Educational Materials

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

Youth Livestock Program · Kansas State University 214 Weber Hall · 1424 Claflin Road · Manhattan, KS 66506 Table of Contents

Contributors p. 3

Beef Project Selection & Maximizing the Potential of a Show Steer p. 4

Breeding Heifer Selection p. 19

What is Nutrition & How to Feed a Show Project p. 25

Where’s the Beef? Alternative Proteins p. 34

Beef Processing Options for Consumers p. 37

How Much Meat To Expect From Your Animal p. 41

State Livestock Nomination Process p. 43

Beef DNA Hair Sampling Instructions p. 49

State Livestock Nomination Guidelines p. 50

Cattle Biosecurity for Exhibitors p. 51

Beef Reproduction & Ultrasonography p. 52

Showmanship p. 59

Youth for the Quality Care of Animals (YQCA) p. 60

Notes p. 61

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 2 Contributors Special thanks to these people for their contributions to the Junior Beef Producer Day program and this educational resource:

Animal ID, Inc.

Dr. Ann Brackenridge

Joe Carpenter & Barb Downey

Dr. Jaymelynn Farney

Dr. David Grieger

Lexie Hayes

Chris Mullinix

Dr. Travis O’Quinn

Dr. Emily Reppert

Dr. Scott Schaake

Dr. Bob Weaber

K-State Livestock Judging Team

Thank you to our sponsors!

Downey Ranch

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 3 Beef Project Selection & Maximizing the Potential of a Show Steer Chris Mullinix & Dr. Jaymelynn Farney Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Kansas State University

Selection and development criteria for a youth Market Steer project

KSU Junior Beef Day February 29, 2020

What is your goal?

• When/where is your terminal endpoint? • Have you ever fed a market animal out? • What is your level of nutrition knowledge? • How well do you understand an animal’s growth curve and according nutritional needs. • What is your resource availability? • What do you hope to take from the project? • At what level do you plan/hope to compete?

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 4 Phenotypic traits to evaluate in the selection of your steer project • Structural Correctness • Body Volume • Muscle • Growth and Maturity Pattern • Projection of ideal end weight • Balance/Eye Appeal • Breed

Correctness of structure

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 5 Body Volume

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 6 Bone, Hair and a Neat Front End Not a judges priority!

Balance

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 7 Buyer Beware! • Selecting young cattle and predicting their outcome is very difficult • Fundamentals first! • Don’t get wound up in the bells and whistles • Online sales?? – Convenient – Absolutely! – Don’t forget the value in seeing an animal prior to purchase and the educational component associated with making that trip

Any Questions?

Go Cats!! EMAW!!

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 8 Tools essential for feeding show calf

Three stages of rations

• Starter • Grower • Finisher

https://shorterranch.com/winners/

http://www.ctnewsonline.com/news/article_eeb6a6ac-d5c3-11e9-ab2a-2395f6361ca4.html

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 9 STARTER 2 to 4 weeks

Starter ration

• 14% or greater crude protein • > 20% crude fiber • Low energy – Not a lot of corn • Often contain antibiotics

• Newly weaned calves • Calves that have never consumed concentrate

• 2 to 4 weeks to feed

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 10 Starting cattle on feed

• Few methods:

• Safest –

– Free-choice grass hay Photos are for illustration purposes only and not a – 0.5% of body weight as concentrate promotion of any specific product – Increase concentrate 0.5% of body weight every 7-10 days until starter is maxed out at 1.5% of body weight • Cleanest – – Total daily intake needs to be 3% of body weight – 0.5% of body weight as concentrate – 2.5% of body weight as grass hay

Starter ration - by weight

500 pound calf Week 1 – 0.5% of body weight as concentrate • Free choice grass hay • 2.75 lbs of concentrate [(500 lb x 0.005) ÷ 0.90] • Gain ~1.25 lb/d

509 pound calf Week 2 – 1% of body weight as concentrate • Weight 509 pounds (1.25 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 500 pound starting weight) • Free choice grass hay • 5.5 lbs of concentrate [(509 lb x 0.01) ÷ 0.90] • Gain ~1.75 lb/d 521 pound calf Week 3 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate • Weight 521 pounds (1.75 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 509 pound starting weight) • Free choice grass hay • 7.8 lbs of concentrate [(521 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] • Gain ~2.00 lb/d

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 11 Starter ration - by weight

535 pound calf Week 4 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate • Weight 535 pounds (2 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 521 pound previous weight) • Free choice grass hay • 8.9 lbs of concentrate [(535 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] • Gain ~2.00 lb/d

549 pound calf Week 5 – transition to grower ration

Starter ration - by weight

500 pound calf Week 1 – 0.5% of body weight as concentrate • Total intake of 13.8 pounds [(500 lb x 0.025) ÷ 0.90] • 2.75 lbs of concentrate [(500 lb x 0.005) ÷ 0.90] • 11 lbs of hay • Gain ~1.25 lb/d

509 pound calf Week 2 – 1% of body weight as concentrate • Weight 509 pounds (1.25 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 500 pound starting weight) • Total daily intake of 15.25 lbs [(509 lb x 0.027) ÷ 0.90] • 5.5 lbs of concentrate [(509 lb x 0.01) ÷ 0.90] • 9.75 lbs of hay • Gain ~1.75 lb/d 521 pound calf Week 3 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate • Weight 521 pounds (1.75 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 509 pound starting weight) • Total daily intake of 15.6 lbs [(521 lb x 0.027) ÷ 0.90] • 7.8 lbs of concentrate [(521 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] • 7.8 lbs of hay • Gain ~2.00 lb/d

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 12 Starter ration - by weight

535 pound calf Week 5 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate •Weight 535 pounds (2 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 521 pound previous weight) •Total daily intake of 16.1 lbs [(535 lb x 0.027) ÷ 0.90] •8.9 lbs of concentrate [(521 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] •7.2 lbs of hay •Gain ~2.00 lb/d 549 pound calf Week 5 – transition to grower •Weight 549 pounds (2.0 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 535 pound previous weight)

Starting cattle on feed

• Few methods:

• Grower starting – – Free-choice grass hay – 0.5% of body weight as concentrate – Increase concentrate 0.5% of body weight every 7-10 days until starter is maxed out at 1.5% of body weight

ONLY RECOMMEND if knowing that the calf has been eating concentrates

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 13 Starting on feed with grower ration – by lb of feed

500 pound calf Week 1 • Free choice grass hay After week 5, bump concentrate • 2.75 lbs of concentrate up 0.5 pounds every 7 to 10 days 509 pound calf Week 2 • Free choice grass hay until 800 to 1,000 pounds. • 4.25 lbs of concentrate • 800 pounds start finisher for 521 pound calf Week 3 large framed, later maturing • Free choice grass hay • 5.75 lbs of concentrate cattle to make sure you get 535 pound calf Week 4 enough finish by show day • Free choice grass hay • 7.25 lbs of concentrate • 1,000 pound to start finisher for

549 pound calf Week 5 small framed, early maturing • Free choice grass hay • 8.75 lbs of concentrate cattle

GROWING PHASE 3 to 5 weeks after starting on feed

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 14 Grower ration

• 500 to 1,000 pound calves • >12% crude protein • Moderate energy Photos are for illustration purposes only and not a • Moderate fiber (15-20% crude fiber) promotion of any specific product • 2 to 3 pounds ADG

• Ideal ration for heifers if fed at 1 to 1.5% of body weight

Transitioning to grower ration

• First week replace 25% of starter ration with grower ration every 3 to 5 days (or could stay on your week by week) – Within a month are completely on grower ration – Calves are gaining weight – should be at least 2 lbs/day so every week need to increase concentrate feed by 0.5 pounds per day

• If started with growing ration on week 6 start increasing the amount of grower 0.5 pounds per day

• Calves are gaining weight – should be at least 2 lbs/day so every week need to increase concentrate feed by 0.5 pounds per day

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 15 Starter to grower transition - by weight

549 pound calf Week 5 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate •Weight 535 pounds (2 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 535 pound previous weight) •Free choice grass hay •8.9 lbs of concentrate [(549 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] Beginning on week 9 •2.25 lbs as grower (0.25 x 8.9) and 6.65 lbs as starter (0.75 x 8.9) •Gain ~2.00 lb/d calves will continue 563 pound calf Week 6 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate to gain weight, and we are keeping •Weight 563 pounds (2 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 549 pound previous weight) •Free choice grass hay grower concentrate •9.4 lbs of concentrate [(565 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] •4.7 lbs as grower (0.50 x 9.4) and 4.7 lbs as starter (0.5 x 9.4) at 1.5% of body •Gain ~2.25 lb/d weight – that equals 578 pound calf Week 7 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate about 0.5 lbs •Weight 577 pounds (2.25 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 563 pound previous weight) additional •Free choice grass hay concentrate each •9.6 lbs of concentrate [(578 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] •7.2 lbs as grower (0.75 x 9.6) and 2.4 lbs as starter (0.25 x 9.6) week for an ADG of •Gain ~2.50 lb/d 2.5 lbs/d 596 pound calf Week 8 – 1.5% of body weight as concentrate •Weight 596 pounds (2.5 lb/d ADG x 7 days + 578 pound previous weight) •Free choice grass hay •9.9 lbs of concentrate [(596 lb x 0.015) ÷ 0.90] all as grower •Gain ~2.50 lb/d

FINISHING RATION 800 to 1,000 pounds start

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 16 Finishing ration

• < 12% crude protein • Crude fiber 12-15% • High energy – > 50% corn • Feed 70 to 120 days before final endpoint

• When to start feeding finishing ration – Small frame, early maturing – 1,000 pounds – Large frame, late maturing – 800 pounds

Finishing ration transition

• Same transition methods as with starter to grower

• 25% substitution every week

• If cattle getting too fat, add more grower • If not getting fat enough, add liquid fat – not corn

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 17 Jaymelynn Farney

620-820-6125 [email protected]

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 18 Selecting Your Next Show Heifer to Be a Great Cow Dr. Bob Weaber, Cow/Calf Extension Specialist and Associate Professor Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University

