January – December 2016, Vol. 18, No. 1

WHAT IS THE LANGUAGE OF THE AR TIC LE HOLY SCRIPTURE Of SIKHISM?

ABSTRACT Prof Devinder Singh Chahal, PhD Institute for Understanding Sikhism Sikh theologians, linguists, researchers and writers ac- cept that the verses (bani) found in the holy scripture of Laval, Quebec, H7W 5L9 Sikhism contain many languages: , Sehskrit, Email: [email protected] Prakrit, Persian, and Apabrahmsa, which includes Sant Bhasha, Braj, Punjabi, , Gujrati, Bengali, Bihari, INTRODUCTION etc. This paper will discover the accurate name of the S language used by Sufis, Bhagats, Guru Nanak and Sikh . Pothi ” b G Aj Gurus, whose bani were included in the holy scripture . Sb S now called “Aad ” A G” b A G” . I (b) G T B G I A G”. L S G G G G Sb (AGGS). T S Sb”, S G G Sb ”’2, S b b S, b S G G b C (SGC), A, b A S G b () 2 . G Sb ”. , I S, C, , A G T b AGGS G Sb” SGC : • x Sri b , b M SGC Wb x b G Ji x AGGS : jb, , S, Sahib . T , A G G Sb, bb Bj, . • AGGS, b . T N W E 5 B Bj, jb, Kb, S . •T E B This paper was prepared for the World Punjabi Sammelan AGGS jb , M, to be held at Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering , Ab . College Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab on February 5-6, 2016 •A Wb jb, S, S, by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Am- M, Gj . I Ab ritsar. It was postponed second time and was announced b B D . to be held on June 26-27, 2016. It was again postponed • S jb, S, Gj, third time to be held positively on September 25-26, 2016 M, , B, O, B, A, . at Anadpur Sahib. Originally this conference was to be Ab BCE. held on October 23-24, 2015. Keeping in view the uncer- • S, S I, USA, tainty this paper is being reproduced in the Understanding AGGS: S B, Sikhism: The Research Journal for the readers interested jb, Bj, S, F () L (x to know about the origin of and its use , M, ). T b in the Aad Guru Granth Sahib . S F L fl

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M S m Amg mx S, , A 400 BCE, , gg . I gg g w H. gmm m S c g m • S Sg c Ac, w , y m , Amg mc gg w gg m gg gg, m AGGS gmm wc w p y I- w vp my S [10]. Ay .[1] p p c •cp S Sg m [11] A gvg gmmc m I 500 BCE y pc g ,995 m w m.[14] gg m mw ‘S ’. T gg p y I Tv Bm, w w gg, pp w m gc gg [15]. S c. (p 86) m ‘’, vc Nv, m gg w gmm. gg wc -c THE ORIGIN OF THE PUNJABI Ag V w w – p gg LANGUAGE AND ITS -c , S . Dg p A EXPANSION IN INDIA pg c G, (/-) Am S g v gg ‘Vc S’ ‘O p w -w gg S’ gg wc I. I T, Apm, g w p fi gmm w g T p, vc gg, g m w m ‘Cc S’. g T pc wc g m O , gg gg. S. B cg p y pp, ‘’, w My Bm m gg AGGS mp w-g y m g gg, S. I w gg p y c y mg ‘Apm’, m p , C x pp I cp - c w 5 cy CE w gg. T y p pc fiv v w m S pg cmpy c cc, g gg p y p g I mg g pp w c . Ep gg. I T Bm, m gg vp T gg , C [12] pp, The