Cattle, Cleared Forests, and Climate Change
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Beef Showmanship Parts of a Steer
Beef Showmanship Parts of a Steer Wholesale Cuts of a Market Steer Common Cattle Breeds Angus (English) Maine Anjou Charolaise Short Horn Hereford (English) Simmental Showmanship Terms/Questions Bull: an intact adult male Steer: a male castrated prior to development of secondary sexual characteristics Stag: a male castrated after development of secondary sexual characteristics Cow: a female that has given birth Heifer: a young female that has not yet given birth Calf: a young bovine animal Polled: a beef animal that naturally lacks horns 1. What is the feed conversion ratio for cattle? a. 7 lbs. feed/1 lb. gain 2. About what % of water will a calf drink of its body weight in cold weather? a. 8% …and in hot weather? a. 19% 2. What is the average daily weight gain of a market steer? a. 2.0 – 4 lbs./day 3. What is the approximate percent crude protein that growing cattle should be fed? a. 12 – 16% 4. What is the most common concentrate in beef rations? a. Corn 5. What are three examples of feed ingredients used as a protein source in a ration? a. Cottonseed meal, soybean meal, distillers grain brewers grain, corn gluten meal 6. Name two forage products used in a beef cattle ration: a. Alfalfa, hay, ground alfalfa, leaf meal, ground grass 7. What is the normal temperature of a cow? a. 101.0°F 8. The gestation period for a cow is…? a. 285 days (9 months, 7 days) 9. How many stomachs does a steer have? Name them. a. 4: Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Reticulum 10. -
Desertification and Deforestation in Africa - R
LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. V – Desertification and Deforestation in Africa - R. Penny DESERTIFICATION AND DEFORESTATION IN AFRICA R. Penny Environmental and Developmental Consultant/Practitioner, Cape Town, South Africa Keywords: arid, semi-arid, dry sub-humid, drought, drylands, land degradation, land tenure, sustainability Contents 1. Introduction 2. Global Context 3. Land Degradation in Africa Today 3.1. Geographical Regions 3.2. Socio-Economic Aspects 4. Causes and Consequences 4.1. Drought and Other Disasters 4.2. Water Quality and Availability 4.3. Loss of Vegetative Cover 4.4. Loss of Soil Fertility 4.5. Poverty and Population 4.6. Effect of Land Tenure 4.7. Health 5. Combating Desertification 5.1. Past Trends 5.2. Current Attempts to Combat Desertification 5.3. Synergy of the Three Sustainable Development Conventions 5.4. The Role of Science and Technology in Combating Desertification 5.5. Synergy in Environmental Policy Development 6. Future Perspectives: The Way Forward 7. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS Africa is particularly vulnerable to desertification. Two thirds of the continent consists of desert or drylands.SAMPLE The obvious causes of desertificatiCHAPTERSon and deforestation consist of major ecosystem changes, such as land conversion for various purposes, over- dependence on natural resources and several forms of unsustainable land use. However, the issue of desertification is inseparable from social problems such as poverty and land tenure issues. Politics, war and national disasters affect the movements of people and thus impact on the land. International trade policies as well play a part in land management and/or exploitation. -
Road Impact on Deforestation and Jaguar Habitat Loss in The
ROAD IMPACT ON DEFORESTATION AND JAGUAR HABITAT LOSS IN THE MAYAN FOREST by Dalia Amor Conde Ovando University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Norman L. Christensen, Supervisor ___________________________ Alexander Pfaff ___________________________ Dean L. Urban ___________________________ Randall A. Kramer Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2008 ABSTRACT ROAD IMPACT ON DEFORESTATION AND JAGUAR HABITAT LOSS IN THE MAYAN FOREST by Dalia Amor Conde Ovando University Program in Ecology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Norman L. Christensen, Supervisor ___________________________ Alexander Pfaff ___________________________ Dean L. Urban ___________________________ Randall A. Kramer An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University Program in Ecology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2008 Copyright by Dalia Amor Conde Ovando 2008 Abstract The construction of roads, either as an economic tool or as necessity for the implementation of other infrastructure projects is increasing in the tropical forest worldwide. However, roads are one of the main deforestation drivers in the tropics. In this study we analyzed the impact of road investments on both deforestation and jaguar habitat loss, in the Mayan Forest. As well we used these results to forecast the impact of two road investments planned in the region. Our results show that roads are the single deforestation driver in low developed areas, whether many other drivers play and important role in high developed areas. In the short term, the impact of a road in a low developed area is lower than in a road in a high developed area, which could be the result of the lag effect between road construction and forest colonization. -
Wilson County, NC Agricultural Development Plan
