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Home , Beef cattle, Texas Longhorn

Unit 5 Te Industry

OBJECTIVES KEY WORDS ¾ Discuss the history of the bovine industry and its role today. ¾ Identify major breeds of beef cattle and castrate their characteristics. composite breed ¾ Identify factors to consider when cow selecting beef cattle for a specific crossbred purpose. heat tolerance ¾ Discuss the phases of beef production. heifer polled ¾ Locate the parts of a beef animal. purebred ¾ Determine the consumer products roan derived from beef cattle. steer 63 64 Introduction to Agriscience PhotoDisc Image industry. the of beef needs cattle of the changed. appearance Today, to suit the changing cattle have developed modern been they burden of were well. As as domesticated, beasts as but source, they serve afood as used been role intheCattle only mankind. development of have have Not they an played important always History Cattle Beef are and cost wise f e ective. products beef of to ensure industry the beef purchases about to possible much know as consumers, as it is important Forproducer’s animals. quality cattle and breeds select to the on identify ability income depends Abeef statesproducing and Oklahoma. for cattle are California and , Kansas, Nebraska, T Heritage Center Photo as cattle. as areas thegrassy of plains were animals well suited such for grazing into the Great Plains during the nineteenth century. Tevast the to United as develop States began expanded industry Te beef rather animals, work today. is than as done raising them for beef Europe and the British them Tesettlers primarily as Isles. used Cattle were first brought America by to early North settlers from e beef cattle industry contributes cattle industry moree beef than to $44billion the national economy. Tetop also known as known as also is Teword the Bos genus name the for cattleknown as type. skin. are Tey also and loose ears, droopy a humpover the neck, are from this to adapted species climates.descended hot have Tey Te are climates to adapted cooler and tend to nature. have adocile the such Angus as and thecattle Hereford. breeds, breeds Tese and are called species two Tese cattle. wild of species two from cattle during the are StoneAsia Modern descended Age. thatIt is cattle believed were first domesticated inEurope and Bos indicus Bos indicus bovine species comes from . Cattle that breeds comes from are India. species . Te drives were discontinued. the available, cattlerefrigerated trucks) became refrigerated intrainsAs transport (and later range to the market where they were then sold. Cattle werecattle drives. brought from the consumer markets. Tis gave to rise the great another. Cattle slaughtered had to be near the from area one transported the of to country wayno to keep being fresh it was while Before the invention refrigeration, of there was Bos taurus . species produced European-style European-style produced species Jupiter Images Bos taurus

Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 65 assistant. Placement SAE IDEA Work as a beef feedlotWork inkstock Photos inkstock T

Bos indicus Bos and and Bos taurus Bos MAD COW DISEASE COW MAD , naturally without horns. without Each breed has , naturally , a mixture of colors. Some horned, a mixture breeds are polled roan while others are are while others cient growth. leanness e and fcient of meat their for States United the particular by colors or characterized breed is each Typically one or two Some have solidcharacteristics. may colors while other be breeds may ree breeds dominated the United States in the mid-1900s—the in the States United the breeds dominated Tree Angus, . and exist these Although Hereford, breeds still for demand As joined them. America’s breeds have other today, Charolais, Te introduced. were breeds exotic more grew, meat leaner to breeds brought a few Limousin, Maine and Simmental, are Anjou Major Breeds