For many junior livestock participants, the purchase of a breeding heifer is a significant investment in the future. Breeding projects are meant to serve a number of goals. First, they enable the junior livestock exhibitor to learn more about the commercial and seedstock sectors of the beef industry. Second, these projects foster the development of beef cattle husbandry skills including feeding, nutrition, genetics, reproductive physiology and visual appraisal. Third, the heifers are typically selected for conformational attributes viewed to be desirable in the show ring. Fourth, the heifers are retained as breeding females to build a cow herd that will help finance many youth’s college education. It’s easy for the visual appraisal component to dominate the selection decision when evaluating a group of heifer calves for purchase. However, if your goal includes keeping that heifer as a breeding female to produce seedstock or other heifer or steers suitable for future projects, some care should be taken to evaluate the genetic merit for a number of economically important traits. The tools you should use to judge the genetic merit of a selection candidate are Expected Progeny Differences (EPD). What are EPDs? EPDs are estimates or predictions of the difference in performance that are expected to be observed between the average performance of sire progeny groups for a given trait when given an equal opportunity to perform. EPDs are relative measures of genetic merit and allow the effective comparison of animals across herds. EPDs are the most effective selection tool available. Research suggest that EPD are 7 to 9 times more effective as predictors of genetic merit than an animal’s actual or adjust performance record or within contemporary group ratio. While EPDs are not the only selection information you should consider, EPDs are the most effective tools available to describe the genetic differences between animals within and across herds. EPDs are much more effective genetic predictors than actual or adjusted performance records. If an EPD is available for a trait it should be used instead of an animal’s own performance record for that trait. The EPD removes age and environmental effects that can bias a decision based on actual or adjusted performance records. Use Calving Ease (CE or CED) EPD, rather than birth weight (BW) EPD, if it’s available to select bulls that minimize calving difficulty. CE EPD calculations include BW data and other sources of information that affect dystocia. Not all EPDs are the same, so make sure you know the appropriate information for the breed of cattle you are purchasing. For a useful reference on EPDs and other genetic topics see the Beef Sire Selection Manual (http://www.nbcec.org/producers/sire.html) Obtain the breed average EPDs and a percentile rank table available from the most current genetic evaluation for the breed of interest. Percentile rank tables can be found on most breed association websites but the current Angus (non-parent females) and Simmental percentiles are included at the end of this document. These tools will enable you to compare the relative genetic merit of individual animals to other animals in the breed.

Finally, not all EPDs should be used for selection of replacement or breeding females. Some traits like marbling score, carcass weight, or terminally oriented selection indexes focus on progeny performance for marketing endpoints. These traits are not economically relevant to a

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 19 replacement selection decision. Traits that affect a cows ability to conceive a calf, give birth to the calf with no dystocia, rear that calf to weaning and do it year after year are the traits of importance. A list of suggested traits to consider when purchasing a heifer is listed below. Setting criteria for lots of traits rather than just a few important ones dilutes your selection intensity and often clouds your decision making ability.

Trait Definitions for EPD to Consider in Heifer Selection (Adapted from Cowley, 1998; http://simmental.org/site/index.php/genetic-evaluation/epds) Calving Ease Direct - Predict the average difference in ease with which a sire’s calves will be born when bred to first-calf heifers. Expressed as percentage of unassisted births with a higher value indicating greater calving ease. Calving Ease Maternal - Predict the average ease with which a sire’s daughters will calve as first- calf heifers when compared to the daughters of another sire in the same evaluation. Expressed as percentage of unassisted births. Weaning Weight - Weaning Weight EPDs are expressed in pounds and predict the average differences in weight that can be expected between the progeny of animals in the same genetic evaluation at 205 days of age. Weaning Weight EPDs do not account for differences in weaning weight that are due to milk. Yearling Weight - Like Birth and Weaning Weight EPDs, Yearling Weight EPDs are expressed in pounds and predict the average differences that can be expected between the progeny of animals at one year of age. Milk - Milk EPDs are expressed as pounds of calf weaned by a bull’s daughters. They reflect the average differences in weaning weight that can be expected in grand-progeny due to the milking ability of a bull’s daughters. Available feed resources will dictate the extent to which milking ability should be selected. Total Maternal (Maternal Weaning Weight) - Like Milk EPD, Total Maternal EPDs are also measured in pounds of calf weaned by an animal’s daughters. They account for average differences that can be expected from both weaning weight direct as well as from milk, and measure a sire’s ability to transmit milk production and growth rate through his daughters. They are calculated by adding an animal’s Milk EPD to one-half of its Weaning Weight EPD. Heifer Pregnancy – Predict the additional percentage of heifer progeny that conceived a calf during a specified breeding season. Docility - Predict the percentage of an animal’s offspring that are expected to score favorably (1 or 2) on a five-point scoring system when compared to the offspring of another animal. Expressed as a percentage with higher values being favorable Stayability - Expressed as the probability that an animal’s daughters will remain in production to at least six years of age when compared to the daughters of another animal. A measure of sustained fertility that probably reflects traits such as fleshing ability and structural soundness. Expressed as deviations from a 50% probability, a higher value indicates increased stayability.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 20 Angus Percentile Breakdown - February 2020 Non-Parent Cows

Kansas Production Maternal Carcass $Values Top Pct CED BW WW YW DOC HP CEM Milk MW MH $EN CW Marb RE Fat $M $W $F $G $B 1% 16 -2.9 82 143 33 17.8 16 38 118 1.2 19 73 1.42 1.2 -0.056 84 88 124 88 192 State 2% 15 -2.3 78 137 31 17.1 15 36 110 1.1 16 69 1.31 1.13 -0.048 81 84 119 83 184 3% 14 -2 76 133 30 16.6 15 35 105 1 14 67 1.24 1.08 -0.043 79 81 115 79 179 University 4% 14 -1.8 74 130 30 16.2 14 34 102 1 13 65 1.19 1.04 -0.04 78 79 113 77 176 5% 14 -1.6 73 128 29 15.9 14 33 99 1 11 63 1.15 1.01 -0.036 76 77 111 75 173 10% 12 -0.9 68 120 26 14.8 13 31 88 0.8 6 58 1 0.9 -0.026 73 71 104 67 163

Department 15% 11 -0.4 65 115 25 14.1 12 30 81 0.7 3 55 0.91 0.83 -0.019 70 68 100 63 156 20% 10 -0.1 63 111 23 13.5 11 29 75 0.6 0 52 0.84 0.77 -0.013 67 65 97 59 151 25% 9 0.2 61 108 22 13 11 28 71 0.6 -2 50 0.78 0.73 -0.009 65 62 94 56 147 30% 9 0.5 59 105 21 12.6 10 27 66 0.5 -4 48 0.73 0.69 -0.005 64 60 92 54 143 35% 8 0.7 58 102 20 12.1 10 27 62 0.5 -6 46 0.69 0.65 -0.001 62 58 90 51 139 of 40% 8 0.9 56 100 19 11.7 10 26 59 0.4 -7 44 0.64 0.62 0.003 60 56 88 49 136 Animal 45% 7 1.1 55 98 17 11.3 9 25 55 0.4 -9 42 0.6 0.58 0.006 59 55 86 47 133 50% 6 1.3 54 95 16 10.9 9 25 51 0.3 -10 40 0.56 0.55 0.01 57 53 84 45 130

Sciences 55% 6 1.5 52 93 15 10.6 8 24 48 0.3 -12 38 0.52 0.52 0.013 55 51 82 43 127 60% 5 1.7 51 90 14 10.2 8 24 44 0.2 -13 37 0.48 0.49 0.017 54 49 80 42 124 65% 5 1.9 49 88 13 9.8 8 23 40 0.2 -15 35 0.44 0.46 0.02 52 48 78 40 121 & 70% 4 2.2 48 85 12 9.3 7 22 36 0.1 -17 33 0.4 0.42 0.024 50 46 75 38 117 Industry 75% 3 2.4 46 82 10 8.8 7 22 31 0.1 -18 31 0.35 0.39 0.028 48 44 73 36 114 80% 3 2.7 44 79 9 8.3 6 21 26 0 -20 28 0.3 0.34 0.032 46 41 70 34 110 85% 2 3 42 75 7 7.7 5 20 20 -0.1 -23 26 0.25 0.3 0.037 43 38 66 32 105 90% 0 3.4 39 69 4 6.9 4 19 13 -0.2 -26 22 0.18 0.24 0.044 40 35 62 29 99 95% -1 4.1 33 59 1 5.8 3 17 2 -0.3 -31 17 0.08 0.15 0.053 35 28 54 25 89 Total Animals 127555 130252 130252 130252 47153 44673 127555 130252 43641 43641 128408 53623 53623 53623 53623 127932 131071 92359 92356 92351 Avg 6 1.3 53 95 16 10.9 9 25 51 0.3 -10 40 0.58 0.56 0.009 56 53 83 47 130 Page 21 Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 22 Purebred Simmental Percentiles Table

