Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Home , Alexander technique, Bates method, Colorpuncture, Evenki language, Jasminum officinale, Malas (Ayurveda)

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Tova Navarra, B.A., R.N.

Foreword by Adam Perlman, M.D., M.P.H. Siegler Center for Integrative Medicine St. Barnabas Health Care System, Livingston, New Jersey The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Navarra, Tova The encyclopedia of complementary and alternative medicine / Tova Navarra; foreword by Adam Perlman. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4997-1 1. Alternative medicine—Encyclopedias. I. Title. R733. N38 2004 615.5'03—dc21 2003043415

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CONTENTS

Foreword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Entries A–Z 1 Appendixes 175 Bibliography 251 Index 255

FOREWORD

t the age of 16 I began training in martial arts. their health and well-being. Although a number of AWhat started as a hobby, a way to get in shape careers would have afforded me the opportunity to and increase my self-confidence, soon turned into a teach and promote health, I decided to become a passion. I unexpectedly found myself on a path. physician. For is not the essence of medicine to This path was one of self-exploration and develop- teach people to improve and maintain their ment. As I progressed in rank and understanding health? In fact, the Latin root for doctor, docere, and began to appreciate the benefits of improved means “to teach.” I can still remember the phone health, discipline, and self-esteem, as did so many call to my parents when I informed them that I was students before me, I developed a desire to teach deferring my law school entrance and planned to and pass on what I had been taught. After a num- start premed classes in summer school less than a ber of years of assisting, several fellow instructors week after graduation. and I opened up a martial arts school. I was in col- Over the next year and a half, I completed lege at the time and frequently finished classes and the premed requirements and was ultimately immediately raced down to the school to teach or accepted to Boston University School of Medicine. train. I found those days extremely challenging and During that time, I continued on my path of self- rewarding. exploration. I continued teaching martial arts and However, I soon discovered that my parents and began to question why conventional medicine did family did not fully appreciate my vision of my life not often utilize methods from other healing tra- as a martial arts instructor. Although they were ditions. I had seen multiple examples of problems, always supportive, they encouraged me to consider such as back pain, improved through the use of other avenues of employment. Given that my t’ai ch’i, or asthma through the use of various father was a lawyer and I was a history major, law breathing exercises. I had seen multiple students seemed a reasonable way to make a living while lose weight, improve their control of stress, and in continuing my career as a martial artist. After going general improve their quality of life. To me a mar- through the application process, I was fortunate tial arts instructor, nothing felt more meaningful enough to be accepted for admission. As I began to and rewarding. To me, this was the essence of contemplate graduation from college and the good medicine. prospect of the first year of law school, I began to As I began my formal medical training, I quickly question my decision. I simply did not feel passion- realized that teaching patients to improve or main- ate about becoming a lawyer. I began to reevaluate tain their health was a part of medicine that often what I did feel passionate about. What was it about got lost in trying to provide patients with the latest teaching martial arts that made me feel so fulfilled? advancements in order to diagnose, treat, or cure What I soon concluded was that I enjoyed disease. I also realized that others were less than teaching and I enjoyed helping people improve understanding of my desire to expand the usual

ix x The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine treatment options to include “alternative” meth- is just now being researched and shown to be effec- ods. One day, during my second year of residency, tive for many ailments, such as nausea caused by the chairman of medicine asked me what I planned chemotherapy or pregnancy. Other treatments to do when I finished training. I told him that I was such as ma huang (or ephedra) to assist with weight interested in alternative medicine, to which he loss may be efficacious but when used improperly responded, “Show me the evidence,” and quickly are potentially dangerous (there have been more changed the subject. than 50 reported deaths). Other treatments are Although I was somewhat disappointed by this newly invented or conceived. Although some of reaction, his statement ultimately turned out to be these treatments will ultimately be shown to be of one of those seemingly innocent comments that value, individuals who seek to take advantage of a unintentionally have a profound effect. I began vulnerable public are often marketing fraudulent pondering the challenge of integrating alternative products or interventions. The Internet has led to medicine into conventional medicine and the con- increased empowerment of the public through ventional medical establishment. I began to appre- access to an endless amount of medical informa- ciate more fully the need for additional research on tion. Unfortunately it has also led to access to a alternative medicine. Only through that research seemingly endless amount of inaccurate or poten- can conventional medical providers know which tially misleading health information. therapies to recommend to their patients. Only Traditionally the public has turned to physicians through that research can the public truly know and other health care providers for reliable infor- which treatments are safe and effective. mation on health-related matters. But multiple Ultimately I decided to pursue a two-year studies have shown that the majority of people research fellowship and a master’s degree in public who use alternative medicine do so without telling health with the goal of obtaining the skills neces- their physicians or other health care providers. This sary to do research and further the integration of occurs for many reasons. Most health care nonconventional and conventional medicine. providers do not ask about alternative medicine Unfortunately I soon realized that it was not quite use, perhaps because of a lack of knowledge about that easy. Good research takes years and costs sig- the subject matter and a desire not to appear unin- nificant amounts of money. Clearly, multiple agen- formed. This omission often gives the impression cies are funding research on alternative medicine. that the subject is not important or they simply do Congress has established the National Center for not wish to know. At times physicians may be dis- the Study of Complementary and Alternative Med- missive of such therapies because of a perception icine under the National Institutes of Health, and that there is a lack of credible and authoritative evi- the amount and quality of research on alternative dence of their effectiveness. treatments are increasing exponentially. However, Patients, on the other hand, tend to believe that the various types of alternative treatments avail- it is unimportant for health care providers to know able are also increasing. No matter how much about their use of alternative treatments. They research is conducted, there will always be numer- often believe that the alternative therapy is irrele- ous treatment options available that have little or vant to the biomedical treatment course. They may no data beyond anecdotal evidence to support their think that a decision to pursue an alternative treat- use. There will always be treatments being utilized ment does not require input from the conventional that will ultimately be shown to be safe and effec- medical establishment, since they believe these tive as well as ones that will be harmful and futile. therapies are not truly harmful. Still others hesitate Many treatments are from healing traditions to speak openly about their use of or desire to use that have developed over hundreds, if not thou- alternative medicine because of concern that their sands, of years through a process of trial and error questions may be dismissed or they may be viewed on thousands of patients. Acupuncture, a tradi- as ungrateful, unrealistic, or gullible. tional Chinese medicine utilized for thousands of Regardless of the reason, lack of communication years, is an example of an alternative medicine that about alternative medicine is yet another obstacle Foreword xi to a strong doctor-patient relationship, in this era of on providing integrative medicine. Patients can managed care and the seven-minute office visit. If undergo a conventional medical evaluation as well the public cannot turn to the conventional medical as see an acupuncturist, nutritionist, massage ther- establishment, turn to their own physicians or apist, clinical herbalist, or mind-body practitioner other health care providers for reliable information (licensed clinical social worker or Ph.D. psycholo- and open discussion about alternative medicine, gist). The more I practice medicine in this setting, then to whom? The conventional medical estab- the more I find myself returning to the principles I lishment has an obligation to protect the public found to be most effective in maintaining my own from harm without limiting access to potentially health and quality of life. Namely I focus on trying beneficial alternative treatment options. to help people find their path. That path always Clearly the public’s desire for and utilization of tends to have physical, mental, and spiritual com- alternative medicine are increasing. In 1997 there ponents. were 629 million visits to alternative medicine Of course at times a patient enters my office practitioners, a 20 percent increase from seven with tennis elbow and is quickly referred for a trial years earlier, and more visits than to U.S. primary of acupuncture. However, it is more common that care physicians during the same year. In the I will see someone with low back pain who not United States, more than $27 billion is spent only gets a referral for acupuncture, but also is sent annually on alternative medicine. The public has to the nutritionist because of obesity and the freedom of choice to pursue alternative treat- unhealthy eating habits, to the Wellness Center to ments. However, without reliable, credible sources address deconditioning and a sedentary lifestyle, of information, it is challenging for the individual and to the mind-body practitioner to learn medita- to make informed health care decisions. Discussing tion or guided visualization to address poorly man- one’s use of alternative medicine with one’s health aged stress. I ask patients to ask themselves, “What care provider is an opportunity to share values, gives my life meaning? What gives my life pur- explanatory models, lifestyle, health beliefs, and pose?” Without taking this “holistic” approach, it is goals for care, all of which not only are clinically difficult to find true health and wellness. The relevant but also contribute to strengthening the answer for most people is not solely contained in a health care provider–patient relationship. bottle, whether that bottle contains a medication or Many conventional practitioners, medical cen- an herb. ters, health care systems, and universities are I find practicing in this fashion to give me the beginning to recognize the public’s desire for infor- same sense of fulfillment that I had when I was mation about and increased access to alternative teaching martial arts. I also found myself longing medicine. In 1998, after finishing my training, I for a more academic environment, where I could was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to focus on teaching not only patients, but also health pursue my dream of a more integrated health care care providers. I found myself eager to get involved system and was hired to develop a program in in the research that will provide the evidence- alternative medicine for the Saint Barnabas Health based framework for integrative medicine to grow Care System in New Jersey. After much considera- upon. Therefore, in July 2002 I accepted the position, we chose to call the clinical center the Siegler tion of executive director for the Center for the Center for Integrative Medicine, as opposed to Study of Alternative and Complementary Medicine Alternative or Complementary Medicine. More (CSACM) at the University of Medicine and Den- than just a matter of semantics, unlike alternative, tistry of New Jersey. CSACM is just one example of integrative implies the combination of conventional a university-based center committed to research medicine or biomedicine with certain validated and education in the area of alternative medicine. alternative treatments through an evidence-based The more centers like the Siegler Center and approach. CSACM open and are successful, the more the con- Although the center is involved in research and ventional medical community is able to accept and education to a limited degree, the primary focus is even embrace new ideas about how to care for xii The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine patients. Conventional medicine is going through a whether the treatment is conventional or alternative. transition. A more humane physician who respects It is through comprehensive, reliable information patient autonomy is replacing the paternalistic, all- that one is able to begin to find the correct path. knowing physician. As science increases our It is for that reason that I am honored to be able understanding and our ability to treat disease as to write this Foreword. It is my hope that this ref- never before, we continue to be forced to recon- erence will be used as a tool to help people inform sider that science. The hormone replacement con- themselves and get onto the right path: a tool that troversy is one example of this. We continue to health care providers can use to educate them- struggle with finding a balance among science, eco- selves, a tool that will help foster communication nomics, and patient-centered humanistic care. about alternative medicine between health care This transition, like most change, is neither all providers and the public. good nor all bad. Few would argue that a more patient-centered health care system in which —Adam Perlman, M.D., M.P.H. patients have autonomy is a bad thing, but patient Executive Director, Institute for autonomy has a price. For the individual to make Complementary and Alternative health care decisions that he or she feels are in his or Medicine; Assistant Professor, her best interest, that individual must take the UMDNJ-School of Health Related responsibility of being fully informed. This applies Professions, Newark, New Jersey PREFACE

hortly before I began research for this book on fascinated by the breadth and depth of healing as it Salternative and complementary medicine, I has evolved throughout the history of humankind. informed a dear friend of the pending task. His ﬁrst From the most preposterous to the most solid, comment was “How many volumes?” practical concepts, healing has always been a fun- Those three words would haunt me throughout damental aspect of life. We learn in our high school the project. One book hardly scratches the surface; sociology classes that self-preservation is a primary therefore my objectives were to compile up-to-date human drive, and today we add to our efforts for information on and explanations of as many alter- self-preservation what has become universally native, complementary, or integrative healing known as the connection between mind and body. methods as possible and to present them in an The mind-body connection, then, plays a huge part unbiased and accessible A-to-Z format. That in the whole of alternative medicine. In fact, any numerous books on the subject—from single topics method involving mind-body-spirit is often the to comprehensive references—already existed, was alternative. intimidating in itself, so my contribution became As I see it, ideal medicine is a combination of embracing them all. In the precise spirit of alterna- whatever treatments work for an individual, a tive medicine, I wished to offer readable entries healer who accurately perceives and offers those that would not only inform, but perhaps also particular treatments, and the willingness of both inspire people to have a go at a healing method healer and patient to supplant illness with well- that might turn out to be effective for them but ness. As Norman Cousins wrote in Anatomy of an Ill- that they had never heard of before. I also wished ness: “Your heaviest artillery will be your will to to present the seemingly inﬁnite possibilities for live. Keep the big gun going.” healing treatments to physicians and other healers, This book’s approach aspires to the celebrated and introduce the diverse healers to one another. manner and philosophy of William Osler, a physi- I also hoped to create something of a “botan- cian who would go “unsolicited and unsparingly” to ical-garden” effect by gathering in one book a mul- help anyone ill or in distress of any kind. From here, titude of ideas and disciplines that have been I would like to think at least one reader might invent established by great thinkers past and present. In yet another effective healing method and make cer- the course of such gathering I found myself riveted, tain to let me know about it for the next edition.

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

could not have written this volume without the Branch, New Jersey; Victor Zak; Paul Boyd; Donald Iprecious support and cooperation of my family, Bridge, of Savannah, Georgia; Betty Sorrentino, especially Yolanda and Guy Fleming; Johnny and Mona Wichman, Sallie and Stan Tillman, Denise Mitzi Navarra; Tony and Jacquie Munoz; Joe and Walker, Trista Clayton, Chris and Vicki Reidemeis- Rose Treihart, R.N., M.S.; and Dorothy Fox, R.N., ter, and Jim and Teresa Sanford—my beloved Ed.D.; Dr. Andrea Campbell; Sarita (“Bunny”) “Rumson gang”; Dorie Leonardi; Cynthia Schooley, Schuler, M.S.W.; Dr. Donald Gill; Dr. Arlene and Reba Justice, of Cumming, Georgia. I also Thoma; and all the physicians, nurses, and other respectfully acknowledge my late mentors Sal health care givers who share their knowledge and Foderaro, Clarence Holbrook Carter, and Dr. experience through books, interviews, and articles; Myron A. Lipkowitz, because every principle they the Facts On File, Inc., editor James Chambers; Dr. represented continues to bestow a positive effect Adam Perlman, who so graciously wrote the Fore- on me, particularly Sal’s motto: pazienza e coraggio. word; Frederic C. Pachman, Academy of Health Most deﬁnitely patience and courage loom large Information Professionals, (AHIP), director of when one applies the mind-body concept to daily Monmouth Medical Center’s Medical Library, Long life. Thank you, all.

INTRODUCTION

Lawrence wrote in his poem “Heal- other Asian methods of healing, along with mas- D.H.ing,” “I am not a mechanism, an sage, hydrotherapy, therapeutic touch, nutri- assembly of various sections. And it is not because tional therapy, hypnosis, osteopathy, relaxation the mechanism is working wrongly, that I am ill. I techniques, guided imagery and visualization, am ill because of wounds to the soul, to the deep aromatherapy, homeopathy, meditation, yoga, emotional self” (The Complete Poems of D. H. and hundreds of other approaches to combating Lawrence. New York: Penguin, 1914–1977). disease and promoting well-being. The public This is testimony to what a good portion of the calls these “alternative medicines,” resonating population now refers to as “the mind-body con- with the part of the Constitution of the World nection.” Although Hippocrates, considered to be Health Organization (WHO) that says, “Health is the “father of medicine,” said, “I would rather a state of complete physical, mental and social know what kind of person has a disease than well-being, and not merely the absence of disease what kind of disease a person has,” the medical or infirmity.” community had long pooh-poohed anything but In Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, a widely traditional Western practices that have been tradi- respected reference, alternative medicine is defined tionally and largely based on prescription drugs, as “approaches to medical diagnosis and therapy surgery, chemotherapy, and other treatments that have not been developed by use of generally developed from scientific research. accepted methods of validating their effectiveness. Traditional medicine has accomplished and Included are a great number of ‘systems,’ including continues to accomplish phenomenal strides in manipulative medicine, ayurveda, shiatsu, hypno- all aspects of medicine. However, many patients sis, biofeedback, acupuncture, acupressure, holistic who found no relief from traditional treatment medicine, macrobiotics, rolfing, Christian Science, began to seek help elsewhere—that is, in modal- reflexotherapy, homeopathy, aroma therapy, and ities that claimed no hard and fast scientific faith healing. This is not to say that, were these proof, but only a huge sweep of anecdotal suc- methods subjected to scientific study, all of them cess. After being generally shunned as quacks for would be found to be ineffective.” According to the decades, chiropractic physicians suddenly came American Cancer Society website on complemen- into their own because people reported that after tary and alternative therapies, June 18, 2002, alter- the hands-on treatment, their symptoms sub- native refers to “treatments promoted as cancer sided or disappeared. Word spread, and now vis- ‘cures’ but still unproven because they haven’t its to a chiropractor are covered by most leading been scientifically tested or because tests show health insurance companies. In other words, chi- they’re ineffective or harmful,” and complementary ropractic entered and took root in the main- to “treatments used to support other evidence- stream, as have acupuncture, acupressure, and based therapies. Instead of curing cancer, comple-

xvii xviii The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine mentary treatments help control symptoms, reduce quantum physics, the biochemical molecules that stress, or improve well-being.” Furthermore the make up the physical body are actually a form of term integrative medicine refers to “combinations of vibrating energy,” Gerber wrote. “During the complementary and evidence-based treatment.” early part of the twentieth century, Albert Ein- (www.cancer.org/eprise/main/docroot/ETO/con- stein came up to the startling conclusion that mat- tent/ETO_5_1_Introduction). ter and energy were actually interconvertible and

A recent U.S. Senate hearing was held on alter- interchangeable. His famous E = mc2 mathemati- native medicine practices, many of which are still cally described how matter and energy were resented or denounced by the American Medical interrelated. Einstein said matter and energy Association. But many medical schools through- were, in fact, two different forms of the same out the country now see fit to include courses on thing. At the time Einstein came up with this con- patients’ emotional issues, nutrition (not histori- clusion, few scientists could entirely understand cally a standard medical-school course), and the its magnitude. . . . Since all energy vibrates and like, and acknowledge that, indeed, there is a oscillates at different rates, then, at least at the mind-body connection working at top speed. atomic level, the human body is really composed Many physicians have produced books and arti- of different kinds of vibrating energy. . . . [V]ibra- cles on alternative, complementary, and integra- tional medicine is an approach to the diagnosis tive practice in the name of “medical freedom,” as and treatment of illness based upon the idea that Burton Goldberg, editor of Alternative Medicine: A we are all unique energy systems. . . . The concept Definitive Guide (Celestial Arts, Berkeley, Calif., of the body as a complex energetic system is part 2002), put it, and many have acquired additional of a new scientific worldview gradually gaining degrees and certification in alternative methods. acceptance in the eyes of modern medicine.” Dr. Bernie Siegel, a renowned oncologist and And in the eyes of mainstream America as best-selling author, documented his experiences well. In the spirit of Frank Sinatra’s affable with what he says is obviously a connection remark, “I’m for whatever gets you through the between the palpable, visible, audible human night,” it has been reported that eight of 10 body and mysterious forces and mechanisms patients have tried alternative treatments, and of interpreted as “mind.” Other physicians who have those, three-quarters reported success. Given the had the courage to come forward and report their thousands upon thousands of alternative practi- findings that support this concept include Dr. tioners, Americans seem more than willing to try Deepak Chopra, Dr. Larry Dossey, Dr. Andrew “whatever works.” Often this means combining Weil, Dr. Brian Weiss, Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, traditional Western medicine with alternatives. In Dr. Wayne Dyer, Dr. Dean Ornish, Dr. C. Norman his book, Radical Healing: Integrating the World’s Shealy, and hundreds of others. Finally, in the Great Therapeutic Traditions to Create a New Transfor- 21st century, mind-body ideas not only have mative Medicine, Rudolph Ballentine, M.D., says resurfaced, but also have established themselves that the integration and interaction of Western much as they were set forth by the ancients— and Eastern medicines make for an exciting path: Imhotep, Galen, Plato, Aristotle, to name a few— “ ‘Radical Healing’ is built on these unifying con- and by prominent figures such as Florence cepts; they are the practical essence of a medicine Nightingale, who wrote that health is a balance of that is simple and universal, rooted in the peren- body, mind, and spirit, and that illness may as eas- nial principle of healing as personal evolution,” ily be caused by emotional needs as by a disease. Ballentine wrote. “Each of the great healing tradi- Richard Gerber, M.D., author of A Practical tions has arisen in its own culture to help resolve Guide to Vibrational Medicine (Quill / HarperCollins problems peculiar to that setting, so each—e.g., Publishers, New York, 2000), brings Nightingale’s Ayurveda, homeopathy, Traditional Chinese Med- ideas to the fore not only in terms of holism, but icine, European and Native American herbology, in terms of the latest scientific thinking. “Accord- nutrition, and psychotherapeutic bodywork—has ing to the new perspective of Einsteinian and its weaknesses as well as strengths. By integrating Introduction xix them, superimposing one upon another in layer mat. If you come across an isolated term pertain- after layer of complementary perspectives and ing to alternative or complementary medicine, techniques, we can arrive at an amalgam that is you can look it up within these pages for identifi- far more potent and thorough than any one of cation and cross-reference. The Appendixes also them taken alone.” provide at-a-glance information guides on various The former president of the American Holistic aspects of the integrative approach to both well- Nursing Association, Veda Andrus, said resistance ness and illness. to alternative medicine in part is related to the Part of gaining perspective on the current “set ways” of the American health care system American view of alternative medicines lies in a and lack of education. But those set ways are glimpse at some pertinent statistics provided by changing as the concept of mind-body connection the Foundation for the Advancement of Innova- grows stronger; even West Point “plebes” are tive Medicine (FAIM): instructed in The West Point Candidate Book, by William L. Smallwood (Beacon Books, Ariz., • Sixty-nine percent of Americans use unconven- 1990), to realize that academic, military, and vir- tional medical therapies (Stanford University tually any success evolves from a positive mindset National Survey, 1998). in the face of difficulty and daunting challenge. • Sixty-seven percent of health maintenance orga- Chapter 3 is entitled “Mental Preparation Is Most nizations (HMOs) offer at least one form of com- Important.” plementary alternative care. One of the most influential and beloved propo- • Sixty percent of physicians have referred nents of positive life change based on a better- patients to complementary care practitioners. educated attitude is the author and television • Twenty-nine health insurers and HMOs cover personality Dr. Phillip C. McGraw, Ph.D. In Self alternative therapies, including Blue Cross of Matters: Creating Your Life from the Inside Out (Simon Washington and Alaska, Blue Cross of Califor- and Schuster Source, New York, 2001), McGraw nia, California Pacific, Catholic HealthCare gives the basis for a self-improvement strategy West, HealthNet, Kaiser Permanente, Mutual of that easily applies to choosing health care: “Trust Omaha, Oxford Health Plans, and Prudential. that you are the best judge, by far, of what is best There is also an organization called Alternative for you. At the same time, be ruthless about test- Health Benefit Services, based in California, ing your thoughts. Verify that your own internal that is geared toward creating greater credibility responses and interpretations will stand up to the and access for less invasive, more natural test of authenticity. . . . Give yourself permission health care, and to enable all Americans to to generate as many alternative responses as pos- select the type of medical care and physi- sible. . . . Pursue only those that are Triple-A cian/medical provider of their choice. The (Authentically Accurate Alternative). Replace any group is also parent to Holistic Health Insurance response that causes you trouble and pain with & Financial Services, Alternative Health Insur- one that moves you toward what you want, need, ance Administrators, the National Marketing and deserve.” With all that is available to us in our Association, Alliance for Alternatives in Health- hungry-for-information culture, McGraw advo- care, Alliance for Natural Health, Actuarially cates accountability and the courage to identify Sound Benefit Consultants, and the Holistic and evaluate options. “Insight without action,” he Health Network. wrote, “is worse than being totally asleep at the • Chiropractors are licensed in all 50 states, and 11 switch.” states mandate that health plans include chiro- As an antidote for lack of awareness or infor- practic beneﬁts. mation, the present Encyclopedia of Complementary • Sixty-four percent of all medical schools offer and Alternative Medicine provides a comprehensive courses in alternative medicines. source of definitions, explanations, and perspec- • Eighty percent of medical students want training tives from ancient to modern in an accessible for- in alternative medicines. xx The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