disease practice bone and of the using from meat among animals’ cattle was in the meal spread diet. eradicate Te exactbeen to actions cause taken have disease of the Strong known. not yet is disease Canada and in isolated cow In disease 2003, mad Britain. the U.S. appeared in the in Great does it not that become a widespread ensure to measures stringent takes USDA the cases. However, problem. Mad disease cow a fatal (bovine nervous disease spongiform system central encephelopathy), of the the believe in 1986. Scientists Kingdom that United in the in cattle, in cattle was identified first Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn breeds were predominant in the in the Angus, predominant Shorthorn and breeds were Hereford, raised 40 breeds of cattle beef the for than more are there past. Today of these Many breeds combine industry. oftypes both. use best make of the characteristics to of cattle that better meet this need. Newer breeds that produce a leaner carcass produce a leaner need. meet this Newer breeds that better that breeders will cattle In addition, raised commonly today. more are in production meet conditions. changes breeds to improve to continue example, typesFor in the change a drastic of feed could make available typesother raising to of cattle. switch beneficial to more it the South Midwest. and the Because of grazing areas used of crops abundance an land and of large to cattle. raising best to suited are these in areas feedproduce cattle, conditions the for developed past have In the beef. 40 years, leaner for a desire consumers been developed have breeds of cattle Because erent dif of this, many Cattle are raised all across the United States, but the modern cattle industry is concentrated in modern States, the but industry cattle raised concentrated United is the across all are Cattle characteristics that make them desirable breeds, them other over such make that characteristics 66 Introduction to Agriscience breed formed from two or more or is breeds established considered from two a formed breed to be and Brahman A the resulted Shorthorn Hereford Gertrudis. Across inthe between Santa breeds. is breed acombination TeBeefmaster to the the of and Brahman, . develop Shorthorn, Texas,such as meat and provide quality. superior aresult, the Brahman As and Angus were crossed the United that for abreed Tere States. withstand need would was the heat southern states, of to characteristics in develop the desirable began breeds eachOnce learned new breeders of breed, with which is mostly cattle. the USDA hide, black Angus-type on definition cattleBeef, producers have to Angus started incorporate genetics into their herds to leading cattle the for programs firstthan Angus Certified step such As as cattle with inqualifying other hides. color once characteristic Cattle to with tend color mostly hide black all to black. not if at sell ahigher price market’s toDue the beef desire for black-hided many cattle, have colors breed changed from their its its few. the Angus is excellent known For for its example, meat quality, the Brahman while is known for meatas quality, ability, milking fertility, heat and disposition, to tolerance, growthciency f name e a ACA-AJA Photo American Angus Association Photo heat tolerance heat or ability to withstand ability or hotter climates. Angus Kansas City,Kansas Missouri. in is located (Chimaine). TeChianina Association (Chiangus), Herefords (Chiford), and Maine-Anjous Chianinas with are Angus crossed cattle sometimes Today, many Chianinas are incolor. black found to be switch, tail tongue, palate, and around nose, eyes. its originallywas white with pigmentation black on and TeChianina meat for draft production. used toback pre-Roman empire, they were originally and inthe dating breeds world the of one oldest As after the (pronounced Kee-a-nee-na) Valley. originated breed Tis named inItaly horned and was Chianina inmany desired are hides breeds. black becoming cattleblack with the Angus and meat high quality, associate many people Because a moderate frame. excellentits meat quality. with breed Tis is apolled with along color black Angus is solid known for its the the Te of breed. visibility black increased has cattle to Angus due Certified Beef marketingf e orts. the Angus is the most widely beef known of breed Today, Scottish traced to back breeds. two be can the of Te origin Angus is breed unknown, but it composite breedcomposite . Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 67 a large-framed, heavy-muscled breed. Charolais have a large-framed, heavy-muscled have breed. Charolais nose, the to ears, inner color and light pigmentation noted is bodyother Ranch cavities. Te King in Texas United the to importingfor Charolais first the Charolais International American the States. Today, Association located is Texas. in Houston, ranging from 38 to 43 inches.38 to ranging from Shorthorn Te Shorthorn northern was from and England is county in which called the often after a Durham Shorthorn the though can be Even originated. it of hair (mixture roan white, and of red variations horned Tis common. most or polledcolor) the is breed used was originally both for meat milk and good considered are production, females the and associations both for are the there mothers. Today, the and Shorthorn. Charolais was and in central breed originated Tis developed as a dual-purpose breed milk for and typically is or white production.meat Te Charolais in color can and -white beof polled or horned. is It Hereford was and in England originated Te Horned Hereford 3,000 than more weighing larger, much originally A farmer in Iowa developedpounds, today. is it than breeding by Horned Herefords Hereford Polled the failed Hereford develop the that horns. to Physically (polled face may and a white or with horned) red is neck, on the white underline,also legs, have tail and Te in size, moderate docile is It hardy. and switch. mucous the to has very pigmentation little Hereford susceptible more them make membranes, may which eye diseases.to Association Hereford Te American includes both polled horned and cattle. developed breed was genetically Te Mini Hereford bloodlines. use the Hereford ofwith dwarf-free Tis breed looks in a typical smaller just like Hereford, be frame the is classified as miniature, frame size. To Herefords Miniature most hipwith the at measured Photo provided