v I- m S. Origin of the Punjabi Language , Ay. I p c ppg, c gy V S c v v cm I w g cg w w p gg, p gg pp () ff c. T vp , y I. m g pp - Ay mg m A 500 BCE Mv p () 4,000 1,000 BCE. Ty cm m m g g. T I cg C A w yg c g m c ff gg. (I) wy , ‘Agm’ (c), wc g , . A gg c Tirthankara . O , S g vp mx T c v v cg I-Ep gg, G, Samavasarana (v pcg m gg gg , Dv - ) c Shrut Jnana wc Sfi, g c gg M-D cmp v angas S G w w. S cv. T g m purvas. T c gg, vp y c y Ganadharas (c I-Ay fiv cp), cmp v, , y. T wv angas (pm). T w m gg wc v Agm fi V, g, w w. w w w gg page 22 IUSCANADA.COM January – December 2016, Vol. 18, No. 1

THE LANGUAGE USED BY Kabir (1398-1495) from indicates that Punjabi as ell SUFIS, BHAGATS, GURU Varanasi (Banaras), Uttar established around Holy Ganges in NANAK AND SIKH GURUS Pradesh Uar Pradesh. Let us examine some bani (it is used ॥ ਐਸਾ ਤ ਜਗੁ ਭਰਿਮ ਲਾਇਆ both in singular and plural form) of Bhagat Ravi Das (1450-1520) Aisā ṯaiʼn jag bẖaram lā▫i▫. Muslim Sufis, bhagats, Guru Nanak also from Varanasi (Banaras), and other Sikh Gurus, to find the ਕੈਸੇ ਬੂਝੈ ਜਬ ਮੋਿਹਆ ਹੈ ਮਾਇਆ Uttar Pradesh language used by them in their ॥ ॥ ॥ ॥ rings. ੧ ਰਹਾਉ ਿਕਆ ਤੂ ਸੋਇਆ ਜਾਗੁ ਇਆਨਾ Kaise būjẖai jab mohi▫ā hai mā▫i▫ā. Ki▫ā ṯū so▫i▫ā jāg i▫ānā.

||1|| rahā▫o. ॥ ॥ The language used by the Muslim Sufi ਤੈ ਜੀਵਨੁ ਜਿਗ ਸਚੁ ਕਿਰ ਜਾਨਾ ੧ th AGGS, Kabir, p 92. Sheikh Farid of the 12 century from ou a ny ave mle e ॥ Punjab and Kabir (Muslim or Hindu?) ਰਹਾਉ th worl, o eeply n oub. of the14 century from Varanasi Ŧai jīan jag sacẖ kar jānā. ||1|| How coul people uneran ou, (anaras), Uar Pradesh is ery rahā▫o. a ny o, similarly to that Punjabi language AGGS, hagat i Das, p 794. Wen ey are enrance by Maya spoken in the Punjab currently. Wy are you aleep? Wake up, you lluon? nnocen beng ॥ Don’ beleve a lfe n e worl Sheikh Farid (1175-1265 CE) from ਜ$ ਿਤਸੁ ਭਾਵੈ ਤਾ ਲਾਗੈ ਭਾਉ forever. ||1||Pause|| Punjab Jāʼn ṯis bẖā ṯā lāgai bẖā▫o. Here again, the language used by Sufi Sheikh Farid’s father came from ॥ Persia and seled in the Pakpaan, ਭਰਮੁ ਭੁਲਾਵਾ ਿਵਚਹੁ ਜਾਇ hagat Raidas is similar to that of Punjab and at that me Punjabi as ẖaram bẖulāā icẖahu jā▫e. current Panjabi. His folloers are in ell established as spoken language ॥ the Punjab, Uar Pradesh, Rajasthan ਉਪਜੈ ਸਹਜੁ ਿਗਆਨ ਮਿਤ ਜਾਗੈ and Maharashtra. of the Punjab. Therefore, Sufi Sheikh Upjai sahj gi▫ān maṯ jāgai. Farid adopted the Punjabi language ॥ ॥ to spread his message to the people ਗੁਰ ਪ%ਸਾਿਦ ਅੰਤਿਰ ਿਲਵ ਲਾਗੈ ੩ Dhanna (1415-?) Rajasthan of the area. For example, Gur parsāḏ anṯar li lāgai. ||3|| ਿਗਆਨ ਪ%ਵੇਸੁ ਗੁਰਿਹ ਧਨੁ ਦੀਆ ਿਧਆਨੁ AGGS, Kabir, p 92. ॥ ॥ pleae a ny o, o ਮਾਨੁ ਮਨ ਏਕ ਮਏ ਪਰਵਦਗਾਰ ਅਪਾਰ ਅਗਮ ਬੇਅੰਤ ਤੂ people embrace e love for a Gi▫ān pares gurėh ḏẖan ḏī▫ā ḏẖi▫ān ḏ ā ā ▫ ṯ ṯū Parvar ag r ap r agam be an . ny o, mān man ek ▫e.