% API TI CE BW WW PWG YW MCE MLK MWW STY DOC CWT YG MRB BF REA SF 1 158.57 85.63 17.10 -2.50 89.30 0.31 136.10 10.40 32.00 69.90 22.30 17.00 48.60 -0.60 0.41 -0.15 1.22 -0.51 2 153.89 83.39 16.10 -1.80 86.20 0.29 131.00 9.70 30.60 68.10 21.70 16.10 45.60 -0.59 0.35 -0.14 1.17 -0.49 3 150.85 82.11 15.40 -1.50 84.40 0.29 128.20 9.30 29.70 67.10 21.40 15.60 44.10 -0.58 0.32 -0.14 1.14 -0.47 4 148.60 81.14 15.00 -1.20 83.10 0.28 126.00 9.00 29.00 66.20 21.10 15.20 42.90 -0.57 0.30 -0.14 1.12 -0.46 5 146.66 80.33 14.70 -1.00 82.20 0.28 124.50 8.80 28.50 65.60 20.90 14.90 41.90 -0.56 0.28 -0.14 1.10 -0.45 10 141.26 77.70 13.60 -0.30 78.90 0.26 119.30 7.90 26.90 63.20 20.20 13.80 38.70 -0.54 0.21 -0.13 1.03 -0.42 15 137.72 76.03 12.80 0.20 76.80 0.25 115.70 7.40 25.80 61.70 19.70 13.10 36.70 -0.53 0.17 -0.13 0.99 -0.40 20 134.97 74.62 12.30 0.50 75.00 0.24 112.90 7.00 25.00 60.50 19.30 12.60 35.00 -0.51 0.13 -0.12 0.95 -0.39 25 132.73 73.46 11.80 0.80 73.60 0.23 110.40 6.60 24.30 59.50 19.00 12.20 33.70 -0.50 0.11 -0.12 0.93 -0.37 30 130.70 72.43 11.40 1.00 72.30 0.23 108.20 6.30 23.70 58.60 18.60 11.80 32.50 -0.49 0.08 -0.12 0.90 -0.36 35 128.83 71.48 11.00 1.20 71.10 0.22 106.20 6.00 23.10 57.80 18.30 11.40 31.40 -0.49 0.06 -0.12 0.88 -0.35 40 127.04 70.58 10.60 1.40 70.00 0.21 104.30 5.70 22.60 57.00 18.00 11.10 30.30 -0.48 0.05 -0.12 0.86 -0.34 45 125.39 69.77 10.30 1.60 68.90 0.21 102.50 5.50 22.10 56.30 17.70 10.80 29.30 -0.47 0.03 -0.11 0.84 -0.33 50 123.77 68.93 10.00 1.80 67.80 0.20 100.60 5.20 21.60 55.60 17.40 10.50 28.30 -0.46 0.01 -0.11 0.82 -0.33 55 122.22 68.14 9.60 2.00 66.80 0.20 98.70 4.90 21.10 54.80 17.10 10.20 27.30 -0.45 0.00 -0.11 0.80 -0.32 60 120.65 67.34 9.30 2.20 65.70 0.19 97.00 4.70 20.60 54.10 16.80 9.90 26.30 -0.44 -0.02 -0.11 0.79 -0.31 65 119.01 66.48 8.90 2.30 64.70 0.19 95.10 4.40 20.10 53.30 16.50 9.50 25.30 -0.43 -0.03 -0.10 0.76 -0.30 70 117.31 65.64 8.50 2.50 63.60 0.18 93.20 4.10 19.60 52.60 16.10 9.20 24.30 -0.42 -0.05 -0.10 0.75 -0.29 75 115.46 64.73 8.10 2.80 62.50 0.18 91.10 3.80 19.10 51.70 15.70 8.70 23.20 -0.41 -0.06 -0.10 0.72 -0.28 80 113.37 63.67 7.60 3.00 61.20 0.17 89.00 3.40 18.50 50.90 15.30 8.30 22.00 -0.40 -0.08 -0.09 0.70 -0.27 85 111.00 62.51 7.00 3.30 59.80 0.16 86.70 3.00 17.80 49.90 14.70 7.70 20.50 -0.39 -0.11 -0.09 0.67 -0.25 90 107.98 61.15 6.20 3.70 58.00 0.15 83.70 2.50 16.90 48.80 14.00 6.80 18.60 -0.37 -0.13 -0.08 0.63 -0.24 95 102.95 59.27 5.10 4.30 55.10 0.14 78.80 1.70 15.60 47.20 13.00 5.10 15.60 -0.34 -0.17 -0.08 0.58 -0.21 Avg 123.77 68.93 10.00 1.80 67.80 0.20 100.60 5.20 21.60 55.60 17.40 10.50 28.30 -0.46 0.01 -0.11 0.82 -0.33

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 23 Hybrid Simmental Percentiles Table

% API TI CE BW WW PWG YW MCE MLK MWW STY DOC CWT YG MRB BF REA SF 1 164.21 86.95 19.60 -4.40 87.40 0.32 136.60 11.70 32.20 70.50 21.80 18.00 53.40 -0.52 0.77 -0.13 1.09 -0.52 2 159.04 84.85 18.50 -3.70 84.30 0.31 131.80 11.00 30.80 68.20 21.00 17.00 50.20 -0.49 0.70 -0.12 1.04 -0.50 3 155.66 83.63 17.90 -3.30 82.60 0.30 128.80 10.60 30.00 66.90 20.60 16.40 48.20 -0.47 0.66 -0.11 1.00 -0.48 4 153.38 82.70 17.50 -2.90 81.30 0.29 126.80 10.20 29.40 65.80 20.30 16.00 46.70 -0.45 0.64 -0.10 0.97 -0.47 5 151.52 81.93 17.10 -2.70 80.20 0.29 125.00 10.00 28.90 65.00 20.00 15.70 45.50 -0.43 0.62 -0.10 0.94 -0.46 10 145.34 79.22 15.80 -1.80 76.80 0.27 119.10 9.10 27.30 62.50 19.10 14.60 41.70 -0.39 0.54 -0.09 0.86 -0.43 15 141.08 77.43 14.90 -1.30 74.50 0.26 115.20 8.60 26.20 60.90 18.50 14.00 39.20 -0.36 0.49 -0.08 0.82 -0.41 20 137.83 75.94 14.20 -0.90 72.60 0.25 112.20 8.10 25.40 59.60 18.00 13.40 37.30 -0.34 0.45 -0.07 0.78 -0.39 25 135.13 74.68 13.70 -0.50 71.10 0.24 109.60 7.80 24.60 58.60 17.50 13.00 35.60 -0.32 0.42 -0.07 0.75 -0.38 30 132.64 73.50 13.30 -0.30 69.70 0.24 107.30 7.40 24.00 57.70 17.10 12.60 34.20 -0.30 0.39 -0.06 0.72 -0.37 35 130.38 72.41 12.90 0.00 68.30 0.23 105.00 7.10 23.40 56.80 16.60 12.20 32.90 -0.28 0.36 -0.06 0.69 -0.35 40 128.11 71.35 12.50 0.20 67.00 0.22 102.90 6.90 22.80 56.00 16.20 11.90 31.80 -0.26 0.33 -0.05 0.67 -0.34 45 126.00 70.28 12.10 0.40 65.80 0.22 100.70 6.60 22.30 55.20 15.80 11.60 30.60 -0.25 0.30 -0.05 0.64 -0.33 50 123.83 69.24 11.70 0.60 64.50 0.21 98.50 6.30 21.70 54.40 15.40 11.20 29.50 -0.23 0.28 -0.04 0.62 -0.32 55 121.63 68.16 11.40 0.80 63.30 0.20 96.30 6.00 21.20 53.50 14.90 10.90 28.40 -0.21 0.26 -0.04 0.60 -0.31 60 119.37 67.10 11.00 1.00 62.10 0.20 94.00 5.80 20.70 52.60 14.50 10.60 27.20 -0.20 0.23 -0.04 0.57 -0.31 65 117.05 65.97 10.60 1.20 60.80 0.19 91.60 5.50 20.10 51.70 14.00 10.20 26.10 -0.18 0.21 -0.03 0.55 -0.30 70 114.63 64.80 10.20 1.40 59.40 0.18 89.10 5.20 19.60 50.60 13.40 9.80 24.80 -0.17 0.18 -0.03 0.52 -0.29 75 112.05 63.55 9.70 1.60 57.90 0.17 86.30 4.80 19.00 49.40 12.70 9.40 23.40 -0.15 0.15 -0.03 0.49 -0.28 80 109.14 62.16 9.20 1.90 56.20 0.16 83.20 4.40 18.30 48.10 12.00 8.90 21.90 -0.13 0.12 -0.02 0.46 -0.26 85 105.81 60.63 8.60 2.20 54.20 0.15 79.80 3.90 17.50 46.60 11.20 8.30 20.00 -0.11 0.09 -0.02 0.43 -0.25 90 101.64 58.82 7.80 2.60 51.70 0.14 75.40 3.40 16.60 44.70 10.20 7.40 17.50 -0.08 0.05 -0.01 0.38 -0.24 95 94.73 56.26 6.60 3.20 47.90 0.13 69.00 2.40 15.20 42.20 8.70 5.70 13.80 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.32 -0.21 Avg 123.83 69.24 11.70 0.60 64.50 0.21 98.50 6.30 21.70 54.40 15.40 11.20 29.50 -0.23 0.28 -0.04 0.62 -0.32

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 24 What is Nutrition and How to Feed Your Show Project Dr. Jaymelynn Farney, Associate Professor, Beef Systems Specialist Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Kansas State University

Nutrition is one of the most important components of a successful 4H beef project. Nutrition is the process in which animals consume, digest, absorb, and use food for maintenance, growth, fetal development or milk production. Nutrients are the components of feeds that have specific functions within the animal to meet important metabolic processes. Nutrients include energy sources (sugar, starch, cellulose, fat), protein, minerals, vitamins, and water. Feeding costs are a large, but necessary expense in managing beef cattle, so understanding how cattle gain and the nutrients they require will make the most “bang for your buck” so to speak. Nutrient requirements for varying levels of performance have been researched for years and the requirements are published by the National Research Council. These recommendations have been determined to be accurate for groups of cattle, but for your individual animal, if you are not happy with performance then consider making minute changes to protein, minerals, and vitamin levels. Cattle require nutrients in actual amount (weight) so some math will need to be used to determine if a commercial feed and/or your hay supplement are providing enough of the individual nutrients. When determining the actual amount of nutrients offered in feed an estimate of dry matter needs to be determined. The nutrients are located in the dry part of the feed and are called dry matter (DM). Dry matter is determined by taking a sample of the feed and drying it until there is zero moisture remaining. In general most dry feeds contain 7 to 13 percent moisture while molasses is 25% water. You can also gather exact dry matter by sending your feed to a testing laboratory or with the permission of your parents, placing a sample in an oven or microwave. Before trying to determine the dry content of your feed at home, research specific methods to determine dry matter content, and then follow directions. Energy is very important for growth and fat deposition for all cattle. Energy is reported as total digestable nutrients (TDN) or net energy (NE). Net energy is further broken down into net energy for maintenance (NEm) or net energy for gain (NEg). As the names indicate NEm tells you how many calories (energy) needs to be supplied for maintenance (no change in weight or body fat), while NEg indicates the calories that will be used for putting on weight and body fat. Unfortunately, when reading the commercial labels for most feeds, they do not provide values for energy, but if you are concerned about this value, take a sample of your feed and submit to a laboratory for feed analysis. This will provide energy values for your feed and can help with determining how much to offer to your cattle to meet your goals. Energy from feed ingredients is often split into two categories: concentrate and roughage. Concentrate is typically very high energy grains with starch while roughage is typically hays or “hulls”. Protein is measured as crude protein (CP). It is expressed as a percentage and for all commercial rations will be listed in the nutrient profile. Protein is required to aid in rumen microbial digestion, maintenance of feed intake and lean growth. Protein sources vary in location of digestion within the animal and understanding the basics about protein digestion will help provide the requirements for successful growth and “look” for your show animal. Protein sources offered to cattle will first have to feed the rumen microbes. Feed protein that is digested by the rumen microbes is called rumen degradable protein (RDP). Once the rumen microbes digest the protein they generate microbial crude protein (MCP) in the rumen that then gets passed through the rest of the stomachs to the small intestine where it is finally used by the animal as a protein source. Microbial crude protein, if the rumen environment is balanced, is an ideal protein source for the ruminant. This is the reason why in ruminant nutrition we say “Feed the rumen microbes first”. Another form of protein is by-pass protein or rumen undegradable protein (RUP). This protein passes through the rumen without digestion by the microbes and then can be used by the animal in the small intestine. Small amounts of by-pass protein have been shown to help with cattle performance. However, it is MOST important that nearly 80% of the protein offered to the animal is rumen degradable. In general, protein from grains, fresh grasses, and hays are primarily rumen degradable, while by-product feeds are about 50% by-pass protein. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) is essentially 100% rumen degradable if adequate energy is supplied in the diet. From a mineral perspective, there are two broad classes of minerals; macrominerals which are fed at higher levels and micromineral which are fed at lower levels. Calcium, phosphorus, salt, and

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 25 magnesium are very important macrominerals that need to be included and balanced in the diet. Important microminerals include selenium, zinc, copper, and manganese. These are important for the “healthy look” of the cattle, for reproduction in heifers, and immune health. Amounts of these minerals will be listed on the feed tag. Vitamins are also important for health, growth, Figure 1: Example of a feed label. and “bloom”. Vitamins A and E are two that must be fed CAUTION…this is completely made up and to cattle. Vitamin D is synthesized by sunlight exposure by no means is an actual label or and does not need to be fed. However, if your cattle do recommendation to feed to any cattle! not see sunlight daily, feeding a minimum of 125 IU/pound of feed is required. Vitamin B and C are synthesized in the rumen and do not need to be fed to cattle. The exception, is cattle that have rumen issues like bloat or acidosis, some Vitamin B will be beneficial until rumen is healthy again.

