Such a framework was maintained even in the newly created and imposed cattle ranching system through Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP), with farmers overstocking and overgrazing their farms and then looking for new grazing areas elsewhere. Often communal grazing areas were resorted to by farmers who overgraze their farms. The consequence of such persistent frameworks, in this case rotational cattlepost .. lands grazing system, was 1imited success of TGLP in curbing problems of overgrazing (White, 1992; Tsimako, 1991). There has been even suggestions to the effect that the traditional system is more suitable to Botswana conditions (Cooke, 1991). However, that may not be a complete solution either, but a review and use of the system should have been the basis for developing an effect ive catt le grazing system, with the farmers and re levant community based institutions forming part of the main functional components. Other types of resource management still exhibit the same approach with little or no community involvement at the initial stages or in the processes of deriving/designing of management plans. There is absolutely no power left with the communities, which are in fact effectively declared potential wrongdoers by such an approach. Traditional community institutions are replaced by new ones which are normally inferior with all kind of names. There is no effort to link them to existing traditional ones which attain residual positions but remain operational in the lives of resource users, and sometimes undermining the introduced ones. A good example is the imposition of Kgotla systems on Basarwa in the settlement schemes with the assumption that they do not have any institutions with effective organisational aspects for community integration and development (Kann et aI, 1992). Contrary, Kann et aT (1990) found very strong and well developed institutions comprised by council of elders, with effective community organisation, resource utilization, management and conservation. However, such councils may not be effective or successful at the level of settlement organisations envisaged/

2 planned by Government. Nonetheless, the councils cuuld be vital for the success of new (to Basarwa culture) types of village based institutions.

2.0 DEVELOPINGA STRATEGY FOR EFFECTIVE GRAPPLE PLANT MANAGEMENT

2.1 Innovative Strategies for Effective Resource Management Re-think ing of strategies for acceptab le and effect ive resource management and conservat ion fo 110wing cont inuous failure of technica lly based strategies, has led to the realization that people should be central and basic component of such strategies. Much of successful strategies or projects on natural resources management are attributed to the approach which focuses on local interests. A good example is that of Lake Baringo Fuel and Fodder project, Kenya, which focused on local interests of increasing the availability of fodder for 1ivestock and biomass for fuel and other uses, as well as understanding the socio-economic systems of the local situation (de Groot et a1, 1992). Technical expertise and innovations were deployed at relevant stages of addressing local needs which in this case encompassed production systems and other social aspects, as well as the environment. Innovations involved a lot of indigenous experiences of environmental conditions in the area and knowhow, existing functional institutions for project implementation and management. The result is a successful project on environmental rehabilitation, natural resource management and conservation at a scale not commonbefore. In another project in Katheka, Kenya, traditional village institutions were instrumental in the effective implementation of environmental management project focusing on erosion contro1/(Thomas-S1ayter et a1, 1991). Again vital elements of the strategy were the addressing of basic needs by deploying indigenous and introduced know-how and manageable technologies through viable local institutions (Thomas-Slayter et a1, 1991). It is becoming clearer that successful cases of environment and natural resources management and conservation have a commonapproach which employs community participation, building on local needs and initiatives. Peop1e's empowerment through decentralization is part and parcel of peop1e's participation as it enables effective adoption of their agenda. The major aspects of such an approach include recognition of existing functional institutions, knowledge on the use and management of natural resources utilized by the area's residents and understanding of the socio economic systems (de Groot et a1, 1992; Sorensen, 1993). Tau-kin-Young, (1992) emphasized the need to involve the community at all levels in the planning of natural resource management. This enables assimilation of the resultant plans into the community's framework of resource utilization and management. Thus existing institutions become part of implementing and controlling structures in the process, with the people welding power over their resources. Such a complete reversal of the current technocratic and bureaucratic systems of resource management and conservation which incidentally derived their existence and strength from the disappearance of traditional and community based systems, will also require change of stereotypic orientation of field officers. Field officers have to learn new approaches of taking an advisory role and letting the resource users lead the way. The major aspect of the approach would be the nurturing of community initiatives and revival of se1f reliance attitudes and institutions which have been suppressed by the

3 centralization, dispossession and disempowerement processes - Field officers should also recognize difference which exist from one community to another, and never attempt to throttle through ideas from other situations without exploring local ideas.

