Die Verb Re Itu Ng Der Vegetation Im Kaghan-Tal (We Sthi Malaya, Pakistan) Und Ihre Kartographische Darstellung Im Massstab 1:150 000

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Die Verb Re Itu Ng Der Vegetation Im Kaghan-Tal (We Sthi Malaya, Pakistan) Und Ihre Kartographische Darstellung Im Massstab 1:150 000 92 Erdkunde Band 48/1994 DIE VERB RE ITU NG DER VEGETATION IM KAGHAN-TAL (WE STHI MALAYA, PAKISTAN) UND IHRE KARTOGRAPHISCHE DARSTELLUNG IM MASSSTAB 1:150 000 Mit 9 Abbildungen, 6 Photos, 1Tabelle und 1 Beilage (III) Udo Schickhoff In the course of evolution of the cultural half of Summary: The distribution of vegetation in the Kaghan landscape the forest areas have been converted to farm- and Valley (Western Himalaya, Pakistan) and its cartographic potential a It is due to the Forest established in representation at scale of 1:150.000 rangeland. Department, that forest areas are from further Since the vegetation map of the Himalayas by Schwein 1864, large being protected and furth was published in 1957 there has been hardly any pro degradation depletion. gress regarding the cartographic representation of the vege tation patterns, especially in theWestern Himalayas. In this region the vegetation map ofKaghan is only the second map 1 Vorbemerkung on a larger scale after the vegetation map of Nanga Parbat was by Troll, which already published in 1939. Die Vegetationsverbreitung imGebirgssystem des The map was within the framework of Kaghan surveyed vor The ist nach wie durch kartographische geoecological studies emphasizing vegetation ecology. Himalaya were on of a schlecht dokumentiert. Daran hat sich vegetation units differentiated the basis Darstellungen seit der von Schweinfurth floristic-sociological typification of the plant communities, Vegetationskarte (1957) which was carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet imMafistab 1:2 Mio., die den damaligen Kenntnis for the first time on the southern of the zur approach declivity stand Vegetationsverbreitung im gesamten Ge West Some flanks and side Himalayan Range. valleys, birgsbogen zusammenfafke und durch ihre weifien which could not be due to the vastness of the area, inspected Felder zur weiteren Forschung aufforderte, wenig were left as white patches. geandert (vgl. Schweinfurth 1981, 1992, 1993). The ismarked a distinct three-dimen Kaghan Valley by Konzentration der For Aufgrund der raumlichen sional of soils and The climate change climate, vegetation. auf den wurden is the main factor for the differentiation of the natural schung Nepal-Himalaya lediglich nennenswerte Fortschritte erzielt. Sie kommen a dort vegetation. It shows transitional character encompassing von et Lower in den Dobremez al. two different precipitation regimes. In the humid Vegetationskarten (1974 summer monsoon und Miehe zum Aus Kaghan the influence of the tropical 1985) (1982, 1989, 1991a) and is predominant. Pinus roxburghii- Acacia-Olea-forests, druck. adapted to themonsoon regime, form the natural vegetation ImWesthimalaya blieb dagegen die ,,Vegetations to medi cover in the lower montane belt, giving way karte der Nanga Parbat-Gruppe" im Mafistab terranoid baloot- and Cedrus deodara-forests above Quercus 1:50000 von Troll (1939) die bislang einzige Dar In of the outer mountain chains the Paras. the rain shadow Mit der