en oub an eluon are ਪ%ੇਮ ਭਗਿਤ ਮਾਨੀ ਸੁਖੁ ਜਾਿਨਆ ਿਤ%ਪਿਤ ॥ ॥ pelle from wn. ਿਜਨਾ ਪਛਾਤਾ ਸਚੁ ਚੁੰਮਾ ਪੈਰ ਮੂੰ ੩ ॥ ॥ Jin ā pac ẖẖāṯā sac ẖ c ẖumm ā pair m ūʼn . Inuve peace an poe well up ਅਘਾਨ+ ਮੁਕਿਤ ਭਏ ੩ ||3|| wn, an e nellec Parem bẖagaṯ mānī sukẖ jāni▫ā awakene. ṯaripaṯ agẖāne mukaṯ bẖa▫e. ||3|| AGGS, Farid, p 488. By e uru’ race, e nner beng AGGS, Dhanna, p 487. ou a ny o are uaner ouce by a ny’ ove. e uru a gven e weal of an Cerer; ||3|| enlgenng w; ou are nfine, unfaomable an raccng meaon, e mn enle The language of these phrases of become one w a ny o. I k e fee an face of oe, wo Sufi (hagat) Kabir are ery similar mbracng evoonal love for a ave recognze e ver-ng – to that of current Punjabi. Although ny o, a ny. he as liing at anaras, center of I ave come o know peace; an ave Hinduism/rahmanism, but he become afie an aae, ਪਰਵਦਗਾਰ parvagar is Persian preferred to rite his bani in I ave been lberae. ||3|| ord but all other ords are from Punjabi so that it could be easily This shos that Dhanna as current Punjabi. understood by the common people preaching his message in Punjabi in

liing in and around anaras. It Rajasthan

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Jai Dev (around 1142-1180) Namdev (1270-1350) from Amg Pk from West Bengal (or Orissa) Maharashtra Bm P. . I , y m f 500 CE, ਸਭੁ ਗੋਿਬੰਦੁ ਹੈ ਸਭੁ ਗੋਿਬੰਦੁ ਹੈ ਗੋਿਬੰਦ ਿਬਨੁ m Pk Pj y ॥ K ਨਹੀ ਕੋਈ P. T m Pk gopis (fm ) Sẖ gḏ ẖ gḏ (P-Pj) f Vrindavana ( m f f), gḏ ī k▫ī. g f Jm gopi Bm y S, ਸੂਤੁ ਏਕੁ ਮਿਣ ਸਤ ਸਹੰਸ ਜੈਸੇ ਓਿਤ ਪੋਿਤ m R. g Sk . ॥ ॥ ॥ AS: ਪ%ਭੁ ਸੋਈ ੧ ਰਹਾਉ xm, ॥ Sūṯ k mṇ ṯ ʼn j ṯ ṯ ਮਨ ਆਿਦ ਗੁਣ ਆਿਦ ਵਖਾਿਣਆ ẖ ▫ī. ||1|| ā▫. Nanak (1469-1539) Punjab M āḏ gṇ āḏ kẖāṇ▫ā. Everything is that Enty God and ॥ ॥ ॥ ਆਖਾ ਜੀਵਾ ਿਵਸਰੈ ਮਿਰ ਜਾਉ ਤੇਰੀ ਦੁਿਬਧਾ ਿਦ%ਸਿਟ ਸੰਮਾਿਨਆ ੧ there is nothing other than that Ākẖā jīvā visrai mar jā▫o. ॥ Enty. ਰਹਾਉ ॥ As one thread can hold hundreds and ਆਖਿਣ ਅਉਖਾ ਸਾਚਾ ਨਾਉ Ŧī ḏḏẖā ḏ mmā▫ā. thousands of beads, so is everything Ākẖaṇ a▫ukẖā sācẖā nā▫o. ||1|| ā▫. in this universe held in order. Describing (knowing/understanding) O mind, by understanding the Ever- AS, Nm, 485. tat nt (od) ie (enigtened Eisng Enty God, the deluded wit wisdom); mind gets balanced . ॥ orgeng t die (a in iusion) AS, J D, 1106. ਪੰਿਡਤੁ ਹੋਇ ਕੈ ਬੇਦੁ ਬਖਾਨ1 (But) t is er difficut to describe T y Pṯ ▫ k ḏ kẖā. (Know/understand) te True Name o Pj. N ॥ ॥ ॥ ਮੂਰਖੁ ਨਾਮਦੇਉ ਰਾਮਿਹ ਜਾਨ1 ੨ ੧ tat nt (od) Pj y Mūkẖ āmḏ▫ āmė jā. AGGS, M 1, p 9. f E f I ||2||1|| 718 Bg O g 12 y Being well-educated Pandat – Guru Angad m m m S religious scholar recites Vedas. 1 2 Sk g ਿਤਨ ਕਉ ਿਕਆ ਉਪਦੇਸੀਐ ਿਜਨ ਗੁਰੁ But foolish Namdev knows only that Pj Pj. 3 ॥ ॥ Enty Ram – God. ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਉ ੧