1.2 Grapple Plant (Harpagophytum procumbens DC) Utilization and Management in Botswana Information from both physical assessment (Sekhwela, 1993) and socio-economic studies (Ntseane, 1993) of Grapple plant indicate a high rate of resource utilization in some areas. The result of which is severe resource degradation in areas of heightened commercial activities on grapple plant products. Over exploitation occurs despite the existence of Government introduced recommended harvesting methods and other conservation measures. There is a strong conclusive evidence that Grapple plant harvesting for household medicinal pot(s) has no detrimental effects on the resource as indicated by sound resource status in areas with no or relatively low commercial activities. On the contrary, areas with high commercial activities have great depletion rates and high scarcity of Grapple plant, which also exhibit disturbed population structures. Such trends of resource depletion, combined with lack of compliance with the instituted control and conservation mechanisms by users, indicate weaknesses in the implementation of the framework and also the design of the systems employed. This also makes the basis of the management and conservation strategy questionable in view of its pronounced failure. The case of Grapple plant provides a very good example of non-successful resource management techniques instituted by the Government. The licensing and permit regulatory system has not prevented resource depletion due to various reasons, some of which could be among the ones deduced below: 1. based only on scientific findings about the plant and little on social aspects,

2. low education and practical field guidance of harvesting communities,

3. no field resource monitoring to assess the effectiveness of devised harvesting techniques,

plus numerous other aspects which include social aspects and information on the Grapple plant resource ecological aspects. 2.2 Current Grapple Management and Conservation Strategies 2.2.1 Government Institutions

The Agricultural Resources Board (ARB) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is in charge of all agricultural related resources including Grapple Plant. Following a wide cry in the 1970's of over-exploitation of Grapple plant in some areas in the Kalahari, some policies were made to control and regulate the extraction, movement and sale of Grapple plant products. Using some research findings, recommendations were made on harvesting methods which now form part of extraction permits issued to harvesters as part of conservation measures. But from the results of the recent studies (Sekhwela, 1993;

4 Ntseane, 1993, Ntseane, 1990) the rate of compliance seems to be minimal if any.

Implementation mechanism seem to be very loose and centralized, which is cb.aracter i st i c of the whole system of resource management in Botswana. Communities or harvesters are subjects who are potential culprits and not participants in the implementation process to say the least. Field officers who are the sole implementors, are never enough to supervise and guide harvesting, and of course police against any culpritious practices which are potentially provided for by the system. 2.2.2 Non-GovernmentaT Organisations (NGO's) and Private Sector

NGOcommunity in Botswana is hardly developed, and it has generally a very low resource potential which is solely sustained by donor funding. The major focus of NGO's has been on assisting poor rural communities with improving their livelihood conditions, normally centering around income generating activities, shelter and food. Resource conservation is also supposed to be part of the broad agenda of rura 1 deve 1opment. What is ev i dent is the straight-jacketed approach similar to that of the central government. Not surprising though, in view of the the fact that NGOpersonnel are normally poached from Government which is the main trainer and employer of extension officers. Training which is based on the premise that rural development shou ld be brought about through transformation of the attitudes of rural people themselves (Otto, 1993), and little on how rural people could bring about the change using their own resources which include existing indigenous technical knowledge and community based institutions among others. However, NGO's seem to have the potential to develop sustainable community development programmes in view of their focus on the needs and interests of communities, and the desire to be lead by communities. Thus, NGOshave the potential to effectively empower the people in order to let them take control of their lives, and most importantly, control of their natural resources, if given the opportunity. The main bottleneck which is probably defeating the efforts of NGO's is the Government's disempowerment of the people through its centralized natural resource control and management system. Thusano Lefatsheng as the main buyer and dealer in Grapple plant products, has in addition to providing income to rural communities, interests in assisting in the conservation of natural resources which sustain livelihoods of rural populations. This is reflected by its efforts to develop broad based extension programme supported or linked to its research programme as well as commercial activities which provide income. The success of the extension programme is still to be seen as it is relatively newly established. But indications from the onset seem to reflect the traditional approaches which are experiencing some problems as indicated by extension officers during their workshop (Otto, 1993). Some of the problems relate to the targeting of the interventions, developing relationships and sustainability of working groups for both Grapple harvesting and conservation activities. Thusano Lefatsheng tries to adopt Resource User Group approach as a strategy for targeting the needy in terms of income, and effective training on Grapple plant harvesting techniques and other conservation measures. The user group approach seem to be logical one, as it involves empowermentof resource users in order for them to have control over the management of resources, with extension officers providing catalytic and facilitation input ( Singh, 1992). Singh (1992) considers it to be a revolutionary approach where resource users

5 define and make up their own groups, and choose the members of the organisational structures needed to oversee the activities of the group(s). Field officers (extension officers) have no active role to play, except that of advisory and technical guidance. The community has total power and control of the whole process, as well as that of the resource itself. On the contrary, it seems Thusano Lefatsheng extens ion officers take the lead and try to form the groups, rather than guiding the community in the process. Such an approach is tantamount to imposition of frameworks of resource utilization, requiring changes in behaviour. It is quite unlikely that such an approach would be sensitive to differences between communities and adaptable to local conditions. For instance, ethnicity problems would easily disrupt such a method of group formation, because it does not provide for ethnic groups ironing out their differences before coming to a consensus of resource sharing and other resource utilization and management aspects acceptable to both, which should be the basis for Resource User Groups (GRUPs).

