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Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra 2015 DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF PLANTS ENDEMIC TO PAKISTAN IN HAZARA REGION ABDUL MAJID DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2015 i HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA Department of Botany DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF PLANTS ENDEMIC TO PAKISTAN IN HAZARA REGION By Abdul Majid This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfilment of the requirements of Ph.D degree in Botany awarded by Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Mansehra Monday, April 12, 2015 ii DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF PLANTS ENDEMIC TO PAKISTAN IN HAZARA REGION SUBMITTED BY ABDUL MAJID PhD Scholar RESEARCH SUPERVISOR PROF. DR. HABIB AHMAD (Tamgha-e-Imtiaz) Dean Faculty of Science Hazara University, Mansehra CO-SUPERVISOR DR. HAIDER ALI Assistant Professor Centre for Plant Sciences & Biodiversity University of Swat, Swat DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY, MANSEHRA 2015 iii iv CONTENTS Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... Abstract........................................................................................................................................ vi Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Endemism ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Endemism and rarity ............................................................................................... 3 1.2 Distribution patterns of endemic plants ................................................................ 4 1.3 Modelling distribution patterns of endemic taxa ................................................. 4 1.3.1 Working with distribution models ........................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Observations required for a good model ............................................................. 6 1.3.3 Historical species data ............................................................................................. 7 1.3.4 Bioclimatic data for modelling ............................................................................... 7 1.3.5 Maximum entropy model ....................................................................................... 7 1.3.6 Ordination models ................................................................................................... 9 1.3.7 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) .................................................... 9 1.4 Biodiversity loss and endemism ............................................................................ 10 1.5 Determining conservation status ........................................................................... 11 1.5.1 SDMs for assigning IUCN threat categories ...................................................... 15 1.5.2 Pakistan's perspectives .......................................................................................... 16 1.6 Study area ................................................................................................................... 17 1.6.1 Location ................................................................................................................... 17 1.6.2 Physical features ..................................................................................................... 18 1.6.3 Climate ..................................................................................................................... 25 1.6.4 Vegetation types ..................................................................................................... 27 1.6.5 Population ............................................................................................................... 30 1.6.6 Flora and Fauna ...................................................................................................... 30 1.6.7 Protected areas ....................................................................................................... 31 1.7 Justification of the current study ........................................................................... 31 1.8 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 31 2 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.1 Historical literature survey ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Herbarium record analysis ...................................................................................... 32 2.3 Field visits .................................................................................................................. 32 2.4 Preservation and identification .............................................................................. 33 2.5 Data organization for SDM ..................................................................................... 33 2.6 Data analysis through SDM .................................................................................... 33 2.7 Associated species analysis ..................................................................................... 34 2.8 Conservation status analysis................................................................................... 38 2.9 Habitat loss analysis ................................................................................................. 39 2.10 Determination of endemic rich area ...................................................................... 39 3 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................. 44 RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 44 3.1 General distribution ................................................................................................. 44 3.1.1 Taxonomic distribution ......................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Distribution within plant habit and life form .................................................... 45 3.2 Species distribution modelling (SDM) ................................................................ 45 v 3.2.1 Model performance ............................................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Contribution of predictor variables ..................................................................... 46 3.3 Predicted distribution patterns .............................................................................. 49 3.3.1 Distribution along elevational gradient .............................................................. 49 3.3.2 Distribution among land cover types ................................................................. 50 3.3.3 Distribution among administrative units ........................................................... 51 3.3.4 Distribution with in geological classes ............................................................... 52 3.4 Endemics with highest and lowest occupancy .................................................... 53 3.5 Analysis of endemic associates .............................................................................. 53 3.5.1 Classification ........................................................................................................... 54 3.5.2 Ordination: .............................................................................................................. 67 3.6 Conservation status: ................................................................................................. 76 3.6.1 Geographic Range .................................................................................................. 76 3.6.2 Sub populations ...................................................................................................... 77 3.6.3 Population trends .................................................................................................. 78 3.6.4 Habitat loss ............................................................................................................. 78 3.6.5 Threats ..................................................................................................................... 80 3.6.6 IUCN threat categories .......................................................................................... 80 3.7 Endemic rich areas .................................................................................................... 87 3.8 Species specific conservation strategies ............................................................... 87 4 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................. 94 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 94 4.1 General distribution ................................................................................................. 94 4.1.1 Taxonomic distribution ......................................................................................... 94 4.1.2 Life form and endemic distribution
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