• Fifty-six percent of Americans surveyed believe we don’t trust it. Instead we turn to our medicine their health plans should cover alternative cabinets. Our doctors’ first impulse is to prescribe therapies. something for us, and we fully expect to emerge • The alternative medicine marketplace is cur- from these visits with a prescription in hand. But rently valued at more than $24 billion, with a at the same time, record numbers of Americans growth rate of close to 15 percent per year are spending record numbers of their health care (Rauber, Modern Healthcare, September 1998). dollars on unconventional healers—chiropractors, • Acupuncturists are licensed in 34 states. acupuncturists, herbalists, and so on—who they • Fifty percent of physicians surveyed expect to trust will care more about them as individuals begin or increase usage of homeopathic and than as sums of parts. While some studies show holistic recommendations over the next year; that patients are generally happy with their own because patient acceptance is greater for these doctors, managed care, with its provider lists and therapies, better compliance results (Health required numbers of patients a doctor must see Products Research, Inc., Aug. 11, 2000 survey each day, makes this relationship between doctor of 3200 physicians). and patient harder to preserve.” • Seventy percent of family physicians want train- C. Norman Shealy, M.D., Ph.D., author of The ing in alternative therapies. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Natural Remedies, pointed • Eight states have passed health freedom (prac- out that the physician’s role is to be a “triage offi- tice protection) bills for M.D.s and D.O.s. cer,” one who quickly assesses the status of • Naturopaths are licensed in 11 states. patients and what immediate treatment they • There are 17 student chapters of the American need. Triage is usually associated with victims of Holistic Veterinary Medical Association among accidents, war, or natural disaster and is geared to the 27 U.S. veterinary schools. saving as many people as possible. “A triage officer would stand at the door when a patient was In addition, in December 1995, the American significantly ill and advise when medicine or Medical Association passed the following resolu- surgery was truly needed to save life or function,” tion: “Unconventional Medical Care in the U.S.” stated Eugene A. Stead, Jr., Shealy’s professor of The AMA encourages the Office of Alternative medicine. “Dr. Stead advised that when life and Medicine of the National Institutes of Health to function are not at risk, as in the vast majority of determine by objective scientific evaluation the symptomatic illnesses, the patient should ‘go into efficacy and safety of practices and procedures of the department stores and choose that which unconventional medicine; and encourages its most appeals.’“ The “department store,” of course, members to become better informed regarding the is his analogy for all the alternative methods of practices and techniques of alternative or uncon- healing that are now available to us. ventional medicine (Policies of House of Dele- Bolstering that “department store” is the gates—1-95; H-480.973; BOT Rep. 15-A-94, National Center for Complementary and Alterna- Reaffirmed and Modified by Sub. Res. 514, 1-95). tive Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes In Timeless Healing: The Power and Biology of Belief, of Health (NIH), formerly known as the Office of by Dr. Herbert Benson (Scribner, New York, 1996), Alternative Medicine (OAM), dating to 1992. The alternative medicine is given serious due in light of NCCAM was established by Congress in 1998 to the traditional practice of Western medicine: stimulate, develop, and support research on com- “Writer Luigi Barzini suggests that Americans are plementary and alternative medicines for the compelled to act because we believe ‘the main benefit of the public. According to NCCAM’s web- purpose of a man’s life is to solve problems.’ site, the organization’s objectives include Despite the fact that the body is the grandest prob- research (collaborating with other NIH and fed- lem-solver there is, quietly and perpetually sus- eral agencies to advance the scientific study of taining life, overcoming billions of obstacles alternative medicine, identifying and investigat- without our conscious imperatives for it to do so, ing promising understudied areas, and establish- Introduction xxi ing a global network for research); research train- sonal satisfaction to the late author Norman ing (implementing a comprehensive research Cousins, well known for books such as Anatomy of training plan, providing research training and an Illness (New York: Norton, 1979) and Head clinical fellowships, educating complementary/ First: The Biology of Hope and the Healing Power of the alternative medicine scientists about biomedical Human Spirit (New York: Dutton, 1989). A research methods, and educating conventional teacher at the UCLA School of Medicine and con- researchers about the nature and principles of tributing essayist for The Power to Heal: Ancient Arts alternative medicines), and communications & Modern Medicine (New York: Prentice Hall, (establishing effective partnerships with comple- 1990), Cousins explained, “Clearly, in our mod- mentary/alternative medicine researchers, health ern age, treatment for any disease requires the professionals, and the public; disseminating infor- best that medical science has to offer; all the emo- mation along with other federal agencies; and dis- tional determination in the world usually falls tributing scientifically based information about short without prompt and consistent medical research, practices, and findings to health care intervention. But just as clearly, treating physical providers and consumers). illness without paying corresponding attention to A well-known and respected neurosurgeon emotional needs can have only a partial effect. from Springfield, Missouri, Shealy founded the More than 2,000 years after the death of Hip- American Holistic Medical Association (AHMA) in pocrates, we are coming back to the original Hip- 1978, with the mission to provide a “common pocratic ideal of the patient not as a passive vessel community” for medical doctors who embrace the into which the physician pours therapeutic skills philosophy of treating the whole biopsychosocial and medicaments, but as a sovereign human person. The following are the 12 principles of the being capable of generating powerful responses to AHMA: (1) to use safe, effective diagnostic and disease. These powerful responses won’t reverse treatment options; (2) search for underlying every incidence of disease or illness; otherwise, causes of disease, as is preferable to treating only we would live forever. But by beginning to recog- symptoms; (3) use the Hippocratic idea (including nize these powers, we are enhancing vital ele- that the life forces pervade all of nature) of find- ments of the recovery process.” ing out what kind of person has a disease; (4) Cousins was a high-profile American propo- evoke the patient’s innate ability to heal and pro- nent of combining conventional and alternative mote prevention; (5) view illness not as an iso- medicines for years before his death in 1990 at lated event but as a dysfunction of the whole age 78. When in the 1970s he was afflicted with person; (6) establish a high-quality relationship ankylosing spondylitis, a life-threatening degen- with the patient and encourage the patient to take erative spinal disease, and given a dim prognosis, responsibility for his or her health; (7) consider he decided to take massive doses of vitamin C in the needs, desires, awareness, and insight of both addition to his physician’s treatments and intro- patient and physician; (8) influence patients by duced laughter as the best medicine of all. setting an example; (9) view illness, pain, and He deluged his days with Marx Brothers films, dying as learning opportunities for both patients Candid Camera episodes, humorous books—any- and doctors; (10) promote love, hope, humor, and thing and everything funny that elicited belly enthusiasm and release fear, anger, grief, hostility, laughter for at least 10 minutes at a time. After shame, greed, and depression; (11) adopt an atti- each laugh session, his doctor tested Cousins’s tude of unconditional love for all; and (12) pursue blood sedimentation rate (an indicator of the the highest qualities of the physical, environmen- status of inflammation in the body) and found tal, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social aspects that it dropped consistently, until, in 1976, of being human. Cousins recovered from the disease. The first The establishment of this and other organiza- published account of this experience appeared in tions promoting alternative and complementary the New England Journal of Medicine, and Cousins medicine would have likely been a source of per- received an honorary degree in medicine from xxii The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Yale University. Since then, laughter has actually and all the personal attraction that goes with been scientifically measured and shown to reduce them. People in general have given little attention stress and pain by creating changes in certain to health until it was destroyed. Men and women hormonal and immune system levels. In addi- waited until they were ill before they thought of tion, increased antibody production in the upper the proper care of their bodies. Then they called respiratory tract; an increase of lymphocytes, in a doctor and there ended their responsibility, or cells that fight tumors and viruses; and the lung- at least so they thought. The idea that they alone expanding, heart rate–increasing exercise of might be responsible for their health or disease laughing all serve to encourage people to heed and that responsibility for their recovery rested on Proverbs 17:22: “A merry heart doeth good like a them and not on the doctor was foreign to their medicine.” thought. To them health and disease were largely Other respected ﬁgures in our society also con- matters of chance. All this has passed, or is rapidly tribute admirably to a more global view of healing. passing. Health and disease are now known to be The Harvard-educated novelist and filmmaker subject to laws eternal and unchangeable, as are Michael Crichton, M.D., also a guest essayist in The all laws of Nature. Individual responsibility for Power to Heal, wrote: one’s own health or disease is coming to be generally recognized. With the generally growing Accompanying the use of more refined technol- recognition of this responsibility has come an ogy to prevent and treat illness, psychoimmunol- increasing interest in ways and means of preserv- ogy, the science that deals with the mind’s role in ing and restoring health. People are interested in helping the immune system to fight disease, will learning how to care for their own health. They become a vitally important clinical field in the are no longer content to place an almost unlim- years to come—perhaps the most important med- ited faith in potions and pills.” ical field in the twenty-first century, supplanting our present emphasis on oncology and cardiol- It is somewhat mind-boggling to find literature ogy. The encouragement of healthy thinking may dating back so many years that pinpoints the eventually become an integral aspect of treat- medical climate of today. Does it imply that we ment for everything from allergies to liver trans- have stagnated to a certain degree in our thinking plants. What all this means is that our present on the logic of integrative methods? Or does it concept of medicine will disappear. Pressed both grant that perhaps this “New Age” simply means by patients and its own advancing technology, we are at last opening our arms in a more unified, medicine will change to focus from treatment to consistent way to all the healing methods avail- enhancement, from repair to improvement, from able on our planet since the beginning of time? diminished sickness to increased performance. Alternative and complementary medicine need For all its seemingly newfound accolades and not be “on the fringe” but rather a meritorious anecdotal successes, what we call alternative med- component among a staggering array of modern icine really began when humankind ﬁrst recog- comforts and conveniences. Finally a visible force nized the need to deal with and counteract in the mainstream, the field of alternative thera- abnormalities and ailments that emerged in their pies pours into American homes by way of televi- lives. The ancients developed their own medicines, sion and other broadcast media, newspapers, treatments that ultimately involved acknowledg- books, and magazines, including Alternative Thera- ment of a mind-body connection, from whatever pies in Health and Medicine, a peer-reviewed journal nature provided. edited by Larry Dossey, M.D., and Alternative Med- In 1933, the editor-in-chief Bernarr McFadden icine, a consumer publication of AlternativeMedi- wrote in his foreword to the Encyclopedia of Health cine.com. Both magazines have impressive (McFadden Book Company, Inc., New York): advisory boards, an undeniable proclamation of “Only recently has it begun to dawn on the world support for the universal mission—well-being, that health is something within the control of the however we choose to accomplish it. The Ameri- individual, and with it vitality of mind and heart can psychologist and philosopher William James Introduction xxiii

(1842–1910) summed it up so many years ago: feel with their own hearts,” many of us have in “The great revolution of our generation is the dis- fact grown willing to accept and choose options covery that human beings, by changing the inner that defy specific explanation, and still more are attitudes of their minds, can change the outer beginning to follow that lead. Perhaps in light of aspects of their lives.” So be it, even as we beckon this en masse acceptance—this breakthrough sur- alternative and complementary options with render—we will create a climate that lends itself “Show me!” as though we were all diehard Mis- to our finding the answers and the improvements sourians. Although Albert Einstein observed, we want. Now, at last, ours is a relentless, all- “Few are those who see with their own eyes and embracing quest for healing and flourishing.

ENTRIES A–Z

A aama A term in Ayurvedic medicine, also known staphisagria, massage, color therapy, and other as aamdosh, which refers to the accumulation of methods believed to have a healing effect. undigested or incompletely digested food—byproducts of metabolism—which in turn may possi- Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and bly act as antigens, or foreign substances, in the Oriental Medicine See Appendix I. body. Aama is said to cause indigestion, bad breath, a coated tongue, and other gastrointestinal prob- acupoints Also called acupuncture points or trig- lems. The accumulation of these unusable ger points, specific places along a network of nerves “remains” in the body is also said to instigate an and other bodily structures used as landmarks over immune-system problem, in which they may be which to apply pressure, as in acupressure; insert attacked by antibodies, thus causing the aama sites acupuncture needles; or apply other methods to the to swell, lodge themselves in body tissues, and cre- skin in order to release the flow of energy so an ail- ate dysfunction. For example, one Ayurvedic belief ing or dysfunctional organ or body part may heal. is that aama harbored in the joints induces arthritic See also ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE. symptoms. Ayurvedic cleansing techniques may provide an antidote. A homeopathic belief relates acupressure An ancient Asian technique of nat- physical aama to psychological aama, involving ural healing, at least 5000 years old, involving the stress or any type of mental “overload,” as a possi- use of the hands and fingers to apply pressure on ble cause of physical symptoms. or to massage body certain meridians in order to See also AYURVEDA; HOMEOPATHY. unblock stagnant energy that may be causing pain. The third most popular method for treating pain abortifacient Any agent, substance, or method and illness in the world and considered a painless, intended to induce an abortion, that is, deliberate nontoxic method for redirecting ch’i, the Chinese termination of a pregnancy, usually during the ear- word for energy, acupressure (and its close associ- liest stage. The drug RU486 (Mifepristone), for ate acupuncture) draws upon the body meridians, example, which is used in some countries, may be also known as energy pathways, as connections or administered in conjunction with a prostaglandin correlations with body organs and functions. When suppository or injection before 47 days have ch’i flows unimpeded throughout the body, well- elapsed since a woman’s last menstrual period if being results. If the energy is thwarted for any rea- abortion is desired. son, illness results. Related to acupuncture without However, various methods of alternative medi- the use of needles, acupressure is said to be effec- cine attempt to treat miscarriage, the unexplained, tive as disease prevention as well as a component spontaneous, and undesired loss of an embryo or of traditional treatments for arthritis, carpal tunnel fetus. For symptoms of distress, shock, bleeding, syndrome, chronic pain, symptoms of addiction and pain, practitioners of alternative medicine may withdrawal, motion sickness, multiple sclerosis, employ astringent remedies to discourage bleeding, insomnia, fatigue, bronchitis, colds and flu, arthri- herbal sedatives, aromatherapy, Bach Flower tis, allergies, pneumonia, toothache, sinusitis, sciat- Remedies, the homeopathic substances ignatia and ica, nausea, hemorrhoids, ear infection, diarrhea,

1 2 acupuncture fever, indigestion—approximately 3,000 maladies were treated with acupressure daily for 21 days on altogether. points along the spine, back and front of legs. A According to the Complementary Wellness Pro- marked improvement was found in 29 percent of fessional Association (http://www.compwellness. patients, 68 patients were cured, while 3.5 percent com/eGuide/acupre.htm), “There is a natural had no noticeable change. Additional benefits source of healing power in everyone. When this reported included improved sleep.” Practitioners of healing power is activated, it triggers a series of shiatsu and acupressure may also use fingers, complicated internal processes producing a healing palms, elbows, arms, knees, and feet in lieu of the response. Pain or injury acts to alert the body that needles used in acupuncture. damage control is needed, at which point the heal- Acupressure is also used for animals, particu- ing response begins and endorphins are generated larly for arthritis and hip dysplasia. to repair the affected area. This increases the heart See also ACUPUNCTURE. rate and alters the blood pressure to speed up the elimination of toxins from the damaged area. . . . acupuncture A component of traditional Chinese When applied to specific sore points along the medicine (TCM) in which extremely fine long nee- meridians at different points for different condi- dles are inserted into the skin over points corre- tions, the pressure tricks the body into thinking it sponding to parts and functions of the body has been damaged. The body then produces endor- mapped out in a system of meridians. (For exam- phins to relieve distress in the organs and systems ple, a point near the wrist is associated with respi- corresponding to the acupressure point . . . and pro- ration.) The technique is used to reduce pain and duces a healing response all along the meridian.” promote restoration and bodily well-being. The association says that regular, systematic Acupuncture is reported to relieve blockage, pres- treatment usually gets the best results. Treatment sure, or other ill effects from the body’s 14 major three times each day for five to 10 minutes, or meridians, or energy channels. Rendered as qi or every two hours if necessary, reflects the concept ch’i (pronounced “chee”), the flow of this energy or that acupressure’s positive effects are cumulative— life force is essential to health. Given a new credi- one cannot overdose because the treatments are bility and acknowledgment by Western practition- safe. However, they are not recommended for ers, acupuncture studies suggest that the technique administration directly after a meal, and pregnant stimulates the release of the body’s natural, opiate- women should avoid pressure at certain points like substances called endorphins. Polypeptides known as SP 6, Li 4, and St 36. (Pressure points are produced in the brain, endorphins act as coded.) Tui na is a needleless form of acupressure painkillers, at times as effective as morphine or used particularly for very young children and for anesthetics, because they bind to opiate receptor those suffering from musculoskeletal distress. sites that involve the perception of pain and According to The One Spirit Encyclopedia of Com- increase the threshold for pain. Endorphins and plementary Health (Hamlyn, London, 2000), acu- enkephalins, also polypeptides that work as endor- pressure is similar to shiatsu, which means “finger phins do, are thought also to contribute to a feeling pressure” in Japanese, in that it is meant to trigger of well-being. the release of ch’i along the meridians. It branches The author and physician Richard Gerber off from shiatsu, which includes massage, in that explained the 12-pathway acupuncture-meridian acupressure mostly employs thumb and fingertip system as “the body’s biocircuitry,” through which pressure on acupuncture points. In clinical studies, more than 1,000 acupoints carry the environmen- acupressure was successfully used to treat morning tal life energy ch’i. “This special type of life energy sickness in 350 women at the Royal Maternity Hos- is said to come from three primary sources. Part of pital in Belfast, Ireland, in 1988. “In 1986,” the text our ch’i energy comes from the vital-energy reserve described, “car factory workers were screened in a we inherit from our parents. This type of ‘inher- study to exclude any with organic disease or infec- ited’ life energy is referred to as ancestral ch’i. The tion, and 142 workers with chronic lumbar pain second source of ch’i is absorbed (and produced) acupuncture 3 from the foods we eat. The third (and possibly the 1997, “acupuncture’s credibility as a viable medical most important) source of ch’i comes directly from treatment was bolstered by the U.S. Food and Drug the environment. A certain amount of ch’i is Administration (FDA), which reclassified the absorbed from our surroundings and taken into the acupuncture needle from ‘experimental’ to ‘med- body and the meridian system via the acupuncture ical device’ status, thereby acknowledging that the points themselves. Acupoints appear to function acupuncture needle is a safe and effective medical like tiny energy pores in the skin that absorb this instrument. . . . The FDA estimates that Americans unique environmental subtle energy directly into make 9–12 million visits per year to acupuncturists the meridians, where it is then distributed to the and spend as much as $500 million on acupuncture organs of the body.” Gerber further explains that treatments annually. . . . In the 1970s, under a the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine on grant from the NIH, Robert O. Becker, M.D., and illness is that ch’i becomes imbalanced, and the biophysicist Maria Reichmanis were able to acupuncture is one way to rebalance the flow of prove that electrical currents did indeed flow along ch’i energy to whatever organ or bodily structure is the ancient Chinese meridians and that 25% of the dysfunctional. acupuncture points existed along those scientifi- “The acupuncture points located on the skin cally measurable lines. They reasoned that these also seem to function like miniature electrical relay points acted as amplifiers to boost the minute elec- stations along a vast power line, helping to main- trical signals as they traveled along the body, and tain the flow of energy along each meridian,” Ger- that the insertion of a needle could interfere with ber wrote; that concept, he believes, requires “a that flow and thus block the stimulus of pain.” great leap in thinking beyond the limited biomech- The volume also cited acupuncture as an effec- anistic paradigm of traditional medicine.” tive treatment for neck pain, and that a study was Although many traditional practitioners argue conducted with nearly 200 patients suffering from that acupuncture treatment for pain, despite its chronic neck pain. Each patient received a half- anecdotal success, has more of a placebo effect hour acupuncture treatment five times a week for (which can be extremely powerful) than an actual three weeks; acupuncture proved effective, espe- physical repair result, an expert consensus panel of cially for those who had experienced neck pain for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1997 more than five years or who had myofascial pain agreed from certain studies that acupuncture treat- syndrome (caused by tension in the muscles). ments did relieve nausea and vomiting associated Another study, of more than 20,000 patients at the with pregnancy, chemotherapy, and anesthesia; University of California at Los Angeles, indicated reduced pain after dental surgery; and helped alle- that acupuncture lessened the frequency and viate pain caused by osteoarthritis, headache, intensity of migraine and tension headaches. carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, asthma, and In general, there are no medical conditions that other conditions. Acupuncture is also reported to would preclude the use of acupuncture as a treat- have positive results in the treatment of addiction ment modality, and no known side effects, with the withdrawal and in the course of rehabilitation for exception of infection resulting from improperly stroke patients. In addition, the World Health sterilized needles or treatment by an incompetent Organization (WHO) reported that sinusitis, the practitioner. Patients may request disposable nee- common cold, tonsillitis, eye inflammation, near- dles to eliminate the sterilization issue. For individ- sightedness, duodenal ulcer and other gastroin- uals who have a fear of needles, there are laser testinal disorders, trigeminal neuralgia, Ménière’s acupuncture, which uses laser beams instead of disease, tennis elbow, sciatica, rheumatoid condi- needles; ultrasound and light-therapy acupunc- tions, menstrual cramps, radiation illness and other ture, which use sound waves and light waves in types of environmental poisoning, and speech lieu of needles; and electroacupuncture, which aphasia may also be treated with acupuncture. uses small electrical currents to stimulate acu- The book Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide points. An additional technique, called cupping, (Celestial Arts, Berkeley, Calif., 2002), says that in involves the use of glass, metal, wood, or bamboo 4 acupuncture cups of varying size. The cups are warmed and M.D.s and D.O.s, who practice acupuncture. Orga- placed top-down on an acupoint or any flat area nizations that set standards and certify practitioners such as the back, abdomen, or legs. The vacuum include the Accreditation Commission for created by the cups “sucks” the skin so that blood Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and the rushes to the point and rebalances the flow of National Certification Commission for Acupunc- energy. Cupping is said to be most effective for ture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). (See treating bronchitis, colds, and arthritis. Appendix I.) Every practitioner has an individual Moxibustion, a term derived from the Japanese approach, and it is possible that one practitioner, as word mokusa, or “burning herb,” is a technique of with any health care provider, may be more suited acupuncture that employs needles to which the to a particular patient than another. The NIH sug- heat of a dried herb (moxa) is attached. A tiny gests that the typical gauge for effectiveness is 10 stick, roll, or cone-shaped amount of moxa, from sessions, and chronic pain relief should be experi- the herb mugwort, burns on the head of the nee- enced from acupuncture after six treatments. Some dle to send warmth to the acupoint. The moxa, conditions such as asthma may require months of which may also be used without needles but with acupuncture before a patient perceives relief. a small tip, does not touch the skin directly and is Acupuncture may be combined with other conven- reported to be aromatic and a pleasant treatment. tional or alternative treatments. Auricular therapy, revived and improved in the “Many unconventional treatments have been 1960s by the French acupuncturist Dr. Paul Nogier, around for a very long time,” writes Dr. Herbert is a type of acupuncture that focuses exclusively on Benson in Timeless Healing (Scribner, New York, the ear for pain management and the treatment of 1996), “but their positive effects, if present and migraines, arthritis, and stomach ailments. When above those of remembered wellness, are still ques- Nogier treated patients with sciatica by cauterizing tionable. Acupuncture is a case in point. If its inher- part of their earlobes, he discovered after they ent healing effects were equivalent to those of reported relief that the technique dated back to proven scientific remedies, they would already have ancient Egypt. He also developed an electrical been recognized by Western scientific medicine.” device called a Punctoscope so needles were not The licensed acupuncturist and author Harriet required. Also, while small acupuncture needles Beinfield, and her coauthor Efrem Korngold, also a may be used in the ear, electrotherapy, light ther- licensed acupuncturist and practitioner of osteo- apy, and small, magnetically charged ball bearings pathic manipulative medicine, wrote in Between (which can be taped over acupoints for long-term, Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine (Bal- or semipermanent, therapy) may be preferred lantine Books, New York, 1991): “While neurolog- methods. Auricular therapists, popular in France, ical and hormonal hypotheses describe how say this type of acupuncture helps provide diagnos- acupuncture alleviates pain, they do not accurately tic information; is less invasive than regular explain its diverse therapeutic effects. . . . [E]xper- acupuncture, particularly for anxious patients; and iments, including the study of acupuncture- is calming and effective against pain. assisted surgery, have shown that acupuncture not The theory is that the ear, with its approxi- only inhibits pain, but also directly affects periph- mately 200–300 acupoints, has the shape of a fetus eral microcirculation, rhythm and stroke volume of in the womb and therefore relates to the acupoints the heart, blood pressure, levels of circulating in the adult body. The measurable electrical prop- immunoglobulins, gastrointestinal peristalsis, erties of acupuncture points allow practitioners to secretion of hydrochloric acid, and the production diagnose problems, and auricular therapy is said to of red and white blood cells. Acupuncture seems to relieve addictions, certain respiratory disorders, adjust all the physiological processes of the organ- labor pains, and pain related to terminal illnesses. ism, possibly through activation of the homeostatic To date, approximately 10,000 acupuncturists in function of the autonomic nervous system. . . . The the United States are licensed, registered, or certi- central issue from the classical Chinese medical fied, and approximately 3000 medical doctors, both point of view is not why acupuncture works, but Alexander Technique 5 rather how and when to use it. The dynamic balance agni Ayurvedic term referring to the element of that Chinese medicine equates with health mani- fire, the central bodily fire, the digestive fire, or the fests as smooth and constant movement. When Qi pitta temperament. and Blood stagnate, the processes of elimination and See also AYURVEDA. regeneration deteriorate, constituting the basic condition underlying many forms of illness. . . . ahara rasa The “nutrient plasma” that contains “Acupuncture is not like a drug that is supposed nutrition for all the dhatus (basic vital bodily struc- to produce a discrete and limited result. In Western tures) in Ayurvedic medicine. medicine a given drug or procedure results in a See also AYURVEDA. limited, desired effect, plus so-called side effects, which are adverse changes in the organism as a Alexander Technique A type of holistic training for whole. In Chinese medicine, this logic is reversed, stress reduction developed by the Australian actor so that global changes in the whole organism result Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869–1955, born in in the disappearance of specific symptoms. In Tasmania), who believed that “every man, woman acupuncture ‘secondary’ effects are intended, all and child holds the possibility of physical perfection; part of one continuous process of change.” it rests with each of us to attain it by personal under- See also RELAXATION. standing and effort.” Also referred to at times as posture training, the Alexander Technique involves a affirmations Sentences, phrases, or words that process of mind-body connection and of reeducation are composed in order to emphasize and reinforce of what Alexander determined to be the body’s a certain belief, used as a therapeutic device for its innate poise and grace in order to control posture, emotional force or impact when they are spoken balance, and action. When a person’s body does not and repeated. According to the self-help author move or rest harmoniously, he taught, stressors such Stuart Wilde, there are four types of affirmations— as tension and emotional problems may become word, thought, feeling, and action—and there are worse or evolve into more serious health problems. both positive and negative affirmations. Wilde As a result of a seemingly intractable laryngitis wrote in his book Affirmations (Nacson & Sons PTY during his acting career, Alexander discovered LTD, Australia, and White Dove International, Inc., that although he had lost his voice onstage, he Taos, N. Mex., 1993) that affirmations of word was able to speak normally when not performing. resemble a prayer or mantra, such as “I am the Using several mirrors so he could observe any dif- power, I am the light, I control my life.” Affirma- ferences between his onstage and offstage experi- tions of thought, such as Wilde’s “I grant myself ences, he realized that as he gave a dramatic forgiveness and complete absolution. For my reading, he had the tendency to suck in air and energy has now risen above and beyond any errors pull his head down, actions that put pressure on I may have made in the past,” are geared to calm- his vocal cords and adversely affected his spine, ing emotions and evoking the energetic, personal back, and breathing pattern. As he spoke nor- power to transcend difficulties. An example of a mally, he observed that his posture was similar, heart or feeling affirmation is “My life is heroic. I but significantly less tense. He concluded that acknowledge and honor each step I take.” Wilde undue tension in the head, neck, and back created says developing affirmations of feeling increases an imbalance that could lead to physical ailments. sensitivity and honesty, as affirmations of action After he developed specific ways to improve gen- help promote good choices and deeds, as in “In eral body use, including the correlation between softness I have strength.” The author and healer the head and neck and the rest of the body as a Louise Hay also provides affirmations for personal key principle that he called “The Primary Con- growth and self-esteem, including “I deserve love.” trol,” Alexander began to teach fellow performers Affirmations may be used as a component of self- and others. With his vocal cord problems elimi- healing, positive thinking, meditation, psychother- nated, he felt inspired to go to London in 1901 apy, relaxation, and other alternative techniques. and thereafter to America to develop further and 6 allopathy teach his technique. Training courses on the alteratives Substances or agents that promote a Alexander Technique exist in many countries, gradual change in nutrition or in the body without and more than 2000 teachers are practicing creating a specific effect of their own. throughout the world, according to Noel Kings- See also AYURVEDA. ley, who offers more information by E-mail: noel@ale tech.co.uk. Other sources include alternative medicine Any method, technique, or http://www.alexandertechnique.com/at/ and Joan practice that promotes the restoration of health Arnold, a certified teacher of the Alexander Tech- and well-being that is not included in conven- nique in New York City (E-mail: [email protected]). tional, or traditional, Western medicine. Alterna- Arnold wrote, “We all have unconscious move- tive medicine as an entire field maintains there is a ment habits. Without realizing it, we put undue mind-body connection that has an important pressure on ourselves. We use more force than we impact on one’s ability to prevent illness, regain need to lift a coffee pot or a weight bar. We slouch health, and create a biopsychosocial balance. as we sit, unaware that our way of doing things Homeopathy, chiropractic, Ayurveda, herbal medi- gives out bodies a certain look. We blame body cine, acupuncture, aromatherapy, and reflexology problems on activities—carpal tunnel syndrome on are among the numerous choices of alternative computer work, tennis elbow on tennis. But often it medicines available. A trend has begun to combine is how we do something that creates the problem, traditional Western medical modalities with one or not the activity itself. An Alexander Technique more alternative treatments, depending upon the teacher helps you see what in your movement style condition and needs of individual patients and the contributes to your recurring difficulties—whether effectiveness of the treatments. it’s a bad back, neck and shoulder pain, restricted breathing, perpetual exhaustion, or limitations in ama Ayurvedic term for toxins that affect weak- performing a task or sport. Analyzing your whole ened areas of the body. movement pattern—not just your symptom—the See also AYURVEDA. teacher alerts you to habits of compression in your characteristic way of sitting, standing and walking. American Academy of Medical Acupuncture He or she then guides you . . . to move in a freer, See Appendix I. more integrated way.” See Appendix I. American Alliance of Aromatherapy See allopathy From the Greek words allos, meaning Appendix I. “other,” and pathos, meaning “disease or suffering,” methods for treatment of disease that attempt to counteract the disease or cause of the disease American Apitherapy Society See APITHERAPY; directly. According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dic- Appendix I. tionary, allopathy or allopathic medicine is an incorrect term used to differentiate the traditional practice of American Aromatherapy Association See Western medicine from alternative therapies, such Appendix I. as homeopathy. Rudolph Ballentine, M.D., defines allopathic medicine in Radical Healing: Integrating the American Association of Acupuncture and Orien- World’s Great Therapeutic Traditions to Create a New tal Medicine See Appendix I. Transformative Medicine (Harmony Books, New York, 1999) as “operating according to the Law of American Center for the Alexander Technique Contraries or opposites, in contradistinction to See Appendix I. those approaches that are based on the Law of Sim- ilars, which are referred to as homeopathic. Treating American College of Acupuncture & Oriental a fever with cold, for example, is allopathic.” Medicine See Appendix I. anxiety 7 amma An ancient Japanese holistic therapy for headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, insomnia, and treating mind, body, and spirit, now called shiatsu. a host of individualized manifestations of stress. Amma therapy schools combine the principles of Anxiety may also occur as a result of a physical Oriental medicine for deep tissue manipulation problem, such as metabolic imbalance, hyperthy- with the application of pressure, friction, and touch roidism, prostaglandin deficiency, poor nerve to specific joints, energy channels, muscles, liga- health, smoking, any catastrophic illness such as ments, and joints. Amma therapy may also include cancer, and many other diseases, or it may be sec- dietary, detoxification, herbs and supplements, ondary to posttraumatic stress, obsessive-compul- therapeutic exercise, stress, and emotional and sive, and other psychological disorders. spiritual counseling. The chief diagnostic technique In the field of complementary medicine, the of the amma therapist is palpation with the hands mind-body connection is taken into consideration and fingers in areas where there is dysfunction or when treating an individual presenting signs of pain. Palpation may be performed through cloth- panic attack or another stress-related condition ing. For additional information on amma educa- regardless of its origin. Relaxation techniques; tion, you may log on to http://www.natural meditation; Ayurveda; massage; aromatherapy healers.com/qa/amma.shtml. (particularly with essential oils of peppermint, See also SHIATSU. lavender, geranium, bergamot, cinnamon, etc.); acupressure; acupuncture; homeopathic medicines animal-assisted therapy The technique of using such as aconite, arsenicum, calcarea, and ignatia; dogs, cats, and other animals to cuddle and interact nutrition therapy (such as magnesium, calcium, B with traumatized or catastrophically ill patients of vitamins, sea minerals, brewer’s yeast, sunflower all ages in order to heighten emotional comfort and seeds, molasses, carrot-celery juice, wheat germ oil, help people reconnect with normal activity after a and garlic); psychotherapy; reflexology; and many significant event, such as natural disaster or war. other healing methods have been known anecdo- The Delta Society, which is an organization that tally and shown in scientific studies to be effective teaches how to use therapy dogs, may be contacted treatments. Herbal therapies include chamomile, at 425-226-7357 or www.deltasociety.org. valerian, peppermint, hops, Chinese angelica, white peony root, lady’s slipper, rosemary, skull- antibiotics, herbal Substances extracted from cap, Reishi mushrooms, bee pollen, ginseng, gotu natural sources used for the treatment of infection kola, lobelia, and catnip. Flower remedies include or ailment caused by microbial invasion in the elm, aspen, red chestnut, Rescue Remedy, and body. For example, antimicrobial properties are Emergency Essence. attributed to the Native American herbs echinacea, In her book Healthy Healing: An Alternative Heal- goldenseal, osha, Lomatium dissectum, usnea, and ing Reference (Healthy Healing Publications, Carmel saw palmetto. Valley, Calif., 1994), Linda G. Rector-Page, N.D., See also HOMEOPATHY. Ph.D., describes depression and anxiety as the mental and emotional state that can stem from as anxiety An emotional disorder that may include wide a range of causes as there are individuals. For physiological symptoms or illness, usually affecting the “inability to cope with prolonged and intense twice as many women as men. According to the stress, excessive worry, anger and guilt, insomnia, National Center for Health Statistics, as of 1998, and diminished ability to concentrate,” she recom- drugs prescribed for sufferers of anxiety rank mends (1) food therapy, including sufficient pro- among the 20 drugs most commonly prescribed tein (about 15 percent of total calorie intake), overall. Some of the most common symptoms of carrot juice two to three times a week with a pinch anxiety are hyperventilation, chest tightness or of sage and a teaspoon of Bragg’s Liquid Aminos, pain, fainting, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, clammy the elimination of sweets, alcohol, and drugs, skin, flushing, dry mouth, loss of appetite, drinking of bottled water, and a daily mix of 8 apitherapy lecithin granules, brewer’s yeast, wheat germ, and and propolis. Rich in bioflavonoids, bee propolis pumpkin seeds; (2) brain oxygenators, including has antibiotic and bactericidal properties and may wheat germ oil capsules, glutamine, and germa- be used topically on wounds. As with any bee nium with suma; (3) herbal therapy, including product, individuals must be cautioned that an royal jelly, evening primrose oil, Bach’s Rescue allergic reaction may occur, and those who have Remedy, gingko biloba, and ginseng; (4) bodywork, cardiac problems, tuberculosis, or other infections including exercise, sunlight, yoga, shiatsu, and or who are pregnant should probably avoid using breathing exercises; (5) aromatherapy (particularly bee remedies. ylang ylang, basil, jasmine, and geranium); and (6) Apitherapists may be contacted through the the cessation of smoking. American Apitherapy Society (AAS), P.O. Box 54, See also AUSTRALIAN BUSH FLOWER ESSENCES; BACH Hartland Four Corners, VT 05049, or at 800-823- FLOWER REMEDIES. 3460. apitherapy Treatment using bee products, applications, healing Any item or agent placed including bee venom, royal jelly, bee pollen, raw topically on the skin over an area of the body that honey, and propolis, for arthritis, desensitization of requires healing. Among the types of applications allergy to bee stings, chronic pain, back pain, are hot or cold, dry or moist compresses. Com- migraines, hair loss, vision problems, gout, asthma, presses have long been used to draw out waste and various skin conditions, memory loss, multiple its residue, such as the contents of cysts or sclerosis (MS), and urinary incontinence. Accord- abscesses, through the skin, an organ of elimina- ing to The PDR Family Guide to Natural Medicines & tion and protection. Herbs may be applied to com- Healing Therapies (Ballantine Books, New York, presses; for example, cayenne, ginger, and lobelia 1999), the Multiple Sclerosis Society has funded a may be added to a hot compress. Green clay com- study of bee venom as a treatment for MS, and the presses may be used for growths. Alternating hot International Apiary Society is currently tracking and cold compresses is usually recommended. 4500 individuals with MS as possible candidates for Herbal wraps are also healing applications and bee-venom remedies. Allegedly, bee venom quick body-cleansing or conditioning techniques, injected into the joints eases the pain and inflam- which are reported to elasticize, tone, alkalize, and mation of rheumatoid arthritis, as some patients release body wastes. Spa herbal wraps may involve have reported. Royal jelly, secreted by the salivary the use of seaweed or another natural substance glands of worker bees to nourish the queen bee, is with therapeutic qualities for balancing body min- a source of vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and erals and enhancing metabolism. Other types of testosterone. Used for hundreds of years for its healing applications include mud, oatmeal, sea- rejuvenating properties, royal jelly is also said to be weed, and other baths. antibacterial; reduce allergic reactions; boost the See also FOLK REMEDIES. immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation; control cholesterol levels; treat sub- fertility, eczema, psoriasis, acne, muscular dystro- applied kinesiology See KINESIOLOGY. phy, thrush, and athlete’s foot; and possibly help prevent leukemia. aquasonics A technique used by practitioners of Bee pollen that is collected by bees contains vit- cymatics involving the use of a heated pool for amins, minerals, sugar, protein, and fat; its advo- patients with arthritis, paralysis, and other physical cates believe it fights infection and inhibits aging. disabilities. Various corrective sound frequencies Raw honey is allegedly a source of B-complex vit- are introduced into the water, which changes the amins, glucose, several other vitamins, and propo- water’s molecular structure, thus providing a more lis, the substance bees collect from buds or tree effective “medium” for relaxation, stimulation, or bark (and then use to seal the interior of their whatever the patient’s condition requires. hives); it is a combination of wax, resin, balsam oil, See also CYMATICS. aromatherapy 9 aromatherapy The use of appealing scents of nificant in the memory of an individual can trigger essential oils extracted from various flowers and an array of somatic and emotional reactions. plants to induce relaxation and a sense of well- According to Susanne Fischer-Rizzi, author of being. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians the Complete Aromatherapy Handbook: Essential Oils recognized the beneficial effects of pleasantly for Radiant Health (Sterling Publishing Company, scented baths, massages, steam inhalations, dif- New York, 1990), “Aromatherapy acts in accor- fusers, and vaporizers. Hippocrates, the Greek dance with holistic principles: it awakens and known as the father of medicine, recommended strengthens vital energies and self-healing capabil- aromatic fumigation for ridding Athens of the ities of the patient. Essential oils can deeply influ- plague. Scents from essential oils were used ence our psychic equilibrium or psychological throughout the world with some intention of a well-being and regulate physical imbalances— healing or therapeutic effect. removing ‘soil’ on which illness flourish. . . . In By the 1930s, the French chemist Dr. René-Mau- addition, essential oils invite one to appreciate the rice Gattefossé proposed the term and the basic prin- beauty and wonders of creation, providing us inner ciples of aromatherapy. Gattefossé began using contentment. . . . They have the ability to directly lavender oil after he had burned his hand in his lab- affect the brain and, from there, many psychologi- oratory and quickly but inadvertently plunged it cal and physiological processes.” into a container of lavender oil. That his hand healed Aromatherapy enthusiasts and practitioners completely led him to think about and experiment report that the cranial olfactory (odor-sensing) with the possible benefits of essential oils in general. nerves act by transmitting impulses from odor mol- Gattefossé’s further research on the effectiveness of ecules through the nasal passages to the limbic sys- essential oils led the French physician Jean Valnet to tem, the seat of memory and emotion. Some claim make therapeutic use of them during World War II certain aromas can trigger glandular stimulation, as disinfectants and healing applications. Valnet thus producing either calming or energizing went on in 1964 to write a Aromatherapie, Traitement results. For example, lavender is said to lower des maladies par les essences des plantes (Aromatherapy, blood pressure; relieve headache, depression, treatment of illnesses by the essences of plants), and inflammation, burns and cuts, menstrual cramps, to teach other physicians about essential oils. and insect bites; and fight bacteria. Other aromas, Valnet’s students Marguerite Maury and Miche- such as peppermint, eucalyptus, tea tree, rosemary, line Arcier revived the use of essential oils in Eng- chamomile, thyme, tarragon, and everlasting, land, where there are now schools and clinics for allegedly help one deal with all manner of ailments aromatherapy. The Italian scientists Dr. Renato and discomfort, including fungal infections, con- Cayola and Dr. Giovanni Garri also distinguished gestion, gas and liver problems, allergies, insomnia, themselves with studies on the psychological digestive problems, stress, bronchitis, arthritis, effects of essential oils in the early 1920s, and Pro- muscle and other types of injuries, and skin prob- fessor Paolo Rovesti, of the University of Milan, lems such as boils and pimples. Aromatherapy may researched the effects and treated depressed be administered via inhalation (usually in steam), patients with combinations of jasmine, sandal- diffusion (spraying into the air), massage (direct wood, orange blossom, verbena, and lemon oil. For application to skin), bath water, and hot and cold treatment of anxiety disorders, he used bergamot, compresses. Essential oils, which may be poiso- neroli, cypress, orange leaf, lime, rose, violet nous, are never to be taken internally. leaves, and marjoram. One contemporary physi- Although aromatherapy is usually considered cian helped a young girl with cancer to manage safe, precautions must be taken by those with pain by administering a conventional pain medica- asthma (many oils can set off bronchial spasms) or tion accompanied by a whiff of rose oil with each allergies, pregnant women (sage, rosemary, and dose. Eventually the girl needed only the fragrance juniper oils may trigger uterine contraction), and to feel relief from the pain. Throughout the history infants and young children, who may be hypersen- of psychology, it has been known that an odor sig- sitive to a potent essential oil. Also, the high con- 10 Aromatherapy Seminars centration of essential oils may cause a toxic over- from around the world make pilgrimages to the dose, skin or eye irritation, hypersensitivity to sun- Pedro II Psychiatric Center, which houses the light, headache, fatigue, or a paradoxical effect museum’s 250,000 pieces of patient-produced art. (that is, an oil may cause a problem rather than . . . Psychiatrists have long recognized the healing help to relieve it). For aromatherapy organizations, attributes of creating art, and the Museum of see Appendix I. Images from the Unconscious helps scholars as well. Said the late British psychiatrist R. D. Laing, Aromatherapy Seminars See Appendix I. “This museum represents a major contribution to the scientific study of the psychotic process.” aromatic Any substance whose fragrance or In The Art Spirit (Harper & Row Publishers, New agreeable odor acts as a relaxant or stimulant. York, 1923), the artist Robert Henri (1865–1929) See also AROMATHERAPY. wrote: “The more health we have in life the fewer laws we will have, for health makes for happiness artav Reproductive tissue, one of the seven dhatus and laws for the destruction of both. If as little chil- (basic vital bodily structures) in Ayurvedic medicine. dren, we were enabled to find life so simple, so See also AYURVEDA. transparent that all the beautiful order of it were revealed to us, if we knew the rhythm of Wagner, art therapy The technique of involving people in the outline of Pericles, if color were all about us doing some form of artwork or working with art beautifully related, we should acquire this health materials such as paints, crayons, or pastels, in and have the vision to translate our lives into the order to achieve a therapeutic, nonverbal expres- most perfect art of any age or generation.” Bernie S. sion of feelings, particularly those related to Siegel, M.D., quoted Henri further in his book Love, bereavement, catastrophic illness, a disaster or Medicine & Miracles (Harper & Row Publishers, New public crisis, or personal psychogenic problems York, 1986): “When the artist is alive in any person, including depression. Art therapists believe that whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an making art is a cathartic, healing experience, as inventive, searching, daring, self-expressive crea- well as an opportunity to release conscious or ture. He becomes interesting to other people. He unconscious (and perhaps painful) feelings in an disturbs, upsets, enlightens, and opens ways for a atmosphere of “play.” The therapist and person dis- better understanding. Where those who are not cuss the painting, collage, drawing, or sculpture, artists are trying to close the book, he opens it and for example, in a nonjudgmental, noncritical way, shows there are still more pages possible.” In his so the person derives the benefit of the therapist’s practice of oncology, Siegel is one of many propo- assessment and guidance for the emotional prob- nents of using art as therapy. Art therapy programs, lems that emerge from the art. particularly for bereaved children, have cropped up Art has been considered a valuable tool for reha- in local medical centers as a service to the commu- bilitating those with mental or emotional illness nity and in connection with the treatment of since the 1940s, when artists who worked in psy- patients with catastrophic illnesses. chiatric hospitals started to recognize the powerful messages in the artwork of patients. People of any asanas Yoga postures or positions. age may participate in art therapy sessions, which See also YOGA. are now integrated into the mainstream health delivery system and made available through local ascorbic acid flush A procedure explained by medical and health care centers. Linda Rector-Page, N.D., Ph.D., as “accelerating One example of art therapy for mental patients detoxification, changing body chemistry to neutral- is Rio de Janeiro’s Museum of Images from the ize allergens and fight infections, promoting more Unconscious. According to The Power to Heal: rapid healing, and as a protective and preventive Ancient Arts & Modern Medicine (Prentice Hall Press, measure against illness” (from Healthy Healing: An New York, 1990), “Art critics and psychotherapists Alternative Healing Reference. Carmel Valley, Calif.: aura 11

