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Yhdyssanat Ja Yhdyssanamaiset Rakenteet Mikael Agricolan Teoksissa

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Yhdyssanat Ja Yhdyssanamaiset Rakenteet Mikael Agricolan Teoksissa TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA YLIOPISTON TURUN C 439 Tanja Toropainen Tanja YHDYSSANAT JA YHDYSSANAMAISET RAKENTEET MIKAEL AGRICOLAN TEOKSISSA Tanja Toropainen Painosalama Oy, Turku , Finland 2017 Turku Painosalama Oy, ISBN 978-951-29-6874-9 (Painettu) ISBN 978-951-29-6875-6 (Verkkojulkaisu) TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA – ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ISSN 0082-6995 (Painettu) ISSN 2343-3205 (Verkkojulkaisu) Sarja - ser. C osa - tom. 439 | Scripta Lingua Fennica Edita | Turku 2017 YHDYSSANAT JA YHDYSSANAMAISET RAKENTEET MIKAEL AGRICOLAN TEOKSISSA Tanja Toropainen TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA – ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS Sarja - ser. C osa - tom. 439 | Scripta Lingua Fennica Edita | Turku 2017 Turun yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Suomen kieli ja suomalais-ugrilainen kielentutkimus Tohtoriohjelma Utuling Työn ohjaaja Professori Kaisa Häkkinen, Turun yliopisto Tarkastajat Dosentti Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä, Helsingin yliopisto Dosentti Mari Siiroinen, Helsingin yliopisto Vastaväittäjä Dosentti Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä, Helsingin yliopisto Kustos Professori Kaisa Häkkinen, Turun yliopisto © 2017 Tanja Toropainen Taitto: Eeva Herrala Turun yliopiston laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck-järjestelmällä. ISBN 978-951-29-6874-9 (Painettu) ISBN 978-951-29-6875-6 (Verkkojulkaisu) ISSN 0082-6995 (Painettu) ISSN 2343-3205 (Verkkojulkaisu) Painosalama Oy – Turku, 2017 Tiivistelmä TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Suomen kieli ja suomalais-ugrilainen kielentutkimus TOROPAINEN, TANJA: Yhdyssanat ja yhdyssanamaiset rakenteet Mikael Agricolan teoksissa Väitöskirja, 85 sivua, 157 liitesivua Elokuu 2017 Tämä tutkimus käsittelee Mikael Agricolan (n. 1507–1557) teoksissa esiintyviä yhdys- sanoja sekä sellaisia sanaliittoja, jotka muotonsa ja merkityksensä puolesta muistuttavat yhdyssanoja eli ovat yhdyssanamaisia. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan erityisesti sitä, mil- laisista morfologisista osista Agricolan teosten yhdyssanat muodostuvat. Tutkimuskohteena ja -aineistona ovat kaikki Agricolan teoksissa esiintyvät yhdyssa- nat. Erilaisia yhdyssanalekseemejä on lähes 2500, ja yhdyssanaesiintymiä on yli 24000. Sanaluokaltaan yhdyssanat ovat substantiiveja, adjektiiveja, pronomineja, numeraaleja, verbejä ja adverbeja. Tutkimusmenetelminä on käytetty morfologista analyysia ja vertailua. Tutkimus- aineisto on analysoitu ja koodattu tietokannassa. Eräänlainen menetelmä on myös se, että analyysissa on tietoisesti pyritty irrottautumaan nykykielen normatiivisesta yhdys- sanakäsityksestä. Agricolan teoksissa yhdyssanoja käytetään eri tavalla kuin nykykielessä, sillä niissä esiintyy runsaasti yhdysverbejä ja yhdysadverbeja. Myös yhdyssubstantiiveja on paljon, mutta niiden osuus eri lekseemeistä on 48 prosenttia ja tekstiesiintymistä vain 35 pro- senttia, kun vastaavat luvut nykykielessä ovat 89 ja 82 prosenttia. Monet Agricolan yhdyssanoista ovat tilapäismuodosteita, eivätkä ne ole säilyneet nykykieleen. Toisaalta esimerkiksi monet keskeiset keskiajan hengelliseen kielenkäyt- töön kuuluneet yhdyssanat ovat välittyneet Agricolan teosten kautta ja vakiintuneet pysyväksi osaksi sanastoa. Vieraiden kielten vaikutus näkyy varsinkin adverbialkuisissa yhdyssanoissa, joissa adverbeja on käytetty germaanisten ja klassisten kielten prefiksien tavoin. Tutkimus osoittaa, että yhdyssanojen yhteen ja erikseen kirjoittaminen ei ole Agri- colan teoksissa niin epäjohdonmukaista kuin aiemmin on luultu. Yhteen on kirjoitettu erityisesti sellaisia kokonaisuuksia, joita sitoo toisiinsa kokonaisuuden eriytynyt merkitys. Tutkimus paljastaa, että toimitetuissa aineistoissa (esim. sanakirjat ja tietokannat) nykykielen muovaama käsitys yhdyssanoista on vaikuttanut siihen, millaisia yhdyssa- noja aineistoon on poimittu. Sanastuksessa on suosittu sellaisia sanarakenteita, jotka ovat olemassa nykykielessä. Tämä nykykielen vaikutus vanhaa kieltä edustavien aineis- tojen kokoamisessa pitää ottaa huomioon vanhan kirjakielen tutkimuksessa. Asiasanat: kielihistoria, leksikologia, morfologia -- kielitiede, sananmuodostus, suomen kieli, vanha kirjasuomi, yhdyssanat 5 Abstract UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities School of Linguistics and Translation Studies Department of Finnish and Finno-Ugric Languages TOROPAINEN, TANJA: Compound Words and Compound-Like Structures in the works of Mikael Agricola Doctoral dissertation, 85 pages, 157 pp appendices August 2017 This study covers compound words and compound-like structures found in Mikael Agricola’s (ca. 1507–1557) Finnish-language works. Agricola’s compound-like structures are certain fixed phrases which are reminiscent of compound words in terms of their morphology and semantics. The study especially looks at what kinds of morphological components make up the compounds found in Agricola. The research subject and material encompass all of the compounds found in the works of Agricola. There are nearly2,500 different compound lexemes and over24,000 occurrences of compounds. These include nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs and adverbs. Morphological analysis and comparison were the methodology used for this study, and its material was analysed and coded in a database. One other approach to this study was a conscious effort to disassociate Agricola’s compounds from the concept of com- pounds as it is in contemporary Finnish. Compounds in Agricola are used in a different way from that of contemporary Finn- ish. This is because Agricola has a great deal of compound verbs and compound adverbs. Moreover, there are a great deal of compound nouns, but they make up 48 percent of the various lexemes and only 35 percent of textual occurrences, whereas they make up 89 and 82 percent respectively in contemporary Finnish. Many of Agricola’s compounds were temporary formations, never having been pre- served in contemporary Finnish. On the other hand, many important compounds for reli- gious language use during the Middle Ages, for example, have passed on through Agricola and have become a permanent part of the Finnish lexicon. The influence of other languages can especially be seen in adverb-initial compounds. Agricola used adverbs as prefixes in the same way as those found in the Germanic and classical languages. The study shows that compounds written as one word or separate words were not as inconsistent in Agricola as one had previously thought. In those compounds written as one complete word, the components are bound to each other by the word’s specific meaning. The study reveals that the concept of compounds in published sources (e.g. dic- tionaries and databases) by contemporary Finnish standards has been an influence on what kinds of compounds have been selected as the research material. When selecting Agricola’s compounds for analysis, the morphological structures given priority have also been those found in contemporary Finnish. The influence of contemporary Finnish on compiling material that represents the old literary language must be taken into account in the research of old literary Finnish. Keywords: compound words, Finnish language, language history, lexicology, morphology -- linguistics, old literary Finnish, word formation 6 SISÄLLYS Alkusanat 9 1 Johdanto 11 1.1 Johdatus tutkimuksen aiheeseen 11 1.2 Tutkimuksen tavoitteet 12 1.3 Tutkimuksen koherenssi 12 1.4 Yhteenveto-osan rakenne 14 2 Taustaa 16 2.1 Aiempi tutkimus 16 2.1.1 Vanhan kirjasuomen ja Agricolan teosten kielen tutkimus 16 2.1.2 Yhdyssanojen tutkimus 17 2.2 Reformaatio ja uudenlaiset kirjoituskäytännöt 19 2.3 Agricolan teokset, niiden tekstilajit ja käännöskieli 21 2.4 Kieliopillinen kuvaus ja koulutus Agricolan aikana 23 3 Teoreettinen viitekehys 26 3.1 Sana 26 3.2 Yhdyssanan käsite 27 3.3 Yhdyssanan lähikäsitteet 32 4 Aineistot ja menetelmät 37 4.1 Varsinaiset aineistot 37 4.2 Vertailuaineistot 41 4.3 Menetelmät 43 5 Yhdyssanat ja yhdyssanamaiset rakenteet Mikael Agricolan teoksissa 47 5.1 Sanayhtymien yhteen ja erikseen kirjoittaminen 48 5.2 Yhdyssanojen yleisyys 52 5.3 Yhdyssanojen rakennetyyppejä sanaluokittain 56 5.3.1 Substantiivit 56 5.3.2 Adjektiivit 59 5.3.3 Pronominit 61 5.3.4 Numeraalit 63 5.3.5 Verbit 65 5.3.6 Adverbit 69 5.3.7 Interjektio 71 5.4 Yhdyssanarakenteiden alkuperä ja vakiintuminen kirjakieleen 72 6 Päätelmät ja tutkimustulosten arviointi 76 Lähteet 79 Liite 1. Yhteen kirjoitetut yhdyssanoiksi tulkitut rakenteet Agricolan teoksissa 86 Liite 2. Erikseen kirjoitetut luontaiset yhdyssanat Agricolan teoksissa 110 Liite 3. Agricolan teosten yhteen kirjoitetut sanajonot, joita ei ole tulkittu yhdyssanoiksi 120 Alkuperäiset osajulkaisut 123 I: Vanhan kirjasuomen yhdysverbit. Sananjalka 45/2003, 45–66. Suomen Kielen Seura, Turku. II: Mikael Agricolan teosten yhdysadjektiivit. Virittäjä 4/2007, 523–542. Kotikielen Seura, Helsinki. III: Ylen-alkuiset sanat Mikael Agricolan teoksissa. Sananjalka 56/2014, 29–49. Suomen Kielen Seura, Turku. IV: Adjektiivialkuiset yhdyssubstantiivit Mikael Agricolan teoksissa. Sananjalka 57/2015, 54–85. Suomen Kielen Seura, Turku. V: Typografian vaikutus yhdyssubstantiivien oikeinkirjoitukseen Agricolan teoksissa. Sananjalka 58/2016, 175–198. Suomen Kielen Seura, Turku. 7 ALKUSANAT Nyt kun miltei ikuisuusprojektiksi venähtänyt väitöskirjatyöni vihdoin on valmis, on aika muistaa niitä, joiden myötävaikutuksella olen saanut työni päätökseen. Opinto- polkuni on ollut pitkä ja mutkitteleva, ja siksi suoristan tässä monta mutkaa. Pitkän projektin aikana työni aihe ei ole vain täsmentynyt,
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