Wilson County Agricultural Development Plan Sandy Maddox, Ed. D. December 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 A Need for Action .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Overview of Wilson County ........................................................................................................................ 12 Wilson County Demographics ................................................................................................................. 13 Economy.................................................................................................................................................. 15 Cost of Services ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Education ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Natural Attributes .................................................................................................................................. -
Report Name: Livestock and Products Semi-Annual
Required Report: Required - Public Distribution Date: March 06,2020 Report Number: AR2020-0007 Report Name: Livestock and Products Semi-annual Country: Argentina Post: Buenos Aires Report Category: Livestock and Products Prepared By: Kenneth Joseph Approved By: Melinda Meador Report Highlights: Argentine beef exports in 2020 are projected down at 640,000 tons carcass weight equivalent as lower prices and animal and human health issues generate negative trade dynamics. Lower exports will be reflected in marginal growth expansion of the domestic market in 2020. FAS/USDA has changed the conversion rates for Argentine beef exports. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Conversion Rates: Due to continuing efforts to improve data reliability, the “New Post” trade forecasts reflect new conversion rates. Historical data revisions (from 2005 onward) will be published on April 9th in the Production, Supply and Demand (PSD) database (http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline). Beef and Veal Conversion Factors Code Description Conversion Rate* 020110 Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, fresh or chilled 1.0 020120 Bovine cuts bone in, fresh or chilled 1.0 020130 Bovine cuts boneless, fresh or chilled 1.36 020210 Bovine carcasses and half carcasses, frozen 1.0 020220 Bovine cuts bone in, frozen 1.0 020230 Bovine cuts boneless, frozen 1.36 021020 Bovine meat salted, dried or smoked 1.74 160250 Bovine meat, offal nes, not livers, prepared/preserve 1.79 -
Increase Food Production Without Expanding Agricultural Land
COURSE 2 Increase Food Production without Expanding Agricultural Land In addition to the demand-reduction measures addressed in Course 1, the world must boost the output of food on existing agricultural land. To approach the goal of net-zero expansion of agricultural land, improvements in crop and livestock productivity must exceed historical rates of yield gains. Chapter 10 assesses the land-use challenge, based on recent trend lines. Chapters 11–16 discuss possible ways to increase food production per hectare while adapting to climate change. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 10. Assessing the Challenge of Limiting Agricultural Land Expansion .............................147 Chapter 11. Menu Item: Increase Livestock and Pasture Productivity ........................................167 Chapter 12. Menu Item: Improve Crop Breeding to Boost Yields ..............................................179 Chapter 13. Menu Item: Improve Soil and Water Management ...............................................195 Chapter 14. Menu Item: Plant Existing Cropland More Frequently ........................................... 205 Chapter 15. Adapt to Climate Change ........................................................................... 209 Chapter 16. How Much Could Boosting Crop and Livestock Productivity Contribute to Closing the Land and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Gaps? .....................................................221 Creating a Sustainable Food Future 145 146 WRI.org CHAPTER 10 ASSESSING THE CHALLENGE OF LIMITING AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPANSION How hard will it be to stop net expansion of agricultural land? This chapter evaluates projections by other researchers of changes in land use and explains why we consider the most optimistic projections to be too optimistic. We discuss estimates of “yield gaps,” which attempt to measure the potential of farmers to increase yields given current crop varieties. Finally, we examine conflicting data about recent land-cover change and agricultural expansion to determine what they imply for the future. -
Hidden Deforestation in the Brazil - China Beef and Leather Trade 1