Health Healing Publications, 1994). The formula can adjust the massage and exercises according to for the flush consists of ascorbate vitamin C or the age and physical status of each client. Ester powder with bioflavonoids, one-half tea- The Aston Training Center may be contacted at spoon taken every 20 minutes to bowel tolerance P.O. Box 3568, Inclined Village, NV 89450, or at (diarrhea results). Then reduce the amount taken 702-831-8228. to just below bowel tolerance until the stool is See also ROLFING. loose, but not diarrhea (which, medically, is considered to be watery). Continue for two days. Aston Training Center See Appendix I; ASTON- See also COLONICS. PATTERNING. ashtanga A school of yoga. astringent A drying agent that reduces secretion See also YOGA. of discharges from bodily tissues. Some of the major astringents are metal salts, such as ferric Association for Integrative Medicine (AIM) See chloride, ferrous sulfate, and zinc oxide; alum; per- Appendix I. manganates; and tannic acid. Stypsis is the Greek word meaning to “use an astringent,” particularly asthi Bone, one of the seven dhatus (basic vital to stop bleeding. In Ayurvedic medicine, astrin- tissues of the body) in Ayurvedic medicine. gency corresponds to one of the taste sensations; See also AYURVEDA. adding an astringent to a food creates a contraction that can have an effect upon hemorrhaging blood Aston-Patterning A type of bodywork, move- vessels or help dispel diarrhea. ment training, and massage geared to relieving See also AYURVEDA. muscle tension, pain, and stress and promoting healing from injuries. Developed by the dancer athma In Ayurvedic medicine, the soul or unique Judith Aston, who recovered from injuries sus- spirit that exists in the body and, after death, goes tained in two automobile accidents, Aston-Pattern- to another physical body. ing is an extension of the deep massage therapy See also AYURVEDA. known as Rolfing. Specific techniques include “arc- ing,” or the flexion and extension of the entire attunement An aspect of Reiki training, often body, and “spiraling,” which is geared toward called Reiki initiation, in which students are cere- relaxation of painful muscles and joints, as well as monially brought into harmony, awareness, and other movements and exercise drills. Aston-Pat- responsiveness with the principles and techniques terning practitioners may also suggest that an indi- of Reiki practice. vidual make ergonomic changes in the home and See also REIKI. workplace in order to increase comfort and relieve unconscious stress. aura From the Latin word meaning “breeze of Although the goals of Aston-Patterning are to puff of air,” and perhaps derived from the Greek aer reduce stress, speed recovery from injury, and (air), a feeling one may get from a scent or any sen- improve muscle tone, lightness of movement, and sory stimulus, a feeling of a particular ambiance or resiliency of the joints, it may not be recommended atmosphere in a place, or a sensation that warns of for those with osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, or signals the exacerbation of a physical problem, any disorder characterized by brittle bones, a bleed- such as a migraine or an epileptic seizure. Sensory ing disorder, or cardiac, circulatory, or respiratory hallucinations may accompany an aura in paroxys- problems. Nor is it recommended for those on long- mal attacks; for example, the Dutch artist Vincent term steroid or anticoagulant therapy. Some other- van Gogh was said to suffer from epilepsy or some wise healthy people may experience fatigue and sort of seizure disorder (which could have been pain from the intense sessions or be emotionally linked to substance addiction and other problems), resistant to the training. A competent practitioner and he remembered after an attack was over that 12 auricular therapy he had seen the color yellow, an image that stayed (12) Super Learning—a combination of essences to with him a long time. promote mental clarity, ability to concentrate, and In terms of alternative medicine, Therapeutic learning skills, among other Australian essences. Touch, Reiki, and other practices rely on the See also BACH FLOWER REMEDIES; BELLHOUSE, ELIZ- premise that the body is surrounded by an electro- ABETH; FINDHORN ESSENCES; FLOWER ESSENCE SOCIETY; magnetic field—also called an aura—that may be KORTE, ANDREAS; PERELANDRA ESSENCES. manipulated by hand in order to restore, direct, and balance healing energy for general well-being. autogenic training From the term that means In yoga philosophy, each chakra, or point of phys- “from within one’s own self,” a deep relaxation ical/spiritual energy, is associated with a color field training that involves mental exercises for the reduc- emanating from the body that some people say tion of both physical and mental stress and illness. they can “read” or actually see as illumination, Originated in Berlin, Germany, in the 1920s by the such as a halo or source of light. German psychiatrist and neurologist Dr. Johannes See also REIKI; THERAPEUTIC TOUCH; YOGA. H. Schultz, autogenic training aims to help individuals deliberately control their autonomic nervous sys- auricular therapy A branch of traditional Chi- tem, the part of the entire nervous system that nese medicine that includes acupuncture, this type focuses on involuntary bodily functioning—the geared solely to the ear in order to treat headaches, heart, the smooth muscles, the adrenal medulla, and particularly migraines, arthritis, and stomach ail- the salivary, gastric, and sweat glands, among other ments, and for use as a pain-management option. structures. The autonomic nervous system is divided See also ACUPUNCTURE. into the sympathetic, or thoracolumbar, system, connected with thoracic and lumbar portions of the Australian Bush Flower Essences Infusions made spinal nerve and other nerves, and the parasympa- from indigenous Australian flowers and plants that thetic system, which consists of fibers of some of the are used to strengthen the immune system and cranial nerves and the nerves connected to the sacral fight viruses. Developed by the herbalist Ian White, portion of the spine. It is the sympathetic system that the essences include (1) Alpine mint bush—for responds to stressors, and the parasympathetic sys- revitalization from mental and emotional exhaus- tem that induces relaxation. tion; (2) Banksi Robur—for burnout, frustration, ill- When sympathetic fibers are stimulated by ness, and temporary loss of drive; (3) Bush stress, fear, or a similar factor, the body’s typical Fuschia—for dyslexia, left/right brain imbalances, response includes vasoconstriction, increased learning problems, stuttering, and promotion of blood pressure, “goose bumps,” dilation of the keener intuition; (4) Crowea—for inner tension pupils, thickened saliva, increase in heart rate, and and worry; (5) Fringed Violet—for shock and other reactions related to the “fight or flight” syn- trauma, damaged auric field, negative environmen- drome. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves tal energies, and effects of old traumas; (6) Iso- produces a reduction in blood pressure, vasodila- pogon—for poor memory, premature senility, tion, pupillary contraction, thin saliva, and stubborn, and controlling personality, and inability reduced heart rate. to learn from past experience; (7) She Oak—for The techniques of autogenic training resemble infertility, premenstrual tension, hormonal imbal- self-hypnosis and meditation. The series of mental ance, and fluid retention; (8) Spinifex—for oral and exercises, performed three times daily for 15 min- genital herpes, chlamydia, cuts, scrapes, and other utes at a time, centers on certain words or phrases skin conditions; (9) Sturt Desert Pea—for deep sor- that, for the individual, will produce a relaxation row, emotional pain; (10) Sturt Desert Rose—for response. There are two groups of autogenic exer- guilt, lack of self-esteem, lack of morality or convic- cises; the first group has six exercises that use tion; (11) Radiation—a combination of essences to phrases (an example is “My arms are warm and help combat the effects of radiation therapy for can- heavy”) that prompt one’s attention to physiologi- cer, solar and nuclear radiation, electromagnetic cal changes brought about by relaxation. The sec- energies; negative environmental energies, and ond group, known as intentional exercises, is Ayurveda 13 geared to helping one release physical and emo- icine in New York; and the Richard and Hinda tional tension with activity such as crying, shout- Rosenthal Center for Alternative and Complemen- ing, on punching pillows. Training sessions, private tary Medicine at Columbia University in New York or in small groups, last an hour and continue for City. Projects with the National Cancer Institute eight to 10 weeks. It has been reported that during include an evaluation of antitumor effects of Semi- the training some people experience an “autogenic carpus anacardium (an Ayurvedic phytomedicine, discharge,” a temporary exacerbation of symptoms, or plant extract). Initial reports over the last three which is considered part of the healing process. years indicate that the growth of certain malig- Autogenic training has been tested in several nancies is thwarted by semicarpus. Further study clinical experiments and is said to be beneficial for seeks to determine whether semicarpus or other ailments that include anxiety and panic disorder, Ayurvedic medicine has the direct ability to kill hypertension, and other stress-related problems. cancer cells. Asthma, immune diseases, and various diseases Ayurveda Named from the Sanskrit word mean- and conditions that affect women are the subjects ing “knowledge of life,” a set of principles for of additional studies. A randomized, controlled healing based on the idea that three main types of cross-over-type study of an herbal-yoga treatment energy form everything in the universe, including regimen to treat asthma is under way at the Cen- the human body, and as the rudiments of life itself tral Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha must be considered in the cycle of growth, main- Medicine, and Ayurvedic herbal treatments for per- tenance, and deterioration. Ayurveda, most com- imenopausal symptoms, premenstrual syndrome, monly defined as the practice of ancient Hindu or and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) are Indian medicine, originates with the Vedas, the being researched at the Rosenthal Center. earliest Indian literature, dating from ca. 1500 B.C. Ayurvedic herbal protocols are also under investi- In the Vedas are intricately described medical dis- gation for the treatment of hypertension, genital orders and corresponding treatments, most of herpes, depression, adult-onset diabetes, obesity, which are herbal but may also include simple sur- uterine fibroid tumors, acne, irritable bowel syn- gical procedures. It is said that Vedic physicians drome, chronic constipation, and chronic fatigue invented prostheses—artificial limbs and eyes. By syndrome. The effect of aromatherapy and medita- ca. 800 B.C., the Brahmans, the highest social tion on brain wave patterns is being studied caste, designated for the wisest persons, devel- through the use of electroencephalography (EEG). oped Ayurvedic practices and surgery, and by A.D. In addition, NIAM has nearly completed a four- 500, Ayurveda evolved into a scientific system year study to evaluate the effects of Panchakarma that included the herbal treatments. Therapies on the human immune system, and Ayurveda has recently become the subject of according to the NIAM website, updated 2/12/03, studies conducted by its researchers and practition- results are expected to be reported soon. See current ers and collaboratively by those involved in tradi- research, http://niam.com/corp-web/current.htm. tional Western medicine. Selected reading for additional information The largest and most authentic resource of Lad, Dr. Vasant, Ayurveda: The Science of Self-Healing. Twin information on Ayurveda in America was estab- Lakes, Wisc.: Lotus Press, 1984. lished as the National Institute of Ayurvedic Med- Rakel, David, M.D., Intergrative Medicine. New York:W.B. icine (NIAM) by the American physician Scott Saunders, 2003. Gerson, in 1982. Gerson is reported to be the only Sodhi, V., “Ayurveda: The Science of Life and Mother of physician in the United States who holds degrees the Healing Arts,” in A Textbook of Natural Medicine, in both traditional Western medicine and edited by J. E. Pizzorno and M. T. Murry. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Wash., 1989. Ayurveda. NIAM is currently conducting research Swami Sada Shiva Tirtha, The Ayurveda Encyclopedia. in conjunction with the National Cancer Institute Bayville, N.Y.: Ayurveda Holistic Center Press, 1998. in Bethesda, Maryland; the Central Council for Trivieri, Larry, The American Holistic Medical Association Research in Ayurveda and Siddha Medicine in Guide to Holistic Health. New York: John Wiley & New Delhi, India; the Mount Sinai School of Med- Sons, 2001.

Bach, Edward British bacteriologist, medical doc- potent for many years. The typical dose of a Bach’s tor, and homeopathic physician born in 1887 who flower tincture is four drops on or under the worked at the London Homeopathic Hospital in tongue as often as necessary. Another method for England and who between 1928 and 1932 set forth making flower tinctures is the sun method, in the seven major negative human emotions that which harvested blooms or parts of the plant are correspond with ill-being or illness and developed floated on water in a glass bowl and placed in the remedies (called nosodes, or homeopathic prepara- sunshine for three hours, after which only the tions) for them from specific flowers and plants. remaining filtered water is added to brandy. At age 43 Bach (pronounced “Batch”) became Bach wrote extensively on his flower remedies, disillusioned with standard medical practice and including the books Heal Thyself and The Twelve decided to pursue his belief that healing involved Healers and Other Remedies (both C. W. Daniel, 1931 more than traditional treatments. In tune with the and 1936). He also specified that after his death, no homeopathic concept of vibrational healing, he more essences were to be added to the 38 existing discovered through his patients that grief, frustra- remedies for the purpose of keeping the system as tion, anxiety, fear, despair, loneliness, and uncer- simple as possible, so individuals would be able to tainty contributed significantly to their physical diagnose their emotional problems and self-treat. ailments. His training in homeopathy led him to The Bach Centre address is Mount Vernon, Sotwell, the 38 natural remedies now known as Bach’s Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 9PZ, UK. Also, one Flower Remedies, which are usually sold over the may contact the Dr. Edward Bach Healing Society, counter in health food stores. At his home, Mount 644 Merrick Road, Lynbrook, NY 11563, and Ellon Vernon, in Oxfordshire, now known as the Bach (Bach U.S.A.), Inc., P.O. Box 32, Woodmere, NY Centre, he noticed that the habits and characteris- 11598. tics of flowers and plants related to human behav- See also BACH FLOWER REMEDIES. ior. For example, the typical beech tree grows to approximately 100 feet tall and its branches span Bach Flower Remedies In addition to being the approximately 80 feet. Bach concluded from this inspiration for several other flower remedies and other growth habits and traits of the beech that made in Australia, California, Europe, and else- its essence could encourage people who are intol- where, the original remedies that are believed to erant, critical, and nonempathetic to open non- employ the life force, or vibrations, of each flower judgmentally to the world’s beauty. To create his to help relieve negativity of varying nature, bal- remedy, he boiled leaves and twigs from the beech ance energy, and thereby encourage physical and tree in water, let them simmer and cool thereafter, emotional healing. The medical and homeopathic and then filtered them from the water. To that physician and author Rudolph M. Ballentine water Bach added a small amount of brandy (the wrote of flower remedies: “If you have ever tried standard mix per flower or plant substance is 50 to pick blackberries, you know it’s tricky. The milliliters (mL), or one-and-a-half fluid ounces, of vines are covered with sharp spines. The biggest the prepared water to 100 mL, or three fluid and most succulent berries always seem to be a ounces, of brandy). Called a tincture, this remains little deeper into the tangle of brambles. You work

15 16 Bach Flower Remedies your way in edgewise so you can reach a bit fur- such as tea, so the steam can make the alcohol ther. Then suddenly you realize you can’t move. evaporate. When cool, the drink may be sipped The long branches of the blackberry plant are throughout the day. wrapped all about you, and each has thorns that Essences—unlike herbal preparations, in that no curve back in toward the plant. No matter which actual part of the plant remains in the tincture— way you move, some of those thorns dig in are to be taken until the patient feels relief and deeper. You are stuck. The essence of the black- begins to notice the stimulus of his or her own berry flower is used as a remedy for those who are healing mechanism. Each ﬂower or plant addresses at a point in their lives where they feel stuck— one or more emotional imbalances: unable to find a way to move. Whether it’s a job or relationship one feels stuck in, the flower AGRIMONY: Hiding one’s feelings by putting on a essence blackberry supports the effort to disentan- happy face; denying the existence of prob- gle oneself from the situation. Perhaps the most lems; lacking ability to express problems and valuable aspect of the homeopathic remedy is its feelings ability to have a therapeutic effect on the mind ASPEN: Fear of the unknown or unexplained and emotions, promoting the process of personal BEECH: Perfectionism; intolerance of others’ evolution” (Radical Healing, New York: Harmony beliefs Books, 1996). CENTAURY: Over eagerness to please others; inabil- Others believe the flower remedies and other ity to say no natural medicinals may work as placebos, if they CERATO: Lack of self-conﬁdence and trust in one’s are effective at all. The 38 essences created by own judgment; constant seeking of advice Bach derive from agrimony, aspen, beech, cen- from others taury, cerato, cherry plum, chestnut bud, chicory, CHERRY PLUM: Fear of losing one’s sanity; anxiety; clematis, crab apple, elm, gentian, gorse, heather, inner turmoil holly, honeysuckle, hornbeam, impatiens, larch, CHESTNUT BUD: Making the same mistake over mimulus, mustard, oak, olive, pine, red chestnut, and over; being unable to learn from past rock rose, rock water, scleranthus, star of Bethle- experiences hem, sweet chestnut, vervain, vine, walnut, CHICORY: Overprotectiveness; possessiveness; inabil- water violet, white chestnut, wild oat, wild rose, ity to let go without feelings of rejection and willow. Essences may be combined to treat CLEMATIS: Daydreaming; absentmindedness; inat- more than one problem and are said to be thera- tention; boredom peutic in producing support during a crisis, alter- CRAB APPLE: Feelings of being infected, unclean, ation of one’s mental outlook during a chronic impure either physically, emotionally, or problem or disease or crisis state, and prevention spiritually of emotional imbalance attributable to common ELM: Feelings of inadequacy and of being over- stress and individual circumstances. Flower whelmed by responsibilities or commitments remedies do not interfere with any other treat- GENTIAN: Pessimism; loss of faith after a failure or ment, do not work in a biochemical way, are not setback; discouragement addictive or dangerous, and may be taken safely GORSE: Feelings of being born to suffer; pes- by people of all ages, including babies. They may simism; feelings of hopelessness be given to animals and plants as well. (Bach HEATHER: Excessive talking about oneself; self- tested all his remedies on himself.) However, obsession; lack of listening skills people who are alcohol-intolerant or who are HOLLY: Feelings of hatred, jealousy, suspicion, recovering from alcoholism should not take resentment flower essence remedies with the alcohol in HONEYSUCKLE: Excessive nostalgia; loss of interest them. Used for preservation purposes, the alcohol in present-day activity may be removed from the remedy by putting the HORNBEAM: Mental exhaustion; feelings of being diluted drops of a remedy into a boiling hot drink stuck in a rut, uncreative, or in the wrong line Ballentine, Rudolph M. 17

of work; fatigue; dissatisfaction with work and or loss of control, even trauma experienced in the responsibility past that is still disturbing. In addition to the tinc- IMPATIENS: Impatience; irritability; agitation ture, which can be added to any skin wash prepa- LARCH: Feelings of worthlessness or inferiority ration, douche, or compress, Rescue Remedy is despite ability; low self-esteem made into a cream that can be applied topically to MIMULUS: Excessive self-consciousness; fear of cuts, bruises, stings, sunburn, and other injuries. socializing; fear of known things Also, Rescue Remedy is used for prevention of MUSTARD: Despair; gloom; depression without panic, such as before a stressful activity or event, cause and is reported to increase healing and recovery OAK: Being overly persistent; refusing to give in; from surgery. fighting the same fight over and over See also AUSTRALIAN FLOWER REMEDIES. OLIVE: Exhaustion; broken spirit; overwork PINE: Feelings of guilt; self-reproach; apologetic Baily, Philip M. Medical doctor and author of attitude about things not one’s fault Homeopathic Psychology: Personality Profiles of the RED CHESTNUT: Overanxiety about the welfare of Major Constitutional Remedies (Berkeley, Calif.: North others; fear of impending disaster Atlantic Books, 1995). ROCK ROSE: Helplessness; panic; feelings of terror ROCK WATER: Being inflexible; being a perfec- Balch, James, and Balch, Phyllis Authors of Pre- tionist; being too hard on oneself or feeling scription for Nutritional Healing, 2nd ed. (Garden City victimized Park, N.Y.: Avery Publishing, 1997). SCLERANTHUS: Excessive indecisiveness STAR OF BETHLEHEM: Feelings of sorrow; shock; Ballentine, Rudolph M. Medical doctor and trauma homeopathic physician, creator and director of the SWEET CHESTNUT: Hopelessness; profound despair Center for Holistic Medicine in New York City. A VERVAIN: Excessive sense of injustice and of fight- psychiatrist, herbalist, Ayurvedic practitioner, and ing for the underdog; perfectionism teacher, Ballentine has written numerous books, VINE: Tyrannical, overbearing behavior; excessive including Diet and Nutrition: A Holistic Approach determination in a leader (Honesdale, Pa.: Himalayan Publishers, 1978); WALNUT: Inability to sever ties to the past or Joints and Glands, as Taught by Swami Rama cope with change, including life transitions or (Himalayan,1977); Theory and Practice of Meditation milestones (Himalayan, 1986); Radical Healing: Integrating the WATER VIOLET: Aloof, overly reserved or dignified World’s Great Therapeutic Traditions to Create a New behavior, which may lead to isolation Transformative Medicine (New York: Harmony WHITE CHESTNUT: Hyperactive mind; excessive Books, 1999); Yoga and Psychotherapy: The Evolution worry and argument of Consciousness (with Swami Rama and Swami WILD OAT: Confusion; inability to find one’s pur- Ajaya, Ph.D.); (Himalayan, 1976); Science of Breath pose in life (with Swami Rama and Alan Hymes, M.D.); WILD ROSE: Fatalism; apathy; lack of ambition to (Himalayan, 1979); and Transition to Vegetarianism: make changes in one’s life An Evolutionary Step (Himalayan, 1987). Ballentine WILLOW: Feelings of self-pity and gloom; resent- studied psychology at Duke University and the ment of perceived unfair treatment University of Paris (Sorbonne). He received his M.D. from Duke. He was on the faculty of the Rescue Remedy is a combination of five flower Louisiana State University School of Medicine, essences: star of Bethlehem, rock rose, impatiens, Department of Psychiatry, and studied the cherry plum, and clematis. The most frequently Ayurveda and homeopathy in India. For 12 years used remedy, it treats feelings of panic, mental he served as president of the Himalayan Institute, numbness, shock, terror, fear of flying, response to and for 18 years as director of its Combined Ther- startling noise—any emotional state of emergency apy Program, in which he developed models of 18 Banerjee, P. N. holistic medical care that have been adopted health and illness. In opposition to age-old theo- throughout the world. ries that the mind and body were of a different, and therefore separate, nature, Herbert Benson, Banerjee, P. N. Author of Chronic Disease: Its Cause M.D., author of several books, wrote in The and Cure, 4th edition (Banerjee & Company, Gidni, Mind/Body Effect (New York: Simon & Schuster, India, 1971). This book was originally published in 1979): “The close interrelation between your 1931. mind and body cannot be ignored when modern scientific knowledge is considered. The potential Barral visceral manipulation A system of body- exists for thought processes to lead both to disease work that is geared to releasing restrictions and and to good health.” He cited psychosomatic med- tension by manipulating the body’s organs and icine, which is commonly defined as a discipline connective tissues, developed by the French that recognizes the power an individual’s thinking osteopathic physician Jean Pierre Barral. This has over his or her physical condition, as a start- therapy is reported to enhance the entire body’s ing point for the rationale of behavioral medicine. functioning, including organ mobility and activity, He also pointed out that psychological factors circulation, hormonal secretions, immune system affect the conscious perception of and sensitivity activity, and muscle function. In addition, Barral’s to pain and pain relief, and that symptoms of cer- modality may facilitate the release of internalized tain diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, emotion. He discovered that the organs have a and colitis are clearly at risk of being aggravated five- to eight-cycle-per-minute rhythm of move- by psychological stress. ment (relative to its position or referring to its “If you are ill,” Benson wrote, “extensive tests function), and when the cycles are impaired, irri- and procedures may be required to diagnose and tation and disease may develop. The Barral tech- treat your ailment. However, even then the risk nique involves the use of light, precise mechanical versus benefit principle should be applied. You force, which rebalances the organ and helps should not allow yourself to become convinced revive its normal function. that you are sick or becoming sick. Is it not foolish to spend healthy years worried about disease that Bates Method for Improving Eyesight A relax- is not present and may never occur? Many indi- ation system geared toward restoring the natural viduals in previous generations appeared to have use of the eyes and relearning to see developed by faith in their own health. People should strive to the American ophthalmologist William H. Bates, adopt this attitude. If you become ill, the medical M.D. (1865–1931). A graduate of Cornell Univer- profession is there to help you. There will be sity and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons enough time for you to work with your physician in New York, Bates practiced at Bellevue, Harlem and to learn how to adjust to an illness if it occurs. hospitals, Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, and . . . You have a right to expect to be as well as pos- the New York Eye Infirmary and taught ophthal- sible for as long as possible.” mology at the New York Post-Graduate Medical See also BENSON, HERBERT. School and Hospital. In 1920, Bates wrote The Cure of Imperfect Eyesight by Treatment Without Glasses Beinfield, Harriet, and Korngold, Efrem Pio- (New York: Central Fixation Publishing Co., and neers in the practice of acupuncture and herbal London: Arther F. Bird), which presented his the- medicine in the United States and authors of ory that sight can be deliberately and naturally Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine improved after being diminished by eyestrain, ten- (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991). Both are sion, and misuse of the eyes. licensed acupuncturists, and Korngold is also a doctor of osteopathic medicine. behavioral medicine A physical, psychiatric, and psychologic approach to health care that Bellavite, Paolo, and Signorini, Andrea Med- focuses on how behavior relates to states of both ical doctors and authors of Homeopathy, a Frontier in biological dentistry 19

Medical Science: Experimental Studies and Theoretical biofeedback A series of electrodermal responses Foundations (Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, to changes in heart rate, respirations, temperature, 1995). muscle tension, perspiration, brain waves, gastric acidity, blood pressure, and other bodily functions Benson, Herbert The founding president of the recorded on a machine similar to an electrocardio- Mind/Body Medical Institute of Pathway Health gram. An individual is connected to sensors that Network and a Harvard Medical School graduate. pick up signals of involuntary bodily activities. At a Benson, a medical doctor and chief of the Division time of stress, these signals are recorded by the of Behavioral Medicine at the Deaconess Hospital, machine to inform the person how the body han- teaches at Andover Newton Theological School and dled that stress. The goal of biofeedback is to help conducts medical research, lectures widely, and has recognize these reactions and learn to alter them written several books, including The Relaxation through relaxation techniques. Biofeedback is use- Response (New York: William Morrow, 1975); The ful in reducing stress as a trigger for physical disor- Mind/Body Effect (New York: Simon & Schuster, ders and disease. Patients of biofeedback are 1979); Beyond the Relaxation Response (New York: usually taught various breathing techniques as a Times Books, 1984); Your Maximum Mind (New way to overcome anxiety and other stress York: Times Books, 1987); and The Wellness Book responses. This is sometimes referred to as “passive (New York: Fireside, 1993) (with Eileen M. Stew- volition,” which means developing one’s capacity art, R.N., C, M.S.). Benson lives in Lexington, to pay attention to and relax the muscles while Massachusetts. doing corresponding breathwork. See also BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE. biological dentistry A branch of dentistry that Bhakhi enema See ENEMA. emphasizes the importance of tooth alignment and jaw structure, cavities as a source of other illness, Bikram yoga A branch of yoga characterized by nontoxic restoration materials, the impact of dental performing yoga exercises and asanas in a room toxins, and the conservation of all healthy tooth heated to about 103 degrees. material. Biological dentistry employs various ther- See also YOGA. apies that may be categorized as bioenergetic medicine, including neural and cold laser therapy, oral bioenergetics Also called core energetics, as a acupuncture, homeopathy, mouth balancing, and component of energy medicine, a technique geared nutrition. toward helping one connect with lower chakra Neural therapy is based on the concept that the energy in the treatment of repressed emotions. body’s electrical charge that is channeled through- Energy medicine techniques include Reiki, reflex- out the body; an impediment that blocks or injures ology, shiatsu, craniosacral therapy, zone therapy, this charge may lead to cell breakdown and disease. homeopathy, acupuncture, polarity, Phoenix Ris- Effective in healing wounds, reducing inflammation, ing yoga therapy, and breathwork. and fighting bacteria, cold laser therapy draws on See also CHAKRAS; ENERGY. traditional acupuncture techniques, but with the use of laser beams instead of needles. Oral acupuncture, bioentrainment The principle that the brain which involves the injection of saline solution, weak responds to oscillating light, sound, or magnetic- local anesthetics, or a combination of homeopathic field energies through “entraining,” or “condition- remedies into acupoints in the mucous membrane, ing,” itself to the frequency of a particular energy. is used for relief of pain during dental procedures; There exist devices designed to induce relaxation by for the treatment of neuralgia, sinusitis, allergies, emitting light (usually red light) or energy waves to and digestive disorders; and for diagnostic proce- the brain at an adjustable frequency. This modality dures. Mouth balancing is a modality that diagnoses is also used to treat seizure activity and memory and cranial structural problems that may cause illness in vision problems, among other disorders. other parts of the body, such as headaches, shoulder 20 bitter pain, back problems, blurred vision, and temporo- face’s upper portion (intellect) relates to the ner- mandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome. Mouth-balanc- vous system. The middle portion (emotion) corre- ing treatment includes the use of corrective sponds to the circulation, and the lower portion orthopedic braces to be worn in the mouth. (will) to digestion and reproduction. Specific parts See also ACUPUNCTURE; HOMEOPATHY. of the face—nostrils, chin, brow, lower lip, cheek, and so on—relate to specific organs that may be bitter One of the six Ayurvedic tastes, a sub- dysfunctional or impaired and the meridians stance from bark, tannin, and resin used in tonics (energy channels) of the body. In turn, the physi- to stimulate appetite. cal body conditions relate to emotional and psy- See also AYURVEDA. chological constitution of an individual. Nose, pulse, and hand maps are also used by practition- blood cleansing A one- to two-month diet plan ers to identify disorders. aimed at eliminating toxins from the bloodstream. See also ACUPUNCTURE. Among the various plans is one that advocates using fresh, organic produce whenever possible; body unit A system of measurement that corre- drinking pau d’arco and other teas, green drinks, sponds to the body’s acupuncture points. One unit and specially prepared juices made from aloe is equal to the width of the second joint of the vera, carrot, papaya, and other ingredients; doing thumb, and three body units is equal to the breadth weekly colonic irrigation; avoiding meat, dairy of the second, third, fourth, and fifth fingers held and fried foods, saturated fats, salt, sugars, sweet- together. Each major body segment has a certain eners, sodas, artificial drinks, and canned, frozen, number of body units. For example, five body units prepackaged, and refined foods; getting early may be measured from the navel to the pubic bone, morning sunlight every day; and taking brisk and 12 body units make up the area from the daily walks. There are also blood tonics, including elbow crease to the wrist crease. green drinks that are rich in chlorophyll (similar See also ACUPUNCTURE. in molecular composition to human hemoglobin), which is also a source of vitamins, minerals, bodywork Modern systems for relaxation, physi- enzymes, and other nutrients that promote opti- cal therapy, stress reduction, and general muscu- mal cell response and growth. Green drinks are loskeletal and emotional well-being. These include also effective as energy-boosting, anti-infective the following: the Alexander Technique; blood cleansers. Feldenkrais Method; Trager Approach; Rolfing; myofascial release; Aston-Patterning; Hellerwork; body map A technique for the diagnosis of ill- Barral visceral manipulation; Bowen Therapy; acu- ness or dysfunction. A Chinese tongue map, for pressure; acupuncture; massage; (Oriental body- example, shows each region of the tongue in cor- work: shiatsu, jin shin jyutsu); reflexology; Bonnie relation with other organs and structures of the Prudden Myotherapy; bioenergetics; Therapeutic body. The area at the back of the tongue relates to Touch; Healing Touch; Reiki; polarity therapy; the uro-genital organs; the midsection relates to Reichian therapy; hakomi; the Rosen Method; and the liver, gallbladder, and other digestive organs; the Rubenfeld Synergy Method. just before the tip of the tongue, the lungs are rep- Other bodywork techniques include baths, resented; the tip relates to the heart. Chinese doc- wraps, hydrotherapy, enemas, compresses, over- tors also observe the color and condition of the heating therapy, and any other form of a “laying on tongue, very often keys to diagnosing a problem. A of hands” that is meant to facilitate a transfer of dark coating on the tongue, for instance, indicates energy from one person to another for the purpose a toxicity in the body, and a dry, shiny tongue of healing. indicates dehydration. Face maps are popular for diagnosis in Asian Boericke, William, and Dewey, W. A. Homeo- medical practice. Divided into horizontal thirds, a pathic physicians with M.D. degrees and authors of Bowen Method 21

