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The Introduction and Development of Printing in Finland, 1631-1727

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Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 11-1-1996 The nI troduction and development of printing in Finland, 1631-1727 Esa-Mikael Kokka Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Kokka, Esa-Mikael, "The nI troduction and development of printing in Finland, 1631-1727" (1996). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Introduction and Development of Printing in Finland, i642-1727 by Esa-Mikael Kokka A thesis project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Printing Management and Sciences in the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences of the Rochester Institute ofTechnology November 1996 Thesis Advisor: Professor David Pankow School of Printing Management and Sciences Rochester Institute ofTechnology Rochester, New York Certificate ofApproval Master's Thesis This is to certifY that Master's Thesis of Esa-Mikael Kokka With a major in Graphic Arts Publishing has been approved by the thesis committee as satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the Master ofScience degree at the convocation of November 1996 Thesis Committee: David Pankow Thesis Advisor Marie Freckleton Gradua[e Program Coordinawr C. Harold Goffin Direcwr of Designa[e The Introduction and Development of Printing in Finland, i642-1727 I, Esa-Mikael Kokka, hereby grant permission to the Wallace Library of R.I.T. to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or profit. Date: November 19, 1996 The Introduction and Development of Printing in Finland, 1642-1727 by Esa-Mikael Kokka m To my family and my friends who gave their support in completing this thesis project in Acknowledgments Many suggestions and changes in this thesis project were made by my advisor and other pro fessors of Rochester Institute ofTechnology. I want to also thank those who took the time to answer my questions and guided me in the right direction. In addition, I want to express particular appreciation to reviewers of the various stages of the manuscript whose comments greatly improved the final version: Professor David Pankow, Professor Marie Freckleton, Professor Herbert Johnson, Professor Archie Provan and Professor Frank Romano, all from Rochester Institute of Technology. Further, I acknowledge the help I have received on this text and technical questions from Trish Boyle, Christopher Hahn and Peter Muir, with whom it is such a pleasure to work. Mikael Kokka IV Table of Contents List ofTables vii List of Illustrations viii Terminology and Nomenclature ix Abstract x Chapter i: Introduction I Chapter 2: Review of the Literature in the Field of Study 3 Chapter 3: Statement of Problem and Project Goals 5 Chapter 4: Methodology 7 Chapter 5: Results of the Research 8 5.1 The Time Before the First Printing Houses 8 Books and Printing for Finland During the Medieval Time and 1500s ... 8 Some Early Finnish Authors . ... 13 Printing House Plans and Printing Activities 1602-39 .. 18 The First Finnish Bible and the University ofTurku 20 5.2 Printing in Finland 1642-1713 22 The Printing House of the University ofTurku . .. .22 The Era of Peter Eriksson Wald (1642-53) 22 The Era of Peter Hansson (1653-79) 30 The Era ofJohan Larsson Wall (1679-1710) 35 The Era ofAnders Bjorkman (1711-13) . 40 The Printing House of Gezelius 43 The Era ofJohan Winter (1669-1709) 43 The Era ofJohan Christopher Merckell (1706-13) 53 The Printing House ofWiborg 57 The Era of Daniel Medelplan(i689-93) 61 The Eras of Matthias Syngman (1693-97) and Thomas Abbor (1708-10) 64 5.3 The Great Wrath and Post-Occupation Printing 67 5.4 About the Typographical Features of the Early Finnish Literature 70 5.5 About the Special Characters (A, A, O) in the Finnish Language 72 Endnotes for Chapter 5 74 Chapter 6: Conclusion 75 Bibliography 76 VI List of Tables Table i: The principle printing houses between 1642 and 1713 22 vn List of Illustrations Figure i: The Missale Aboense, 1488, the beginning of the Christmas Mass 10 Figure 2: A text page from the Missale Aboense, 1488 n Figure 3: The title page of the Manuale Aboense, 1522 12 Figure 4: The title page of the Rucouskiria Bibliasta, 1544 13 Figure 5: The title page of the Wsi Testamenti, 1548 14 Figure 6: The title page of the New Testament from the Biblia, 1642 21 Figure 7: The DeAere and the De Prudentia, 1642. .. 24 Figure 8: The oldest printed products in Finnish from Turku, 1643. ... 28 Figure 9: The page opening from the Manualefinnonicum, 1646 29 Figure 10: An example of academic printing by Peter Hansson, 1664 33 Figure 11: A funeral sermon printed by Peter Hansson, 1662 .. 34 Figure 12: A wedding sermon printed by Peter Hansson, 1672. 35 Figure 13: The illustrated title pages of some dissertations, 1689. 37 Figure 14: One of the headpieces Johan Wall used .... 38 Figure 15: An example of academic printing by Johan Wall, 1707. 39 Figure 16: An example of academic printing by Anders Bjorkman, 1713. 42 Figure 17: The dissertation on the halcyon, 1682 46 Figure 18: The title pages of some school books printed by Johan Winter 47 Figure 19: Johan Winter's printer's mark 48 Figure 20: The Yxiparas Lasten tawara, 1693. 49 Bible," Figure 21: The title page of the "War 1685 50 Bible," Figure 22: The part title of the Old Testament of the "War 1685. 50 Bible," Figure 23: The part title of the New Testament of the "War 1685 51 Figure 24: The part title of the New Testament of the Gezelius's Bible, 1711 54 Figure 25: Wood-engravings in three dissertations from the 1690s 62 Figure 26: The Chronologia Sacra, 1694 64 cum Figure 27: Title page of the Universae Historiae Sacrae turn Profanae Idea, 1696. ... 65 Vlll Terminology and Nomenclature The type names and equivalent sizes mentioned in the text: "garmund" corpus, io pt cicero 12 pt mittel 14 pt tertia 16 pt secunda, double-mittel 28 pt canon 36 pt About the paper sizes mentioned in the text: The dimensions for the medieval paper are only approximate. This is because of variation in mould sizes. In medieval times, paper was made with sides in a ratio 1: u. From the six teenth century onwards it was more common to make paper with side-ratios approaching 1: 1.25. With alternate folds this produced a 1: 1.6 format and resulted in tall folios and squarish quartos. The usual terminology: folio One sheet folded once across the long side. Results in uncut height of 12 inches or more. quarto A second fold is made across the first. Results in uncut height of 8 inches or more. 8 octavo A third fold is made across the second. Results in uncut height of 6 inches or more. duod<ecimo 12 A sheet is folded twice across the longer dimension and three times across the shorter side. Results in uncut height of 5 inches or more. IX Abstract The objective of this thesis project was to prepare a detailed yet reasonably compact history of the three early printing houses in Finland within a context of general Finnish and Scandinavian history. An extensive study of the literature was needed to accomplish the set goals. The literature included books on both early printing in Finland and on its general history. The necessary field studies consisted of visits to museums, university libraries, archives and churches. These offered the opportunity to study old manuscripts and the early printed products. Some experts were also interviewed. As a result of this research, a compact and well-illustrated history of the early printing houses and their printers was compiled, including discussions of the driving forces behind the print ing houses and contemporary economic, religious and social influences. A selection of typi cal and interesting illustrations of the printed products is also included. The early printing houses in Finland between 1642 and 1713 produced a considerable number of books and other printed products under stormy conditions. The printers did skilled work, both in typographic and quality senses, despite scanty equipment and constant interrup tions. It is impossible to compile a complete account of the printers, printing houses and books because of several destructive factors during the past three centuries. Fires, humidity and wars took their toll on many interesting examples of early Finnish printing. However, the archives and university libraries of Sweden offer another chance to study those examples of early Finnish and Swedish printing which have survived over the centuries in that country. These archives have been studied closely, but can still offer an indispensable opportunity to put together a more complete picture of the early Finnish printing. Chapter i Introduction The first printing house in Finland was established in 1642. That was the printing house of the of more houses were also estab University Turku. During the same century two printing house lished. These were the printing house of Gezelius, founded in 1669, and the printing ofWiborg, founded in 1689. The reasons that led to the establishment of these three printing houses were all different. Naturally there was no real publishing policy in the modern sense, because publishing and printing did not go hand in hand in those days like they do today. The first publisher to pre sent a clear policy was Bishop Johan Gezelius, Sr.
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