Thusano Lefatsheng extension officers have no Grapple plant resource management and conservation method to assist the resource users with, but rather, they assist with the existing government instituted one. As such they work with Government field officers, and presumably use similar extension approaches. They is general lack of appropriate skills particularly of field officers to initiate and develop new approaches apart from traditional stereotypic extension approaches, to work with different communities. This problem is becoming even apparent from the problems experienced by the main NGO,Thusano Lefatsheng. 2.2 Improvement in Grapple Plant Management

There is need to improve on the existing Grapple management efforts, and introduce any new innovations applicable to this type of resource. The existing Government based management seem to have a lot of potential if some improvements are made in the light of new emerging information. In particular, the mobilization of all interested parties including the communities towards a joint effort in planning the use and management of natural resources which are crucial to the lives of communities in the rural areas. 2.2.1 Community Based Management of Grapple Plant Resource Experience from elsewhere reviewed in the background indicate that natural resource utilization and management for the benefit of communities is a task best undertaken by the communities, with technical augmentation provided from outside if not available within. Thus first, indigenous know-howforming the traditional utilization and management systems should be used to form a foundation for an effective resource management programme to be implemented by communities. Such a programme could be envisaged to develop as follows:

Stage 1: Community, Thusano Lefatsheng and ARB debate issues of Grapple plant utilization, such as:- traditional versus modern uses commerciaI uses and Community views resource degradation and causes Thusano Lefatsheng's position ARB IS position and Government Policy

6 traditional management systems and current status etc

Stage 2: Further debates on traditional management systems focusing on revamping of viable and effective community institutions for resource management:- community·s wishes and views on management community institutions e.g. Kgotla and their role in resource management TL ·Resource User Groups· and ARB Conservation Committees and Community·s views on them etc Stage 3: Derivation of a Communitybased Grapple management system: cons ideration of exist ing v iab Ie Community institutions and possible use for Grapple TL Resource User Groups - TL exp la ins the concept and purpose for groups and how the system is envisaged to work. Community, with assistance from TL, defines criteria for membership and chooses control organs, e.g. committee Community empowers the organs, and defines its relationship with other resource management structures in Government, TL and the Kgotla Government empowers the Community for the contro 7 and management of its resources Stage 4: Planning and laying out Grapple plant resource management schemes:- Leve 1 1: TL informs the Community/ Resource User Groups about findings of the recent studies, emphasizing the effects of harvesting TL/Researchers exp la in the mapping exerc ises and welcomes input from community/user groups Field verification and additional inputs to the maps undertaken by TL/Researchers and community/ / Resource user groups etc Level 2: Negotiation on a possible harvesting and management scheme; Community comes out with proposa 7s and TL lays down proposals on a Seasonal Rotational Scheme A consensus is reached and an agreed scheme is mapped on the verified and improved maps etc Level 3: Designation and delineation of agreed harvesting and management schemes on the maps by indicating not iceab Ie or known landmarks, fo I lowed by fie ld markings or verification of landmarks Resource potentia I of the different areas around the

7 sett lement is cons idered in the process of des ignating the different harvesting areas, and if necessary field visits can be made The different harvesting areas are given names to be used in a 11 purposes inc luji.1g Government extract ion permits etc

Stage 5: Negotiation on roles to be played by different interest groups in the implementation of the new harvesting and management schemes. The following should form part of discussions and be agreed upon:- Time of harvesting and Synchronisation of all harvesting activities in a given harvesting area,

Issuance of both Extraction and Transfer permits through RUG committee and the harvesters of a given settlement at the same time; lessening of delays the issuing of permits to a 11.

Training and Supervision of harvesting exercises by Resource User Group officials, TL and ARB officers etc Sanctions/Punishment for culpritious actions and non-compliance would probably be centra 1 to the success of such a resource management scheme. Thi sis of course part and parce 1 of any restrictive resource use system. The following forms of punishment may form part of others to be considered: Suspension of harvesting rights and Withholding of permits for one or two seasons depending on the degree of the crime Confiscation or forfeiture of harvested grapple if the crime is discovered before any sa les or transfers Deduction of certain amount from Grapple sales for one or two seasons, and the money pa id to the management committee treasurey. Expu ls ion from Resource User Groups unt i 1 further app ]jcat ion to the Group after repentance, :_,',hich shou ld be shown by the app 1icant. etc. 2.2.2 Government Institutions and Grapple Plant Management

The Government holds the key to effective natural resource management which entails the relinguishing of power to the communities which they lost in the process of centralization of resource controls. Lack of power and participation in the decision making processes has effectively brewed irresponsibility among individual members of the community who no longer feel answerable to the cORlllunity itself, but to a distant Government. It is important to note that the often talked about consultations carried out by Government fall far short of giving back power and involving the communities in decision - making. That is why communities have developed the attitude of "Let Them Talk" and go (Kann et al, 1990), and consequently the status quo sustains.