Photo American-International Charolais Association Photo Association Charolais American-International inkstock Photos inkstock T Mini Hereford Jupiter Images Jupiter 68 Introduction to Agriscience DeRouchey Cattle Company Photo Jupiter Images North AmericanNorth Limousin Foundation Photo Futures Career Career Bright Bright Farm Labor Contractors Farm Labor Workers,Production All Other Animal Scientists Farm Managers and Ranch For more information visit, O*Net Online www.onetonline.org O*Net Online create meat-producing arugged, TeMaine- breed. to combined breeds two Tese and breeds. Mancelle the Shorthorn across between as developed was Originating from Brittany, France, the Maine-Anjou Anjou Maine animal. a draft and as for and milk meat production originally used were Tey polled. or horned Simmentals be can face. incolor, solid black, have or be can whitealso the on patterns; found with color however, these be they Today, around eyes. its red spots Simmentals still can withspotted, awhite , head, and and belly first introduced, light yellow, was the color red, or originated, the Valley Simme inSwitzerland. When name from gets its Te Simmental breed where it Simmental programs. research cattle intheir Limousin beef use colleges and having leanness carcass large Many areas. loin is Tebreed noted for black. solid be Limousins can Current and muzzle. day aroundbuckskin their legs to light fading color ared-gold cattle are typically Limousin name. which its is how the gained breed inFrance near Limoges, developed Tis was breed Limousin meat. marbling inthe with breed good It is adocile horned. or polled be andit can black is often found solid Today, white with spots. some red black, or cherry and Anjou. ItBrittany: originally adark Maine was provinces after named Anjou was two that border Graders and Sorters, Agricultural and Sorters, Graders Veterinary Technologists and Products Technicians Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 69 e Santa Gertrudis was developed in Texas at the the at Te Santa Gertrudis was developed in Texas Ranch, a breedKing for was that which in search insects and climates while harsh the could withstand be to a 3/8 Brahman, productive. is It continuing can and be 5/8 Shorthorn blend, deep in color, red horned breed adaptable and or polled. to a hardy is It environments. many be 5/8 Angus, polled, 3/8 Brahman, black. and Te than less prominent slightly hump on is a Brangus animals. Te on many apparent is but a Brahman wasBrangus developed of the combine many to Brahman and of Angus an desirable characteristics one breed. into between cross Te Beefmaster another breeds. is between a cross is it Developed in south Texas, Shorthorn (1/4), (1/2) Brahman (1/4), and Hereford color Beefmaster for no standard is cattle. Tere typically breed is or this cattle, dun color. but red and lower set on a Beefmaster slightly Te ears are are females breed the and drooped. a hardy Tey are good milkers. Santa Gertrudis Brahman In India, used only are drafting. milk and for cattle India, from breeds of cattle wasIt with , and was Brahman developed the Indies that the in West by characterized are cattle States. Brahman United shoulders, their hump over droopy ears, large the sloped loose and rump, breed can Tis be skin. a black, Brahmans red. and variety of shades of gray, unpredictable an are and have temperament some to diseases resistant as such tick genetically fever. Brangus wasTe Brangus as developed States United in the between breeds.a cross Brahman and Angus the the with be to a Brangus for registered In order Association, Breeders Brangus American must it Santa Gertrudis Breeders International Photo International Breeders Santa Gertrudis Beefmaster Breeders United Photo United Breeders Beefmaster Jupiter Images Jupiter Jupiter Images Jupiter 70 Introduction to Agriscience be castrated, which thenbe turns into the malecalf a young immatureyoung female. the aproducer If will not breeder plans to the stock, for bull breeding raise Jupiter Images castrate birth tobirth acalf, she is a then called beef animal is born, it is called a it animal is is called born, beef matter termsNo certain breed, remain the beef consistent industry. throughout the When beef a preserving them acultural as preserving and historical species. for cattle asanctuary as by Congress established Terefuge, in1901,serves inOklahoma. Refuge deer, and the white-tailed Americanas bison is protected at on the WichitaMountains Wildlife legislation, by federal the Texas the only supported breed As with along animals Longhorn, such the demand for Texas hides, the colorful greater. cattle never been has Longhorn there were 2,500inthe United about Today, States. the meat of high-quality and largely because the of one few of the remaining purchase and preservation the herds In early 1960s, Longhorns. of until to they fade werehorns for began the grant on extinction. of brink 1927,afederal allowed In After the Civil War, to prefer cattle breeders began andcattle, the European-style demand for Long resistance and harsh conditions. to diseases strongUnited endurance developed Tebreed and States. bred naturally inMexico and the the of southwestern parts more than 500years ago by the Spanish. For centuries, they traced to cattle be the brought of origin can breed to is the only naturally breed Te America. to adapted North rather almost bred it into was nonexistence. TeLonghorn slaughtered not was thealo, Longhorn f bu and hunted, but West, However,the Old out. once nearly was wiped unlike the Like thealo, Texas thef bu aromantic Longhorn, of symbol , or remove its testicles. If the purpose of the calf is the of for slaughter, calf remove, or testicles. the If its purpose the animal will most likely — SURVIVAL OF A SYMBOL LONGHORN TEXAS THE calf cow is calf is. Tis either calf a . hide due to due hide the red color. growth, having traits calving while and easy acooler meat its quality, of quickthe Angus Red because Many inwarmer breeders climatesred hides. prefer however,black; arecessive the gene carries breed for the TeAngus is black-hided breed primarily Angus. AngusTe Red shares many traits as the of same Angus Red steer . If aheifer. If is kept stock breeding and gives as bull , young uncastrated male, or a or uncastrated, young male, Jupiter Images heifer - , Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 71