AS, Nm, 718. Ŧin ▫o ki▫ā upḏesī▫ai jin gur Nānak Trilochan (1267-1335) from ḏe▫o. ||1|| Maharashtra I fm f S Wat teacings can be imparted 1 to ਅੰਿਤ ਕਾਿਲ ਜੋ ਲਛਮੀ ਿਸਮਰੈ ਐਸੀ ਿਚੰਤਾ Sk , K, R D, D, tose 2 wo ae te uru Nanak as ॥ J D, T Nm teir enigtened teacer 3? ਮਿਹ ਜੇ ਮਰੈ Pj k AGGS, M 2, p 150 Aṯ kā j ẖẖmī m ī ẖṯā y f mė j m. Pj mj f I Guru Amar Das ॥ ॥ Rj, M, U 1 2 ਸਰਪ ਜੋਿਨ ਵਿਲ ਵਿਲ ਅਉਤਰੈ ੧ ਨਾਨਕ ਿਜਨ3ਹ ਕਉ ਸਿਤ ਗੁਰੁ ਿਮਿਲਆ S j ▫ṯ. ||1|| P, Bg B 3 4 ॥ At the very last moment, one who 1000 CE 16 y CE, m ਿਤਨ3ਹ ਕਾ ਲੇਖਾ ਿਨਬਿੜਆ thinks of wealth; f Bg R (1420-1540), Nānak jinĥ ka▫o saṯgur mili▫ā ṯinĥ kā And dies in such thoughts, my f Nk lekẖā nibṛi▫ā. || Shall be reincarnated over and over (1469-159). T, Nk ਅਗਗਸ , ਮ: 3 , ਪੰਨਾ 435. Sk again, in the form of serpents. Tose to wom Nanak te true 1 k gg f Pj, AS, T, 526. uru 2 as imparted is piosop; Pj. , Bg T g teir deeds 3 ae been accounted 4

mg Pj or" T Pj m Pk y M. AGGS, M 3, p 435. P, m Pk Jm page 24 IUSCANADA.COM January – December 2016, Vol. 18, No. 1

Guru Arjan (Pretending to meditate but his ਜੈਦੇਵ ਆਇਉ ਤਸ ਸਫੁਟੰ ਭਵ ਭੂਤ ਸਰਬ ॥ intenon is to catch a sh. ਜੋ ਪਾਥਰ ਕਉ ਕਹਤੇ ਦੇਵ ॥ ॥ ॥ He tells lies and covers up his ਗਤੰ ੫ ੧ Jo pāthar ka▫o kahṯe ḏev. falsehood with golden ornamented Jaiḏev ā▫i▫o ṯas safutaʼn bẖav bẖūṯ ॥ ਤਾ ਕੀ ਿਬਰਥਾ ਹੋਵੈ ਸੇਵ (sophiscate wordings. sarb gaṯaʼn. ||5||1|| Ŧā kī birthā hovai sev. AGGS, Jai Dev, p 526. Those who call a stone their god, ॥ epeat the name of that nty ਸਲੋਕ ਸਹਸਿਕ%ਤੀ ਮਹਲ 5 their service to that god is a waste. (Gobind – the God of the arth. He is Slok Sehskri Mahla 5 the source of all the miraculous and

॥ spiritual powers of the Siddhas. ਜੋ ਪਾਥਰ ਕੀ ਪ$ਈ ਪਾਇ ਕਤੰਚ ਮਾਤਾ ਕਤੰਚ ਿਪਤਾ ਕਤੰਚ ਬਿਨਤਾ Jai Dev has openly come to that nty Jo pāthar kī pāʼn▫ī pā▫e. ॥ through hom (that nty all got ਿਬਨ=ਦ ਸੁਤਹ ॥ ॥ salvaon in the past and will get in ਿਤਸ ਕੀ ਘਾਲ ਅਜ$ਈ ਜਾਇ ੧ Kaṯancẖ māṯā kaṯancẖ piṯā kaṯancẖ the present and the future. Ŧis kī gẖāl ajāʼn▫ī jā▫e. ||1|| baniṯā binoḏ suṯah. In the same way, for those who fall at the feet of a stone god, this act is also ਕਤੰਚ ਭ%ਾਤ ਮੀਤ ਿਹਤ ਬੰਧਵ ਕਤੰਚ ਮੋਹ Gatha Language ॥ Harinder Singh, et al.[9] have of no use. ਕੁਟੰਬ>ਤੇ AGGS, M 5, p 1160. reported the following phrase of Kaṯancẖ bẖarāṯ mīṯ hiṯ banḏẖav Guru Arjan as belonging to the Gatha Is there Sanskrit in the Aad kaṯancẖ moh kutamb▫yaṯe. language. In fact, this phrase is also Guru Granth Sahib? very similar to the Sehskri phrases The scholars, who believe that there ਕਤੰਚ ਚਪਲ ਮੋਹਨੀ ਰੂਪੰ ਪੇਖੰਤੇ ਿਤਆਗੰ of Jai Dev, Guru Nanak and Guru are many languages in the AGGS, also ॥ Arjan discussed earlier: ਕਰੋਿਤ believe that the following slokas of 1 Kaṯancẖ cẖapal mohnī rūpaʼn ਗਾਥਾ ਗੂੜ ਅਪਾਰੰ ਸਮਝਣੰ ਿਬਰਲਾ Guru Nanak and Guru Arjan are in pekẖanṯe ṯi▫āgaʼn karoṯ. ॥ Sanskrit. It is a pity that they have ਜਨਹ failed to recognize that these slokas ਰਹੰਤ ਸੰਗ ਭਗਵਾਨ ਿਸਮਰਣ ਨਾਨਕ ਲਬਧੰ Gāthā gūṛ apāraʼn samjẖaṇaʼn birlā have been called Sehskri slokas by ॥ ॥ janah. ਅਚੁਤ ਤਨਹ ੧ Guru Arjan but not as Sanskrit slokas. Rahanṯ sang bẖagvān simraṇ Nānak ਸੰਸਾਰ ਕਾਮ ਤਜਣੰ ਨਾਨਕ ਗੋਿਬੰਦ ਰਮਣੰ Had these slokas been in Sanskrit, labḏẖa▫yaʼn acẖuṯ ṯanah. ||1|| ॥ ॥ Guru Arjan might have named them ਸਾਧ ਸੰਗਮਹ ੧੦ accordingly. Let us examine if the Sansār kām ṯajṇaʼn Nānak gobinḏ following slokas are in Sanskrit or in ramṇaʼn sāḏẖ sangmah. ||10|| er death, associaon with 1 some other language: mother, father, wife, son, brothers, This anecdote is profound and ॥ innite, however, rare are those who ਸਲੋਕ ਸਹਸਿਕ%ਤੀ ਮਹਲ 1 friends, other companions and relaves is nished. can understand Slok Sehskri Mahla 1 They forsake sexual desire and Similarly, the charming pleasures of wealth is also lost. worldly love but praise that nty ॥ ਪਿੜ3ਹ ਪੁਸ;ਕ ਸੰਿਧਆ ਬਾਦੰ But only one’s good deeds and (God in the congregaon of noble Paṛĥ pusṯak sanḏẖi▫ā bāḏaʼn. virtues remain aer death. people. ॥ AGGS, M 5, p 1353. AGGS, M 5, p 1360. ਿਸਲ ਪੂਜਿਸ ਬਗੁਲ ਸਮਾਧੰ Here gatha) means anecdote, Sil pūjas bagul samāḏẖaʼn. ਗਾਥਾ ( Let us examine another story or Prakrit but not a new ॥ ਮੁਿਖ ਝੂਠੁ ਿਬਭੂਖਨ ਸਾਰੰ phrase of Bhagat Jai Dev language other than Sehskrit or Mukẖ jẖūṯẖ bibẖūkẖan sāraʼn. (around 1142-1180?): Sanskrit. AGGS, M 1, p 1353. ਗੋਿਬੰਦ ਗੋਿਬੰਦੇਿਤ ਜਿਪ ਨਰ ਸਕਲ ਿਸਿਧ The Pundit studies the scriptures, says Dr Sahib Singh [16] says that the ॥ his prayers and argues too. ਪਦੰ language of these slokas is Prakrit. He worships stone and sits in a trance Gobinḏ gobinḏeṯ jap nar sakal siḏẖ According to him, Sehskri is pre- like a crane. paḏaʼn. IUSCANADA.COM page 25 UNDSTNDING SIKHISM – The esearch Journal

Sanskrit, i.e. a Prakrit form. On the Pnab and Pakistan Pnab. other hand, Giani Harbans Singh [17] SCIPTS O PUNJABI sas that Sehskri is a mitre of The most important point to be Before the arrial of Islam in the Hindi and Sanskrit. If, according to Dr noced is that Sfi Sheikh arid Pnab, and also before Gr Nanak, Sahib Singh, the langage of the (1175-1265), being a Persian, Pnabi was wrien in arios scripts. Sehskri slokas is Prakrit, the name started to write his bani in Pnabi The oldest scripts sed most were assigned b Panini to the langage abot 300 ears before Gr Nanak either Takri or Landhae or Sharda; that was spoken b the people of (1469-1539). This fact spports the thereaer, the Perso-Arabic scripts Pnab dring the earl me of theor that the people of the Pnab dominated in the Pnab becase of