Understanding Feed Label Since it is important to make sure nutrient requirements are met, reading and understanding a feed label becomes a must for feeding success. Some basics to help with understanding your feed label include understanding that the values reported on the label are described as “as-is”. Within the feed label the amounts of important nutrients will be listed. For example, crude protein is listed as a percentage, whereas zinc is listed as parts per million (ppm). This becomes important so that you can accurately calculate the appropriate protein and minerals to offer your cattle. Antibiotics and ionophores are also listed on your feed label along with proper feeding directions associated with these ingredients. The final component of the feed label includes the list of ingredients. These are reported as the ingredient with the highest inclusion amount to the lowest. This in turn tells you predominantly what ingredient is being offered to you cattle. An example of a feed label is shown in figure 1.

Feed Ingredients Grains – These feed ingredients are high in energy and will fatten cattle. The most common grain included in cattle diets is corn. Processing of corn increases the digestibility and the most common processed corn fed to ruminants is cracked, rolled, and steam flaked. Processing of the grain allows the rumen microbes greater access to the starch for microbial digestion. In a finishing ration, corn can be included between 42 to 58% of the total ration. Whole shelled corn can be fed to calves weighing up to 450 pounds because they can digest this grain efficiently but at heavier weights, processing will result in greater average daily gains. Sorghum grain provides energy, but must be processed prior to feeding since the external seed coating is restrictive for the rumen microbes. Properly processed grain sorghum can replace corn, pound- for-pound in the ration. Oats are another excellent grain source for steers and heifers. Oats offer energy and fiber therefore providing a dual purpose feed source. One issue with oats is the cost for the grain sometimes makes feeding of oats cost prohibitive. If you would like to include some oats in ration, but cost is prohibitive, try this lower cost mixture to replace the oats within a ration (on a pound for pound basis): 70-75% corn, 15-20% cottonseed hulls, and 10-15% cottonseed meal. Barley and wheat are other grain options to feed to cattle. Barley can be used to replace up to 50% of the corn or sorghum in the ration. Barley is often included because of perception of improving handle on finished cattle. However, water consumption and thus moisture content of tissues plays a larger role in handle than feeding of barley. Wheat is a very high energy feed but is difficult to feed because of

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 26 the potential for acidosis and bloat. Barley also is a high risk bloating grain when fed at high levels of the diet.

Protein Supplements - Common protein supplements fed to cattle include many grain by-product feeds. Typically a by-product feed has had the energy components removed for other industrial uses and what is left over is high protein, high fiber feeds that make great supplements for cattle. Examples of high protein feeds include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, distillers grains, corn gluten meal, and brewers grains. Other high protein feeds that can be included in cattle diets are fish meal and non-protein nitrogen. Non-protein nitrogen sources such as urea and biuret are very cheap feed ingredients and work well with corn rations to meet cattle protein requirements and are used quite extensively in large commercial cattle feeding operations. However, “natural” or plant protein sources (aka not non-protein nitrogen) are a better feeding option for show cattle because they tend to provide extra bloom. Additionally, feeding urea to cattle weighing less than 600 pounds is not advisable because they cannot use this source of protein to meet requirements. Younger cattle require higher levels of protein than older heavier cattle, as illustrated in table 1. Additionally, for greater lean muscle gains higher protein is required. All feed labels will provide a crude protein value of the feed. Crude protein is expressed as a percentage, so to determine if you are supplying enough protein to your animal you need to multiply the amount of feed by the percentage crude protein to determine how many pounds of crude protein you are providing your animal. If it matches the required amount in Table 1 then your ration is sufficient. Here is an example of how to calculate the amount of protein fed from a complete feed that is 12% crude protein with the steer eating 15 pounds and the dry matter of the feed is 96%. 15 lbs feed × (96/100) × (12/100) = 1.73 lbs of protein on a DM basis

Roughages - Cattle are designed to be able to convert fiber from grass to a product that people can use – meat…therefore all cattle diets need to include a source of roughage (fiber). Common sources of roughages include cottonseed hulls, hays, peanut and rice hulls. In younger cattle, when starting on concentrate diets, a higher roughage feed needs to be included so that chances of acidosis and bloat are reduced. When feeding your cattle, you do not want to cause digestive upsets because in most instances, a steer or heifer who bloats early in life will continually bloat and have reduced performance. Acidosis is when too much starch is offered to the rumen microbes and it causes them to produce an acid that can cause damage to the rumen and potentially founder. Bloat is when too much gas is produced in the rumen and cannot escape. This is easy to see on the animal because the left side of their body will be expanded. Acidosis is hard to diagnose visually, unless the animal is really sick. Often times it can be manifested as diarrhea and the animal going off-feed. If bloat or acidosis occurs, then take the concentrate feed (corn or complete ration) out of the diet and place the animal on hay for a few days, then gradually start adding back the grain component. Properly stepping-up your steer or heifer to consuming concentrate will minimize the chance of acidosis and bloat. A typical method includes starting the steer or heifer with two to three pounds of grain with free choice hay for a couple of days, then increase the amount of grain (commercial feed) by 1.5-2.5 pounds every 7 to 10 days (for more details go to Starting Cattle on Feed section below). We still need at least 3-4 pounds of hay a day for rumen health, even while in a finishing diet. For a starting/growing ration crude fiber needs 20-25% while a finishing ration needs to have about 12-16% fiber. Even in large commercial feeding operations there is at least 5% of the animals total diet that is a roughage/hay source. For younger animals a higher quality hay is recommended since such a large percentage of their diet is hay. Examples of high quality hay can include prairie, Bermuda, brome, and alfalfa. Alfalfa is the highest quality hay of that list, however, it is often not recommended to feed alfalfa to your show animals because it can very easily cause bloat. Dehydrated alfalfa pellets, on the other hand have a much lower chance of causing bloat issues and that is why they are often included in commercial mixes along with cottonseed hulls to meet the fiber requirements. If you are wanting to feed alfalfa to your calves then you need to blend it with some other grass hay and feed 2 pounds of alfalfa and 2-3 pounds of grass hay.

Additives – Special “ingredients” are not necessary to successfully feeding your show animal as long as requirements are met, however there are some feed additives that are useful to help with health, palatability, and conditioning of the feed and hair coat.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 27 Medicated feeds are available if you have issues with coccidosis or respiratory issues. Beginning January 2017, if feeding medicated feeds to your cattle, you must work with a veterinarian to get a valid veterinary feed directive (VFD) to be able to feed certain products. All cattle feeds should include an ionophore. Ionophores not only help with feed efficiency, but help with minimizing coccidiosis and bloat. There are several quality ionophores on the market and all work well for feed efficiency. Sometimes ionophores can cause a reduction in daily feed consumption, but the cattle performance should not be impacted. If intake is restricted enough adding some feed conditioners to help with palatability can help. Examples of feed conditioners that increase palatability and reduce dust issues include molasses, fat, and oil. Some fats and oils can also increase the shine to the hair coat of your show animal, as long as there is less than 4% fat in the total ration. If there is more than 4% fat then intake is reduced. In instances when digestive upset occurs, sometimes products like yeasts, direct-fed microbials, buffers, and enzymes can be used, but overall, if cattle are well-fed and well-managed the need for these potentially expensive additives are not needed, especially on a daily basis.

Feeding your calf Gains and feed intake. Weight gain and fat thickness are the two primary points of concern with feeding your market steer. Knowing what your steer weighs at several times through the season will help you determine diets that need to offered. Based on your calf’s weight, days to show, and final weight, you can determine the appropriate average daily gain to meet your objectives. You should have two sets of average daily gain goals; one for the steers growing ration and one for the finishing ration. Typically, the finishing ration will be fed for 4-5 months prior to show (or start when cattle weigh 800 to 1,000 pounds). This finishing period, may be longer if you are trying to get cattle finished in the middle of summer. Cattle do not consume as much feed during the summer months and their conversion into muscle and fat is severely stunted. Later maturing, larger framed cattle need to be on finishing ration longer than early maturing calves, to ensure they reach correct amount of finish. The equations below show how to calculate the appropriate gains your animal needs. From there you can use Table 1 to determine the amount of energy and protein to meet that average daily gain goal. Steer weighs 600 pounds at purchase 9 months from show date. The plan is to grow the steer to 950 pounds on the growing ration in 120 days. The average daily gain needs to be 2.08 lbs/d. (950 lbs final weight – 600 lbs beginning weight) ÷ 120 days = 2.91 lbs/d Finishing ration will start when steer weighs 850 pounds and you want show weight at 1350 lbs in 150 days. The average daily gain needs to be 3 lbs/d (1350 lbs final weight – 950 lbs beginning weight) ÷ 150 days = 2.67 lbs/d

Feed intake is important is one of the primary drivers to develop feeding strategies. Most cattle consume between 2 and 3 percent of their body weight in dry matter daily. As a percentage of body weight, intakes decrease with age, weight, and condition (fat on animal). For example, a 600-pound steer will consume between 2.5 and 3% of its body weight (15 to 18 pounds) while a 1,300-pound steer will consume 2 to 2.25% of body weight (26 to 29.25 pounds). Diet types. There are three main diets to feed your steer, and really only two for heifers. The “starter” is a diet that is low in energy, high in roughage and fiber, and has the highest protein of the feeds you will offer to your cattle. Often times starter rations will contain antibiotics. Starters are important for newly weaned calves and are fed for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on previous care of the calf. Most of the medicated calf starters are restricted to use for 2 weeks because the antibiotic can not be fed longer. Read the feed label to determine antibiotic feeding requirements. Ideally, all cattle will be placed on a starter ration first, before being transitioned to the “grower” ration. However, if you have purchased a calf that has already been consuming a mixed ration, you may start them on a grower. A grower is a diet for cattle in the growing stage, roughly 500 to 900 pounds. A grower should contain at least 12% crude protein, moderate fiber (15-20% crude fiber) and moderate energy. The moderate energy is important as we want calves to put on frame and muscle during the growing period, not as much fat. Fat will be deposited primarily in the finishing diet. If supplying too much energy and making calves too fat at a lighter weight, you have stunted their growth and will prevent them from reaching ideal market weight (~1,300 to 1,350 pounds) at an acceptable backfat thickness (~0.5 inches).

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 28 The grower diet is the most important diet for show heifers. You will not need to offer your show heifer a finishing diet or they will get too fat. Feeding a grower ration to you heifers at 1 to 2% of body weight with 1 to 2% of body weight as grass hay is the best way to grow your replacement heifer. “Finishing” diet is the last phase of feeding. These are high in energy, lowest in protein (Crude protein <12%), and lowest in fiber (12-16% crude fiber). A finishing diet will consist of at least 50% corn. If you find that your calf is not gaining enough weight, or is not getting fat enough, increasing energy of finishing ration is important. This should be done by adding liquid fat, not more corn. If you offer too much corn, especially too rapidly, then you will have bloat, acidosis, and founder issues. Make sure though, that you are not feeding more than 4% total dietary fat to the animal as this can kill rumen microbes and lead to reduced performance and gut issues.

Starting cattle on feed and diet transitions. The safest way to start cattle on feed is to offer a good-quality grass hay (prairie, brome, fescue) free-choice and feed 0.5% of animals weight as a concentrate feed. If that concentrate feed is corn, for a 600-pound calf, start by feeding 3 pounds of corn. If a commercial “starter” is being fed, if crude fiber is >20%, first read label feeding directions. If there are no guidelines about introducing diet to cattle, start with free-choice grass hay and 0.5% of body weight as feed. Every 7 to 10 days increase concentrate/commercial feed by 0.5% of body weight. Remember, your calf should be gaining weight over this time frame. Hopefully the calf is gaining ~1.5 lbs/d, therefore you need to now be feeding a total of 1% of body weight as commercial feed/concentrate for a 610-pound steer (1.5 lb/d average daily gain x 7 days + 600-pound starting weight). After a week on feed you need to be feeding 6 pounds of concentrate/commercial feed and 12.3 pounds of grass hay. By the third week on feed, “starter” should be fed at 1.5% of body weight with either free-choice hay or hay fed to total entire feed offering to 3% of body weight. Continuing in my example, that 600-pound steer you started on feed should be weighing ~631-pounds, three weeks after starting to feed calf and now you should be feeding 9.5 pounds per day of commercial feed and free-choice hay or feeding hay at 9.5 pounds of hay a day (or free-choice grass hay). On weeks 3 or 5 (depending on length of time you are feeding starter), you need to start transitioning calf to grower diet. When transitioning between starter and grower, you can replace 25% of the starter grain/commercial feed with grower diet every 3 to 5 days until the entire concentrate portion of diet is grower. Remember, your calves are gaining weight, so each week, you will need to increase amount of concentrate offered to calves. On starter ration a good average gain values can be 1.25 to 2 pounds/day while on grower 2 to 3 pounds/day. Another option to start cattle on feed would be to skip a “starter” ration, especially if calves have already been on a concentrate feed prior to purchase, and start calves on a grower ration. The starter ration is highly recommended if you are feeding a newly weaned calf. If choosing to start calves with a grower, because you know they have already been consuming concentrate, follow the same guidelines as for the starter by starting growing concentrate at 0.5% of body weight and increasing by 0.5% of body weight every 7 to 10 days until they are consuming 2.5% of body weight of growing feed. Feeding cattle on a body weight basis, is the most accurate way to feed cattle, but if you are not as comfortable doing the math, you can be safe by increasing grower concentrate feed by 1.5 pounds every 7 to 10 days for first 5 weeks, then bump concentrate amount up 0.5 pounds every week to account for calf gains, until your calf is close to 900 pounds, then transition to finishing ration. When transitioning to finishing ration, feed 25% of concentrate feed as finisher and 75% as grower for 7 to 10 days, then bump finisher 25% (as replace grower) every 7 to 10 days until no grower is being fed. It will take 4 weeks to completely transition to the finishing diet. Most commercial finishers for show cattle contain at least 50% corn

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 29 Feeding Replacement Heifer Show heifers are not only used as a 4H project, but they must be able to become a reproductive animal that can survive on a foraging system as a cow, once the show season is finished. As such, show heifers need to be in a good body condition for showing, but not so overly conditioned that their milk potential is severely reduced. Heifers that are too fat also have issues breeding, calving, milking, and then re-breeding as a first calf heifer. Heifer daily gains will be much lower than steer gains because a show heifer does not need to be mature at show time. Depending on age of heifer and show time, your heifers targeted weights should correspond to when you plan on making the heifer a reproductive female. In general heifers need weigh about 85% of their mature weight at 2-years of age and if you are planning on breeding your heifer as a yearly she needs to weigh ~60% of her mature weight. If you have a large framed continental heifer her mature weight will probably be around 1400 pounds, therefore as a 2-year old you would like her to weight to be at least ~1190 pounds and a breeding weight at a year of age of ~840 pounds. Once again you can do the calculations as described in the feeding market steer section to determine appropriate average daily gains for your heifers and use Table 2 to determine nutrient requirements to meet your objectives.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 30 Example rations The table below provides some example cattle rations to be fed as a supplement to hay (for example a heifer diet) or as a complete ration. Please read the footnotes prior to having a feed mill make any of these rations to aid in determining how to feed these rations. The amounts of feed to include are the batch-sheet which makes a ton of feed. Additionally, working with your extension professional or ruminant nutritionist can be a useful way to develop a ration to meet your animal’s requirements, and before using any of these example diets, work with a nutritionist to determine best methods of feeding. Starter/Grower (1) Grower/Finisher (2) Finisher (3) Finisher (7) Supplement Ration Supplement Ration Ration Ration Feed Ingredient (4) (5) (6) (5) (5) (5) Corn 1150 425 1350 845 1160 1275 Oats 400 200 250 200 200 -- SBM – 44% 300 320 250 265 220 -- Dried Distillers ------437 Grains Cottonseed -- 920 -- 560 290 100 Hulls Soy Hull pellet ------72 Molasses 100 100 100 100 100 75 Limestone 20 20 30 20 20 20 TM Salt 20 10 20 10 10 20 Dicalcium 10 5 ------phosphate ADE 1.5 0.50 1 0.50 0.50 0.50 (4 mil IU A/lb) Ration Diet Composition (% as-is basis) Dry Matter 88.3 89.5 88.2 88.9 88.4 88.9 Crude Protein 14.3 12.1 13.2 12.0 11.9 11.5 TDN 73.9 58.2 75.1 65.5 70.8 73.8 Calcium 0.60 0.58 0.68 0.50 0.49 0.49 Phosphorus 0.43 0.28 0.33 0.27 0.29 0.36 Fat 3.1 2.0 3.1 2.5 2.9 3.9 Crude Fiber 4.2 22.5 3.4 14.9 9.2 6.7 Rations 1-3 adapted from George V. Davis Jr. Beef Cattle Nutrition, Arkansas 4-H Beef Clinic. Ration 7 developed for example purposes within K-State system with estimated steer gains between 2.75 and 3.5 lbs/d. (1) For steers over 500 lbs expect 1.75 to 2.25 lbs average daily gain. For heifers over 500 lbs expect 1.25 to 1.75 lbs/d. (2) For steers expect 2.5 to 3.0 lbs/d gain. For heifers 1.75 to 2.25 lbs/d. (3) For steers expect 2.75 to 3.5 lbs/d gain. Excellent feeding management is needed with this ration. (4) Feed supplement at 1% of cattle body weight with good quality hay or pasture to be consumed at 1.5% of body weight. (5) Feed twice daily all cattle with consume in 30 to 45 minutes. Start feeding with hay and then gradually remove hay as adaption occurs, as described in roughages section. (6) Feed at 1.5% of body weight with good quality hay to be consumed at 1% of body weight.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 31 Table 1. Nutrient Requirements of Growing Steer and Heifer Calves with finishing weight of 1,300 lb Diet Nutrient Density Daily Nutrients per Animal Wta Gainb DMIc TDN NEm NEg CP Ca P TDN NEm NEg (lbs) (lb/d) (lbs) (%DM) (Mcal/lb) (Mcal/lb) (%DM) (%DM) (%DM) (lbs) (Mcal/d) (Mcal/d) CP (lbs) Pregnant yearling heifers - Last third of pregnancy 0.76 18.5 50 0.45 0.20 7.3 0.22 0.13 9.3 5.89 1.13 1.35 715 2.11 19.6 60 0.61 0.35 10.2 0.36 0.19 11.8 5.89 3.45 2.00 3.21 19.1 70 0.76 0.48 13.0 0.49 0.24 13.4 5.89 5.47 2.48 0.76 18.5 50 0.45 0.20 6.9 0.21 0.13 10.5 6.67 1.28 1.45 845 2.11 22.2 60 0.61 0.35 9.1 0.32 0.17 13.3 6.67 3.91 2.02 3.21 21.7 70 0.76 0.48 11.4 0.42 0.22 15.2 6.67 6.20 2.47 2.11 24.7 60 0.61 0.35 8.3 0.28 0.16 14.8 7.43 4.35 2.05 975 3.21 24.1 70 0.76 0.48 10.2 0.37 0.19 16.9 7.43 6.90 2.46 3.99 22.8 80 0.90 0.61 11.9 0.44 0.23 18.2 7.43 8.76 2.71 Finishing weight is based on 28% percent body fat. This table is a small representation of nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Values are from the Beef Nutrient Requirement Council (NRC).

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 32 Table 2. Nutrient Requirements of Breeding Heifers Diet Nutrient Density Daily Nutrients per Animal Vit. Ad Wta Gainb DMIc TDN NEm NEg CP Ca P TDN NEm CP (1000 (lbs) (lb/d) (lbs) (%DM) (Mcal/lb) (Mcal/lb) (%DM) (%DM) (%DM) (lbs) (Mcal/d) (lbs) IU) Pregnant yearling heifers - Last third of pregnancy 700 1.4 15.8 60.3 0.60 0.34 9.0 0.33 0.21 9.6 7.95 1.4 20 700 1.9 15.8 67.0 0.70 0.43 9.8 0.33 0.21 10.6 7.95 1.5 20 800 1.4 17.4 59.6 0.59 0.33 8.8 0.33 0.21 10.4 8.56 1.5 22 800 1.9 17.5 66.1 0.69 0.42 9.3 0.35 0.21 11.6 8.56 1.6 22 900 0.9 18.3 54.3 0.51 NA 8.1 0.26 0.20 9.9 9.15 1.5 23 900 1.4 19.0 59.1 0.58 0.32 8.5 0.30 0.21 11.3 9.15 1.6 24 900 1.9 19.2 65.4 0.68 0.41 9.0 0.32 0.21 12.5 9.15 1.7 24 Two-year-old heifers nursing calves - First 3-4 months post-partum - 10 lbs milk/day 700 0.5 15.9 65.1 0.67 0.4 11.3 0.36 0.24 10.3 9.20f 1.8g 28 800 0.5 17.6 63.8 0.66 0.39 10.8 0.34 0.24 11.2 9.81f 1.9g 31 900 0.5 19.2 62.7 0.64 0.37 10.4 0.32 0.23 12.0 10.40f 2.0g 34 1000 0.5 20.8 61.9 0.62 0.36 10 0.31 0.23 12.9 10.98f 2.1g 37 aAverage weight for a feeding period. b Approximately 0.9 + 0.2 pound of weight gain/day over the last third of pregnancy is accounted for by the products of conception. Daily 2.15 Mcal of NEm and 0.1 pound of protein are provided for this requirement for a calf with a birth weight of 80 pounds. c Dry matter consumption should vary depending on the energy concentration of the diet and environmental conditions. These intakes are based on the energy concentration shown in the table and assuming a thermoneutral environment without snow or mud conditions. If the energy concentrations of the diet to be fed exceeds the tabular value, limit feeding may be required. d Vitamin A requirements per pound of diet are 1,273 IU for pregnant heifers and cows and 1,773 for lactating cows and breeding bulls. e Not applicable. f Includes 0.34 Mcal NEm/pound of milk produced. g Includes 0.03 pound protein/pound of milk produced.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 33 Where's the Beef? Alternative Proteins Dr. Ann Brackenridge, Research, Development & Innovation Foodservice Manager

Cargill Protein

Cargill .

INNOVATION IN PROTEIN

Ann Brackenridge, PhD Cargill Protein

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 34 4 Types of Protein Consumers

Has There Been Rapid Growth in Vegetarianism? No.

Vegan, Vegetarian, Vegan/Vegetarian Vegan/Vegetarian Flexible Vegetarian

10.7% 7% 7% 8% 10.4% 7%

2009 2019 2012 2018 2014 2019

Source: NCBA Webinar on Alt Proteins, August 2019 NPD: The Future of Plant Based Proteins (2019), 2019 © 2019 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Foodservice Gallup Snapshot: Few Americans Vegetarian or Vegan, August 2018

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 35 Innovation Traditional Alternative Proteins Other Where

would

you

invest?

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 36 Beef Processing Options for Consumers

steaks commonly produced from the chuck. Some of the chuck also can be used for stew meat or Round ground beef. Rib: Normally, the rib is cut into either bone-in ribeye steaks or boneless ribeye steaks and back 22% ribs. Consumers may prefer the rib to be cut into either boneless or bone-in roasts for cooking of prime rib. 7% Sirloin Short loin: Two options for cuts from the short loin are T-bones and porterhouse steaks or boneless Flank New York strip steaks and tenderloin steaks 5% 10% Short Loin (filets). T-bones and porterhouses are larger cuts. The boneless options are typically selected by consumers who desire smaller portion sizes. Short Plate Sirloin: The sirloin can be cut into either boneless 9% 10% or bone-in steaks. Because of the large size of Rib bone-in sirloin steaks, customers may prefer smaller boneless alternatives. Additionally, the coulotte 4% roast (sirloin cap) can be cut from the sirloin or cut Brisket Chuck as part of the sirloin steaks. The tri-tip is typically cut 27% as a roast from the sirloin as well. Round: Cut options from the round include tip roasts, rump roasts, heel roast, and top, bottom, and Shank - 3%; Kidney, Pelvic, and Heart Fat - 3% eye-of-round roasts of a specified size and weight. The round can also be cut into steaks, with many The primal cuts of beef as a percentage of carcass weight. customers choosing to have some of these steaks tenderized (for chicken fried steak) or to have this product produced into ground beef. This guide explains choices available to consumers Ground beef: Consumers can specify leanness when they take a beef animal to be processed. It of ground beef, commonly 90%, 80%, or 70% lean, provides information on the approximate amount but can expect fewer pounds of ground beef with of meat that should be returned from each primal increased lean points. after the animal has been prepared to customer Miscellaneous: Each carcass half has one brisket specifications. and flank steak as well as two skirt steaks. Briskets Chuck: The chuck is commonly cut into bone-in can either be whole or cut into two halves (flat half or boneless roasts of specified thickness or weight. and point half). The plate can be returned as short Alternatively, the chuck can be cut into bone-in ribs or used for ground beef. Organs (heart, liver, steaks and some boneless steaks. Ranch steaks, flat kidneys, oxtail, and tongue) are optional. iron steaks, and petite tender steaks are boneless

Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 37 Beef Cutout Tables The numbers below are based on an 800-pound, Low Choice, Yield Grade 3 carcass and represent the industry average. A 3% shrink (cooler shrink and cutting loss) is assumed. The table shows boneless and bone- in options and the approximate weight and percentage of the hot (unchilled) carcass represented by each. % of % of Weight Weight Boneless Option Hot Bone-in Option Hot (lbs) (lbs) Carcass Carcass Chuck Chuck Chuck eye roasts or steaks 4.1 32.8 Blade roasts and steaks 10.2 81.8 Mock tender roasts or steaks 0.8 6.2 Bone-in arm roasts and steaks 7.6 60.9 Flat iron steaks 1.3 10.3 Ground beef / stew meat 5.0 39.9 Shoulder petite tender steaks 0.3 2.1 Fat and bone 2.8 22.7 Ranch steaks or boneless arm roasts 1.5 12.3 Rib Denver steaks 0.8 6.2 Boneless short ribs 0.3 2.1 Bone-in ribeye steaks or roasts 4.5 35.7 Ground beef / stew meat 12.8 102.6 Ground beef / stew meat 3.2 25.8 Fat and bone 3.8 30.8 Fat and bone 1.8 14.4 Rib Loin Ribeye steaks or boneless rib roasts 3.5 28.1 T-bones and porterhouses 4.5 36.2 Back ribs 1.0 7.9 Bone-in sirloin steaks 3.1 24.5 Ground beef or stew meat 3.2 25.8 Tri tip roast 1.1 9.0 Fat and bone 1.8 14.4 Ground beef 4.2 33.6 Loin Fat and bone 3.2 25.8 Strip loin steaks 3.1 24.5 Round Tenderloin steaks or roasts 1.5 11.6 Top sirloin steaks (cap-off) 2.1 16.8 Top round steaks and roasts 5.6 45.1 Coulotte (sirloin cap) 0.5 3.9 Bottom round steaks and roasts 3.7 29.4 Tri tip roast 1.1 9.0 Eye of round steaks and roasts 1.3 10.8 Ground beef 4.2 33.6 Tip steaks and roasts 2.9 23.4 Fat and bone 3.7 29.7 Ground beef / stew meat / kabob 2.9 23.3 Round meat Top round steaks and roasts 5.6 45.1 Fat and bone 4.4 35.1 Bottom round steaks and roasts 3.7 29.4 Miscellaneous Eye of round steaks and roasts 1.3 10.8 Brisket 3.2 25.8 Tip steaks and roasts 2.9 23.4 Flank steak 0.5 3.8 Ground beef / stew meat / kabob 2.9 23.3 meat Short ribs 6.3 50.2 Fat and bone 4.4 35.1 Skirt steaks 1.1 9.1 Miscellaneous Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat 2.0 16.0 Brisket 3.2 25.8 Ground beef 5.4 43.1 Flank steak 0.5 3.8 Fat and bone 6.3 50.2 Short ribs 6.3 50.2 Total steaks and roasts 55.7 445.9 Skirt steaks 1.1 9.1 Total ground beef / stew meat 20.7 165.7 Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat 2.0 16.0 Total fat and bone 20.5 164.2 Ground beef 5.4 43.1 Fat and bone 6.3 50.2 Total steaks and roasts 46.4 371.4 Total ground beef / stew meat 28.6 228.5 Total fat and bone 22.0 176.2

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 38 References How Much Meat to Expect From a Beef Carcass. 2014. A Guide to Beef Cuts – Beef Retail. 2017. National Rob Holland. University of Tennessee. Knoxville, TN. Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Centennial, CO. Available from: https://extension.tennessee.edu/ Available from: http://www.beefretail.org/ publications/Documents/PB1822.pdf

Beef Cutout Calculator. 2010. National Cattlemen’s How Much Meat to Expect from a Carcass. 2010. Beef Association, Centennial, CO. Available from: Gregg Rentfrow. University of Kentucky, Lexington, http://beefresearch.org/CMDocs/BeefResearch/Beef KY. Available from: http://www2.ca.uky.edu/ Cutout Calculator.pdf agcomm/pubs/asc/asc179/asc179.pdf

Beef Cuts Primal and Subprimal Weights and Yields. 2014. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Centennial, CO. Available from: http://www. beefboard.org/library/files/BeefCutsGuide.pdf

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 39 Kassandra McKillip Alaena Wilfong, 4-H/Youth Travis O’Quinn, Ph.D., Assistant Graduate Research Assistant Development Extension Educator Professor, Kansas State University Kansas State University University of Idaho

Reviewed by: Kara Mayer, Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent, K-State Research and Extension – Wabaunsee County; Lexie Hayes, Youth Livestock Coordinator, Kansas State University

Publications from Kansas State University are available at www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu. Date shown is that of publication or last revision. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit Travis O’Quinn, et al., Beef Processing Options for Consumers, Kansas State University, February 2018.

Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service MF3395— February 2018 K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, John Floros, Director.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 40 How Much Meat to Expect from Your Animal Have you ever taken your steer to the butcher at • Hide or wool weight 1,300 pounds and been confused when you were • Horns only returned 500 pounds of cut and packaged • Animal muscling and fatness beef? Like many consumers, you may be unaware of the steps in animal processing that result in changes in product weight. Some changes occur in converting the live animal to a carcass, and more before the animal becomes packaged meat. This guide explains the process and provides tools to help you determine the amount of meat to expect when you have an animal harvested. From live animal to carcass in the cooler The first step is to convert the live animal to a carcass. The amount of the live animal’s weight represented by the carcass, or dressing percentage, can be calculated as follows: Dressing percentage: (carcass weight ÷ live weight) x 100 Next, the animal’s blood, hide, and internal organs are removed, which results in weight loss. The amount of weight lost is highly variable and can be affected by many characteristics, including: • Mud or manure on the hide of the animal • The amount of food in the animal’s stomach (gut fill) • Bruises that must be trimmed from the carcass

Species differences Average dressing percentage The dressing percentage varies for each species for the three major meat species because animals carry body weight differently. Average dressing Pork has the highest dressing percentage (70- Species percentage (%) 75%) because skin and feet remain on the carcass, and because hogs are monogastrics with single- Pork 70-75 compartment stomachs. Lambs have the lowest Beef 60-64 dressing percentage (54-59%) because of heavy Lamb 54-59 hides and less muscling on the carcass. The beef dressing percentage (60-64%) falls between pork and lamb.

Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 41 From whole carcass to retail cuts Example for pork: Estimating the carcass weight of an animal is Live weight = 285 lbs fairly easy because the process is standard across Actual dressing %: 72% the industry. Predicting the weight returned as Carcass weight = 205 lbs cuts of meat is much more difficult. A carcass Bone-in option: 75-80% of carcass weight can be processed into cuts (steaks, roasts, and Boneless option: 65-70% of carcass weight ground meat) in multiple ways. The final weight Approximate bone-in meat returned: 154 lbs varies depending on the processing style and cuts OR Approximate boneless meat returned = 133 lbs requested. Customers have many options and may be able to customize their order, adding even more Example for lamb: variability to the equation. Here are a few choices Live weight = 132 lbs that can affect the weight of the finished product: Actual dressing %: 55% • Bone-in vs. boneless cuts: Removing the bone Carcass weight = 70 lbs results in less weight returned as product. Bone-in option: 70-75% of carcass weight • Fat percentage in the ground product: A leaner Approximate bone-in meat returned = 50 lbs product produces fewer pounds of ground meat. • Aging : Longer aging periods improve meat References tenderness but lead to moisture loss and less Economics and Marketing: Understanding Dressing weight returned. Percentage of Slaughter Cattle. 2000. Alberta • Type of aging (dry-aged vs. wet-aged): Dry-aged Agricultural and Forestry. Available from: http:// products result in more moisture loss due to www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/ dehydration and additional trimming losses due to all/sis12389 surface crust removal. • Further processing: Having cuts processed into Meat Yield, Quality and Value. 2008. Alabama cooked sausages, hams, bacon, corned beef, Cooperative Extension System. Available from: and similar products results in fewer pounds of http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1323/ANR- returned product because of the moisture lost 1323_7.pdf during the cooking process. The amount of meat returned after harvesting The butcher kept your meat? Christopher R. Raines. an animal varies. The following examples should Penn State University. Available from: http:// help consumers understand where the weight of animalscience.psu.edu/extension/meat/pdf/ the live animal goes and guide expectations on the The%20Butcher%20Stole%20My%20Meat.pdf approximate amount of meat to expect. Other fact sheets in this series describe processing options for Prepared by: individual species. Alaena Wilfong, 4-H/Youth Development Extension Educator, University of Idaho Example for beef: Live weight = 1,290 lbs Travis O’Quinn, Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Kansas Actual dressing %: 62% State University Carcass weight = 800 lbs Bone-in option: 65-70% of carcass weight Reviewed by: Boneless option: 55-60% of carcass weight Kara Mayer, Agriculture and Natural Resources Approximate bone-in meat returned = 520 lbs Agent, K-State Research and Extension - Wabaunsee OR approximate boneless meat returned = 440 lbs County; Lexie Hayes, Youth Livestock Coordinator, Kansas State University

Publications from Kansas State University are available at www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu.

Date shown is that of publication or last revision. Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit Alaena Wilfong and Travis O’Quinn, How Much Meat to Expect from Your Animal, Kansas State University, February 2018.

Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service MF3394— February 2018 K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, John Floros, Director.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 42 State Livestock Nomination Process Lexie Hayes, Youth Livestock Program Coordinator Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Kansas State University

State Livestock Nomination Process Lexie Hayes Youth Livestock Program Coordinator 2020

Nomination Process Overview • Must formally nominate market or commercial female animals to be shown at a state show:  Kansas State Fair (Grand Drive)  Kansas Junior Livestock Show (KJLS)

• 2020 Nomination Paperwork MUST be used  “February 2020” on bottom of forms  All other forms will be returned to you

• 2020 Nomination Information and Forms available via:  Extension Offices  K-State Youth Livestock Program website www.youthlivestock.ksu.edu Nomination Information OR

http://bit.ly/ksunominations

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 43 Postmark Deadlines May 1, 2020 Market Beef

June 15, 2020 Market Lambs, Commercial Ewes, ALL Meat Goats, Market Swine, Commercial Gilts, and Commercial Heifers

Nomination Process Step 1: Animals eligible for KJLS or KSF will need a Kansas 4-H EID ear tag placed in the ear of the animal BY THE AGENT  Speak with your local Extension Office to let them know you want to state nominate animals Step 2: Exhibitors will fill out the Declaration Form & specie Nomination Form(s)  Print from http://bit.ly/ksunominations or request from Extension Agent  Attach YQCA certificate or copy of Youth PQA+ card to Declaration Form Step 3: Exhibitors will pull a DNA sample from the animal and place it in an official DNA envelope (DO NOT CUT THE HAIR)  Envelopes may be obtained from local Extension Office  Instructions on pulling DNA are in educational resource or on the youth livestock website  Instructional videos on youth livestock website (under DNA Collection Instructions)

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 44 Nomination Process Step 4: Exhibitors will have their agent sign declaration/nomination paperwork & place tag barcode stickers on forms

Step 5: Exhibitors will mail their completed declaration form, YQCA certificate(s), nomination form, DNA, and payment to be processed by KSU  Certified mail is HIGHLY suggested ($4.00-$8.00 for peace of mind)

Step 6: KSU will process these nominations and post weekly updates online regarding complete/incomplete nominations.  Once processed, letters sent to families stating if nomination is compete/ incomplete.  Exhibitor/family’s opportunity to verify the accuracy of the nomination information received by KSU.

Nomination Materials to Mail • Declaration Form (with YQCA certificates attached) • Specie Nomination Form • DNA Envelopes • Payment - $8/animal made payable to KJLS

$8/animal 4/16/2020 KJLS 24.00 Twenty-four dollars & no/100

3 market beef nominations Willie Wildcat

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 45 Tips & Resources

Incomplete Fee $20 one time/ year incompletion fee If it’s on the form – it’s required! if paperwork has to be returned for any reason, any field is blank, or any nomination materials are missing.

2020 Nomination Process Tentative UPDATES • YQCA certification required for all exhibitors  Certificate needs to be attached to Declaration Form at time of nomination (May 1)  Annual certification; must be valid through 10/4/2020 to be accepted  Valid Youth PQA+ #s accepted until they expire  Instructor-led training suggested for 7 year olds; required for them @ KJLS in 2021 • Declaration Form – verbiage modification • Specie Nomination Forms – verbiage modification • Exhibitors are encouraged to write the breed and secondary ID info in the lower right corner of DNA envelopes • Tattoo no longer required for a commercial heifer

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 46 Show Entry • REMINDER: A livestock nomination is NOT an entry for Kansas Junior Livestock Show or Kansas State Fair. It simply makes animals eligible to be exhibited. • K-State processes and manages nominations, but KSF and KJLS manage their own shows and entry processes.  3 SEPARATE processes • Exhibitors must submit an entry online through ShoWorks for each of these shows once they have completed the nomination process.  get entry information from Extension Office OR show website(s)  also provided on nomination checklist for each specie

Kansas State Fair – Grand Drive • Date: September 11-20, 2020 • Grand Drive: September 10-13, 2020 • Show held in Hutchinson, KS • Entries Due: July 15 • www.kansasstatefair.com

Kansas Junior Livestock Show • Date: October 2-4, 2020 • Show held in Hutchinson, KS (State Fair Grounds) • Entries Due: August 15 • www.kjls.org

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 47 Thank You!

[email protected] (785)532-1264

www.YouthLivestock.ksu.edu

Kansas State Youth Livestock Program

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 48 *Instructional videos available on the DNA page of the KSU Youth Livestock website (www.youthlivestock.ksu.edu). If viewing this resource book electronically, click here: DNA Videos.

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 49 2020 Kansas State Youth Livestock Nomination Guidelines

In order to show at the Kansas State Fair (KSF) or Kansas Junior Livestock Show (KJLS), you must first nominate your animal.

What is a nomination? A nomination is documentation that you have owned, possessed and cared for your animal since a certain date in order to show at a state show.

How are the nomination dates set? The nomination dates are set by minimal guidelines set forth by Kansas 4-H on how long you should own, possess and care for your animal to have gained the optimal experience. In addition, the KSF and KJLS Board of Directors agree on these dates.

What are the nomination dates? May 1 - Market Steers and Market Heifers June 15 - Commercial Heifers, Market Lambs, Commercial Ewes, Market Hogs, Commercial Gilts, and ALL Meat Goats (Market Goats, Commercial Does, and Registered Does)

How do I know what to turn in? The Youth Livestock Program has compiled a list of requirements (checklist) for each species.

How much does it cost? The nomination fee is $8.00 per animal, for all species.

What is the Declaration form? The declaration form is required by all families/households who nominate animals and wish to show at Kansas State Shows (Kansas State Fair Grand Drive or KJLS). This form states the family/household name, along with who is able to show within that family/household. In addition, it lists the physical location of where the animals are kept, and also has a statement about possession, ownership and care of the animals. It must be signed by all individual exhibitors, a parent/guardian, and extension agent/advisor. Each family/household must complete a declaration form annually, which includes all eligible exhibitors for that year.