The Twelve Tissue Remedies of Schuessler (New York: botanic physicians Medical doctors who incor- Aperture, 1911), a classic homeopathic volume on porated the use of herbal remedies, after the 19th- W. H. Schuessler’s system of homeopathic practice century American herbalist Samuel Thomson and the golden age of homeopathy in America. started a movement of herbalism with legendary Boericke also wrote a homeopathic book, Materia success. When 22-year-old Thomson’s young Medica with Repertory (Philadelphia: Boericke and daughter contracted scarlet fever in 1791, and the Runyon, 1927). doctor said he could not help her, Thomson pro- ceeded to use steam and warming drinks that Bogart, Greg Doctor of philosophy and author of broke her fever and cured her. In 1805, a yellow Therapeutic Astrology: Using the Birth Chart in Psy- fever (or some other deadly fever) epidemic broke chotherapy and Spiritual Counseling (Berkeley, Calif.: out, and Thomson’s patients survived as many Dawn Mountain, 1996). others died. By 1839, there were 100,000 Thom- sonian practitioners registered in America, and a Bohm, David Physicist and author of Wholeness decade later the Eclectic Medical Institute emerged and the Implicate Order (London: Ark Paperbacks, when physicians and herbalists decided to join 1983). forces. Several schools operated in major cities throughout the country from the late 19th century Bond, Mary Author of Balancing Your Body: A Self- and into the 20th, but patent medicines rose as Help Approach to Rolfing Movement (Rochester, Vt.: competitors that crushed the finances of the Eclec- Healing Arts Press, 1993). tics. In Cincinnati, 1939, the last Eclectic Medical School closed forever. Bonnie Prudden Myotherapy A technique for the relief of pain based on the use of manual pres- Bott, Victor Physician and author of Anthropo- sure on areas of the body known as “trigger sophical Medicine (Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press, points,” developed by Bonnie Prudden, a veteran 1984), a summary of the medical system, known as authority on physical fitness and exercise therapy anthroposophical medicine, set forth by Rudolph and author of Pain Erasure and Myotherapy (New Steiner. York: Ballantine Books, 1980). Prudden’s work contributed to the establishment of the President’s Bowen Method A hands-on modality designed to Council on Physical Fitness and Sports during the balance and positively affect the autonomic ner- 1950s. Trigger points, or places on the body where vous system, developed in the 1950s by the Aus- painful muscle spasm occurs, may be the result of tralian lay healer Thomas Bowen. With the fully trauma or injury, repetitive motion, prenatal clothed patient lying prone on a padded table, injury, or child or sexual abuse and may be exacer- Bowen advocated a series of moves such as pulling bated by the presence of disease, substance abuse, the skin away from a muscle or tendon, then and the aging process. Although medication can applying gentle pressure, and eventually allowing break the spasm-pain-spasm cycle, Prudden’s the specific structure to spring back into its original method aims to eliminate the trigger points composition. Bowen developed certain patterns for pletely by applying deep pressure on each point for three sets of moves to treat lower back, upper back, five to seven seconds. The method also involves and neck problems. Other moves are also added to performing stretches and trigger-point sessions to accommodate the patient’s particular health prob- prevent recurrence of muscle spasm, strains, lem. Treatment sessions vary from 20 to 45 min- sprains, dislocations, tension headaches, migraines, utes. Bowen therapy is also used to provide benefit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, hemor- to individuals with gastrointestinal disorders, rhoids, prostate muscle spasms, impotence, incon- chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, headaches, respira- tinence, arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, foot tory ailments, sports- and work-related injuries, pain, leg cramps, and neck, shoulder, arm, hand, and other conditions. Patients have reported that back, chest, and abdominal pain. symptoms subsided, and that anger and depression 22 Bower, Peter were reduced, after treatments. A variation of ney of Personal Healing (both published by Bantam Bowen’s therapy, known as the Neurostructural Books, New York, 1987 and 1993). Brennan runs a Integration Technique (NST), emerged in 1995. It school of healing in New York. was developed by Michael Nixon-Livy, who wanted to systematize the Bowen Method in order broth, cleansing Clear broths and hot tonics to train health professionals. used during a cleansing fast. Broths of onion, miso, garlic, scallion, apple, carrot, potato, and Bower, Peter A medical doctor practicing in other ingredients, are geared toward balancing Charlottesville, Virginia, where he and his associ- body pH and are alkalizing agents. Hot tonics are ates combine Osteopathic Manual Therapy, Pilates- not broths or teas, but hot drinks made from veg- based rehabilitation, and health counseling in the etables, fruits, and spices that have energizing medical management of neurological and muscu- properties. Tonics are meant to revitalize, clear loskeletal problems. Trained in family and emer- nasal and sinus passages, provide nutrition, create gency medicine, Bower has been a faculty member body heat to ward off aches and chills, and fight a at the University of California (Davis) Medical hangover. A cold and flu tonic, for example, may School, the University of San Francisco School of be made by combining garlic, cumin powder, Medicine, and the University of Virginia School of black pepper, hot mustard powder, water, Medicine. His focus is on the diagnosis and treat- turmeric, sesame salt, fresh cilantro, and cooked ment of repetitive strain and sports injuries, split peas. myofascial pain syndromes, and nerve-entrapment syndromes. Buegel, Dale, Lewis, Blair, and Chernin, Dennis See also OSTEOPATHY; PILATES. Authors of Homeopathic Remedies for Health Profes- sionals and Laypeople (Honesdale, Pa.: Himalayan Publishers, 1991). Buegel and Chernin are medical breathing techniques Variations of breathing, doctors. including deep-breathing exercises, used to induce relaxation, as a component of treatment for a wide Buhner, Stephen Harrod Author of Sacred Plant spectrum of disorders. Medicine (Boulder, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1996), See also BREATHWORK; BUTEYKO TECHNIQUE; YOGA. which discusses Native American healing traditions. See also NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING PRACTICES. breathwork A wide variety of energy techniques used to activate the higher chakras. Buteyko technique A system of breathing exercises See also CHAKRAS; YOGA. developed by the organization Instep International (http://www.nqnet.com/buteyko/bristrial1.html) Breema bodywork training See BODYWORK. that is reported to be beneficial to individuals with asthma. It is named after a Russian physician who Breiling, Brian Joseph Author of Light Years developed the nonhyperventilation breathing/relax- Ahead (Berkeley, Calif.: Celestial Arts, 1996), a ation technique in the 1940s. A study funded by the book focused on the futuristic therapy using light Australian Association of Asthma Foundations was and energy healing methods. done on the technique at the Mater Hospital in Bris- bane, Australia, with positive results, including that Brennan, Barbara Ann Healer, teacher, and the asthma patients’ symptoms and need for steroids author of Hands of Light: A Guide to Healing through were significantly reduced. the Human Energy Field, and Light Emerging: The Jour- See also YOGA. C calmative A substance used as a tranquilizer or cathartic A substance used as a laxative. sedative in homeopathic and Ayurvedic medicine. caustic A substance capable of corroding or carminative A substance that relieves griping burning bodily tissue. (severe bowel pains) and intestinal gas. Cayce, Edgar Known as “the sleeping prophet,” a Casey, the Reverand Solanus A Franciscan priest psychic (1877–1945) who in 1931 founded the of the Capuchin Order who has been credited as a Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. healer of hopeless cases. Born Bernard Casey on a (A.R.E.), in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Cayce was a Wisconsin farm on November 25, 1870, Father photographer, gardener, Sunday School teacher, Solanus began working odd jobs at age 17 to sup- and father of two. To date he is the subject of plement the family’s income after they experienced approximately 12 biographies and is discussed in financial difficulties attributable to crop failures. At more than 300 other books for his ability to enter a 21, however, he entered St. Francis Seminary High sleeplike state, during which he gave information School in Milwaukee, and in 1896 he was called to to individuals throughout the world who had life- the Capuchin Order, in which he was given the threatening illnesses, questions, or problems. name Solanus. Once ordained in 1904, Father Reports say Cayce would lie down on his couch, Solanus worked at Sacred Heart Parish in Yonkers, fold his hands over his stomach, close his eyes, and, New York, mainly as doorkeeper and sacristan with a person’s name and location provided to him, because he was not highly regarded for his scholar- offer answers to that person about his or her situa- ship. But the sick and troubled of the parish began tion. Frequently he made a lifesaving diagnosis in to notice his gift for healing and made a point to ask cases that stumped the medical community. A for his prayers for themselves and their loved ones. stenographer would write as Cayce spoke, and one He also worked at Our Lady of Sorrows in Manhat- copy of his “reading” was sent to the person and tan and Our Lady of the Angels in the city’s Harlem another was kept in his personal files. The A.R.E. section; at both parishes, Father Solanus made a last- holds more than 14,000 readings, which are made ing impression as a worker of miracles. Appointed to available to the public for research. The readings— the Capuchin Friary of St. Bonaventure in Detroit, considered sources of what is now called holistic, or Michigan, in 1924, he became well known and was mind-body, medicine—are being studied by med- the inspiration of the Detroit Capuchins to establish ical professionals, theologians, educators, scientists, their soup kitchen, still in operation today. He con- and others, including a professor and fellow of the tinued his ministry to the sick and the poor even American Physical Society who pointed out a con- after he was sent for retirement to the Friary of St. nection between the elementary-particle theory Felix in Huntington, Indiana, in 1946. When he and Cayce’s psychic access to information that himself became ill, he returned to Detroit, where he could not possibly have been available to him in a died July 31, 1957. His grave is located at Detroit’s conventional way. St. Bonaventure Monastery. According to the article “Sleeping prophet’s See also FAITH HEALING; PRAYER. legacy lives on in Virginia Beach,” by Victor Zak in

23 24 cell salts the February 23, 1997 issue of the Asbury Park hernias, and other problems. According to home- Press, “Cayce demonstrated powers of clairvoyance opaths, the more times cell salts are ground, or trit- at a young age that seemed to extend beyond the urated, the greater their potency. The cell-salt five normal senses. He told his parents that he saw system, also known as tissue salts, and remedies and communicated with ‘visions,’ some of whom were first developed by the German physician W. were deceased relatives. He reportedly had a pho- H. Schuessler, M.D., who wrote An Abridged Ther- tographic memory that enabled him to absorb, apy Manual for the Biochemical Treatment of Disease through osmosis, the content of school books while (Calcutta: Haren & Brother, 1st Indian ed., 1960), sleeping on them. Cayce’s education was brief: he which was in its 25th edition in 1987. Schuessler went to work after completing seventh grade. At believed that as natural medicine, cell salts are not age 21, he developed a throat malady that para- only harmless because they are not substances for- lyzed his vocal cords and made him lose his voice. eign to the body, but beneficial in the treatment of When medical doctors couldn’t find a cause or a range of both acute and chronic problems. He uti- remedy, he sought help from a hypnotist. While lized calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, and under hypnosis, Cayce reportedly diagnosed his potassium salts to develop a 12-salt system (long ailment and prescribed a treatment in precise, before the discovery of trace minerals such as zinc medical terms, later verified by medical investiga- and selenium). The 12 salts are calcium fluoride tors. After following the course of treatment, his (Calc fluor is the homeopathic designation), cal- voice returned. cium phosphate (Calc phos), calcium sulfate (Calc “Cayce became a national phenomenon,” Zak sulph), ferric phosphate (Ferrum phos), potassium wrote. “In 1910, the New York Times ran a story chloride (Kali mur), potassium sulfate (Kali sulph), with the headline ‘Illiterate man becomes a doctor potassium phosphate (Kali phos), magnesium when hypnotized–strange power shown by Edgar phosphate (Mag phos), sodium chloride (Nat mur), Cayce puzzles physicians.’ As word about his sodium phosphate (Nat phos), sodium sulfate (Nat unusual ability spread, people came from near and sulph), and silicic acid/silica (Silicea). far, asking Cayce to perform psychic ‘readings’ and Schuessler also believed that cell-salt remedies prescribe treatments for their ailments. ‘What we catalyze natural biochemical reactions in the body think and what we eat, combined together, make and reorganize or balance them so any malfunc- what we are physically and mentally,’ Cayce said tioning tissues can function normally. A homeopath during a 1934 reading. His remedies were holistic, must correctly identify which bodily tissues require often involving diet and massage.” specific treatment before prescribing a cell-salt rem- More information and bibliography on Cayce edy. Each type of salt acts a certain way. For are available by contacting A.R.E., Inc., 215 67th instance, sulfur serves to help the body express, or Street, Virginia Beach, VA 23451, or at (757) 428- throw off, an unwanted substance, and sodium 3588 or (800) 333-4499, or http://www.edgar- attracts water. In combination, they may be used as cayce.org/edgar-cayce1.html. a remedy for edema, the abnormal retention of See also FAITH HEALING. water in the ankles, legs, hands, and other parts of the body. Among other ailments that may be cell salts The ground material of mineral com- treated homeopathically by cell salts are fever, hem- pounds that are produced naturally by the body, orrhage, infections, mucus congestion, inflamma- such as Natrum muriaticum, or sodium chloride tion, sinusitis, colds, coughs, bronchitis, backache, (table salt). In a homeopathic remedy, one part salt colic, irritable bowels, bloating, gynecological prob- must be ground with nine parts lactose, or milk lems, muscle spasms and cramps, teething pain, sugar, to make Natrum mur 1x (x equals 10). This nodules, hernia, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. may be used to treat the symptoms of hay fever, for See also HOMEOPATHY. example. A cell-salt remedy made from calcium fluoride, which is found in fibers throughout the cell therapy The injection of healthy animal cells body, is used to treat hemorrhoids, varicose veins, or extracts of cells, usually from fetal sheep or pigs, chakras 25 into the human bloodstream in an attempt to fight body structure that corresponds with the patient’s various diseases, impotence, and aging; promote needs. healing; and generally benefit the immune system See also CELL SALTS. and overall well-being. A still-controversial treatment developed during the 1930s by the Swiss centesimal scale, homeopathic The method of physician Paul Niehans, who specialized in gland measurement, designated by a c for centesimal, used and organ transplantation, the original cell therapy in homeopathy to determine the strength of home- has been banned in the United States since 1985 opathic remedies. For example, after a mother tinc- because of its potential for allergic reactions, infec- ture (which roughly refers to a “batch” or “stock”) tions, and ineffectiveness. However, cell therapy is is made, one drop of it is added to 99 drops of water practiced in Germany, France, Mexico, the or alcohol. This yields a remedy of 1c potency, Bahamas, and Switzerland. Studies are under way which is further diluted by another 99 drops of in the United States, Germany, and England to water or alcohol to create 2c potency. Usually, the determine the effectiveness of human-to-human highest dose of a homeopathic remedy equals 200c. cell transplantation, and the use of shark embryo Homeopathic practitioners say a remedy becomes cells, human stem cells, and dendritic cells for the more potent the more it is diluted. treatment of certain cancers, acquired immunode- See also HOMEOPATHY. ficiency syndrome (AIDS), impotence, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, burns, arthritis, spinal chakras In Ayurvedic medicine, the seven injuries, heart disease, and diabetes. regions, “focuses,” or “circles” of the body that fol- According to the second edition of Alternative low the body’s midline and represent the specific Medicine: The Definitive Guide (Berkeley, Calif.: Celes- energy and physical, emotional, and spiritual char- tial Arts, 2002), “Cell therapy is particularly excit- acteristics of each part. Chakra is the Sanskrit word ing for conditions that involve cells that do not for “wheel.” Located along the central axis of the repair or regenerate well, such as the brain and body, from the crown of the head to the root of the heart, offering new hope for persons suffering from spine, the chakras govern not only physical func- extensive damage in those organs. . . . The broad- tioning but mental consciousness that promotes est definition of cell therapy includes the use of awareness, personal evolution, and healing. human blood transfusions and bone marrow trans- The first chakra, or root chakra, is centered on plants as well as injections of cellular materials . . . the anus, the base of the spine, the descending from organs, fetuses, or embryos of animals, or the colon, and the hamstrings; it represents basic sur- transplantation of human stem cells, to stimulate vival instincts, security, groundedness, and fears, healing and treat a variety of degenerative diseases. including annihilation, abandonment, and other . . . Several schools of thought exist as to the ideal types of primal upheaval. The second chakra, the practice of cell therapy. The various methods genital or sexual chakra, consists of the gonads, the include the use of live cells, freeze-dried cells, cells urogenital structures, prostate, pelvis, and quadri- from specific organs, homeopathic formulations, ceps, and represents gender, issues of commitment, and embryonic preparations. All these techniques sexuality, sensuality, and procreation. The solar have been used successfully, with different meth- plexus, or third chakra, incorporates the abdomen, ods targeting different conditions.” the entire region around the navel, stomach, duo- A contemporary version of Niehans’s therapy denum, ileum, pancreas, liver, and adrenal glands; involves the use of antibodies or freeze-dried cells it contains the largest portion of nerve tissue after and pretesting to determine possible hypersensitiv- that of the cranium and spinal cord. Emotionally, ity in a patient. There are four main cell types used the solar plexus represents overall physical vitality in combination for revitalization as well as treat- and mastery. ment of a specific disease or malfunction: pituitary, The fourth, or heart, chakra, is the area just liver, male or female reproductive glands, and con- above the diaphragm in the area of the heart. Its nective tissue, plus cells from a particular organ or main representations are nurturing, love for others, 26 channels compassion, connection, and the core or center of necessary 20 to 50 times, to as many as 100 infu- one’s being. Just above the heart chakra is the sions of EDTA; as a preventive measure, the typical throat (including the larynx, pharynx, and thyroid number of infusions is 10, administered one to gland), or fifth, chakra, which symbolizes commu- three times a week. The IV solution may also con- nication, self-expression, and creativity. The sixth tain supplements such as vitamins and minerals, as chakra, consisting of the eyes, pineal gland, and well as gingko biloba and phosphatidylserine, both sinuses, governs intellect, perception, and intuitive of which act as chelators one may take orally as qualities and is often referred to as the “third eye.” well. The crown of the head, or seventh chakra, func- So far, although it is considered safer than tions as a conduit for spiritual consciousness or the aspirin, EDTA has been approved by the Food and source of one’s spiritual aura. Each chakra is also Drug Administration only for lead and other heavy associated with an element such as air, water, ether, metal poisoning and the treatment of hypercal- fire, or earth and with certain colors. cemia (an excessive amount of calcium in the In the practice of Ayurveda, yoga, homeopathy, blood). Chelation therapy remains controversial as Reiki, and other disciplines, manipulating the ener- an alternative treatment of other disorders, gies of the chakras plays an important role in the although some physicians prescribe it for individu- healing process. als with cardiovascular problems and claim that it See also AYURVEDA; REIKI; YOGA. does in fact improve circulation and relieve the symptoms of arteriosclerosis that can lead to more channels The pathways known as meridians serious problems. Other physicians argue that along which ch’i— the body’s life force or energy— EDTA is incapable of permeating the arteries’ cell flows; when illustrated, the meridians in and on membranes and consequently cannot reach a cal- the body resemble a road map that is followed by cium accumulation effectively enough to clear it practitioners of acupuncture and acupressure, out. Furthermore, some say the chelation of iron reflexologists, and other alternative health care increases the body’s production of free radicals, providers. compound substances that cause oxidation and See also ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE. damage bodily tissues. A substance originally familiar to plumbers for chelation therapy Derived from the Greek word removing calcium deposits from pipes, EDTA was chele, which means “to bind” or “to claw,” a method first used therapeutically by the United States Navy of detoxifying the body, particularly of unwanted to treat lead poisoning in 1948. Somewhat less metals such as lead, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, effective than intravenous administration, oral and manganese. Through a process that includes chelation involves combining EDTA with other the removal of calcium in plaque that occludes chelators, including garlic, vitamin C, carrageenan, arteries, chelation therapy is reported to restore rutin, bromelain, and certain enzymes. The blood circulation and therefore counteract gan- enzyme cysteine, for example, may be prescribed grene, leg cramps, and other vascular disorders; for nickel poisoning and presence of excessive free treat Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscu- radicals. Also, the action of the drug penicillamine, lar dystrophy, asthma, macular degeneration, used as a conventional treatment of several ail- chronic fatigue syndrome, ulcerative colitis, emphy- ments, including metal poisoning and rheumatoid sema, thyroid problems, scleroderma, viruses, arthritis, is similar to that of EDTA. lupus, and Parkinson’s and other diseases; and A study was conducted in 1958 in Switzerland reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy and to determine the effectiveness of EDTA chelation radiation therapy and the need for bypass surgery. therapy as a preventive measure against cancer. The three- to four-hour procedure involves an The 231 adults in the study lived near a heavy- intravenous (IV) injection of ethylenediaminete- traffic highway that may have been exposing them traacetic acid (EDTA) into the hand or a finger. As a to lead from vehicle exhaust, to which exposure treatment for occluded arteries, chelation may be was attributed high rates of cancer mortality and chiropractic 27 symptoms including headaches, drug and alcohol imen of theophylline and other bronchodilators; abuse, digestive problems, depression, fatigue, and rather than extend the intake to steroids when the anxiety. bronchodilators are not effective enough to relieve symptoms, certain Chinese herbs can help reduce ch’i See QI. mucus production and strengthen the body’s qi so the need for other medications may be reduced. A Chinese herbalism A segment of ancient Chinese person with an ulcer who takes traditional antacids medicine that focuses on plants and natural sub- may be further relieved by Chinese herbs that fight stances as sources of relief for medical and psycho- heat and dampness in the stomach, help the liver logical problems. Because the whole plant contains to relax, and decongest impaired flow of qi. In gen- the active ingredients, and because various herbs eral, Chinese herbalism recognizes remedies for ill- and other substances may be blended, side effects ness but interprets illness as an imbalance of body are minimized or eliminated and results are often constituents that may show up as patterns consist- enhanced. Chinese herbs—which include plant, ing of both physical and emotional symptoms. An mineral, and animal substances—are also meant to important aspect of Chinese herbalism is correct treat the root of one’s condition rather than just diagnosis of a patient’s problem; customized herbal target symptoms or potentially create additional treatment of the problem can conquer an entire problems by using one specific drug. Since the spectrum of dysfunction. Common Chinese herbs mythic sage Shen Nung experimented with and are astragulus, lotus seed, nutmeg, walnut, ginger, codified medicinal herbs 300 years ago, herbalism cinnamon, radish seed, angelica root, schizandra, has become a highly sophisticated, intricate, and poria cocos, licorice, peony, chrysanthemum, ligus- systematized practice that involves more than 6000 ticum, honeysuckle, mulberry, raspberry, mustard substances prescribed by practitioners. Each sub- seed, dianthus, plantain, motherwort, turmeric, stance has certain qualities and properties that myrrh resin, hawthorn, red and black dates, address the body constituents (qi [ch’i], moisture, ephedra root, artemisia leaf, agrimony, magnolia, and blood), organ networks, and what are known corn silk, corydalis root, peach seed, salvia root, as “adverse climates”: wind, heat, cold, dryness, fennel seed, coptis root, dandelion, sargassum, mil- and dampness. Herbs are categorized according to lettia stem, cordyceps, peppermint leaf, sileris root, their nature (warm, cool, or neutral), taste (sour, gardenia, clove, cardamom seed, and unicaria bitter, sweet, salty, spicy, or bland), configuration stem. Chinese herbal substances also have Chinese (shape, texture, moisture), color, and properties, and botanical names. that is, their ability to relieve a particular ailment. See also ACUPUNCTURE; CORDYCEPS; EIGHT GUIDING An herbal substance may tonify, or strengthen; PRINCIPLES; HOMEOPATHY; JING; QI; WESTERN HERBALISM; consolidate, or condense, astringe, or help concen- YIN-YANG. trate energy, and so on; disperse, or help circulate; or purge, or eliminate, depending upon the diag- chiropractic A widely acclaimed mainstream nosis. For example, since ginseng is a “broad-spec- alternative discipline, dating back to ancient Egypt trum” tonic for any deficiency of qi, codonopsis and other early civilizations, which is based on augments the qi very specifically in the spleen and hands-on manipulations, or “adjustments,” of the lungs to treat ailments such as anemia, dehydra- spinal cord. Modern chiropractic took root in the tion, and fatigue. Another herb, scutellaria, which theory expressed in 1895 by Daniel David Palmer, of purges heat from the lungs and liver, is used for the Davenport, Iowa, who advocated the teachings of treatment of jaundice and infections. Hippocrates and believed that all illnesses had their Chinese herbalism, which now has entered sources in the spine and the nervous system. mainstream American alternative and complemen- According to chiropractic, a term derived from the tary medicine, is often used in conjunction with Greek words cheir and praktikos, meaning “done by conventional Western drugs and treatments. Indi- hand,” when vertebrae are subluxated, or dislocated viduals with asthma, for example, may be on a reg- or misaligned, the person experiences any number 28 chiropractic of ailments, including allergy, headaches, skin con- Duncan’s system or joints and recommended 300 ditions, back pain, sciatica, vision and hearing prob- milligrams of aspirin four times daily for sympto- lems, muscle spasms, asthma and other respiratory matic relief. But the pain progressed until the child disorders, peripheral joint injuries, osteoarthritis, cried, was unable to dress himself, and was stooped herniated disk, and various other musculoskeletal over as if he was an elderly man. disorders, bursitis, morning sickness related to Further hospital test findings proved negative. pregnancy, menstrual problems, sinusitis, whiplash, Emotional trauma was suggested as the cause of otitis media, insomnia, colic, bladder infections, Duncan’s pain, but no explanation was found there, carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive stress either. The boy’s desperate parents finally took him disorders, scoliosis, depression, addiction, and other to a chiropractor. After the first adjustment, Duncan dysfunctions. felt sick. Three hours later, however, Duncan was Chiropractors also work with the concept of the walking “without my knees flapping together,” he body’s innate intelligence and ability to heal. said. By the next day, his hands were pain-free. Palmer suggested that innate intelligence flowed After each adjustment, Duncan made considerable throughout the nervous system—which corre- progress until he was totally back to normal. He sponds and communicates with every other part of described as a “numb” feeling the absence of the the body—and could be blocked by a subluxation. pain to which he had grown accustomed. When the subluxation is relieved, the body has the Since chiropractors are trained to advise patients opportunity to heal itself. This form of chiropractic, when to seek conventional medical care and now referred to as “straight,” adheres to Palmer’s because there is overwhelming anecdotal evidence original idea of performing only spinal manipula- of success of chiropractic as an alternative or com- tion. “Mixed” chiropractic refers to spinal manipu- plementary modality, the spring 1982 issue of the lation and other forms of treatment, including International Review of Chiropractic stated: “The nutritional and exercise counseling, traction, Supreme Court has upheld the right of medical orthotics, ultrasound, diathermy, cryotherapy, doctors to form partnerships or engage in group massage, and physiotherapy. practice with alternative health care providers, The Canadian-born Dr. Palmer, who eventually such as chiropractors.” An estimated 30 million founded the Palmer College of Chiropractic in people in the United States seek and receive chiro- Iowa, first reported that after he had performed practic treatment, and many leading insurance spinal manipulation on a patient who had been providers include visits to a chiropractor in their deaf for 17 years, the man’s hearing was restored. coverage plans. A commonsense and holistic Apparently the man had a subluxated vertebra that approach with an emphasis on prevention and corresponded to an injury he had suffered to his wellness, chiropractic is considered the second- upper spine just before he lost his hearing. Palmer largest primary-health-care field in the world. adjusted that specific area, thereby correcting the Chiropractic adjustments are given during office blockage in the nerves that caused the deafness. visits and are considered safe, painless, and nonin- The college’s first graduates were medical doctors vasive. Patients may be lying supine or prone or sit- who were convinced of Palmer’s philosophy, and ting up, depending upon which type of adjustment case after case seemed to support chiropractic’s suc- is appropriate. One’s first visit to a chiropractor often cess despite the fact that there has long been a requires acute care (the first level of chiropractic), dearth of scientific study to prove its fundamental that is, relief of aggravating symptoms or pain. The principles to the conventional medical community. second level is the restorative phase, which involves The New Zealand Royal Commission of Inquiry maintenance of the realigned spinal column through into chiropractic in 1979 noted, among many, the individualized, repeated adjustments. The wellness case of “Duncan C.” Duncan, an active, easygoing phase, or third level of chiropractic care, entails peri- boy of 11, from February 1977 complained of stiff odic visits to prevent occurrence of new subluxa- knees. The stiffness progressed rapidly to his hips tions. More information is available by contacting and all joints. His doctor saw no active disease in the American Chiropractic Association, 1701 colonic irrigation 29