Hidden deforestation in the Brazil - China beef and leather trade 1 Hidden deforestation in the Brazil - China beef and leather trade Christina MacFarquhar, Alex Morrice, Andre Vasconcelos August 2019 Key points: China is Brazil’s biggest export market for cattle products, • Cattle ranching is the leading direct driver of deforestation which are a major driver of deforestation and other native and other native vegetation clearance in Brazil, and some vegetation loss in Brazil. This brief identifies 43 companies international beef and leather supply chains are linked to worldwide that are highly exposed to deforestation risk through these impacts. the Brazil-China beef and leather trade, and which have significant potential to help reduce this risk. The brief shows • China (including Hong Kong) is Brazil’s biggest importer of which of these companies have published policies to address beef and leather, and many companies linked to this trade are deforestation risk related to these commodities. It also reveals exposed to deforestation risk. the supplier-buyer relationships between these companies, • We identify 43 companies globally that are particularly exposed and how their connections may mean even those buyers with to the deforestation risk associated with the Brazil-China beef commitments to reduce or end deforestation may not be able to and leather trade and have the potential to reduce these risks. meet them. It then makes recommendations for the next steps companies can take to address deforestation risk. • Most of these companies have not yet published sustainable sourcing policies to address this risk. The companies include cattle processors operating in Brazil, processors and manufacturers operating in China, and • Most appear unable to guarantee that their supply chains are manufacturers and retailers headquartered in Europe and the deforestation-free, because they, or a supplier, lack a strong United States of America (US). -
The Causes and Consequences of Agricultural Expansion in Matopiba
WORKING PAPER THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION IN MATOPIBA ARTHUR BRAGANÇA JULY 2016 THEME AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE, DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER The Land Use Initiative (INPUT – Iniciativa para o Uso da Terra) is a dedicated team of specialists who work at the forefront of how to increase environmental protection and food production. INPUT engages stakeholders in Brazil’s public and private sec¬tors and maps the challenges for a better management of its natural resources. Research conducted under INPUT is generously sup¬ported by the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) through a grant to the Climate Policy Initiative. www.inputbrasil.org 3 The Causes and Consequences of Agricultural Expansion in Matopiba∗ Arthur Bragançay CPI July 2016 Abstract This paper examines the causes and consequences of the agricultural expansion in Matopiba (Brazil) over the past two decades. It documents that agricultural expansion in this region is concentrated in municipalities in the Cerrado biome. The estimates indicate that since the late 1990s agricultural output is increasing faster in municipal- ities in this biome when compared to municipalities outside the biome. Agricultural expansion led to increases in GDP per capita. The increase in GDP per capita is a re- sult of direct effects on the agricultural sector as well as indirect effects on services sector. The estimates also suggest that municipalities in the biome experienced larger gains in the access to durable consumer goods such as TV and refrigerator and in ba- sic infrastructure such as access to electric power. However, the results do not indicate differential changes in migration and human capital investments between Cerrado and non-Cerrado municipalities. -
Interaction Between Cultivation and Livestock Production in Semi-Arid
13 The Interaction Between Cultivation and Livestock Production in Senmi-Arid Africa R.L. McCowN, G. HAVAAND, and C. DE HAAN 13.1 Introduction Although the majority of people in semi-arid Africa sustain themselves primarily by growing crops, this means of production is not pri:uticed by all, nor is it the sole means practiced by the majority. Because of inadequate rainfall and high evaporation rates, average crop yields are low, and the risk of crop failure Traditionally the inhabitants of is high. these regions have relied on domestic grazing animals to supplemenr their food supply. The ultimate degree of this embodied in pure pastoralism: dependence is however, semi-arid Afica has a wide variation, both in the nature and range of the degree of economic dependency on livestock. From the title of this chapter, the reader might reasonably expect a survey of current importance of livestock the in the agricut,iral regions of semi-arid Africa. even if we had the African experience But and relevant literatuie at our command attempt such a survey, it is to unlikely that this would be the most useful contribution. Instead, an attempt sort of is made to isolate the different types relationship or linkage that of characterize the interaction between cultivation livestock production and to consider and the conditions under which each linkage be expected to occur. Eight can cases from summer rainfall, semi-arid zones (Fig. 13.1) are described which of Africa demonstrate various configurations of existing production systems, linkages in together with the conditions under which developed. Finally, the trends they have in the forms of linkages from an evolutionary standpoint are considered. -
Impacts of Agricultural Management Systems on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Highly Simplified Dryland Landscapes