8 The Government may look at the following as part of its responsibilities towards the development of proper use and management of Grapple plant;

1. Oevolut ion of power of resource use and management to the communities by carrying out the following activities; taking part in debate on Grapple plant use issues arranged by TL recognizing and endorsing the existing community based traditiona 1 and indigenous resource management systems where exist recognizing and endorsing the formation of Resource User Groups and resulting control organs. empowering the communities to empower their own resource use control organs, to guide and foresee proper resource utilization the Government may a Iso look into ways of mak ing these community based resource management institutions effective by legasing them. 2. Provide technical advise to the community instituted management systems, particularly on the appropriate harvesting techniques emanating from Government supported researches. Of immediate attention include; improvement of the current recommended harvest ing methods by including illustrated diagrams of how to carry out the methods. support efforts which relate to proper designation and naming of harvesting sites wh ich shou ld a Iso be prov ided for in the extraction permits together with TL, provide an effect ive tra ining and fie ld supervision of harvesting exercises 3. Introduce licensing of Grapple buying and export activities, as part of establishing accounting systems of grapple plant products transfers. The accounting systems should be linked to monitoring and eva 1uat i on of extract i on and management programme. The licenses should enlist on the licence the following responsibilities among other things:

Na intenance of proper records of a 1 I Grapp le plant product transfers :- i) recording of extract ion/ transfer permit, numbers and names of se I lers. ii) Quantities of Grapple purchased per seller including grade categorisation where applicable. iii) records of money paid per seller, keeping the grade categorisation where applicable.

return a 11 necessary papers to ARB, TL or any other respons ib Ie authority.

9 4. As part of developing resource accounting systems, ARB, TL and NCSshould introduce resource monitoring programmes which should involve field records of extracted Grapple plants and the amounts of storage tubers harvested from a given harvesting area around each village/settlement. Records could include some of the fo llowing: number of harvesters in a season/ number of plants harvested and name of harvestering area. Amount of storage tubers harvested per harvester, and overa 11 tota 1. Time of harvesting. etc

5. Assist the RUGs in carrying out or arranging for resource assessment with involvement of RUGs included before harvesting activities, as part of monitoring and evaluation programme. Information to be recorded can include:- dens ity of Grapp Ie plants, to inc lude popu Tat ion structure. survival and death rates of once harvested plants. Status of dug holes, whether noticeable or fallen in. etc.

2.2.3 Thusano Lefatsheng and Other Interested NGO's or Private Sector.

The role of NGO's is generally perceived with lot of optimism and potential for the deve 1opment of a tru 1y partnersh i p with communi ties in coming out with effective resource management strategies. The main strength derives from the grass-roots and open approach adopted by NGO's, which make them develop rapport with communities. As one of the NGO's, Thusano Lefatsheng is fully involved in various aspects of Grapple plant, and this involvement can be consolidated further through various ways, some which have already been covered under community based management systems. An e laborat ion of some other useful undertakings is described in the following sections.

2.2.3. Extens ;0:' Progta 1.1.es

TL should look into ways of creating an effective extension programme which will reflect a partnership character. This could be achieved by some of the f 011 owi ng : - a) Appropriate Training of Extension Officers

For most of the time to come, TL will have as its main target group, Basarwa communities and other marginalized ethnic groups in the Kgalagadi. The diverse and probably already disturbed cultural backgrounds owing to counter actions with various Government programmes, will necessitate TL to show that she is truly a partner to be trusted and accepted by such communities. This will very much depend on the approaches adopted by extension officers, which wi 11 of course ref 1ect the type tra in i ng they rece i ve. The need for an appropriate training has already been highlighted by Wotto (1993)

10 b) Target Groups

The need for defining criteria for assessing and enlisting members of target group has already been highlighted by TL extension officers (Wotto, 1993), as result of their field experience. It has to be emphasized that TL should consider very carefully the issue of criteria, as it may undermine community initiatives to be encouraged under section above. However, since there would various be packages directed towards the communities, TL should probably have different criteria for each package, depending on its purpose and envisaged impacts. c) Resource User Groups

As already indicated under section 2.2.1 above, TL has the responsibility of selling the concept of resource user groups where comparable community based institutions do not exist. Aga in, the emphas is shou ld be on letting the communities make the choice after fu 11 understanding of the purpose and functioning of such groups TL should adopt a catalytic and facilitation role, and not a leadership one. d) Grapple Plant Conservation Measures

As part of extension programme, TL should establish together with communities and in line with proposals under section 2.1, appropriate measures for Grapple plant conservation. These should include appropriate training programmes for harvesters and other persons involved in the conservation efforts. Training should include in addition to methods of harvesting, ways of assessing sizes of plants to be harvested and preparation of soils after removing storage tubers, as well as facilitating natural regeneration by spreading the seeds from fru its. 2.2.3.2 Research

As part of its ongoing research endeavours, TL should include investigations of appropriate techniques of harvesting from the wild products/resource it buys from the people. This would add to conservation measure supported by its extens i on programmes. Such type of research can be undertaken with other organisations, e.g. NIR.

TL should also be party to the monitoring and evaluation programme to be established by ARB, NCSand communities. Probably taking a leading role as part of its extension and research activities. 2.2.3.3. Grapple Plant Products Transfers

As the main buyer and interest party in Grapple conservation, TL has the duty to carry out all required recordings of Grapple products transfers, which include purchases and exports. It is expected to support fully all appropriate Government instituted controls which are expected to be developed in consultation with TL, and where possible assist with implementation. Thus TL will be in partnership with both Government and Communities.

There is a likely possibility that TL may form part of some sanctious/punishment instituted to encourage compliance of harvesters with conservation measures (see above). For instance, purchasing from culpritious harvesters may be prohibited or subtraction of a certain charges from their

11 Grapple sales. In such a case, the community would appreciate TL assistance as part of its support to the enforcement of conservation measures. 2.2.3.4. Consortium/Forum of Grapple Plant and Other Resource Dealers For purposes of adopting a consistent resource conservation approach to trading in natural resource products, there will be need for all interested dealers/buyers to form a grouping which can develop some form of conduct. Although this is expected to be part of the conditions of the licence, discussions and consultation by various buyers would facilitate adoption of • a consistent approach to sellers/harvesters. This however, should not be used to kill competition among buyers and standardization of prices. TL and ARB may take the lead in arranging or working modalities of such a grouping. 2.3 Specific Grapple Management Schemes The above sections dealt with the general approach towards developing a natural resource (Grapple) utilization and management programme applicable to relevant resources used by communities. However, each specific case and locality will need to be treated separately and the scheme adjusted accordingly depending on the prevail ing conditions. The specific Grapple plant management schemes of 8 settlements studied in the physical assessments (Sekhwela, 1993), can for instance, be developed as indicated in the respective sections. The basis of which is the condition of Grapple plant populations and resource potential and consequently the recommended types of intervention.

A possible categorisation could be made in terms of the status of Grapple plant commercial activities and the observed impacts on Grapple plant resource. Areas with depleted resource would have to start with putting down conservation measures coupled with restricted resource utilization for commercial purposes. On the other hand, areas with low depletion rates, will also have to start laying a foundation for a sustainable resource utilization and management, and careful proceed to encourage resource utilization and development for income generation. •

GHANZl DISTRICT

13 Groot laagte

The Grapple plant resource of this area was found to be still sound, but limited in spatial distribution.

The following recommendations were reached: i) Further development/campaigns on the commercial value of Grapple in Groot Laagte shou ld be ha lted unti I a proper management strategy involving potential harvesters is developed and put in place . .. ii) The existing knowledge of conservation measures highlighted by residents and recommended methods of harvesting should be used as a bas is for pract ica I educat ion programme for harvesters' group by extension officers. iii) Using existing knowledge among the residents/potential harvesters of the various locations of Grapple plant populations, the extension officers together with the community shou ld work out a pract ica I fie ld oriented phased and rotat iona I harvest ing system as form of contro 11ed and supervised harvesting of Grapple.

iv) The community shou ld be in the forefront in the deve lopment of any management strategy. Th is wi 11 on ly happen if they are fu 11y equ ipped with a 11 important informat ion as regard the phys ica I situation of Grapple in their area, experience elsewhere and likely trends if harvesting is unorganized, the position of Thusano Lefatsheng and the Government on the matter.

Based on these findings, a community based managed scheme would be developed as outlined under section 2.1 above. Following such an exercise, physical dermacation of the area into harvesting areas could be done as indicated on • the map (Map Gr1) below, based on the existing known resource distribution: Chobokwane

The status of Grapple around Chobokwane settlement was found to be rather dissatisfactory in term of occurrence and availability. The following conclusions and recommendations were made in the light of the fundings:

i) The knowledge of residents and potential harvesters about the various locations of existing Grapple plant populations should be used to augment the produced maps and in developing practical field harvesting schemes. ii) Thusano Lefatsheng extension officers should take immediate steps to build up a practical training programme which should include the development of managed harvesting schemes of harvesters' groups. iii) That Rresidents/potential harvesters should designate with the assistance of extension officer all known possible harvesting areas. Some rotational harvesting should then be developed after field visits have been made to a 11 these areas by all i nvo1 ved, and some qu i ck assessment of Grapple plant stands have been make by extension officers.

14 Following the same procedure as for Groot Laagte, derivation of management schemes should be based on community participation outline under section 2.1 above. It is basically the responsibility of communities which should be looked by technical advice from TL and ARB field officers. However, designation and dermacation of areas for alterna:e harvesting on seasonal basis could be carried out as suggested on the map (Map ChI) below.

15 ------'-'------1 !

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KGAlAGADI DISTRICT

16 Tsabong

Grapple plant resource around Tsabong has been found to be very low indeed, with hardly any records along almost all transects, except for a few isolated cases. Relatively high populations were recorded in areas known to some harvesters, about 20 kilometres away from Tsabong. The following conclusion and recommendations were derived on the basis of the information obtained: i) Thusano Lefatsheng should embark on very high intensive educational campaigns on impact of inappropriate Grapple plant harvesting, citing the known s ituat ion of resource degradation in the area and acknowledged by the residents. ii) As a form of field practical training and diagnostic approach to the seemingly purposeful culpritious actions by the harvesters, the holes which are prevalent in some of the harvesting area should be used as observation sites. iii) Thusano Lefa tsheng shou ld get together potent ia 1 harvesters and organize them into Groups of registered harvesters, and use their knowledge of existing locations of Grapple to supplement the map produced in this study. Together with the harvesters, after a field overview (assessment) of the overa 11 resource base, devise a proper harvesting scheme which should entail rotational harvesting system. This is a clear case of high resource depletion which need immediate attention. An approach which should be adopted should follow the same outline under section 2.1 above, but with an emphasized restriction of further resource utilization. This has to be arrived at with the communities, clearly outlining the benefits to be derived in future from a re-established resource. Where a case exists of identified viable resource occurrences, a similar resource planning process has to be undertaking, as it is done in other settlements with good resource potential. But care has to be taken in view of the history of resource depletion in this area, which seem to be attributable more to human behaviour. Where there is absolute need to have a limited use of the existing resource, harvesting areas could be marked out as shown on the map (Map Tb1).

Werda

Werda depicts a similar situation to that of Tsabong, but may be a worser case in terms of resource availability. Virtually no Grapple populations were recorded in the area, although there were some hints of limited occurrences. The following recommendation were reached in the light of the fundings of the physical surveys.

i) Grapp Ie plant harvesting shou ld be ha lted in Werda, while an in tens ive resource conservation and development programme is instituted in the village. This should be targeted to the harvester groups. ii) Using local knowledge of other existing locations of Grapple plant, Thusano Lefatsheng extension staff a improve the maps produced in the study to try to create the practical field situation of Grapple plant distribution. This should then be used together with harvester groups to develop a resource conservation scheme through controlled and strict ly supervised harvesting where the status of the resource permit.

17 iii) Thusano Lefatsheng shou ld bring the harvesters to acknowledge the careless attitude of non-covering of dug out holes and planting back of parent tubers, and try to stem-out these attitudes and practices by a 11 means. These are serious and dangerous attitude and practices which have caused the whole community great losses in Grapple plant resource. iv) A serious overhaul of the system be done with all interested parties I ike Thusano Lefatsheng and other potent fa I buyers invo lved, inc luding harvesters. Some suggestions are made in the management version of th is report. Perhaps Werda presents a clear case deserving suspension of harvesting activities, and encouraging the planting of Grapple plant in the arable fields or backyard gardens of interested harvesters. As the map (Map Wdl) indicates there is hardly any resource to be indicated, except the generalized picture of close to zero potential.