Clarendon Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, or Ethics at Harvard, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his (800) 986-4636, or www.acatoday.com. book Children of Crisis and other awards for his See also Appendix I; OSTEOPATHY. books about children. Coles has also worked with parents, undergraduates, teachers, community chologogue A substance that increases the ﬂow leaders, and medical students and as a volunteer at of bile into the intestinal tract. schools, hospital wards, and clinics.

Chopra, Deepak A New England endocrinologist colonic irrigation The process of injecting originally from India, former chief of staff of Boston enough water (to which herbs or enzymes may be Regional Medical Center, and founding president added) through a tube into the colon to fill and of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medi- cleanse it, also known as an enema, rectal, or cine. His highly acclaimed books include Quantum clysis. In certain alternative and complementary Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine medicine practices, colonics are used to detoxify (New York: Bantam Books, 1989); Creating Health; the intestinal tract and treat a wide variety of dis- Return of the Rishi; Perfect Health; Ageless Body, Timeless orders, including hypertension, heart disease, Mind; Creating Affluence; The Seven Spiritual Laws of arthritis, depression, and infections. The method Success; Unconditional Life, How to Know God: The evolved from the days before antibiotics had been Soul’s Journey into the Mystery of Mysteries; Overcoming developed to fight infection, when emptying the Addictions; Spiritual Laws for Parenting; Grow Younger, bowels was considered therapeutic for a number Live Longer: 10 Steps to Reverse Aging; The Return of of ailments. In ancient Greece and Egypt, as well Merlin; and The Path to Love. A fellow of the Ameri- as in Ayurvedic medicine originating in India, can College of Physicians and a member of the colonics were regarded as rejuvenating. During American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the 1920s and 1930s, inducing bowel movements Chopra is considered one of the foremost U.S. became a fad treatment called “high colonics.” experts in mind-body medicine, particularly for One of the most prominent colonic therapists was developing a blend of quantum physics and ancient John Harvey Kellogg, who treated thousands of medicine practices and theories. He is currently patients with gastrointestinal disorders at the Kel- director of educational programs, CEO, and logg Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan. Kel- founder of the Chopra Center for Well-Being, logg later founded the Kellogg cereal company in established in 1995 in La Jolla, California, and now Battle Creek. at La Costa Resort and Spa in Carlsbad, California The basic concept of colonic irrigation as therapy (800-854-5000). is to exacerbate the natural process of eliminating toxins and digestive waste materials from the colon cicatrizant A substance or agent that encourages and rectum. Colonic enthusiasts believe a buildup scar tissue to form during the healing process. of waste materials impedes normal elimination and therefore impedes the immune system and blood- coagulant A substance that promotes the forma- stream. Irrigation may, however, damage the colon tion of clots, such as blood clots. by perforating it or injecting amounts of fluid great enough to stretch the bowel out of normal propor- Coles, Robert A professor of psychiatry and med- tion and thus impair its ability to function. In addi- ical humanities at Harvard Medical School, tion, colonics may deplete the body of enzymes and research psychiatrist for the Harvard University normal colonic flora that keep the intestines func- Health Services, and the author of more than 50 tioning normally, particularly in their ability to books, including The Spiritual Life of Children fight microbial invasion. Contaminated irrigation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990); The Moral Intelli- equipment may also cause potentially life-threat- gence of Children (New York: Random House, 1997); ening infections such as amebic dysentery. Colonic and The Mind’s Fate: Ways of Seeing Psychiatry and Psy- irrigation is not recommended for individuals who choanalysis. Also the James Agee Professor of Social have Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids, 30 color therapy rectal or colon tumors, or ulcerative colitis. Also, light treatments, during which a patient is given a undiagnosed intestinal disorders that require con- white robe to wear under a light machine with ventional treatment may be aggravated by irriga- stained-glass filters for about 20 minutes. This may tion procedures. More information is available by also include the therapist’s use of draping colored contacting the International Association for Colon materials around the patient or using a quartz crys- Hydrotherapy, P.O. Box 461285, San Antonio, TX tal torch through which light filters. The colors of 78246-1286, or (210) 366-2888. one’s clothing, foods, and personal environments See also Appendix I. play important roles in color therapy, and the therapist may suggest variations from current choices. color therapy A therapeutic method that origi- Excessive use of one color is said to affect one’s nated in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, Babylonia, health adversely. Red, for example, is reported to and China after the recognition that sunlight ther- lower resistance to pain, raise blood pressure, and apy relieved skin disorders. Therapy evolved into affect embryonic cell structure during pregnancy. the use of colored light (red and infrared) for When blue light, on the other hand, was focused on lesions caused by smallpox and German measles. the hands of 60 middle-aged women at the San Dr. Peter Mandel, a German naturopathic physi- Diego State University School of Nursing in 1982, cian, developed Colorpuncture, which combines the women experienced a certain amount of pain the use of acupoints and meridians of acupuncture relief from their rheumatoid arthritis. Other studies, with wavelengths of colored light, according to an such as one concerning sufferers of migraines, have individual’s needs. For example, he believes reds, also been conducted using colored light. oranges, and yellows strengthen or stimulate acu- See also AURA; CHAKRAS; FENG SHUI; LIGHT THERAPY. points, and greens, blues, and violets subdue them. Mandel also theorizes that the flow of qi (ch’i) combination remedies In homeopathy, a mixture throughout the body along the meridians, or chan- of remedies, often at low potency levels, for the nels, works with color and light in the same way a treatment of an ailment, akin to the concept of fiberoptic network operates. broad-spectrum antibiotics when a particular micro- In Ayurvedic medicine, each chakra, or energy organism is not identified or readily identifiable. circle, of the body along the vertical midline has See also HOMEOPATHY. attributed to it a specific color, a concept that embraces the link between the body’s electromag- Any method or modal- netic vibrations and wavelengths of color. In the complementary medicine ity intended to enhance or supplement other treat- practice of feng shui, or the Chinese art of place- ments, including traditional Western medicine. ment, color plays a major role in the way an envi- Complementary forms of treatment may also be ronment and the people in it are affected by colors. categorized as alternative or integrative medicine. There are various techniques involving the use of color as therapy for both physical and emotional problems. compress In various branches of medicine, Because color emanates from daylight, a combi- including home remedies and folk medicine prac- nation of the eight colors of the spectrum (red, tices, a cloth or pad saturated with either hot or cold orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, turquoise, and agents and applied directly to the skin over an area magenta) and the radiation inherent in sunlight, of the body that is swollen or painful. Compresses many color therapists believe that certain colors may also be used in the form of dry, soft folded cloth correspond with mental, emotional, and physical that is applied firmly over a wound to promote problems, such as insomnia, depression, behavioral healing through slight pressure and closure. problems, pain, anxiety, asthma, and stress-related ailments. Each color also has its own vibrational fre- constitutional remedies In homeopathy, reme- quency and therefore can affect the body’s sense of dies that correspond to an individual’s overall phys- well-being and balance. A therapist may administer ical and mental state and family medical history. crystal and gemstone therapy 31 cordyceps An ancient Chinese herbal remedy, be dislodged, released, or broken up both physi- made from the fungus Cordyceps sinensis grown in cally and mentally; Upledger described the process the Himalayan regions of China and Tibet, that is as the technique of SomatoEmotional Release reported to improve athletic performance and (SER). Upledger’s disciples often combine CST with training. SER, depending upon their patients’ individual See also CHINESE HERBALISM. needs. Craniosacral therapy is considered a type of energy medicine that targets the memory of past counterirritant A substance that irritates one part traumas the body subconsciously harbors. of the body to counteract irritation to another part. In addition to Upledger’s meningeal approach, the sutural approach—manipulation at the cranial cranial osteopathy See CRANIOSACRAL THERAPY; sutures—was developed by Dr. William Garner OSTEOPATHY. Sutherland, an early 20th-century osteopathic physician. There is still controversy concerning the craniosacral therapy A system of therapy based ability of the cranial bones, which conventional on the idea that there is a rhythmic pressure and medicine claims are fused together, to move at all, flow of cerebrospinal fluid between the cranium and also concerning the existence of a craniosacral (skull) and sacrum (the base of the spine) that rhythmic impulse. However, there is some scien- governs the way the craniosacral structures, tific and clinical evidence that supports Suther- including the brain, pituitary and pineal glands, land’s treatment, originally known as cranial spinal cord, and meninges, or membranes, func- osteopathy. Another type of craniosacral therapy, tion and maintain the body’s well-being. Gentle called the reflex approach, combines the tech- hands-on “manipulation” of the skull’s sutures, niques of applied kinesiology with the stimulation that is, the delineations between the sections of of nerve endings located within the cranial sutures cranial bone, and of the spinal column, rib cage, and in the scalp. A combination of all three and limbs is reported to restore the flow and alle- approaches is the Sacro-Occipital Technique viate disorders including headache, sinusitis, brain (S.O.T.), which was developed by Dr. Major B. trauma, transient ischemic attack (called TIA, akin DeJarnette, a chiropractor and in the 1920s a stu- to a ministroke), strabismus (cross-eyes), trigemi- dent of Sutherland’s. nal neuralgia (sharp pain in the jaw), asthma, colic, Because craniosacral treatments consist of light Bell’s palsy, posttraumatic stress disorder, rheuma- palpations, as opposed to chiropractic adjustments toid arthritis, dizziness, hyperactivity, visual distur- or more vigorous forms of bodywork, critics claim bances, seizures, postpartum depression, learning it cannot be effective. However effective or harm- disabilities, ear infections, cerebral palsy, autism, less the therapy may be, it may not be recom- and injury to the head, torso, arms, and legs. mended for young children or anyone with a The American osteopathic physician John E. dysfunction that affects intracranial pressure, such Upledger developed CranioSacral Therapy (CST) as a brain tumor or an aneurysm. after conducting a team of researchers—physiolo- See also OSTEOPATHY. gists, biophysicists, bioengineers, anatomists, and others—at the Michigan State University College of crystal and gemstone therapy Derived from the Osteopathic Medicine in the 1970s. Upledger Greek word krystallos and the Latin crystallum, decided that his main approach would involve meaning a lucid substance that has solidified, crys- manipulation of the meninges of the craniosacral tals and gemstones, which are precious and semi- system. He theorized that cells and structures of the precious stones, were thought by the ancients to be body have the capacity to “remember” physical or powerful, healing manifestations of electromag- emotional shock, which manifests in certain areas netic energies of the Earth. During a crystal therapy he called “energy cysts.” In order for the body to session, crystals or gemstones may be held by the function normally again, these energy cysts repre- client or practitioner or placed in the room or on senting suppressed painful experiences needed to the client’s chakras, the energy circles along the 32 Culpeper’s Herbal midline of the body. Some claim they have been prayer, potions, hexing agents, Tarot cards, and relieved of symptoms of wounds, back pain, and other methods and symbols of healing, depending arthritis. There are at least 3000 crystal and gem- upon an individual’s problem. Curanderismo has stone substances that have been identified as hav- evolved throughout history—a practice particularly ing specific properties and characteristics. For popular among Hispanics and Mexicans in the example, amethyst may be worn or held during Southwest—derived from the ages during which meditation by a person who wishes to develop psy- medicine, the church, and belief in the supernat- chic ability or become more spiritual. To relieve ural were virtually interchangeable. Curanderos as stress caused by being unable to speak up about a private consultants offer help to people with prob- problem, one may hold a piece of turquoise or lems ranging from love relationships and financial aquamarine against his or her throat and concen- difficulties to illness and the effects of “black magic” trate on relaxing and freeing the mind of resent- or “spells” cast by brujos (witches). ment. Several crystals and stones have been associated with certain glands in the body. Clear cymatics A type of sound therapy developed by quartz, for instance, may be placed on the fore- the British physician and osteopath Peter Manners head, chest, and solar plexus; in the palm of each in the 1960s. Dr. (Sir) Manners continues to work hand; and on the pubic bone during breathing in the field of cymatics and biomagnetics for med- exercises or meditation to help clear energy block- ical diagnosis and treatment. He holds the Dag ages from the corresponding organs. Clear tourma- Hammerskjold Merit of Excellence Award for Ben- line has been used for benefit to the immune efits to Humanity, and he has lectured at the World system, for general detoxification, and for eye and Health Organization in Europe. The theory of nervous system disorders. Silver is said to balance cymatics, derived from the Greek word kyma, or “a hormone levels, reduce lung and throat irritation, great wave,” is based on specific sound frequencies and help resolve sexual dysfunction. Wearing peri- that emanate from the millions of body cells. A dot is said to benefit the stomach and digestive healthy body’s sound frequency is stable, but in the tract. As folklore, crystal and gemstone therapy case of illness, the frequency is increased or upset functions daily as part of the customs of our cul- in some way. Practitioners of cymatics use ture; for example, an engagement ring harks back machines that operate on frequencies that reflect a to the days when the ancients believed that wear- normal state to stimulate cells whose frequency ing or carrying talismans put one in tune with uni- reflects an abnormality or distress. A cymatics prac- versal forces. Healers through the ages have used titioner holds a pencil-sized or larger applicator substances from the Earth to connect with healing that is connected to an electromagnetic device power in conjunction with other relaxation and about the size of an attaché case. Through elec- visualization techniques. troids attached to the body, similar to electrocar- diogram leads, the practitioner then directs the Culpeper’s Herbal The seventeenth-century sound frequencies to the distressed area of the British reference book by Nicholas Culpeper (also body. To treat a painful muscle, for example, the spelled Culpepper), Culpeper’s Complete Herbal, pub- frequency is supposed to correct the impaired fre- lished by W. Foulsham and Co., lists herbs and quency causing the pain. Certain practitioners also herbal remedies. use “aquasonics,” which refers to sound frequencies transmitted through water, or other techniques curanderismo A form of southwestern folk heal- in combination with cymatics to treat asthma, ing performed by a curandero, or most revered arthritis, a stubborn virus, and various muscu- healer, considered to have a gift from God. Curan- loskeletal injuries and to relieve tension. Treat- deros, males or curanderas, females, may be con- ments are painless and seem to lack any adverse sulted for medical, emotional, social, supernatural, effects. Cymatic clinics are located in the United and spiritual problems. The curandero or curandera States, Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, and other uses herbs, rituals, water, candles, countermagic, parts of the world. D dance therapy Also called dance movement ther- at the Judson Health Clinic. Later she was a consult- apy, methods or techniques involving physical ing nutritionist for physicians at the Alameda motion, accompanied or unaccompanied by music, County Health Clinic and the William E. Branch to achieve stress reduction, release, creativity, play- Clinic in Hollywood. Davis was married to Frank fulness, and self-expression for individuals with Sieglinger and was the mother of two children. emotional disturbances, depression, or other problems. Dance therapists work with people whose decimal scale, homeopathic Designated by an x problems are connected with their particular way of in homeopathy, the measure of potency of a rem- moving, who can improve their emotional state and edy in tenths; for example, one drop of mother resolve issues (assertiveness, self-image, self-iden- tincture (stock or “batch” of a remedy) is diluted tity, trust, etc.) through specific dance movements. with nine drops of water or alcohol to yield a remedy that is said to have 2x potency. dan tien In Chinese medicine, the body’s three See also CENTESIMAL SCALE; HOMEOPATHIC. energy centers—upper, middle, and lower—where qi (or ch’i, the vital force or vital energy) is stored. decoction From the Latin words de and coquere, The upper center is between the eyebrows (also or to boil down, the homeopathic term for a herb known as the “third eye”); the middle is in the cen- or combination of herbs that are boiled in water, ter of the torso, and the lower is the lower abdomen. which is then reduced to make a concentrate. See also QI. When a decoction, essentially a liquid medicinal preparation, does not require a precise strength, it Davis, Adelle A well-known nutritionist and may be made by boiling five parts of the herb or author of Let’s Eat Right To Keep Fit, Let’s Have Healthy vegetable or crumbled pieces of a drug with 100 Children, Let’s Get Well, and Let’s Cook It Right (New parts water for 15 minutes. In traditional Western York: New American Library, Harcourt Brace medicine, there are no specific decoctions. Jovanovich Inc., 1954–1970). During the 1950s and 1960s until her death in 1971, Davis was one of the deep-muscle massage See MASSAGE. pioneers of nutrition as a way to treat illness and dysfunction in the body and promote wellness. demulcent From the Latin word demulcens, Believing that nutrition can determine one’s physi- meaning “to stroke softly,” a substance or agent, cal, emotional, and spiritual status, she studied at such as glycerin, honey, lanolin, and olive oil, that Purdue University and graduated from the Univer- soothes, moisturizes, softens, and protects mucous sity of California at Berkeley, did postgraduate work membranes. Demulcents are used in homeopathy. at Columbia University and the University of Cali- See also HOMEOPATHY. fornia at Los Angeles, and received a master’s degree in biochemistry from the University of Southern depression, effects of In bioenergetic healing California Medical School. Davis worked extensively and vibrational medicine, a theory that the energy with doctors at Bellevue and Fordham Hospitals and produced by clinically or psychotically depressed

33 34 depurgative individuals had negative effects on plant growth dina chariya A regimen geared toward healthful after they had been asked to “treat” or hold onto daily living set forth in Ayurvedic medicine. bottles of saline solution used to water the plants. See also AYURVEDA. In studies in the 1960s on the true nature of hands- on healing practices, that is, studies to determine distant healing Any method or technique such as whether results occurred because of psychological Reiki, prayer, or meditation, that may be per- factors such as belief or faith or because of an formed by an individual despite a physical distance actual transfer of physical energy from the healer between the healer and the recipient of healing to an individual, Dr. Bernard Grad, a gerontologist energy. at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, used See also CAYCE, EDGAR; DOSSEY, LARRY; PRAYER; plants as the “healees” to eliminate the possibility REIKI. of faith or personal belief in the healing process. Grad engaged a local healer to treat barley plants doshas Also known as the tridoshas, the three watered and grown in the normal fashion and bar- fundamental body types categorized in Ayurvedic ley plants he had deliberately watered with saline medicine—pitta, vata, and kapha—considered the solution to inhibit their growth. The healer was not foundation of all biological, emotional, and physio- told which plants had been watered with saline logical aspects of a person. Although the three dis- solution; the healer-treated plants were reported to tinct doshas provide the basis for body types, be taller and more robust and to have higher levels combinations of doshas are recognized as more the of chlorophyll than the control group of normal rule than the exception and demonstrate charac- plants. On days when the healer was not feeling teristics in common. Ayurvedic practitioners well physically or emotionally, Grad determined believe that when the doshas are out of balance, ill- that the healing energy was “off.” ness may occur. See also VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE. See also AYURVEDA. depurgative A substance or agent that cleanses Dossey, Larry American medical doctor who has the blood, such as echinacea and colostrums. studied the power of prayer as it relates to the practice of medicine. He is the author of several books, detoxification Any process, internal and exter- including Healing Words: The Power of Prayer nal, geared toward purifying the body, that is, rid- (HarperSanFrancisco, 1993); Prayer Is Good Medi- ding it of foreign or toxic substances and wastes. cine; Meaning of Medicine (New York: Bantam, 1991); Detoxificants or detoxifiers include many varieties and Recovering the Soul (Bantam, 1989). Dossey doc- of herbs as well as vitamin C and other nutrients. uments evidence gathered by control-group exper- See also AAMA; CHELATION THERAPY; COLONICS. imentation on the therapeutic effects of prayer, including prayers of people at great distances from dhatus In Ayurvedic medicine, the body’s seven the persons being prayed for and for those with essential components: (1) rasa, or plasma; (2) rakta, catastrophic illnesses. He also theorizes that healing or the blood tissue or red blood cells; (3) mamsa, or is linked to a “nonlocal mind” that accesses various muscle tissue; (4) meda, or adipose tissue; (5) asthi, or phenomena such as remote viewing, distant clair- bone tissue; (6) majja, or nerve tissue and bone mar- voyant observations, and other forms of “focused row; and (7) shukra, semen and reproductive tissue. consciousness” different and distinct from faith See also AYURVEDA. healing or a placebo effect. See also NONLOCAL MIND. diets, specific See MACROBIOTIC DIET; NUTRITION. douche, herbal A lavage or administration of digestive Any substance or agent that aids the water on or into a body cavity performed to cleanse normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and and to restore normal functioning and balance. the process of digestion. Medicinal or nutritive herbs may be added to the Dunbar, Helen Flanders 35

fluid wash for an enhanced effect, particularly to the dream state provides the opportunity for an subdue irritation or relieve pain. For example, an aspect of our spirit to leave our physical body and herbal douche that may be helpful in cases of have direct experience with another dimension of vaginitis may contain calendula flowers, pau existence, which may be referred to as an astral d’arco, tea tree oil, white oak bark, squaw vine, plane. This may offer insights into the true nature mild white clay with hazel bark and leaf, and sage of health and illness and add to the entire body of or vinegar in one quart of water. Ordinary saline information on mind-body medicine and healing. solution is an effective nasal douche for congestion caused by allergies or colds. Dunbar, Helen Flanders American psychiatrist See also HERBALISM. (d.1959), who was a founder of the subspecialty called consultation-liaison psychiatry and a propo- dowser, medical The term derived from the nent of mind-body medicine. Dunbar also believed name given in 1838 to people who used divining that mental, social, and environmental factors (or dowsing) rods to find water or other natural affect physiological functioning. The daughter of a resources, which now refer to individuals who use physicist, Dunbar earned her undergraduate a dowsing instrument, such as a pendulum, to degree at Bryn Mawr in 1923 and her medical locate and diagnose a physical malfunction or dis- degree at Yale Medical School in 1930. She later ease. Also known as medical radiesthesia, medical acquired the degrees B.D., Ph.D., and D.Med.Sci. dowsing corresponds to a certain psychic ability of After spending a year in Europe, she became affili- the dowser, who reportedly receives intensified ated with Columbia University and the Presbyter- energy in the form of involuntary muscle tremors ian Hospital, where she was appointed psychiatrist or movement in his or her hands as the dowsing to the medical service. She was a member of the device is held. American Psychoanalytic Society and authored See also VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE. more than 80 books and articles. Her work was influenced by ancient physicians and philosophers, drama therapy Methods or techniques involving the work of Cannon and the flight or fight role playing, acting out stories, and other activities response, Selye’s theory on the general adaptation geared toward helping individuals improve rela- syndrome, and other 19th- and 20th-century tionships, social skills, and personal issues. Drama researchers who sought scientific evidence of what therapists guide groups in the creation of drama as Dunbar called, for want of a better term, “psycho- a way to address factors including awareness and somatic” medicine. She studied 600 patients with sensitivity, behavior, imagination, team effort, and heart disease, diabetes, and fractures at Presbyter- general understanding of interpersonal interaction. ian Hospital, and in 1936 discovered that psycho- People with a wide range of physical and emotional logical factors had a significant effect on the causes problems may benefit from drama therapy. of the disease and the disease process. This led her to coin the term “accident-prone personality.” dreams, diagnostic; healing The concept of Dunbar also conducted research by providing per- dreaming—constructed in the right brain as sonality profiles (later known as “personality con- opposed to the literal construction of left-brain stellations”) that connected chronic disorders such thinking—as a way to connect with the higher self as asthma, migraine, ulcerative colitis, and peptic and as the source of dream-symbol interpretation ulcer with certain personality types. that may possibly help in the diagnosis and treat- At the same time, Chicago psychoanalyst Franz ment of illness. Some therapists and alternative Alexander theorized on a “specificity hypothesis,” medicine practitioners recommend keeping a saying that specific but unresolved emotional prob- dream diary (dreams can occur during waking or lems caused chronic tension, dysfunction, and sleeping hours) to determine patterns of symbols or finally structural changes in certain organs. Dunbar ideas. Some spiritual philosophers and advocates of believed that the disorders were not “specific” but various types of vibrational medicine maintain that complex, and she did not accept Alexander’s 36 Dyer, Wayne W.