sustainability Review Impacts of Agricultural Management Systems on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Highly Simplified Dryland Landscapes Subodh Adhikari 1,2,* , Arjun Adhikari 3,4, David K. Weaver 1 , Anton Bekkerman 5 and Fabian D. Menalled 1,* 1 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173120, Bozeman, MT 59717-3120, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology; 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2329, Moscow, ID 83844-2329, USA 3 Department of Ecology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173460, Bozeman, MT 59717-3460, USA; [email protected] 4 Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 008C Agricultural Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA 5 Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, P.O. Box 172920, Bozeman, MT 59717-3460, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (F.D.M.) Received: 2 May 2019; Accepted: 9 June 2019; Published: 11 June 2019 Abstract: Covering about 40% of Earth’s land surface and sustaining at least 38% of global population, drylands are key crop and animal production regions with high economic and social values. However,land use changes associated with industrialized agricultural managements are threatening the sustainability of these systems. While previous studies assessing the impacts of agricultural management systems on biodiversity and their services focused on more diversified mesic landscapes, there is a dearth of such research -
Impact of Agricultural Expansion on Water Footprint in the Amazon Under Climate Change Scenarios
Science of the Total Environment 569–570 (2016) 1159–1173 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Impact of agricultural expansion on water footprint in the Amazon under climate change scenarios Laura Miguel Ayala a,⁎, Michiel van Eupen a, Guoping Zhang b, Marta Pérez-Soba a, Lucieta G. Martorano c, Leila S. Lisboa d, Norma E. Beltrao e a Alterra Wageningen University and Research Centre Alterra Wageningen University and Research, , Wageningen Campus, Building 101, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands b Water Footprint Network, International Water House, Bezuidenhoutseweg 2, 2594 AV, The Hague, The Netherlands c Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n° Caixa Postal, 48, CEP 66.095-100 Belém, Brazil d Esalq-São Paulo University, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 - Cx. Postal 9, Piracicaba CEP 13418-900, São Paulo, Brazil e University of Pará State, University of Para State – UEPA, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro 2626, CEP 66095-100 Belém, Brazil HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Agricultural expansion entails potential environmental impacts in nearby river basins. • Water Footprint Assessment analyses present & future watershed sustainabil- ity. • Green Water Scarcity: useful sustain- ability indicator accounting protection status. • Future soybean production impacts en- vironment beyond sustainability limits. article info abstract Article history: Agricultural expansion and intensification are main drivers of land-use change in Brazil. Soybean is the major Received 27 April 2016 crop under expansion in the area. Soybean production involves large amounts of water and fertiliser that act Received in revised form 23 June 2016 as sources of contamination with potentially negative impacts on adjacent water bodies. -
Green Revolution Andhra Pradesh
Agriculture intensification population growth and cropland expansion: evidence from post- Green Revolution Andhra Pradesh Amarendra Pratap Singh1 and K Narayanan2 Abstract Increasing food demand due to rising population and urban growth may distort earth’s natural landscape unless technology driven intensification helps to spare land for alternative activities. Technological intervention in agriculture has not only increased agricultural yield which reflects land saving aspect of technology but it has also reduced fallow period substantially to increase effective supply of land which mirrors land augmenting aspect of technology. Here, we examine the impact of these two aspects of technology on cropland expansion for Andhra Pradesh using district level data over the period 1970-2009. Along with it, we also investigate the impact of growth in population, urban population and literate population on cropland expansion. We use a regression model based on the IPAT framework to measure the relative impact of affluence, population and technology on resource use. Results reject land sparing hypothesis in the state since the inception of new technology. However, population pressure on cropland seem to have declined. Other important result highlights the negative impact of urban growth on cropland expansion which implies that loss of prime cropland due to urban expansion cannot be refuted. Keywords: Land sparing, Land augmentation, Land saving, Jevons’ Paradox. 1. Introduction Population driven cropland expansion has been a major driver of land use change both at global as well as regional level (Ramankutty et al. 2002). Population-cropland debate goes back to Malthus (1798) who predicted that carrying capacity of earth is limited to satiate food demand of increasing human population.3 While Malthusian prediction has not been materialized yet; questions regarding feeding more and wealthier people using limited land resource are still 1 PhD Student, Department of humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay.