Untitled Document, October 24, 1941

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Untitled Document, October 24, 1941 Nederlandse vertaling: Onderwijs in het oog van de storm. Een geschiedenis van het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België Cover: picture of the KSA Camp in Yvoir, 1945. Source: ABSE, Sint-Jozefscollege Aalst, nr. 12/2D, ‘Aalst Foto’s’, nr. 2, ‘KSA Sint- Jozefscollege Aalst’ The author and the supervisors give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject tot the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. ! University of Leuven University of Antwerp Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Faculty of Arts and Humanities Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde Education in turmoil A history of Catholic secondary education during the Second World War in Belgium Dissertation offered to obtain the degree of Doctor of Educational Sciences and Doctor of History within the framework of a joint doctorate at KU Leuven and Universiteit Antwerpen 2014 ! ! ! Samenvatting [Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde – Onderwijs in het oog van de storm. Een geschiedenis van het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België – Proefschrift aangeboden tot het verkrijgen van de graad van Doctor in de Pedagogische Wetenschappen en Doctor in de Geschiedenis in het kader van een joint doctoraat tussen de KU Leuven en de Universiteit Antwerpen, 2014. Onder leiding van Prof. dr. Marc Depaepe en Prof. dr. Marnix Beyen] Aan de grondslag van voorliggend proefschrift ligt de onderzoeksvraag in welke mate de Duitse militaire bezetting van België tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog een invloed heeft gehad op de ontwikkeling, het verloop en de organisatie van het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs voor jongens. Het doel van dit proefschrift was een leemte op te vullen binnen het veld van de onderwijsgeschiedenis en het historiografisch onderzoek naar de Tweede Wereldoorlog, dat thans slechts enkele deelaspecten van dit onderwerp heeft belicht. Voorliggende studie presenteert daarentegen de resultaten van een algemeen onderzoek naar de (politieke) impact van de Duitse bezetting op het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs in België. Concreet is deze studie opgebouwd rond vier clusters van onderzoeksvragen. In de eerste plaats onderzoekt deze studie de onderwijspolitiek van het Duitse militaire bestuur in België tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog en behandelt het de vraag in welke mate de bezetter het onderwijs heeft ingezet als een (politiek) wapen om aanvaarding van het regime te bewerkstelligen in brede lagen van de maatschappij. In tweede instantie spitst deze studie zich toe op de relatie tussen het Duitse regime en de vooroorlogse onderwijsautoriteiten. Omdat dit onderzoek zich uitsluitend op het katholiek onderwijs in België toespitst, onderzoekt dit proefschrift vooral de relatie tussen de Verwaltungsstab en de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk, die – op grond van de constitutionele vrijheid van onderwijs – bevoegdheid had over het netwerk van (niet-gesubsidieerde) vrije scholen. Vervolgens verlegt dit proefschrift de focus van het centrale niveau van de politieke besluitvorming naar dat van het dagelijkse schoolse leven en de klaspraktijk. Meer bepaald levert deze dissertatie eveneens een antwoord op de vraag in welke mate de onderwijspolitiek van de bezetter een invloed had op het dagelijks verloop van het schoolse leven. Bovendien worden ook de vragen behandeld in welke mate de oorlog en de politieke situatie doordrongen tot in de klas en de school, en of en hoe leerlingen en leraars zich engageerden voor of tegen het Duitse regime. Hoewel in dit onderdeel de subjectieve oorlogservaringen ! 1! van leerlingen en leraren reeds centraal stelt, bespreekt dit proefschrift tot slot de oorlogsherinneringen van leraars en leerlingen in het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs. Meer bepaald gaat het laatste hoofdstuk op zoek naar patronen in de oorlogsherinneringen van leraars uit de bisschoppelijke colleges en leerlingen uit de Jezuïetencolleges in Vlaanderen en Wallonië en kadert het deze patronen binnen de bestaande literatuur over de herinnering aan de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België. Dit proefschrift toont aan dat de Duitse onderwijspolitiek zich vooral entte op een zogenaamde Gleichschaltung van het Belgische onderwijssysteem. De inperking van de episcopale macht over het onderwijs en het terugschroeven van de ontwikkeling van katholieke scholen vormden een belangrijke voorwaarde voor de controle- en machtsaspiraties van het Duitse bezettingsbestuur. In tegenstelling tot wat soms in de literatuur wordt gesuggereerd, kan de Duitse bezetting van België echter niet louter gezien worden als een eenzijdig opleggen van Duitse regels en controle en waren de Katholieke Kerk en de katholieke scholen geen loutere slachtoffers van de bezetting. Zo negotieerde het aartsbisdom in Mechelen met de Verwaltungstab over het Duitse restrictieve onderwijsbeleid, niet enkel met het oog op het behoud van de episcopale macht over onderwijs tijdens, maar ook na de oorlog. Bovendien onderhandelde ook de katholieke school haar positie op het continuüm tussen het binnen- en buitenschoolse leven. De oorlogsperiode en de Duitse bezetting veranderden de katholieke schoolcultuur niet radicaal, maar brachten een nieuwe dynamiek op gang die gedragen werd van onderuit. ! 