field trip. Exploratory Plan and implement implement and Plan a hands-on a hands-on livestock SAE IDEA and carcass quality. Each breed also has carcassand performance quality. should weaning including be considered that traits reproductive and rate, growth weight, carcass quality, ability. For any specific be any For purpose, breeds may erent dif useful are that for that traits emphasize that available purpose. Examples a beef for traits of such animal soundness,include frame size, structural muscling, inkstock Photos inkstock T should feel comfortable with the breed of cattle selected. Factors that may influence personal influence should comfortable may feel selected. breed of cattle the that with Factors include horned requirements. or polled,preference management and temperament, inkstock Photos inkstock T factors Such conditions. and include heat erent in dif thrive adapted to are breeds of cattle Dierent f disease and Te producer foraging and parasite resistance. and ability, cold feed tolerance, preference breed. Some breeds, such as the Dexter, are used are as a dual-purposebreed. Some breeds, as Dexter, such the used production). breedsbreed are meat (milk and Other for beef breeding operation. productioncommercial or a purebred preference. Tese factors should bepreference. understood prioritized. and should ask cattle of producers themselves, all, “How the will First purposes.beerent raise di f for used?” cattle For may Producers raised Longhorn often as is a hobby or novelty example, Texas the Selecting Beef Cattle as almost is produce decision of breedwhich to producer’s Te cattle business. cattle the Before important enter decision to as initial the as such the factors consider, to many are cattle, there purchasing use, personal and tolerance, intended performance, environmental 72 Introduction to Agriscience have the characteristics they desire. fdi erent may climates, and some grow faster than Tis others. provides producers with animals that characteristics. animals For have instance, some are asmaller larger or to some adapted frame, spring isthef o considered a an such Angus and Hereford as breeds, are two If bred, the original within breed bloodlines. its Hock a few. by thepurchased consumer. brisket, to the found on and tailhead, ribs, name be can Indicators fat of the quarter,include loin, shoulder, provides meat cutsof parts these of Each brisket, and ribs. animal for meat production abeef on most important is to producemeat Teparts instead milk. of however, animal parts; cattle similar intheir are abeef body on the cattle very focus and dairy Beef Animal ofaBeef Parts A purebred A production. of is operation the first phase Purebred Operations operation. producers may may stocker only or acow-calf on some focus implement while more than phase, one purebred, production: Tere cow-calf, beef of stocker, are four major phases Some and feedlot. ofProduction Phases Qua Ta ilhead Stifl rt er e Hook s Rump La st ri (13th) crossbred Hind flan Sheat b Underline Hoof h Loin k Ribs ferent. Di will breeds produce animals withf di erent Bo Back dy De Cannon Fo wcla reflan El w bo bo k w ne purebred Cr op Neck animal is that one only has Po Pa Kne Fo ll ster rear e Briske n m De t wlap Shoulde Fa Mu ce r zz le Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 73