selement of the Indo Arans, then were alread well-ersed in the the langage of the rlers. Now, the Sehskri slokas are in Proto- Pnabi langage before the arrial een the oman is becoming Pnabi (old Pnabi), not in Sanskrit. of the the famil of Sfi Sheikh arid common to transliterate Grbani. On Howeer, a carefl eaminaon of arond 1000 CE. It also means it was the other hand, some scholars sa the langage of these stanzas clearl the same Pnabi langage which that is the oldest one, indicates that it resembles er mch was sed b the bhagats of which e rise to other scripts. the Pnabi langage of Gr Nanak aasthan, Uar Pradesh, Howeer, the Grmkhi script and that of the hagats as discssed Maharashtra, and as far East as resemble er mch that of Takri preiosl. Althogh er close to the Bengal (Bangla Desh) and Bihar . rather Denagari or an other script. Pnabi langage, an ecepon is that Addionall, the people of almost a sffi bindi , sonding ‘ing’, has been all of North-Western, Soth- One can easil find ot that how added at the end of certain Pnabi Western and Eastern India were close is the script of Grmkhi sed → → nderstanding, speaking and sing b Gr Nanak with that of Takri words, e, g. ਬਾਦ ਬਾਦੰ, ਸਮਾਧ Pnabi mch before the12 th and p een the matras are also the same. M, → M, → M, th ਸ਼ਮਾਧੰ ਸਾਰ ਸਾਰੰ ਕਤ ਕਤੰ to the beginning of the 17 The other point to be noted is that → → → centr. B and b, Pnabi the modificaon of Takri leers was ਸੰਖ ਸੰਖੰ , ਚਕ% ਚਕ%ੰ , ਿਸਆਮ disappeared from India ecept for in done b Gr Nanak. There is also , etc. The same sstem of the ਿਸਆਮੰ the Pnab of 1947. Now Pnabi is possibilit that frther modificaon addion of bindi is eident in the bani disappearing in Delhi, Harana, might e been done b Gr Angad of Bhagat Jaide (1142-1180 CE?) of Himachal and aasthan. as is general nderstood b the Sikhs Bengal. rom this eaminaon it also and as is being promoted b some becomes er clear that Sanskrit was Persian Phrase of Guru Sikh scholars. It is crstal clear from snthesized from Pnabi b adding a Nanak the aboe research that Gr Nanak sfi, ‘-ing’ at the end of the basic modified to write his ਯਕ ਅਰਜ ਗੁਫਤਮ ਪੇਿਸ ਤੋ ਦਰ ਗੋਸ ਕੁਨ Pnabi words in the earl erses (bani). This research also ॥ deeolpment of Sanskrit and later it ਕਰਤਾਰ reects the concept of some scholars was made more complicated b Yak ara gfṯam pes ṯo ḏar gos kn who think that Gr Nanak did not modifing the spellings of the basic karṯār. write his bani. It is beond an Pnabi words, also eident in some imaginaon that Gr Nanak, the ਹਕਾ ਕਬੀਰ ਕਰੀਮ ਤੂ ਬੇਐਬ ਪਰਵਦਗਾਰ words in these Sehskri slokas. fonder of great philosoph, wold ॥ ॥ ੧ not pt his bani in wring. A crical analsis of the langage of Hakā Kabīr karīm ṯū be▫aib the aboe erses of the bhagats of pararḏagār. ||1|| CONCLUSIONS the Pnab and from places far awa O! The great Creator, please listen Arond 400 BCE Panini, a from the Pnab, clearl indicates to my views about ou (that nty. grammarian, snthesized a new that the langage is er similar to That ou are True, Great, Merciful langage from the spoken langage that of Gr Nanak.. Moreoer, the and without any taint providence of the Pnabi people deeloped langage of Gr Nanak and that of AGGS, M 1, p 721. dring the selement of Indo-Arans the bhagats is also er similar to the This is a perfect eample of the from 4,000 to 1,000 BCE. The new crrent Pnabi langage spoken b Persian langage sed b Gr langage aer adding abot 3,995 the peoples of the Pnab, i. e. India Nanak. grammar rles, was named “Sanskrit” page 26 IUSCANADA.COM January – December 2016, Vol. 18, No. 1 and the spoken language of Punjab et .; that does not mean these are Laval, Quebec: Institute for people was termed as “Prakrit” (not different languages. Howeer, other Understanding Sikhism. adorned with any grammar rules). dialets like ujra, Bengali, and 4. Mansukhani, G.S. Sri Guru Granth Sahib . Available from: http:// Bihari beame more unlike Punjabi sgpc.net/sri-guru-granth-sahib/. While Sanskrit remained the in due ourse of their deelopment . 5. Reesearch Begins Here; Language in language of the elite, the Prakrit One must understand that een the Aggs in New World onnued to deelop on its own. urrent Punjabi is quite different Encyclopedia . When the so-alled Prakrit was used than the Punjabi of uru Nanak’s 6. Adi Granth: The Sikh Scripture , in to write the sared granths of Jainism me. Encyclopedia of Britannica . 7. Languages Used in the Siri Guru and Buddhism, it was named Granth Sahib Ji . Available from: Ardhamagadhi Prakrit and Pali, In fat the language of the Holy http://satnaam.info/2006/01/06/10- respeely. At that me, this Prakrit Sripture (Aad uru ranth Sahib) is languages-used-in-the-siri-guru- was a ommon language in major basially the Punjabi language, granth-sahib-ji/. parts of India exept the southern haing the different dialets and 8. Singh, H., Gurbani Bhasha Te India where languages other than oabulary of many other Vyakaran (Punjabi) . 1997, Patiala: Punjabi Univerity. Prakrit were deeloping. languages. 9. Singh, H., Singh, Jaswant and Singh, Surender Pal Guru Granth Sahib: Sine this Prakrit was deeloped in Punjabi uses two different sripts, Its Languages and Grammar . 2014, the Punjab aer the arrial of Indo- Perso-Arabi and urmukhi. Perso- Bridgewater, New Jersey: The Sikh Aryans therefore, it should be named Arabi is used by Muslims of Research Institue. Proto-Punjabi, aording to Chahal Pakistan, whereas urmukhi is used 10. Singh, S., Gurbani Vyakaran (Punjabi) . 