“specificity hypothesis.” She published her book consultation-liaison services. In the mid-1970s, the Emotions and Bodily Changes: A Survey of Literature on National Institute of Mental Health provided grants Psychosomatic Interrelationships in 1936, and Psychoso- to 130 consultation-liaison programs. matic Diagnosis in 1943. She thought that the research findings would lead to appropriate pre- Dyer, Wayne W. An American doctor of counsel- vention techniques and treatment. In 1939, Dun- ing psychology and popular proponent of mind- bar founded and served as the first editor of the body practices who has lectured, conducted Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, a post she held for workshops, appeared on television, and written eight years. (The journal is now published by the several books, including Real Magic (New York: American Psychosomatic Society.) Dunbar’s contri- HarperCollins, 1992), Everyday Wisdom, Your Erro- butions to the study of psychosomatic medicine neous Zones, Pulling Your Own Strings (New York: spurred Rockefeller Foundation grants to general HarperCollins Publishers, 1995), The Sky’s the Limit, hospitals in 1934 and 1935 with the mission of Gifts from Eykis, No More Holiday Blues, Your Sacred encouraging the collaboration of psychiatrists and Self, What Do You Really Want for Your Children?, and other physicians. The Mount Sinai Hospital in New You’ll See It When You Believe It (New York: Avon York and Rochester Medical School pioneered in Books, 1989). E ear-candling Sometimes also called ear-coning, a considered dangerous—largely because of burns home remedy dating back to 2500 B.C. for removing and the potential for puncturing the eardrum—and ear wax, fungus, or impurities that supposedly cause ineffective. Conventional medicine states that com- a blockage of the ear canal or discomfort in the ears pacted earwax or any other impairment or injury and sinuses. Made from paraffin- or beeswax-soaked of the ear should be attended to by a physician. natural fibers such as linen or cotton and specifically tapered into cone shapes and allowed to dry and Eastern medicine Various disciplines of medical harden, an ear (or auricular) candle is a hollow wax practice derived from ancient lands including Egypt cylinder approximately 10 inches long. (Variations of and countries of the Middle and Near East, conti- this include wax-soaked newspaper and pottery nental Asia, China, Japan, and other regions. cones through which herbal smoke is blown. Also, Ancient Indian medicine, or Ayurveda; traditional various herbs, honey, or other substances may be Chinese and Japanese medicine; and a wide range added to the wax.) After being fitted into a hole in a of additional practices, such as qigong, t’ai ch’i, protective plate, it is lit and the smaller (unlit) end yoga, and massage, have now been introduced into placed in the ear canal as the patient lies on his or her the United States as alternative/complementary side. A collecting plate catches melting wax from the treatment modalities. burning end of the candle. The rationale for this procedure is that the burning candle creates a convec- effleurage A technique of massage involving tion or vacuum that sucks out undesirable material slow, rhythmic strokes. from the ear, although there is no evidence that any See also MASSAGE. suction is created. The ear-candling session lasts approximately 45 minutes, and practitioners, also eight principal patterns Also known as the eight known as “earconologists,” claim that two to eight guiding principles, the diagnostic method in tradi- sessions may required before complete relief is expe- tional Chinese medicine that uses the principles of rienced. Ear-candlers do not recommend the proce- yin-yang (both of these are composites of a per- dure for individuals who have perforated or artificial son’s illness), cold-hot (either lack of or excess of eardrums or those who have ear tubes. body heat), interior- exterior (also called internal- Ear candles are not approved by the Federal external, referring to afflictions of the inner organs, Drug Administration (FDA) and are banned in blood vessels, bones, nerves, etc., or skin, muscles, Canada. Despite anecdotal reports that ear-can- hair, joints, superficial muscles, etc.), and excess- dling relieves earache, sinus headache, swimmer’s deficiency (either a surplus or lack of the basic ear, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, auricu- body constituents such as blood, qi (ch’i), and mois- lar herpes zoster, Ménière’s disease, vertigo, stress- ture). Chinese practitioners believe a person’s ill- related problems, allergies, tinnitus, hearing ness is related to any or a combination of these problems, and other ailments, particularly those of eight concepts. Treatment is determined by one or horn players and singers, who are said to have a more of the principles. greater earwax buildup, the process is generally See also EMPTY HEAT; QI; YIN-YANG.

37 38 electroacupuncture electroacupuncture A technique of acupuncture capacity to work or to empower, that is, to set involving the use of battery-powered devices that things in motion (kinetic energy), put things in stimulate acupoints through needles, rubber elec- position (potential or stored energy), and create trodes, or a metal probe. light, heat, ionizing radiation, or sound. On a meta- See also ACUPUNCTURE. bolic level, for example, when the intake of oxygen combines with the intake of sugar and fat, a chem- electromagnetic force In physics, magnetism ical reaction occurs in the body that concurrently generated by an electrical current. Alternative produces heat, or energy, and cellular waste prod- medicine practitioners work to realign, balance, or ucts, which result in fatigue. Energetics is the sci- otherwise manipulate the electromagnetic energy ence or study of human energy, such as that used in and around the human body as treatment for ill- in doing work or exercising. The conservation of ness and as modalities for promoting relaxation energy refers to the theory that energy cannot and well-being. The electromagnetic field may be either be created or be destroyed; instead, it is accessed with or without the laying on of hands. changed into other forms. Bioenergetics is the See also AYURVEDA; ENERGY; RADIONICS; REIKI; THER- study of the transfer of energy and the way one liv- APEUTIC TOUCH; VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE. ing system relates to others; biodynamics refers to the study of the energy, or life force, of living matter. Types of bioenergy include (1) metabolic: the emotional freedom technique (EFT) A branch or fuel that empowers fundamental cellular processes; method of energy psychology. (2) bioelectrical: the movement of fluids and sub- See also ENERGY. stances throughout the body and nervous system activity, including the brain’s ability to process In traditional Chinese medicine, a Empty Heat information and perceive the world; (3) biopho- yin deficiency also known as internal heat, such as tonic: found in all the body cells’ nuclei for cell-to- fever, inflammation, redness, swelling, pain, thirst, cell communication; (4) subtle bioenergies: qi dryness, constipation, or agitation. (ch’i), or life force, and prana (breath) that flows See also EIGHT PRINCIPAL PATTERNS; YIN-YANG. throughout the body (meridians, chakras, muscles, skin, etc.), particularly for the coordination of bod- endorphins Polypeptides, protein chemical sub- ily functions and defense against illness; (5) stances produced naturally by the brain that, when etheric: for subtle-energetic growth, development, activated by other substances, exercise, or various and repair of the body (this may be similar to sub- emotional states, create a sensation of well-being, tle bioenergies); (6) astral: thought forms for the analgesia, or euphoria similar to that induced by processing of emotions and emotional energy; (7) opiates. The polypeptides bind to opiate receptor mental: abstract thought forms for creativity and sites of the brain related to the perception of pain. intellectual functioning; and (8) spiritual: soul When endorphins are released, the threshold for energy that is said to flow or transfer from lifetime pain increases, and an individual feels more com- to lifetime and is remembered by the physical cells. fortable as a result. The most active of the polypep- It is generally accepted by all the traditional life tides is B-endorphin. The word endorphin, coined in sciences that the human being is an energy system. 1976, is a combination of endogenous and morphine. In Ayurvedic medicine, all energy generates from Related are enkephalins, pentapeptides produced cosmic consciousness, and all five forms of naturally in the brain that also have opiate-receptor energy—water, fire, air, ether, and earth—are pre- ability and potent painkilling effects. sent in all forms of matter, including in each person and representative of the five senses and mani- enema, therapeutic See COLONICS. fested in the doshas, or body types. Ayurvedic practitioners believe in the goal of balancing one’s energy From the Greek word energeia, or the energy in order to move each individual into har- Latin energia, both meaning activity, the power or mony with cosmic consciousness. enzyme therapy 39

Practitioners of other forms of alternative medi- infection, and sinus headache, that are believed to cine, such as Therapeutic Touch and Reiki, believe be caused by environmental factors, such as pollu- that human energy may be used as a healing tion and toxins. Treatments may involve nutrition modality and can be directed, modulated, balanced, and modification of diet, detoxification techniques and interfaced with other modalities. With their such as chelation therapy and heat depuration techniques, they pursue the concept that the trans- (high-temperature saunas to encourage excretion fer of energy from one human being to another is of toxins through the skin), immunotherapy (any not only a natural event, but a continuous one, method used to boost the immune system), and whether it is intended to be or not. Intentionality desensitization, particularly enzyme potentiated adds to the healing power of energy transfer. desensitization (EPD), which relies on small doses See also AYURVEDA; ELECTROACUPUNCTURE; ELEC- of the allergen combined with beta glucoronidase, TROMAGNETIC FIELD; ENERGY MEDICINE; REIKI; THERA- a natural enzyme, administered orally or intra- PEUTIC TOUCH; VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE; YIN-YANG. venously to recondition the immune system to fight the allergic reaction. A long time may elapse energy medicine A form of treatment for pain before the desensitization process becomes effec- and various illnesses that employs electrical cur- tive. Among other (and controversial) environ- rents. In mainstream medical practice, electroen- mental treatments are the administration of the cephalograms (EEGs), electrocardiograms (ECGs), solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the hor- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transcuta- mone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). neous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) energy See also CHELATION THERAPY; DETOXIFICATION. medicine may be thought of as energy medicine. In alternative practice, electroacupuncture, auricular enzyme therapy The administration of supple- acupuncture, cymatics, light therapy, sound therapy, ments, enzymes including Donnazyme, Cotazyme, and microcurrent electrical therapy are some of the Creon, zymase, Ultrase, Pancrease, and other con- available treatments. People who have pacemakers ventional substances, for the treatment of enzyme or bleeding disorders or who are pregnant should deficiency that results from cystic fibrosis, not consider certain forms of energy medicine. Gaucher’s disease, and celiac disease, among other Microcurrent electrical therapy involves placing ailments. Digestive problems such as lactose intol- electrodes over painful areas of the body (or areas erance and chronic intestinal gas may be helped by opposite where the pain occurs) and running an certain over-the-counter enzyme products. electrical current into them in order to relieve the Produced by living cells, an enzyme is an organic pain. The TENS technique is reported to stimulate catalyst that cannot perform independently but is a the body’s natural production of endorphins complex protein that can initiate change in other (chemically similar to morphine) and to prevent substances without being changed itself. Enzymes the brain from perceiving pain sensations. TENS are found throughout the body, such as amylases in has been used in the treatment of pain associated saliva and in the intestine; ptyalin, also in the with arthritis, sciatica, neuralgia, shingles, chronic mouth; pepsins and lipase in the gastric juices, back pain, and dental, musculoskeletal, cancer, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase in angina, menstrual, migraine, carpal tunnel, and pancreatic juices; and intestinal juices; including nerve damage pain. enteropeptidase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, and See also CYMATICS; ELECTROACUPUNCTURE; LIGHT nucleosidases. Each enzyme has a specific action; THERAPY; RADIONICS; SOUND THERAPY; VIBRATIONAL rennin is an enzyme that coagulates milk; throm- MEDICINE. bin, an enzyme that is formed in shed blood and leads to the formation of fibrin for clotting. Other energy transmutation See ENERGY. enzymes work to split fats, starches, sugars, amino acid compounds, mucoproteins, and proteins; to environmental medicine Treatment modalities join enzymes; and to aid in the process of oxidation, geared toward disorders, including allergies, ear fermentation, and chemical conversions. Cellulase, 40 essence an enzyme not produced by the body but obtain- biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols. Coenzyme able only through supplements made from plants Q10, an antioxidant nutrient, is said to energize the and meant to digest fiber, is used for relief of gas body and strengthen cardiac health. Other enzymes and bloating as well as other ailments, including are also credited with having anti-inflammatory and vaginal yeast infections and facial pain or paralysis. antiaging properties. For additional information on A lack of protease, which digests proteins, may enzyme therapy, contact the American Dietetic cause anxiety, hypoglycemia, appendicitis, cancer, Association, 216 W. Jackson Boulevard., Suite 800, bone problems, and various infections. Chicago, IL 60606, or (800) 366-1655; or Dr. Although enzyme depletion occurs with diges- Howard Loomis, D.C., 21st Century Nutrition, 6421 tive disorders, it may also be caused by root canals, Enterprise Lane, Madison, WI 53719, or (800) 662- radiation, irradiated foods, pasteurization, heavy 2630 or (608) 273-8100. metals, mercury amalgam dental fillings, bovine growth hormone, hybridization and genetic engi- essence Any integral force, part, character, or neering, microwaving, geopathic stress zones, general energy of a living being or substance. chemical additives and pesticides, and excessive According to traditional Chinese medicine, the unsaturated and hydrogenated fats. In the body are essence (or jing) represents the body’s supply of qi, approximately 22 digestive enzymes produced for or ch’i, meaning “life energy,” and is considered the each stage of digestion. most refined substance of the human body. The In alternative medicine, plant enzyme therapy is Chinese believe one’s essence manifests in the skin, considered to have beneficial effects for those with tongue, and hair, and in one’s fertility, potency, and chronic digestive disorders, sore throat, hay fever, creativity. These characteristics are said to deter- ulcers, osteoporosis, myasthenia gravis, and candidi- mine a person’s ability to ward off debilitation and asis, and for anyone who wishes to increase nutrient promote longevity. absorption, especially in the case of nutrient defi- See also BACH’S FLOWER REMEDIES; ESSENTIAL OILS; ciency. Pancreatic enzyme therapy is reported to JING. benefit individuals with pancreatic hypertrophy (enlargement); inflammation, such as in sports Eternity Medicine The name given by Dr. Larry injuries; viral disorders, including human immun- Dossey in his book Reinventing Medicine: Beyond odeficiency virus (HIV); heart disease, multiple Mind-Body to a New Era of Healing (HarperSanFran- sclerosis, cancer, bone fractures, and dental and cisco, 1999, pp. 206–216) to a therapy that involves respiratory infection; and as a preventive measure music, presence, and other means of conveying before surgery. In sum, enzyme therapists rely on a compassion and empathy to a person who is dying. patient history; his or her dietary history; two palpa- “This provides the support for the revelations and tion tests (the therapist’s use of touch to identify dys- wisdom that usually come to the dying—the functional or painful areas, called palpation points), regaining of their ‘missing half,’ which is imperish- one after a two-hour fast and another 45 minutes able. The great task of Eternity Medicine is to facil- after the patient has eaten a meal; blood profile; and itate and not to obstruct this process,” Dossey a 24-hour urinalysis to diagnose a person’s ailment. wrote. Then the therapist is able to prescribe specific See also DOSSEY, LARRY; FAITH HEALING; NONLOCAL enzymes (some preparations contain nine or more MIND. enzymes); a healthy diet that contains whole, unprocessed, and raw foods; and any other method exercise In alternative medicine practices, con- geared toward the patient’s recovery. Other supple- trolled physical exertion that is directed toward a ments, such as vitamin and mineral coenzymes, are specific goal, such as relieving stress or rehabilitat- often prescribed in conjunction with other treating one’s constitution. In Ayurvedic medicine, for ment. Heat-stable, diffusible coenzymes of low mol- example, aerobic exercise, which includes a variety ecular weight serve as enzyme activators. Coenzyme of sports, is geared to a person’s body type, or A, for example, plays an important role in the dosha. Virtually all practitioners of conventional exudative 41 and alternative medicine recommend some form of extracts, herbal Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese, physical exercise for optimal overall health. Native American, homeopathic, and other prepara- See also AYURVEDA; DANCE MOVEMENT THERAPY; tions from plants used as remedies. YOGA. See also ESSENTIAL OILS. external In traditional Chinese medicine, any out- exudative Any substance or agent that causes side factor causing an effect upon the body, such as the expression of fluid or other substance, such as a particular climate, elevation, or other condition. applying heat to an infected wound to help See also YIN-YANG. remove pus.

F face analysis In Ayurvedic medicine, the assess- (excerpted from Timeless Healing: The Power and Biol- ment of the skin, features, lips, color, and other ogy of Belief, by Herbert Benson, M.D., New York, characteristics of the face in order to diagnose Scribner 1996). In Love, Medicine & Miracles (New impairment or disease process. York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986), Bernie S. See also AYURVEDA. Siegel, M.D., wrote: “We had a physician named Herb who came to our group. He said he meditated faith healing A term coined in 1885, referring to every night while he walked the dog. One night, the use of prayer and belief in the power of God to while walking down the street, he heard God say to treat disease and other forms of distress. Faith heal- him, ‘You are Jesus.’ Herb said, ‘I’m Jewish.’ God ers may also employ a laying on of hands to said, ‘I know that. So was Jesus.’ Herb thought, ‘I enhance the effect. Although certain factions of guess God is telling me to heal myself by the laying conventional medical practitioners argue against on of hands.’ He started patting himself all over as the effectiveness and premise of faith healing, there he stood out there in the street. When he came to have been many well-documented and observed the group and told this story, I asked him, ‘Did it cases in which the ill person was cured of his or her ever occur to you that God was saying, You need to affliction. Miracles are reported to have occurred in become loving and spiritual?’ Being a physician you the process of faith healing in places such as Lour- reacted in a mechanical way and did something des, France, and Machu Picchu, Peru. mechanical, like patting yourself all over, but the Strong belief in a higher power has evolved into message is ‘Change and be spiritual.’ “ mind-body medicine, which is now embraced by In The Science of Mind (50th Anniversary Edition, the general public and many health professionals, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1926 and 1988), many of whom also advocate treating disease inte- Ernest Holmes wrote: “It would be difficult to gratively, that is, using both conventional and alter- believe in a God who cares more for one person than native and complementary methods that are another. There can be no God who is kindly disposed beneficial. Dr. Herbert Benson describes “the faith one day and cruel the next; there can be no God factor” as “remembered wellness and the elicitation who creates us with tendencies and impulses we can of the relaxation response. . . . People who chose an scarcely comprehend, and then eternally punishes appropriate focus, that which draws upon their us when we make mistakes. . . . Most men who deepest philosophic or religious convictions, were believe in God believe in prayer. . . . But we should more apt to adhere to the elicitation routine, look- bear in mind that the prayers which are effective— ing forward to it and enjoying it. . . . Affirmative no matter whose prayers they may be—are effective beliefs of any kind brought forth remembered well- because they embody certain universal principles which, ness, receiving top-down, nerve-cell-firing patterns when understood, can be consciously used.” in the brain that were associated with wellness. . . . Larry Dossey, M.D., author of Healing Words: The When present, faith in an eternal or life-transcend- Power of Prayer and the Practice of Medicine (Harper- ing force seemed to make the fullest use of remem- SanFrancisco, 1993), maintains that it is the inten- bered wellness because it is a supremely soothing tion of the healer or the one who prays that belief, disconnecting unhealthy logic and worries” accounts for effectiveness. “Everyone has heard of