in the summer. in the Purchase stocker Purchase in the winter or grass winter in the SAE IDEA calves for wheat pasture pasture calves wheat for Entrepreneurship USDA-ARS Photo USDA-ARS need bull for every one mature 30 cows. 25 to Cow-calf operators who use a pasture-breeding will system then send them to slaughter. Te beef typically animal spends about slaughter. to send them then for ready old is it when feedlot24 months the 18 to at is and 120 days slaughter. be sold a feedlot. to phase final the Feedlot before are operations fed a is animal the time, During this slaughter. sent to is animal the or fat on correct the finish designed the put is to that high-grain diet operations. Te animals automated Feedlots large, animal. often are as eat. will fed and they ration as penned of the much are together and quality of meat the improve to animals the fatten to Te goal is Feedlot Operations weight, will and it maturity f a su cient has reached animal the When e goal of a stocker operation is to allow the animal to mature to a point where it is heavy is it a point to where mature to animal allow the to operation is Te goal of a stocker grow. beenough to sold so next phase the its growing body to of production. needs stop Te animal can to feedlot. sending the weaned to calves directly toward a trend is Tere desired way. fat in the store possible it bypass make weight to allow be a calf Production to a heavier weaned methods that at phaseof production. stocker the Stocker Operations weaned purchases Te next phase calves of Te stocker operation. beef stocker production the is raised a cow-calf Te calves operation. whilefrom on are or several forage for they range months pounds. weaning, Prior dehorn, to castrate, will operator the branding tags). or calves ear the (with mark and accentuate the traits he or she desires. Each year, the cows are are cows the he desires. or traits she the Eachyear, accentuate short period, a relatively sobred calve all will within they spring. or early Te calves are winter late during the usually weaning age, which until mothers their with on pasture kept Duringmonths. fall eight about occurs in the usually at to six of about 500 a weight 300 to to calves the grow time, this A cow-calf operation produces the calves that will be will calves grown A cow-calf operation produces that the soldand of cows a breeding beef. for herd keeps Te operator sometimes bulls. one bulland are and or more Te cows further breeds, to producer allow which the oferent dif Cow-calf Operations 74 Introduction to Agriscience floor wax. floor upholstery, paints, and glue, softeners, fabric shaving cream, insecticides, toothpaste, crayons, candles, leather goods, china, bone include Other examples by-products. beef are rawhide chews, such often as from made toys, Pet and pet by-product. foods a beef is using made forPhotographic film cameras and shampoo. soaps, found incosmetics, is commonly fat, which is from derived beef Stearic acid, by-products. fromderived beef items ingredients Many household use Items Household life. ineveryday people areitems benefiting by-products to pharmaceuticals, beef From 99 percent animal is used. household the of beef by-products, the of for many beef uses read.you Because and the magazines thethe fluidsincars, inroads, asphalt are inthe walls also around by-products you, Beef for beef. may what’s be Beef for dinner, but that’s the not only use Consumer Products yogurt, head cheese, gelatin, cookies, and shortening. gelatin, cheese, head cookies, yogurt, casings, areother mayonnaise, sausage examples marshmallows, an ingredient. Some as by-product chewing abeef gum, often use counter. candy, such as ice cream, and Other shortening, foods, at meat are the grocery Tese sold . tongue variety are called hamburgers. suchground as Teliver, for uses and kidneys, heart, meat of provides cutswhich avariety are sometimes Beef products. but there by- its or that are beef of make many goods use edible You may think only hamburger of or when think you beef, of Goods Edible whitener for paper,cement blocks, and drywall. textiles, for plastics, molds for magazines, gloss high asphalt, and waxes, hydraulic polishes brake car fluid, fertilizers, and printing inkare items inindustry. just afew these of include Additional used examples You cleaners, inthem. that Lubricants, by-products at the have products amazed beef might be and Industry (liver, etc.) tongue, Variety Meats Variety (, roast, etc.) Products and By-Products From Cattle By-Products and Products Beef Retail Tinkstock Photos By-Products Edible SAE IDEA Survey homes in your inyour homes Survey determine awareness of the use of animal of theof use community tocommunity by-products. Research Pharmaceuticals By-Products Inedible