1939, Amritsar: Singh [12]. So this Proto-Punjabi onnued by the Sikhs of India. he Perso- Brothers . to improe and a name, “Punjabi”, Arabi sript is now referred to as 11. Padam, P.S., Punjabi Boli Da Itehas was assigned by the Persians around Shahmukhi. Shahmukhi whih (Punjabi) . 1954, Patiala: Kalam 400 CE. means “from the mouth of the Mandir, Lower Mall. kings” and urmukhi means “from 12. Chahal, D.S., The Origin of the Punjabi was used by the Muslim Sufi, the mouth of the urus”. Punjabi Language , in World Sheikh Farid in the Punjab and by the Punjabi Language Conference . Bhagat, Jai De in Bengal and Bihar ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2016, Shiromani Parbandhak th Committe, Amritsar: Fategarh during the12 entury CE to write he bani in urmukhi sript from Sahib, Punjab. their bani, predang uru Nanak by the Aad uru ranth Sahib and its 13. Panini . Available from: http:// about 300 years. transliteraon into the oman www.answers.com/topic/panini. , was reprodued with 14. Language of Jainism . Available hereaer, the bhagats of the permission from Dr Kulbir Singh from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Bhaga moement and uru Nanak hind from his Web site: Jain_Agamas#Languages_of_Agam as. and the Sikhs urus, started to write www.srigranth.org. Howeer, the 15. Pali . Available from: https:// their bani in the same language, English translaon is by the author. I en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali. Punjabi. am grateful to Mr Jesse Shell, New 16. Singh, S., Sri Guru Granth Sahib ealand for eding the arle to Darpan (Punjabi). Vols 10 . 1972, Bhasha Vibag of the Punjab has improe its representaon for Jallandhar, India: Raj Publishers. shown the resemblane of many English speaking people. 17. Singh, H., Aad Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Punjabi). Vols. 14 . 1988, Punjabi words with those of Prakrit Patiala, India: Gurmat Seva and Pali rather than Sanskrit [18]. REFERENCES Parkashan. hat means the Prakrit should be 1. Singh, S., Aad Bir Barai . 1970, 18. Punjabi Tai Hoor Bhashawan renamed Proto-Punjabi as suggested Amritsar: Singh Brothers. (Punjabi) . 1970, Patiala: Bhasha by Chahal [12]. 2. Singh, T., Sri Guru Granth , in Vibhag. Encyclopedia of Sikhism , H. Singh, here is no doubt that Punjabi has Editor. 1998, Panjabi University: Patiala. p. 250. different dialets, like, Lahndhi, 3. Chahal, D.S., Sabd Guru to Granth Sindhi, Multani, Jhangi, Pothohari Guru - an in Depth Study . 2004,

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