18 Ma'P Tbl· •

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•

19 Kanaku

The settlement is for the RADs, and it has not yet experienced any Grapple plant resource degradation problems. Although there are some peculiar patterns of population structure normally associated with intensively harvested or disturbed Grapple populations. This led to arguments suggesting • possible cases of resource use competitions with harvesters from the neighbouring relatively big village/settlement of Mabutsane which is only 8 • km away. In general, the physical assessment study concluded and recommended • as that; i) Thusano Lefatsheng shou ld initiate and deve lop a we 77 organized and highly supervised Grapple extraction schemes, taking advantage of the likely high receptiveness of the harvesters in view of their lack of experience in the commercial activities. The emphasis should be on the creation of harvester groups with registered members who will be bound by the code of conduct to be deve loped jo int ly with the groups based on the Government control and regulatory syst~mon Grapple. i i) Thusano Lefa tsheng extens ion officers shou ld arrange a workshop with potential harvesters (groups) to discuss the findings of this study, in particular the maps, and ask the people to supplement the maps with their knowledge of other existing Grapple fields. Field visits should be made with the harvesters and quick assessment of the status of the resource made for purposes of devising a harvesting scheme be observed and respected by harvester. The emphasis shou ld be on rotat iona I harvesting to allow recovery of once harvested sites. iii) Thusano Lefa tsheng extens ion officers shou ld ascerta in the seem ing ly over lap between harvesting sites of Mabutsane and Kanaku res idents. /fhere the over lap exists, a jo int management scheme shou ld be devised ,. in order to cater fa ir ly for both sizes. If a situation for resource sharing, a careful planning with both communities involved must be worked out. For instance, RUGsfrom both settlement could joining hand in the control and monitoring of the area of combined interests to the South of Kanaku. Spatially, the dermacation and layout of a possible management scheme can be as shown below (Map Knl). Mahotshwane

Grapple situation around Mahotshwane depicts a bligue resource potential. The settlement has also limited land resources due to neighbouring ranches and cattleposts. Based on the The findings of the physical surveys are briefly captured in the following recommendations were derived:.

i) The harvesting of Grapple shou ld be serious ly restricted while new ways of resource utilization are developed. These should include thorough resource inventory using existing local knowledge to supplent information conta ined in the phys ica I assessment study, and tra ining of harvesters. ii) that Thusano Lefatsheng should embarks on a programme of organizing harvesters into groups for purposes of training and conserving Grapple plant through wise utilization . •

20 As indicated in the map below, land to the South of the settlement is privately owned as farms. Resource exploitation in these farms is limited, leaving the settlement with possibility of creating/dermacating three harvesting areas if a system using in other settlement is adopted. Map Mhl indicate a possible schematic layout of these areas, although Mahotshwane exhibit a bleak resource potential.

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KWENENG DISTRICT

•

• 22 I

of in

The

the

has

maps

which

to which below

socio (ARB).

income

except

lot

Grapple further

for

done related

The abide

involved

standing

organize

pressure

governing developed

harvested

purposes.

map

population areas.

rotationa

management be

activities seem

conclusion, management

recommended

populations

1990).

plant

appropriate

registration be

and

scheme

implicated Hence

restricted ly Recent

the

been

parties

once

In Recommendation

prevent

who

exhibits

study. environs,

In Grapple

will

arguments instead

resource.

plant

once proper to

terms

sustainable

group, resource poss

disturbed

members harvesting

Grapple past.

its

commercial hardly

on follow ld

regulations the

this a in

(Ntseane, ld

was

which

staggered

system of

and harvesting

order

the of in to has and

for

interested 1993). for

support A

cou depicted shou

over-harvesting and training

them generation.

grapple

recovery classes. harvesters

reflect

which

developing use Takatokwane

activities.

of plant

group

field terms what

conduct

other

belong

rules

harvesting/management potential

also

size

income

allow

case

activities entail

strongly produced in educate groups. and

institution

harvesting

proposals

region of

do evasive and resource, appear

studies

around

Diphuduhudu

Takatokwane (Sekhwela,

for

resource grapple

and instituted

the to

code

clear

should

and maps

lower

23 sizes

West

harvesting

practical of

1993)

used

area resource

be embarks

re-establishment lements should

harvesters· other

occurrences The

for

the Diphuduhudu, a

somehow a

stand harvester

dermacating

potential

selective groups

awareness of

The

sett

Lefatsheng diminished in

This

plant

continued

a activities findings and Grapple envisaged Kweneng

for settlement, should of

into

response

harvesters

design

high

adopts activities

augment

represents

should

encourage harvestable

other

(Sekhwela, for

conduct.

out the

over-exploitation the

upon

Lefatsheng

used RADs to

observed to to arrangement

Thusano all

already

resource can

and

knowledge

Grapple population

from

continue.

plant. predominance

exist

reveal

and

the

activities plant

system

used harvesting also

luck methods,

used with harvesting

code indication surveys

agreed found

les

harvester

part

activities,

can

carrying I

Lefatsheng

harvesting I

summarise Thusano

whereby be

affect

plant is

The was

with

was

cases

highest

should

plant

existing

established examp

studies clear

view Grapple

groups

planning which Grapple plant dermacation

and

follows:

physical the

Thusano is

which In system harvester deterioration by suspended should should shou Any harvesting sites.

clear

commercia of Before harvesting potentia with Diphuduhudu.