Unit 5 Te Beef Cattle Industry 75 Stew MeatStew * Steak Roast Round* Steak Top Round Round Top Round Tip Tip Round Rump Eye Round Round Eye Roast Steaks Tri-tip Tri-tip Sirloin Top Flank Hindshank* Steak T-bone Loin Short Porterhouse Plate Rib Rib Roast Back Ribs Ribeye Steak Shank* used for treating diabetes or high diabetes bloodused treating sugar for in foodaids digestion blood helps that a coagulant clot B- complex deficiencies usedsupplement prevent to used making anti-rejection drugs and treating drugsused treating and anti-rejection making hemophilia of healing skin promotes used in plastic surgery low bloodused treating for sugar (blood blood anticoagulant an used thinner) treat to clots

Wholesaleand Retail Cuts

Brisket Chuck Pot RoastPot chymotrypsin collagen glucagon heparin insulin pancreatin thrombin vitamin B-12 blood factors

• • • • • • • • •

PRODUCTS PHARMACEUTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL Although beefAlthough important is it its and use resource, by-products a renewable to as of the much are As waste. as reduce a animal possible maximum to and economic the animal the get valuefrom to you purchase. using and of all what wisely purchasing in waste you can also prevent consumer, Pharmaceuticals medicinesMany use beef hormones cattle other and by-products. Some they common ways therapies, agents, treatments, wound cleansing anemia used replacement are include thyroid suppositories, pill and coatings. 76 Introduction to Agriscience 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Review Unit for profit. for consumers meat quality raising product healthy while tocommon goal livestock produceagood cattle producers matter have No area. beef to inaparticular operated, a specialize the phase choose however, cattle production; producer to beef of may engage more or in one choose phases may some takenother into factors consideration heat such as tolerance, disposition, and growthciency.f e A producer’s there cattle are breeds to produceameat raised are product, Whileall beef desires. pharmaceuticals such as Tere and cosmeticproducts are supplies. to breeds of avariety suit a other the well of consumer as as the valuable source, cattle needs fulfill by providing afood beef cattle have greatly beef of Te uses changed since they were Today, first brought America. to North Summary Unit 14. 13. 12.

Explain each of the phases of beef cattle production. beef of each the of phases Explain animal?What are abeef on eight the of main parts State acattle producer five may factors cattle. take into consideration beef when selecting What is thef di erence aheifer and acow? between Name three that breeds are acrossbred the using Brahman breed. What are color many cattle of breeds today? cattle. forbeef five of breeds description Give aphysical acompositebreed. of Give an example What for cattle drives? brought the need about Why were cattle first brought America by to early North settlers? What is thef di erence between What uses has the medical industry had for cattle? industry the has What medical uses cattle by-products? and used manufacturing industry has How What are items three household from made cattle? Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle?