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Te International Legacy of Lehendakari Jose A. Agirre's Conference Papers Series No. 13 Te International Legacy of Lehendakari Jose A. Agirre’s Government Edited by Xabier Irujo and Mari Jose Olaziregi Center for Basque Studies Press University of Nevada, Reno Tis book was published with generous fnancial assistance from the Basque Government Conference Papers Series, No. 13 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2017 by Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover photo: Jose Antonio Agirre Lekube’s speech during Aberri Eguna, Day of the Basque Homeland, 1933 in Maitea Jai-Alai, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. Photo source: Wikimedia Commons, via Fondo Foto Car. Ricardo Martin Book design: Daniel Montero Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Olaziregi, Mari Jose, editor of compilation. | Irujo Amet- zaga, Xabier, editor of compilation. Title: Te international legacy of Lehendakari Jose A. Agirre’s gov- ernment / edited by Mari Jose Olaziregi and Xabier Irujo. Description: Reno, NV : University of Nevada, Reno, [2017] | Series: Conference papers series ; no. 13 | Includes bibliographi- cal references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2017019539 | ISBN 9781935709817 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Aguirre y Lecube, José Antonio de, 1904- 1960--Exile. | País Vasco (Spain)--History--Autonomy and independence movements. | Spain--History--Civil War, 1936-1939--Governments in exile. | Nationalists--Spain--País Vasco--Biography. | Presidents--Spain--País Vasco--Biogra- phy. | Basques--Foreign countries--Biography. | Political refu- gees--Spain--Biography. Classifcation: LCC DP302.B43 A4846 2017 | DDC 946/.6081092 [B] --dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017019539 Contents Foreword Te International Legacy of Lehendakari 1 Agirre’s Government Juan J. Ibarretxe Introduction 1936–2016: Te International Legacy of Lehendakari 7 Jose A. Agirre’s Government Xabier Irujo and Mari Jose Olaziregi Part 1 On the International Dimension of Agirre’s Government, 1936–1960 1 Te Dictatorship that Emerged out of the War 19 Julián Casanova 2 Repression against Loyalist Ofcers 45 in the Basque Country Joan Villarroya 3 Te International Dimension of the 61 Basque Government’s Politics in Exile Xabier Irujo 4 Agirre: A President Hunted by the Dictatorships 81 Nicholas Rankin 5 Agirre in Berlin and How He Was 95 Able to Escape the Gestapo Ingo Niebel 6 Te Vatican and the Basque Government 113 during the War in the Basque Country, 1936–1939 Hilari Raguer I Suñer 7 How the British Administration Kept 141 Franco Neutral in World War II Angel Viñas 8 Transnational Nationalism: Te Basque Exile in 159 Barcelona-Paris-New York (1936–1946) Ludger Mees 9 Agirre’s Goverment and Europe’s 183 Political Construction Leyre Arrieta 10 Basque Fashion in Exile: Creativity and 203 Innovation, from Balenciaga to Rabanne Miren Arzalluz Part 2 Legacy 11 Agirre at the Crossroads 227 Joseba Zulaika 12 Literature and Political Conficts: 251 Te Basque Case Mari Jose Olaziregi 13 Te Growth of the International 279 Legacy of Lehendakari Jose A. Agirre’s Government through Academic Cooperation Andrea Bartoli and Borislava Manojlovic 14 Refections on a Grandfather I Never Met 287 Amaia Agirre About the Contributors 293 Foreword Te International Legacy of Lehendakari Agirre’s Government Juan J. Ibarretxe Jose Antonio Agirre’s frst instruction to the newly formed Basque government back in 1936, right before a few months of work fol- lowed by years of exile, was to get to work: “Todos al trabajo para completar la organización del país y construirlo en instrumento apto de lucha en el frente y ejemplo de civilidad en la retanguardia,” meaning “Everyone get to work, in order to complete the country’s organization and turn it into a tool for fghting on the front, whilst being an example of civility in the rearguard.” And, as we say in Basque, katea ez da eten (the chain is not broken). In fact, both Lehendakari Agirre and I spoke here at Columbia about the very same Basque Country, the country that was presented here in the United States as an example by President John Adams, when the United States Constitution was drafed in 1786:1 “this extraordinary people [Basques] have preserved their ancient language, genius, laws, government, and manners, without innovation, longer than any other nation of Europe.” We are speaking indeed about people at the forefront of Europe. According to the latest European data in relation to the Gini Index in 2012, we occupied the second position afer Sweden in the rank- ing, with an index of 25.3 at the time. Now, in 2016, it is over 27.8. And all of that taking into account that, at the end of the 1970s, the Basque Country was emerging from forty years of dictatorship in which any expression of Basque culture had been repressed. 1. John Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (Philadelphia: Printed for Hall and Sellers, 1787). 2 The International Legacy of Lehendakari Agirre’s Government At the time, we were undergoing a serious economic crisis, with unemployment at around 30 percent and an international image connected with terrorist violence. Despite these circumstances, the Basque Country managed to transform its economy in in a sup- portive way, and is now ranked highly in healthcare, education, and income per capita. Te Human Factor Te history of the Basque Country within the last thirty years has indeed been a story of radical (and successful) transformation. However, the clearest example to understand this social, political, and economic conversion lies in the data relating to human capi- tal: back in the 1980s over 80 percent of the population had only primary studies, and according to the data from the last few years, since 2013, 85 percent of the population has acquired secondary or university studies. Human capital is essential to sustainable development, it is as simple as that. We must build all our eforts on this principle, espe- cially in a world in which the rights and freedom of individuals are at stake, with the migrant crisis in Europe, wars, and shortages of medicines, with more than 70 percent of the world population without social protection and more than 40 percent without any kind of health protection. According to the latest data, 1 percent of the world population, the richest group, owns more wealth than the remaining 99 percent. As Pope Francis recently stated in the Evangelii Gaudium, human rights are not only violated due to the terrorist attacks, but inequality is today the most infuential factor in generating structural human rights violations. It is not only an economic and human disaster, but also an eth- ical disaster, because we currently face a cultural crisis behind the fnancial crisis. A recent linguistic study by Stanford University ofers a clear example of this: by the end of the twenty-frst century, only 500 out of the more than 5,000 languages that exist today will survive. I am at least convinced that the Basque language will be one of those. We speak about universal culture, but what is the real meaning of a universal culture if it is not understood as a collective expression of local cultures? Foreword 3 Roots and Wings Whatever the case, we cannot start to solve any of these questions without some diagnosis. As the philosopher José Ortega y Gasset said, “we do not know what the matter is and that is precisely the matter.” If a physician has no diagnosis for a patient it is very dif- cult to treat that patient, and that is the same rule applies for eco- nomic and political issues. And this is, in fact, the target of Agirre Lehendakaria Center, a University of the Basque Country powered project created in 2013 in collaboration with Columbia University and aimed at provid- ing a better understanding of what is happening, not only in the Basque Country but all around the world. Our work up to now has been focused on relating the economic agenda to the social, cultural, and environmental agendas, looking up at the world to see the Basque Country. What we have learned in the last three years is that to be in a global society, to put our country on the map, you need a local approach. We speak about a polynomic, about this formula for the future: R + D + I + K (Research, development, identity, and culture – with a “k” from kultura, “culture” in Basque). And this can be applied to diferent countries and nations worldwide, not only to the Basque Country. Each one has their own “key” of kultura, and if we do not act with our own “k” the poly- nomic does not work. Identity and innovation are roots and wings for sustainable human development. In our case, to understand the sociopolitical transformation of the Basque Country, we need to take into account the fact that the Basque identity, culture, and lan- guage are at the core of our sustainable human development model. Our motto is thus “the K is the key,” and this is not only the position of the Agirre Lehendakaria Center for the Basque Coun- try; it has been also stated by United Nations, by the Administra- tor of the UN Development Program (UNDP) and former Prime Minister of New Zealand for ten years, Helen Clarke, who says that culture is a vital aspect of human development. Te central question is learning from our own past, roots, and traditions to build the future. And this is a truly important ques- tion in relation to Lehendakari Agirre’s ideas, because we work not only for preserving his legacy, his myth, but also his ideas. In my opinion, if you only vindicate the myth, the symbol, and not the ideas, that means nothing.
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