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Additifs Alimentaires L’impact des groupes de pression sur l’agro-industrie française Claire ARMENGAUD, Angélique GUETTIER, Benoit JACQ, Gilles LALLEMAND, Maxence TETTAMANTI MSIE 31 - décembre 2019 REMERCIEMENTS Nous tenons à remercier les experts que nous avons sollicités et qui ont accepté de nous accorder un entretien. Nous les remercions particulièrement pour l’intérêt porté à notre travail, pour leur disponibilité, pour leur confiance ainsi que le temps qu’ils nous ont consacré pour nous apporter les éclairages utiles pour mieux comprendre les stratégies informationnelles, les jeux d’acteurs. Madame Sandrine BLANCHEMANCHE, Directrice du Pôle Alimentation au sein de l’Association Nationale des Industries Agro- Alimentaire, Madame Karine BOQUET, Cheffe du Secrétariat interministériel du Conseil National de l’Alimentation, Monsieur Patrick CARON, Vice-Président de l’Université de Montpellier, Président du Groupe d'Experts de Haut Niveau (HLPE) du Comité des Nations Unies pour la Sécurité Alimentaire mondiale, Madame Margaux DENIS, Chargée de mission au Conseil National de l’Alimentation, Monsieur Anthony FARDET, Chargé de Recherches en Alimentation Préventive & Holistique à l’Unité de Nutrition Humaine de l’Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Madame Julia GASSIE, Chargée de mission Veille et alimentation au Centre d’Etudes et de Prospectives au Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Monsieur Serge HERCBERG, Directeur de l’Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/Université Paris 13), Président du Programme National Nutrition-Santé, Monsieur Daniel NAIRAUD, Directeur général du Fond Français pour l’Alimentation et la Santé. Par ailleurs, nous tenons à remercier très sincèrement l’Ecole de Guerre Economique, son Directeur, Monsieur Christian HARBULOT, son Adjoint, Monsieur Charles PAHLAWAN, et toute l’équipe pour nous avoir acceptés en son sein et permis de bénéficier des enseignements et pratiques en intelligence économique. Enfin, que tous nos collègues et amis de la promotion MSIE31 trouvent ici nos remerciements les plus sincères pour leurs apports, enrichissements et bons moments partagés tout au long de cette année. 1 | P a g e SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS …………….……………………………………………………………………………………………...……… 2 LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………...…….. 6 ABREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………….......................... 7 PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….......................... 8 I- ÉCLAIRAGE INTRODUCTIF ....................................................................................................... 8 II- LE SANS PESTICIDE ET SANS OGM : L’AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUE ........................................ 10 A. LE CONTEXTE ................................................................................................................................. 10 1. Un marché en croissance depuis plus d’un demi-siècle ......................................................... 10 2. Une agriculture qui repose avant tout sur un cahier des charges ......................................... 10 B. LES ACTEURS ................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Les enseignes commerciales .................................................................................................. 11 2. Les associations ..................................................................................................................... 11 a. Générations futures ......................................................................................................................................... 11 b. Bio Consom’acteurs ......................................................................................................................................... 12 c. Agir pour l’environnement .............................................................................................................................. 12 3. Les organismes certificateurs ................................................................................................ 12 4. Les acteurs institutionnels ..................................................................................................... 13 a. L’agence française pour le développement et la promotion de l’agriculture biologique ou Agence Bio ......... 13 b. L’institut national de l’origine et de la qualité (INAO) ...................................................................................... 13 C. LA POLEMIQUE............................................................................................................................... 14 1. Le mouvement qui porte l’agriculture biologique ................................................................. 14 a. La présence des pesticides anthropiques dans l’environnement et l’alimentation ......................................... 14 b. La dégradation des sols .................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Le contre-mouvement qui pointe les contradictions de l’agriculture biologique .................. 14 a. La présence de résidus de pesticides dans les produits biologiques ................................................................ 14 b. L’existence de fraudes ...................................................................................................................................... 14 c. Les conditions de travail parfois contestables .................................................................................................. 15 d. Des atteintes à l’environnement ...................................................................................................................... 15 e. « Une astuce marketing » ................................................................................................................................. 16 D. LA STRATEGIE INFORMATIONNELLE.................................................................................................... 16 1. L’action des associations partenaires .................................................................................... 16 a. Alimenter le climat anxiogène .......................................................................................................................... 16 b. Promouvoir l’agriculture biologique ................................................................................................................ 17 2. Le lobbying ............................................................................................................................. 18 3. La lutte contre la concurrence face à l’engouement pour « le » bio ..................................... 19 a. Le combat contre l’agroindustrie conventionnelle ........................................................................................... 19 b. Le combat contre la grande distribution .......................................................................................................... 20 III- LE SANS PROTEINE ANIMALE : LE VEGAN ........................................................................... 21 A. LE CONTEXTE ................................................................................................................................. 21 1. Un courant de pensée né au Royaume-Uni ........................................................................... 21 2. Végétarisme, végétalisme, véganisme : 3 modes de vie liés deux degrés de privation alimentaire de protéines animales ............................................................................................... 21 B. LES ACTEURS ET LEUR POSITIONNEMENT ............................................................................................ 22 1. Du côté de la communauté scientifique … ............................................................................ 22 2. Du côté des pouvoirs publics … .............................................................................................. 22 a. Au niveau européen ......................................................................................................................................... 22 b. Au niveau international .................................................................................................................................... 23 c. Au niveau national ............................................................................................................................................ 23 3. Du côté des entreprises agro-alimentaires et des GMS … ..................................................... 25 2 | P a g e C. LA POLEMIQUE : UN REGIME ALIMENTAIRE NON SANS RISQUE POUR LA SANTE .......................................... 27 1. Des connaissances pointues en matière d’équilibre nutritionnel et des effets de certaines molécules végétales nécessaires .................................................................................................. 27 2. Les produits transformés végans : des aberrations en matière de valeur nutritionnelle ...... 28 D. LA STRATEGIE INFORMATIONNELLE.................................................................................................... 28 1. Le régime alimentaire végan requiert une complémentation en vitamine B12 .................... 28 2. Le marché végan indissociable du marché de la vitamine B12 produite
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