Is a Nomination the same as an entry for the show? NO! You must first nominate your animal in order to declare that you own, possess and care for them. Then, you must actually enter that animal for the show following the specific entry processes set forth by the Kansas State Fair (KSF) and Kansas Junior Livestock Show (KJLS). You must do both of these things in order to show. Nominations are sent to the KSU Youth Livestock Program office, but the entries for KSF and KJLS are sent directly to and managed by the respective Livestock Show offices.

How will I know if my Nomination is complete? Once your nomination is put into the nomination database, you will receive a letter in the mail from the KSU Youth Livestock Program. This letter will list all of the animals that we have in the system from you. A family/household will receive a separate letter for each species nominated. If you are missing information, it will tell you what you are missing and how to fix that issue. In addition, we post the nomination information on our website www.YouthLivestock.KSU.edu under Nominated Livestock so you can see if your nomination is complete. We update this often during the nomination season and highly recommend that you use this tool.

What if I don’t get everything in the first time? If your confirmation letter states that something is missing or wrong, there is a one- time fee of $20.00. This includes declaration or nomination form, DNA Envelope, and signatures (exhibitor, parent and agent/advisor). The $20.00 incomplete fee must be submitted with the missing or corrected information for the nomination to be complete.

Where do I get ear tags and DNA envelopes? Animals must be tagged and DNA Hair Sample envelopes obtained through your local Extension Office. Make sure you communicate with your local Extension Office far enough in advance for them to have enough tags and official envelopes available for the number of animals you plan to nominate. DNA must be submitted in an official DNA envelope. One type of envelope is available for all species. Please refer to the Step-by-Step page in the “Rookie Guide” for detailed information on obtaining DNA samples from your animals.

Youth Livestock Program ∙ Kansas State University 214 Weber Hall ∙ Manhattan, KS 66506 ∙ 785-532-1264

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 50 BIOSECURITY Keeping your cattle healthy

Biosecurity is another way of saying “infectious disease control.” Biosecurity is a combination of management practices designed to prevent the introduction and transmission of diseases into and throughout a herd. Infectious diseases can be transmitted by animals, people, equipment and vehicles. Livestock exhibitions are events where animals have an increased risk of getting infectious diseases due to the commingling of animals from different sources. Taking some simple precautions can help reduce that risk and keep your animals healthy. Below are some biosecurity recommendations for ensuring the health of your show cattle.

Before the Show After the Show • Read all guidelines for each show to be sure your animals meet all • Isolate the cattle you took to the entry and exhibition requirements. show from the rest of your herd when you return home. • Work with your veterinarian to ensure your cattle are up to date on vaccinations. • The show cattle should be as far from the other animals as • Evaluate your cattle’s health prior to going to the show. Never possible, but they need to be take an unhealthy animal to a show. Signs of illness can include at least far enough away to decreased appetite, fever, diarrhea, nasal discharge, coughing and prevent nose-to-nose contact. blisters around the mouth, nose and/or hooves. If you see any of Your veterinarian can help you these signs, please contact your veterinarian. establish a good location. • Take only clean and disinfected equipment to the show • Modify your chore routine to prevent any potential disease transfer from your cattle to care for your show cattle to others. last each day. Do not share equipment between show cattle and any other animals at home. • Monitor your show cattle daily During the Show for signs of illness, including those signs listed in the “Before • Monitor your cattle daily for signs of illness. If you the Show” section. Contact your suspect your animal is sick, notify a show official right away. veterinarian if any animal shows signs of illness. • Avoid personal contact with animals other than your own. • Clean and disinfect all • Do not share feed, feed/water tubs, grooming supplies or other equipment, shoes, vehicles and equipment with other exhibitors at the show. trailers you took to the show. • Keep your area and equipment clean of manure contamination. Allow them to dry completely. • Wash your hands frequently with warm soapy water after contact • Talk to your veterinarian to with animals or equipment. determine the best biosecurity practices for your cattle. Page 51

Kansas Department of Agriculture | 1320 Research Park Drive | Manhattan KS 66502 | 785-564-6601 | agriculture.ks.gov/animalhealth Reproduction in Beef Cattle Dr. David Grieger, Professor, Beef Cattle Reproduction Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Kansas State University

Kansas Junior Beef Producer Day Reproduction in Kansas State University February 29, 2020 Beef Cattle Dr. David Grieger Dept. Animal Sciences & Industry

What is efficiency? Maximum productivity with minimal wasted effort

Bifurcation

Why is reproductive efficiency important for beef cattle production? It’s not efficient if your heifers and cows do not have a calf every year

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 52 What are the different ways to make a calf?

1. Natural Mating + =

2. Artificial Insemination

3. Embryo Transfer

4. IVF (In vitro fertilization)

nd Is your heifer YES Why? 2 Preg Check? pregnant? NO Why not? Rebreed?

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 53 What does is BCS stand for? Is BCS important to reproduction?

BCS = 2 BCS = 3 BCS = 4

BCS = 5 BCS = 6 BCS = 7 5

Body condition score and fertility

Stevenson, S. K. Johnson, and G. A. Milliken ...Prof Anim. Sci 19:124-134, 2003 6

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 54 Body Condition Scores

I am kinda thin, I’m just right, condition score five condition score three; Bring on the bull, or better yet, A.I. I won’t rebreed; got a snack, pretty please? thin I might have trouble calving, at condition score eight But what’s the big deal? I can still squeeze thru the gate.

moderate

fleshy

Is your heifer How can you tell? pregnant?

1. Rectal Palpation 2. Ultrasonography 3. Blood test

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 55 How can you tell WHEN is she going to calve?

AGE of FETUS How long until she calves? 5 months ~ 4 months

4 months ~ 5 months

3 months ~ 6 months

Ultrasonography

Black on monitor = Not dense (fluid)

White on monitor = Dense (bone)

Gray on monitor = Semi-dense (soft tissue)

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 56 Ultrasonography for pregnancy determination in cattle

Ultrasonography of a bovine pregnancy (30 days of gestation)

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 57 Ultrasound images of the bovine conceptus

Curran, et. al., 1986; Lamb and Fricke, 2004 13

What did you learn today? 1. Poor fertility = poor efficiency 2. Cow body condition is important 3. Knowing when a cow will calve is helpful. 4. ______5. ______

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 58 Beef Cattle Showmanship

Beef cattle, like other species require handling and training that starts at home. In order for you to have an animal that works properly in the show ring, you must put in many hours of hard work in order to maximize your animal’s strong points and minimize the weaker points. Halter breaking, feeding, washing, clipping, and practicing showing are all things that should be completed at home, prior to going to any show.

A good showman is clean and well presented, aware of the judge and your surroundings, courteous at all times, pays attention, and knows how to properly set up your animal to show it’s best physical attributes.

Showman’s Attire A showman should be neat and clean just as your animal should be well groomed. It is recommended that you wear appropriate clothing consisting of a tucked-in collared shirt, leather boots, jeans and a belt. Fancy and flashy clothing are not needed to look professional and can cause a distraction. A baseball cap has no place in the show ring.

In addition to being properly dressed, you should have the necessary equipment. A comb in your back pocket with the teeth turned to the inside as well as a show stick and show halter are necessary.

Show Time - Check the show schedule and be ready when your class is called - Lead the calf from the left side - Your show stick should be in your left hand - Don’t coil the lead strap up around your hand or let drag - Be aware of the judge and ring stewards - Use the entire space provided - Do not crowd other livestock

Setting Up Your Animal: Always allow space between your calf and the calf next to you. Generally, you will set your animal up in a rear profile position after you walk into the ring. In order to set up in rear profile correctly, all feet should be set at all four corners under the animal. You will then lead your animal around the ring so the judge can view structural correctness and the side profile of your animal. A correct side profile position consists of the front feet set even while the back feet are staggered with the judge’s side back foot being further back. Remember to stay calm while setting up and scratching your animal. Quick, rough movements show nervousness on your part and can make your animal uneasy.

Good sportsmanship is an important part of showmanship. Remember that you are always being watched and often judged by your actions. Work hard, practice before the show, always try to do better next time, gain from your mistakes and above all, always have fun!

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 59 Youth for the Quality Care of Animals (YQCA)

Youth for the Quality Care of Animals (YQCA) is a national, multi-species livestock quality assurance program available for youth ages 8-21. This annual educational and certification program focuses on food safety, animal well-being, and character awareness for youth producing and/or showing livestock. The species covered by the training are swine, beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, goats, market rabbits, and poultry. Extension specialists, the National Pork Board, national show organizers, and animal industry representatives were involved in designing the program with the intent to provide a national, standardized livestock quality assurance program applicable to multiple species. The curriculum is designed to provide different age-appropriate modules annually, so youth will expand their knowledge by learning about new topics every year. There are three options by which youth may obtain their YQCA certification; they may attend a 60-minute face-to-face training with a certified instructor, they may complete the age-appropriate online certification course, or youth who are ages 12 or 15 by January 1 may utilize the test-out option. There is a $3/child fee for the instructor-led (face-to-face) training, while the online certification course is $12/child. If a 12 or 15-year-old child passes the test-out exam, they will pay the fee the corresponds to multi-year certification in order to receive their certificate ($36 or $48). Families may log into the YQCA website and register for a training by selecting the 4HOnline option and using their 4HOnline credentials. There is also an option to create an independent account for FFA members.

As of 2019, all youth who plan to exhibit beef cattle, swine, sheep, and/or meat goats in the Kansas Junior Livestock Show or the Kansas State Fair Grand Drive are required to be YQCA certified in order to participate. Families will need to submit the completion certificate for each child to their Declaration Form at the time of nomination. Exhibitors will also need to enter this information during the online entry process for each show. Both shows will accept valid Youth PQA+ certifications until they expire.

Beginning in 2020, Kansas youth who are 7 years of age may become certified through the instructor-led course only. Families are encouraged to participate in the training and become familiar with the program, as 7-year-old KJLS exhibitors will be required to be certified beginning in 2021.

For more information about YQCA, please visit www.yqca.org, contact your local Extension Office, or the KSU Youth Livestock Coordinator, Lexie Hayes, at [email protected] or (785)532-1264.

www.yqca.org

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 60 Notes:

Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 61 Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 62 Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences & Industry Page 63 KSU Youth Livestock Program

Website: www.youthlivestock.ksu.edu

Facebook: Kansas State Youth Livestock Program @ksuylp

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Contact Information: Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry 214 Weber Hall 1424 Claflin Road Manhattan, KS 66506 P: (785)532-1264 F: (785)532-7059 [email protected]

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Kansas State University is committed to making its services, activities and programs accessible to all participants. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.

2/14/2020