stellung grofieren Mafistabes. ,,Vegetations monsoonal rains are towards the enormously decreasing karte des imMafistab 1:63 360, is Kaghan" (entworfen upper valley whereas the winter/spring precipitation publiziert imMafistab 1:150 000) liegt nun eine wei Moist-temperate coniferous forests steadily increasing. tere detaillierte Karte vor. Sie bildet in Pinus wallichiana-, Cedrus grofiformatige (Abies pindrow-, deodara-forests) an on are den siidwestlichen Anschlufi are prevailing all aspects above Mahandri. They geringer Entfernung as montane and belt in the die Parbat-Karte. Durch eine ahnliche Farb covering well the upper subalpine Nanga Mafi an mit lower and middle section of the valley. In the upper sub gebung wird ein hohes Vergleichbarkeit are the treeline alpine belt Betula utilis-forests forming upper jener Karte angestrebt. turning into Sfl/?*-krummholz. On south-facing slopes Die Kaghan-Karte gibt die Vegetationsverhalt are Pinus wallichiana-stands and they replaced by Juniperus nisse eines der grofienNord-Siid-verlaufenden Taler The cover of the belt squamata-heaths. vegetation alpine des Westhimalaya wieder, das im Rahmen land consists of Kobresia-com mainly Cyperaceae-mats (different Studien vegeta of schaftsokologischer systematisch munities) and dwarf scrub heaths Juniperus squamata tionskundlich untersucht wurde (Schickhoff and Rhododendron slopes). (sunny slopes) anthopogon (shady Das im d. h. der where an 1993 a). Kaghan-Tal engeren Sinne, In Upper Kaghan (Battakundi Area), average are in dem vorherrscht, two-monthly arid period occurs, the sunny slopes Talbereich, Hochgebirgsrelief with erstreckt sich vom Babusar-Pafi m NN, covered by xeric Artemisia maritima-steppes interspersed (4175 imNorden bis zur Ortschaft tree clumps ofJuniperus macropoda. Himalaya-Hauptkette) Udo Schickhoff: Die Verbreitung der Vegetation imKaghan-Tal 93 f^Tl Ausgeprfigter Monsuneinflufi, ganzjahrig humides KMma, l%-7S4^J;\Babusar-PaM LtnJ Monsunniederschlagehoher als Winter-/Fruhjahrs-Niedersch lage P^mliV^^^M^^A Abgeschwachter MonsuneinfluB, ansteigende Winter-/Fruhjahrs L^^Jf^fl Niederschlage,mediterraner Klimacharakter '^^^h^tSSv^^^^^^^^^^^^ IJF\ RandmonsunaleBeeinflussung, VWnterV Fruhjahrs-Niedersch Iage \& I hoher als Monsunniederschlage, in Einzeljahren Durrezeiten imSommer %^/^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^t4jKt^^^^&^^'^^>-j-^"^1 j ^ ^?^ Weiterabnehmender MonsuneinfluB, semi humides KM ma mit zwei W^^^^^ffH^^^^^^^BS^ r i aridenMonaten innerhalb der Vegetationszeit ^ ^ ^ ^ "^^^^^[^^[^^^^^^^' ^ FuB)_ .4??. 2: Klimadkologische Raumgliederung des Kaghan Climatic-ecological zonation of Kaghan m von aus Balakot (991 NN) im Suden iiber eine Lange hochgelegenen Aussichtspunkten aufgenommene ca. vom 100 km. Es wird Kunhar-Flufi entwassert, Panoramaphotographien enthalt. Da die Benutzung der siidlich Muzaffarabad in den Jhelum miindet von Karten imGelande und somit die direkte Kartie (vgl. Beilage III). Das Kaghan-Tal istbisher vegeta rung aufgrund bestimmter Auflagen der pakistani tionsgeographisch und okologisch kaum bearbeitet schen Behorden nicht moglich war, wurden die Ver worden und wissenschaftlich nahezu unbekannt breitungsgrenzen der Vegetationseinheiten von proji geblieben. Kurze Ubersichten der Vegetationstypen zierten Dias in die One-Inch-Grundkarten (1:63 360) geben Chaudhri (1960) und Masrur a. Khan des Survey of India (1912-45) eingetragen und zur (1973). Vereinzelte Angaben zur Vegetation machen Veroffentlichung in den Mafistab 1:150000 um Troup (1921), Paffen (in Paffen, Pillewizer u. gezeichnet. Die Flachengrofie des Arbeitsgebietes Schneider 1956), Schweinfurth (1957) und Cham (2250 km2) und die z. T. schwierigen logistischen Ver a. Khattak es pion, Seth (1965). haltnisse liefien mit vertretbarem Aufwand nicht Der Entwurf der Kaghan-Karte basiert auf Vegeta zu, samtliche Flanken und Seitentaler einzusehen zu tionsaufhahmen, Gelandeskizzen und einer umfang bzw. begehen. Diese Bereiche wurden als weifie reichen Photodokumentation, die zahlreiche, von Felder ausgewiesen und, der Grundforderung der Band 48/1994 94_Erdkunde_ ^ ^ 9201210 (236l2m) BATTAKUNDI (2670 m) 7,8? 1010 -8 9 Entwurf:U. Schickhoff W U. Hillebrand ^^^mmiZZ^zA?'?'?'?fcz^HKS Zeichnung: Abb. 2: Klimadiagramme der Stationen Balakot, Naran und Battakundi Climatic diagrams of the Balakot, Naran and Battakundi stations wissenschaftlichen Exaktheit entsprechend, nicht chungen nicht der einen oder anderen Waldgesell durch Analogieschliisse ausgefullt (zur Diskussion schaft zuzuordnen und daher mit gesonderter Fla Vgl. schweinfurth 1958). chensignatur versehen. Bei weit fortgeschrittener von Die synthetische und syntaxonomische Bearbei Auflichtung Waldbestanden wurde die Flachen ersetzt. tung der Pflanzengesellschaften wurde erstmals auf signatur durch Einzelsignaturen Auf eine Dif in ver der unter ausgepragtem Monsuneinflufi stehenden ferenzierung des Acker- und Weidelandes Siidabdachung desWesthimalaya nach den pflanzen schiedene Ersatz- bzw. Bodennutzungsgesellschaften soziologischen Methoden der Zurich-Montpellier wurde imHinblick auf die Ubersichtlichkeit der Dar Mueller-Dombois Schule (Braun-Blanquet 1964, stellung verzichtet. Sie hatte die Wald-Kulturland a. Ellenberg 1974) vorgenommen. Die floristisch Verteilung als Ausdruck des Landschaftswandels soziologische Typisierung der Gesellschaften bildet nicht in dieser Deutlichkeit in Erscheinung treten die Grundlage fur die Abgrenzung der Vegetations lassen. einheiten in der Karte. Beim Entwurf der Karte konnten die Verbreitungsgrenzen der verschiedenen K. nitens und Kobresia-Gese\hcha.ften(K. capillifolia-Ges., 2 LandschaftsokologischeDifferenzierung Ges., K. deasyi-Ges.) in der alpinen Stufe nicht ein Vegetationsverbreitung deutig definiert werden. Sie werden daher mit einer zu einheitlichen Flachensignatur Cyperaceen-Rasen Wie die anderen langgestreckten Taler der zusammengefafit. Sie gehen mit zunehmender Hohe Westhimalaya-Sudabdachung wird das Kaghan-Tal in subnivale Schuttfluren iiber. Mischbestande aus in seinem Langsprofil von einem ausgepragten Wan Abies pindrow und Pinus wallichiana im oberen Kaghan del von Klima, Boden und Vegetation gekennzeich sind ohne weitere pflanzensoziologische Untersu net. Aus der Lage des Kaghan in einem Ubergangs im 95 Udo Schickhqff: Die Verbreitung der Vegetation Kaghan-Tal 2500 mm BALAKOT -j 2000 1500-rsq?| || |||] ||] 1000 ~ 500- llllllll 0 -H?,?,?,?,?i?i?i?r?^J^J^^?,?,?r?,?,?,?,?,?i i' 1962 6570 75 80 89 85 Jahre Oktober-Mai IH Juni-September 2500 mm NARAN -j 2000- |3 ? 1500-1 ll | ^W I 'i lllllii iillJiisljiii ,?,.
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