2! Summary [Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde – Education in Turmoil. A history of Catholic secondary education during the Second World War in Belgium – Dissertation presented to obtain the degree of Doctor of Educational Sciences and Doctor of History within the framework of a joint doctorate between KU Leuven and Universiteit Antwerpen, 2014. Under the supervision of Prof. dr. Marc Depaepe and Prof. dr. Marnix Beyen] At the basis of the dissertation at hand lies the question whether the German military occupation of Belgium during the Second World War influenced the development and organization of Catholic secondary education for boys. This dissertation aims at filling a current gap in the history of education and the historiography of the Second World War that has only shed light on certain aspects of this subject. In contrast, the study at hand presents the research results of a general investigation of the (political) impact of the German occupation on Catholic secondary education in Belgium. More specifically, this study revolves around four clusters of research questions. Firstly, this study investigates the educational policy of the German military governement during the Second World War and deals with the question as to what extent the occupier used the educational system as a (political) tool for gaining acceptance of the regime within broad layers of society. Secondly, this study focuses on the relation between the German regime and the pre-war educational authorities. As this study specifically focuses on Catholic education in Belgium, this dissertation mainly sheds light on the relation between the Verwaltungsstab and the Roman Catholic Church that – on grounds of the constitutional principle of the freedom of education – held authority over the network of (non-subsidized) private schools. Thirdly, the focus of this dissertation shifts from the central level of political decision-making to that of daily school life and classroom practice. More specifically, this dissertation answers the question as to what extent the educational policy of the occupier influenced the development of daily life in schools. Furthermore, this dissertation also addresses questions about the extent to which the war and political situation penetrated the classroom or school, and whether and how teachers and pupils engaged in favor or against the German regime. Although this previous part already puts central the subjective experiences of pupils and teachers, this dissertation also deals with the war memories of teachers and pupils in Catholic secondary education. More specifically, the last chapter focuses on patterns in the war memories of teachers in episcopal secondary schools and pupils in Jesuit secondary schools in both Flanders and ! 3! Wallonia, and frames those memories within the current historiography about World War II memories in Belgium. This dissertation shows that the German educational policy was founded on a so-called Gleichschaltung of the Belgian educational system. The restriction of episcopal power over education and the reversal of the strong development of Catholic schools were an important condition for the German regime’s aspirations of control and power. Yet, contrary to what is often suggested in literature, the German occupation of Belgium cannot be merely considered as a unilateral imposition of German rules and control, and the Catholic Church and schools were not merely victims of the occupation. More specifically, the top of the Roman Catholic Church in Mechelen succesfully negotiated with the Verwaltungsstab about the German restrictive educational policy, not only in view of the maintenance of episcopal authority over education during, but also after the war. Furthermore, also Catholic schools negotiated their position in the dense relationship between the school and the larger society. The Second World War and the German occupation did not drastically change Catholic school culture, but stirred up new dynamics that was carried from below. ! 4! Dankwoord Het dankwoord van heel wat doctoraatstudies begint vaak met de vaststelling dat een doctoraatsonderzoek geen eenmansonderneming is, maar het resultaat van discussies met en de hulp van een hele groep mensen. Ik wil deze haast
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