Tk1).

as newly

a Grapple

if)

Takatokwane Takatokwane serious recent structures plant Takatokwane that:- economic grapple culpritious

landmark suspension (Map There effectively generation. programmes However, possible in where

Diphuduhudu

As one stocks encorporating

were

, o

et be

and

ica

this

work will like

area from

should

another

who

could

pract developed

maps,

harvesting

users in

should

Dermacation

partitioning

utilization,

(Sekhwela of

Knowledge

and

the

result

residents

conduct harvesting

The

development

the of part

should

maps,

resource

issues.

harversters Grapple

plant

process

residents

harvesters

Code

recommended

groups.

marked

which

land

the

purpose.

other

demarcate

was

with

existing

distribution.

Grapple

development

potential ld

locations from

har~esters

the

sustainable

This

land

Oiphuduhudu

clearly

shou

of the harvesters' harvesting debates

harvesters.

harvesting or

Grapp together

measures to

threat

using

the

various of

for of

1993).

ARB

types

registering management

Grapp

ongoing

aspects

educate

the

under

with

and

efforts

by areas

rotational and

Op1). to

conduct

other

with exercised

mapping

Report,

are

for

availability

should

conservation

various

(Map

made

strategy system

lar

areas hampered

planning (Bopa

the

a can

zoning There exclude be

basis code

Lefatsheng

be icu

below

on to

resource by

Oiphuduhudu

and

its

Lefatsheng

adopt

plant. areas

part

form

practice

vis

However,

Thusano Ie

management

need

bound

and

farmers.

trained

around

Oiphuduhudu

study suggested

Thusano fie

settlement training, study, harvesters

should as

Both out be and entail Grapp

area

1992).

harvesting

the

ii)

iii)

livestock

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DIPHUDUHUDU

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• ..~ '. .\ ·. . \ · .', • • • • • • , • • • • • • •

• ..../P2 • • Pl, ... NT • • PI~nl 510'''0« • Dens.lv TuDe'. (~.f 01 planl$/nal (ton/~1 Dr.,. _'0"'1 • • • • • • • • • ----",./ • ·• o - 'O~t5 0-177 • D• • - [i"el ~ 0- 1O'ilo6 0-177 ROADS LANDFOIIMS 0-448 0- 134 P ~ V SETTLEI1fNTS F ~ , t. I .,.., .. ." ... , REFERENCES

BOPAReporter (1993). Kweneng land Board to Further Consult on WMA's. Botswana Daily News December 13. Mo. 235 p5.

Cooke, J. (1992). Environmental Conversation: The Road to Survival. Botswana Notes and Records. Vo lume 23, pp83-99. de Groot, P. Field-Juma, A and Hall, D.O. (1992). Taking Root: Revegetation in Semi-Arid Kenya. ACTSpress, Nairobi, Kenya.

Kann, U: Hitchcock, R; and Mbere, N. (1990) Let them Talk: A Review of the Accelerated Remote Area Development Programme. Ministry of local Government and Lands and NORAD,Gaborone.

Ntseane, P.G. (1993). Socio-economic Survey on Grapple Plant (Harpagophytum procumbens, DC): Utilization and Commercialization. National Institute of Development Resea~chand Documentation. Gaborone.

Sekhwela, M.B.M. (1993). Grapple Plant (Harpagophytum procumbens, DC): Resource Potential and Management Studies. National Institute of Development Research and Documentation. Gaborone.

Sekhwela, M.B.M. (1990). Environmental and Natural Resources in Botswana: Major Environmental Problems. A Consultancy Report, Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and the National Institute of Development Research and Documentation, Gaborone. Singh, B.K. (1992). Models for Implementing Community Forestry and the Concept of User Groups: The Case of Nepal. In: From the Field - • Shorter Contri but ions from Networkers. Rural Deve1 opment Forestry Network Paper 14d, ODr (Regent College, Regent Park) london.

Sorensen, C. (1993). Controls and Sunctions Over the Use of Forest Products in the Kafue River Basin of Zambia. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 15a, ODI (Regent College, Regent Park)

Tau-Kim Yong, U (1992). Participatory land-Use Planning For Natural Resource Management in Northern Thailand. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 14b, 001 (Regent College, Regent Park), london.

Thomas-Slayter, B., Kabutha, C. and Ford, R. (1991). Traditional Village Institutions in Environmental Management: Erosion Control in Katheka, Kenya. ACTSPress, Nairobi, Kenya.

Tsimako, B. (1991). The Tribal Grazing land Policy (TGlP) Ranches Performance to Date. Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone.

Woto, T. (1993). Towards an Effective Extension Approach. Thusano lefatsheng, Gaborone.

White, R. (1992). livestock Development and Pastoral Production on Communal 4 Rangeland in Botswana. CommonwealthSecretariat, london . ..•