43 44 fasting dramatic examples of healing in which highly spe- gest beginning a fast by reducing food intake the cific, directed strategies were used in imagery and day before and ending a fast by gradually reintro- prayer,” Dossey wrote. “In one well-known exam- ducing solid foods into the diet. ple, the person imaged her cancer as a piece of red Conventional medicine regards fasting as drink- meat, and her immune cells as a pack of ravenous ing only water and taking in no food, a practice wolves who attacked the meat and destroyed it. . . . that adversely affects normal metabolism that sup- Although stories such as [this] are anecdotes and do plies essential nutrients, such as glucose, to body not count as hard evidence, we would be foolish to tissues. Problems may include water retention, ignore them. In their support there is ample solid depletion of normal gastric juices, lessened ability scientific evidence that directed, highly specific to fight infection, protein or potassium deficiency, imagery can bring about changes in the body.” gout attacks, gallstones, dry skin, menstrual prob- See also BENSON, HERBERT; CAYCE, EDGAR; DOSSEY, lems, headache, and impairment of hormone pro- LARRY; MEDITATION; PRAYER, POWER OF; RELAXATION duction. In children, who have a smaller glycogen RESPONSE; SIEGEL, BERNIE S. reserve than adults, the lack of food interferes with fat metabolism and may induce ketosis or mild aci- fasting From the Anglo-Saxon word faestan, dosis. Under certain conditions, such as in a tem- meaning to hold fast, the ingestion of fluids, partic- perate climate and with reduced physical activity, ularly water, during a period when no solid food is an individual may survive on water for approxi- taken. Fasting is largely considered a body-purifica- mately two months, but without food or water, tion or cleansing process in alternative and com- death may occur in approximately 10 days. For the plementary medicine. In Ayurvedic medicine, purpose of weight loss, conventional practitioners effective fasting requires that one take into account often recommend eliminating a meal per day or his or her dosha, or body type. For example, a vata fasting for not more than one day. Unsupervised body type should not fast for more than three days and prolonged fasting may be fatal, and, as a rule, because a longer fast may cause anxiety (a “vatic children should not fast. crisis”), whereas a kapha body type may fast exten- Naturopathic practitioners frequently recom- sively. Also, certain juices, if one is observing a mend brief fasts for individuals with arthritis, juice fast, are recommended for each dosha—grape rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, asthma, psoriasis, juice for vata, pomegranate for pitta, and apple juice and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and for victims for kapha. Herbs in the form of tea may be benefi- of environmental toxins. More information on cial. Fasting has particular value in the event of weight-loss and detoxification fasting is available fever, cold, arthritis, or constipation. Ayurvedic by contacting the American Association of Naturo- practitioners believe fasting gives the digestive sys- pathic Physicians, 2366 Eastlake Avenue, Suite tem a rest as well as a way to neutralize or release 322, Seattle, WA 98102, or (206) 323-7610. toxins that may have built up. See also DETOXIFICATION THERAPY; DOSHA; HOME- Homeopathic practitioners view fasting as a OPATHY; NATUROPATHY. cleansing technique that must be well managed in order to prevent nutrient deprivation, lack of febrifuge In homeopathic medicine, an herbal or energy, stress, and starvation. Fruit and vegetable mineral or combination remedy that fights fever, juices, lemon water with honey or salt, and herbal such as Ferrum phos 6x. Aspirin, acetaminophen, teas taken every two hours may provide a cleans- and other conventional drugs, known as antipyret- ing but not depleting fast. Also, a cleansing diet ics, also counteract fever. In Ayurvedic medicine, (low-fat, high-fiber) is often less stressful and as ghee, made from boiled, strained, unsalted butter, is effective as fasting. Other practitioners of alterna- administered to relieve chronic fever. tive medicine tout fasting for a few days as “natural biofeedback” that helps one pay attention to what Feldenkrais method A system of rehabilitation nutrients the body needs and create a means of rid- developed by the physicist Moshe Feldenkrais, an ding the body of waste materials. Most experts sug- Israeli born in Russia who, after suffering a severe feng shui 45 knee injury, replaced his previous ways of physically tionship and impact on human life. Considered an moving with more efficient habits that proved environmental science, traditional Chinese feng healthier and more efficient. Also a martial artist and shui (a combination of the Chinese words for wind athlete, Feldenkrais said, “Each one of us speaks, and water) is employed in many aspects of life moves, thinks, and feels in a different way, each including nutrition, medicine, exercise, the arts, according to the image of himself that he has built and interior and exterior design. As a philosophical up over the years. In order to change our mode of system, feng shui and its variations acclimate to action, we must change the image of ourselves that most cultures and societal requirements because of we carry within us.” He interpreted this self-aware- the general acceptance of the idea that the charac- ness as a mind-body connection, in that human teristics of our surroundings affect physical and beings have complex systems of intelligence and mental health. Harmony, the auspicious flow of qi emotion that govern physical functioning. He (ch’i; life force or energy), and creation of a balance believed that if physical movement (including between yin and yang forces (positive and negative, breathing) became impaired, psychological and even or the universal opposites, such as Sun-Moon and other physical problems would result. Touted as cold-heat) are among the goals of feng shui prac- effective for stress-related problems, chronic pain, tices. The Five Elements of wood, fire, earth, metal, headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disor- and water provide the basis for different energies, der, multiple sclerosis, cerebral vascular accident personalities, and associations. The position of win- (stroke), cerebral palsy, and other ailments, the dows, doors, utilities (particularly water-related, Feldenkrais method of bodywork consists of two including sinks, toilets, and appliances); furniture, components: Awareness Through Movement and cabinets, architectural details, and materials; and Functional Integration, both terms registered service accessories, plants and living creatures, colors, marks of the Feldenkrais Guild [P.O. Box 489, shapes, and textures of objects; lighting; exterior Albany, OR 97321, or (503) 926-0981 or (800) 775- factors such as roads, bodies of water, mountains, 2118]. Awareness Through Movement involves and trees; Chinese astrology and numerology; and gentle, nonaerobic motions, such as sitting and location are all factors taken into account in feng standing, along with specific movements in 45- shui, which attempts to enhance well-being, har- minute to one-hour sessions once a week for four to ness good ch’i, or counteract negative conditions or six weeks. Sessions may be continued for as long as energy. One feng shui approach is based on the preferred by an individual. Feldenkrais practitioners Bagua map, an entire floor plan with each area and perform Functional Integration—gentle manipula- direction (north, south, east, and west) designated tion of muscles and joints not exceeding one’s nor- as a symbol of human life—health, family, children, mal range of motion—on an individual who is love and marriage, wealth, work, knowledge, help- standing, sitting, or lying down. There are no reports ful people, fame, and reputation. The use of an of adverse effects of this therapy, which also provides indoor water fountain, for example, is thought to supportive conditioning for athletes, dancers, and enhance wealth and beneficial energy and richness others who wish to improve their flexibility, balance, of life. Use of the color red is considered stimulating and mobility. and dominant and representative of warmth, pros- Training in the Feldenkrais method, which perity, anger, and passion; blue may evoke feelings became popular in America during the 1970s, is of contemplation, peacefulness, mystery, patience, available throughout the country and requires 160 suspicion, and melancholia. Each feng shui concept training days in the span of four years. Feldenkrais is rooted in practicality and the interplay of ele- training is popular among physical therapists, but a ments and may be adapted to individual problems medical or health background is not necessary to and needs. As feng shui practice has entered the become a practitioner. mainstream Western art of interior design, it has also found favor among methods for complemen- feng shui The ancient Eastern art of placement tarily treating physical and mental illness. according to subtle Earth energies and their rela- See also ch’i; FIVE ELEMENTS; QI; YIN-YANG. 46 fever therapy fever therapy See ISSEL’S FEVER THERAPY. environmental stimulation technique (REST), a deep relaxation modality. The tank holds approxi- Five Elements Air (or metal), water, ether, fire, mately 10 inches of skin-temperature water mixed and earth, which represent individual and environ- with Epsom salts to make it five times denser and mental energy and constitution in various Asian, more buoyant than seawater. A person gets in the Native American, and other traditions of medicine. tank to experience a floating sensation. According The Five Element concept is based on the belief to an article by Barbara Ritacco in the October that all people have a connection to and interper- 2002 issue of Options (West Paterson, N.J.), the cen- sonal reaction with the physical and spiritual foun- tral nervous system “experiences a dramatic dation of nature. In the Tantric tradition (one of the restriction of external stimuli in the float tank. This Indian schools of thought), for example, air is sym- triggers relaxation response by inhibiting the bolized by a sphere and represents locomotion, fire release of stress-related chemicals such as cortisol. is symbolized by a triangle and represents expan- This, in turn, inhibits the release of neurotransmit- sion, water is symbolized by a crescent and repre- ters that are associated with distress, with the fight sents contraction, and a square symbolizes the and flight response, and its consequent muscular Earth and cohesion. Ether’s symbol is a circle made tension and anxiety. . . . One hour in the float tank with dashes, and its tendency is to provide space. is the physical equivalent of six hours of sleep. . . . These relate to individual processes of healing. In (Other benefits include) an accelerated learning Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine, the process (due to the Theta State) and a loosening of Five Elements relate to body types and constitu- muscles. Flotation therapy helps treat asthma, tions, chakras (centers of energy down the midline digestive tract conditions, cardiovascular condi- of the body from the crown to the base of the tions, psychological and emotional conditions, spine), internal organs, and spiritual approaches addictions, and chronic pain conditions.” Flotation and experience. Also in Ayurveda the Five Ele- therapy is often combined with guided imagery ments involve taste testing, that is, a method to and music therapy. The article goes on to say there determine how different foods and herbs affect are no adverse effects of flotation therapy, and each person. For instance, Ayurvedic practitioners famous advocates include Carl Lewis (in prepara- believe that an excessive intake of bitter foods and tion for the 1988 Seoul Olympics), the Dallas Cow- medicinal herbs may intensify the elements of air boys since 1981, the Australian Institute of Sport and ether and cause one to become disoriented. since 1983, and the 2000 USA Olympic Squad. The “Hot” foods are said to intensify the fire element average length of a float is one hour, which costs and are not recommended for fiery, hot-tempered, approximately $45 to $75 per hour. irritable individuals. Sweets represent earth and See also GUIDED IMAGERY; HYDROTHERAPY; MUSIC water elements, and, as a result of water and earth THERAPY. characteristics of leading to growth and the desire for more, lead easily to obesity. Medicinal herbs flower remedies Also known as “soul therapy,” and foods and therapeutic activities such as yoga the use of flower essences to treat various physical correspond to the Five Elements. and emotional ailments. Flower essence remedies The Five Elements also play a role in feng shui, are made throughout the world, including Eng- the Chinese art of placement, in terms of fire, land, the United States (California), India, Aus- metal, wood, water, and earth. In one’s environ- tralia, Japan, Africa, and Europe. Among the ment, as in one’s personal biopsychosocial intake, literature on flower essence remedies are Flower each element must be represented in balance with Essence Repertory, by Patricia Kaminski and Richard the others for an optimal sense of well-being. Katz (The Flower Essence Society, Nevada City, See also CHAKRAS; DOSHA; FENG SHUI. Calif., 1994); Care of the Soul: A Guide for Cultivating Depth and Sacredness in Everyday Life, by Thomas flotation therapy The use of a lightproof, sound- Moore (New York: HarperCollins, 1992); and The insulated float tank for the purpose of restricted Encyclopedia of Flower Remedies, by Clare Harvey and fu zheng therapy 47

Amanda Cochrane (London and San Francisco: cancer and smoking-related diseases); bran (for Thorsons, 1995). constipation); savoy cabbage (for prevention of See also AUSTRALIAN FLOWER REMEDIES; BACH cancer); apricots (for low libido); and milk (for FLOWER REMEDIES. insomnia and anxiety). Hundreds of foods are believed to help counteract the symptoms and folk medicine A term coined in 1878 referring to processes of hundreds of ailments. Food therapy the traditional medicine of a particular culture as also includes a multitude of diets and dietary practiced by physicians and nonprofessional health restrictions or specifications according to individual providers. Folk medicine most often involves the need. One of the best-known diseases that requires extensive use of foods and herbs as remedies for a a highly specified diet is diabetes. Food therapy multitude of ailments, many of which have been complements herbal therapy, the use of vitamins adopted into the Western mainstream as alterna- and mineral supplements, and bodywork. tive and complementary medicine options. Treat- See also MACROBIOTICS; NATUROPATHY; NUTRITION. ments may also include spiritual or religious rituals, diagnostic and healing techniques in accor- Freud, Sigmund The Austrian neurologist dance with a society’s specific beliefs and lifestyle, (1856–1939) long credited as “the father of psy- and psychological counseling. choanalysis.” During the years 1892 to 1895, Freud See also CURANDERISMO; FAITH HEALING; KAHUNA; introduced the technique of free association to the NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING PRACTICES; SANGOMA. practice of psychiatry. He went on to develop theories on dream interpretation, repression, sexual fomentations, herbal In Ayurvedic medicine deviation, guilt, the unconscious, psychosomatic warm, moist applications that are infused or pain, and many other groundbreaking psychody- treated with herbs. namic methods and concepts that are considered important in contemporary psychiatric practice. food therapy Food nutrients, herbs, and various Freud’s ideas contribute significantly to the foun- diets considered to be therapeutic or healing. Heal- dation of the mind-body philosophy related to var- ing foods have always been known to humankind. ious alternative and complementary medicine Oranges, for example, were known centuries ago modalities. In A Practical Guide to Vibrational Medicine as treatment for respiratory disorders such as aller- (New York: Quill/HarperCollins Publishers, 2000, gies and asthma, infections, aging (Arabs of the p. 113), Richard Gerber, M.D., wrote: “There is no 17th century applied dried, oil-soaked oranges to question that there is often a deeper meaning discourage graying of hair), and indigestion (the behind illness, relationships, and the simple events peel was made into a tonic). Grapefruit and its vari- of everyday life. We must learn to walk that fine eties, such as pomelo, are reported to improve cir- line between understanding the meaning of our culation and prevent breast cancer. Among lives on the physical plane while still paying atten- common foods considered both nourishment and tion to our spiritual roots in the multidimensional remedy are papaya (for excess stomach acidity); worlds that underlie and energize physical energy.” honey (for inhibition of bacterial infection, ulcers, See also ART THERAPY; DRAMA THERAPY; HYPNOSIS. and acne and promotion of healing); tuna, salmon, and other fatty fish (for rheumatoid arthritis and fu zheng therapy In traditional Chinese medi- other inflammation); cranberry (for urinary tract cine, the fortification of one’s constitution, typically infection); garlic (for high blood pressure, high administered as a tonic soup made of astragulus cholesterol level; cancer, and infection); brazil nuts root, codonopsis root, tangerine peel, polygonatum (for asthma); fava beans (for Parkinson’s disease); rhizome, poria fungus, lycii berries, red dates, black yogurt (for yeast infections); rice (for diarrhea); or shiitake mushrooms, seaweed, vegetable or broccoli (for colon cancer); watercress (for lung chicken stock, yams, leeks, and scallions.

G galactagogue A substance or agent that stimu- Gattefossé, René-Maurice The French chemist lates the secretion of milk. who coined the term aromatherapy in 1937 and developed it as a method of healing. After he Galen, Claudius Greek physician and writer burned his hand while working in his family’s per- (129–ca. 199) and founder of experimental physi- fume laboratory, he put his injured hand into ology whose theories on medical practice were lavender oil, which reduced the redness and helped acclaimed during the Middle Ages and the Renais- stimulate healing of the area. This gave Dr. Gatte- sance and are still considered pivotal in medical fossé the idea to explore curative properties of history. The distinguished Galen served as chief other fragrant substances. physician to the gladiators in Pergamum, after See also AROMATHERAPY; ESSENTIAL OILS. which he went to Rome to be admitted to the court of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Aurelius Verus. generals In homeopathic medicine, the counter- Later he became physician to Commodus, son of part of particulars, or symptoms that are expressed Aurelius. One of Galen’s ideas was that light and in terms of “I am,” which refer to the whole person. darkness could affect one’s mental state: “The color See also HOMEOPATHY. of the black humor induces fear when its darkness throws a shadow over the area of thought,” he Gerson therapy The German physician Max Ger- wrote. He is also believed to have said, “He cures son (1881–1959) in the 1930s immigrated to the most in whom most are confident,” referring to a United States and developed nutritional treatments mind-body influence on healing and the relation- for diabetes, migraines, tuberculosis, and cancer. ship between healer and patient. Born in Wongrowitz, Germany, and considered a humanitarian physician, Gerson treated Dr. and gan In traditional Chinese medicine, the term Mrs. Albert Schweitzer for diabetes and other prob- designating herbs that are sweet-tasting, such as lems, believed that a low-salt vegan diet; additional gan mao ling, prescribed for the initial symptoms of fruit and vegetable juices; various supplements a cold. such as iodine, niacin, potassium, and pepsin; detoxifying coffee enemas; and enzyme therapy Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Leader of the could both prevent and eliminate cancer. His meth- Indian nationalist, nonviolent movement against ods proved successful for patients in various stages the British and known as father of his country of melanoma; survival rates studied in 153 of Ger- (1869–1948) who championed the integration of son’s cancer patients were higher than those of mind, body, and spirit. For example, he believed patients receiving conventional treatment for exercise was as necessary to the quality of life as melanoma. Gerson’s daughter, Charlotte, and her air, water, and food and that lack of exercise staff continue his work at The Gerson Institute, in affected the mind as well. Called the Mahatma, or Tijuana, Mexico. Gerson organizations are the Max Great Soul, Gandhi greatly influenced political, lit- Gerson Memorial Cancer Center of CHIPSA, 670 erary, ethical, and spiritual thinking throughout Nubes, Playas de Tijuana, B.C., Mexico; the Gerson the world. Research Organization, 7807 Artesian Road, San

49 50 glandulars

Diego, CA 92127-2117 or (800-759-2966) and the numbers of enzymes, minerals, vitamins, chloro- Gerson Institute, P.O. Box 430, Bonita, CA 91908- phyllins, and proteins, and alfalfa, the basis for liq- 0430 or (619-585-7600). uid chlorophyll, is rich in minerals. The green See also NUTRITIONAL THERAPY. superfoods are popular constituents of nutritional therapy. glandulars Also called raw glandular extracts, the See also NUTRITION. fluids or soluble gland tissue from animal glands believed to provide an alternative healing method Grinberg Method A type of reflexology called beneficial in the treatment of various disorders. For “Footwork” developed by Avi Grinberg that example, raw adrenal glandular is used to stimu- attempts to prevent pain and alleviate chronic pain late the adrenal glands and help in the treatment of by teaching practitioners and laypeople to discern chronic fatigue syndrome, arthritis, diabetes, infec- the steps along the process of a physical or emotions, and ulcers. Other essential glandulars include tional crisis and use the techniques of Footwork to raw brain, raw female complex, raw heart, raw counteract them. kidney, raw lung, raw liver, raw male complex, raw See also REFLEXOLOGY. mammary, raw orchic, raw ovary, raw pancreas, raw pituitary, raw spleen, raw thymus, raw thy- guided imagery Various methods or techniques roid, and raw uterus, each extract corresponding to that draw upon an individual’s imagination, disorders of each gland. Glandular, or cellular, ther- thought patterns, emotions, senses, and personal apy is often combined with the administration of a experience as the “theme” of a meditative, relax- specific amino acid and is based on the idea that ation exercise. Considered an adjunctive treatment like cells help like cells. for illness, guided imagery is used to promote deep See also CELL THERAPY. relaxation and healing; to aid tolerance and reduce side effects of medical procedures; to decrease pain, green superfoods A common way to refer to stress, anger, and grief; and to increase the thera- sources of essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, peutic aspects of self-empowerment and self-con- chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. trol. For example, the radiation oncologist and Among the “superfoods” are green and blue-green author O. Carl Simonton successfully employed algae, chlorella, spirulina, aloe vera, barley grass, guided imagery as a technique cancer patients can wheat grass, and alfalfa. The algae, or phytoplank- use to promote their recovery process. He sug- ton, are a rich source of beta-carotene, vitamin B12, gested that patients imagine the radiation as “bul- and gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), an essential fatty lets of energy” hitting and shrinking the cancer acid. Chlorella contains the highest known source cells. Imagery is also beneficial for the treatment of of chlorophyll, the green coloration of plants that chronic headaches, back pain, allergies, hyperten- facilitates the process of photosynthesis. Photosyn- sion, gastrointestinal spasms and disease, autoim- thesis involves the light absorbed by chlorophyll as mune diseases, injuries and trauma, irregular our primary source of energy—generally, the for- heartbeat, and gynecological problems. mation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, and See also MEDITATION; SIMONTON, O. CARL. from the chlorophyll in plant tissues, the formation of hydrogen as water. gunas In Ayurvedic medicine, the three attributes Spirulina, an alga (or seaweed) that thrives in found in nature, that is, in all organic and inorganic ocean and alkaline water, provides protein con- matter: satva (essence, awakening, light), rajas taining all 21 amino acids, all the B vitamins, beta- (movement, or dynamic energy), and tamas (iner- carotene, essential fatty acids, minerals, and trace tia, darkness, and static or potential energy). The minerals. Aloe vera juice from the succulent plant gunas are part of the Samkhya philosophy of cre- is a natural oxygenator, antiseptic, astringent, and ation, which includes the beliefs that sound is the topical treatment for burns, ulcerations, and skin guna of ether, touch is the guna of air, sight is the disorders. Green and other grasses contain large guna of fire, taste is the guna of water, and smell is gunas 51 the guna of earth. Ether, air, fire, water, and earth male and female, slow and fast, and dull and sharp. represent the five elements of the universe. The When one understands the universe in these practice of Ayurveda, also called the science of daily terms, he or she can recognize characteristics of living, is rooted in the ancient Indian system of both health and illness. In addition, food and drugs knowledge. The Ayurvedic physician Charak estab- in Ayurveda are based on the action and reaction of lished the idea that there are 20 fundamental the 20 gunas. gunas, among which are 10 opposite pairs, such as See also AYURVEDA.

Hahnemann, Samuel C. F. The German physi- oped his method and remedies and published more cian (1753–1843) who developed the theory and of his ﬁndings in Dr. Hufeland’s German pharma- practice of modern homeopathy, an alternative cology review, Journal of Practical Pharmacology medical discipline based on the concept Similia sim- and Surgery, under the title “Essay on a New Prin- ilibus curantur—”Like cures like.” ciple for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Med- Hahnemann, who was revered for his work in icines, with a Few Glances at Those Hitherto pharmacology, hygiene, public health, industrial Employed.” It was the fourth edition of Hahne- toxicology, and psychiatry, made such an indelible mann’s Organon (1829) and the ﬁrst edition of The mark on medical history that in Germany all med- Chronic Diseases (1828) on which the classical prac- ical students are required to study homeopathy as tice of homeopathy was based. Both works discuss part of the general curriculum. Born Friedrich the single dry dose and the wait-and-watch Christian Samuel in Meissen, Germany, Hahne- philosophies characteristic of homeopathy, carried mann studied medicine in Leipzig. He married into the 20th century by the prominent home- Henriette Kuchler (1764–1830), the adopted opath James Tyler Kent. Some of Hahnemann’s daughter of the owners of the Mohren-Apotheke teachings have been lost, including his views on in Dessau, and they had 11 children. Five years Hippocratic temperaments, symptomatology, after Henriette died, he married again. His second Gestalt, the LM (50 millesimal) potencies (previ- wife, Melanie D’Hervilly (1802–78), accompanied ously addressed in the sixth Organon of 1843), dia- him to Paris in 1842, the year before he died. He is thetic constitutions, and case management buried in Père Lachaise cemetery in France. A strategies. Samuel Hahnemann Memorial, which was a gift of See also HOMEOPATHY. the American Institute of Homeopathy and autho- rized by Congress in January 1900, stands on Mass- hakomi Derived from a word in the Hopi language achusetts Avenue and 16th Street, NW (Scott meaning “Who are you and how do you stand in Circle), in Washington, D.C. There a bronze statue relation to these many realms?,” a type of bodywork of Hahnemann sits on a pedestal bearing the Latin that incorporates touch, massage, movement, energy phrase meaning “Like cures like” in front of a work, bodily realignment, and an individual’s mind- curved wall. Four bronze panels on the wall por- ful and spiritual awareness of his or her own emo- tray Hahnemann in his days as a medical student, tions, issues, insights, and coping mechanisms. a laboratory chemist, a teacher, and a bedside Through physiological manipulation and the unfold- physician. ing of personal defenses such as armoring, hakomi After establishing a pharmacopeia of what he teaches one how best to use his or her coping mech- called “Simples,” the system newly dubbed “home- anisms. Developed by Ron Kurtz, author of Body- opathy” in 1808, Hahnemann also published his Centered Psychotherapy: The Hakomi Method theories in the works “Essay on a New Principle” (Mendocino, Calif.: LifeRhythm, 1990), hakomi is (1796) and “Organon of the Rational Art of Heal- intended to promote relaxation, an increased sense ing” (1810). Later, after homeopathy came to be of security, and healing. The Hakomi Institute, P.O. known as the “new medicine,” he further devel- Box 1873, Boulder, CO 80306 or (888-421-6699),

53 54 hatha yoga www.hakomiinstitute.com, offers information, refer- vertical alignment and lose flexibility and energy. rals, and training. By “relearning” to sit, stand, walk, run, and lift more efficiently, one can regain good posture and hatha yoga See YOGA. range of motion. The Hellerwork program consists of eleven 90-minute sessions, each of which focuses Hay, Louise American metaphysical teacher and on a combination of physical movement and author of 18 books, including You Can Heal Your Life manipulation to reduce stress and foster energy and (Carson, Calif.: Hay House, 1987); The Power Is mind-body awareness to correct imbalances from Within You (Hay House, 2003) and Heal Your Body: prolonged stress or trauma. Hellerwork is not rec- The Mental Causes for Physical Illness and the Meta- ommended for individuals with cancer, rheumatoid physical Ways to Overcome Them (Hay House, 1994). arthritis, or other inflammatory conditions. More Since beginning her career as a Science of Mind information is available by contacting The Body of minister in 1981, Hay has developed the reputation Knowledge/Hellerwork organization, 406 Berry of helping people discover and affirm their ability Street, Mount Shasta, CA 96067, or (530) 926-2500. to heal and grow toward daily well-being through Heller’s website is josephheller.com\bio.html. meditation and positive thinking. Her affirmation See also ROLFING. “I deserve love,” among her earliest work that drew public acclaim, provided a landmark for the herbalism The practice of using plants as a beneficial effects of mind-body philosophy. Hay’s source of medicine for a multitude of illnesses. works have been translated into 25 different lan- Herbalism spans many cultures, but it began in guages in 33 countries around the world, and she most of them as traditional remedies and preven- operates Hay House, Inc. publishing company in tive medicines, especially in regions in which Carson, California, at (800) 654-5126. physicians and hospitals were not readily avail- See also HOLMES, ERNEST. able. Many well-known modern pharmaceuticals originate from herbal remedies, among them heat therapy See HYPERTHERMIA. digoxin, a vital cardiac drug from the common garden flower foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). Herbs Hellerwork Named for the aerospace engineer have always been recognized for their various Joseph Heller, this is a type of bodywork similar to effects on health. Mint, for example, is perhaps the Rolfing involving deep tissue massage and “move- most common remedy for digestive problems and ment reeducation,” geared toward relieving muscu- is often an ingredient in preparations for indiges- lar tension; stress, back, neck, and shoulder pain; tion and other gastrointestinal disturbances, and sports injuries; and respiratory ailments. Heller was echinacea is known to have potent immune-stim- born in Poland in 1940, was educated in Europe, ulating properties. Although herbal medicine lost and immigrated to Los Angeles, California, at age 16. much favor for many years in the United States In 1962 he earned a degree in engineering from Cal after the 20th-century development of antibiotics, Tech. Eventually he left engineering and turned to it is a thriving business today, with hundreds of the field of structural bodywork and bioenergetics, herbal preparations available over the counter in which led him to serve as director of Kairos, the Los health food stores, pharmacies, and supermarkets. Angeles Center for Human Development, and as the Although the federal Food and Drug Administra- first president of the Rolf Institute. Coauthor with tion (FDA) does not regulate the production of William Henkin of Bodywise (Berkeley, Calif.: Wing- herbal remedies and at one time threatened to bow Press, 1991), Heller believed that as the body remove all supplements from public access, Con- became realigned with the Earth’s natural gravita- gress responded to the public’s clamoring for tional field, the emotional impact of unconsciously herbals by passing the Dietary Supplement Health harboring tension and impairing optimal breathing and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which limits needed also to be addressed. He felt that chronic ten- what herbal-preparation manufacturers can claim sion in the muscles caused the body to fall out of about their products’ scope and efficacy. Herbalism holistic medicine 55 is a major component of traditional Chinese (and estly, assist nature, work for the good of the other Asian) medicine and Ayurveda, traditional patient, treat the whole person and not simply the Hindu and Indian medicine. illness, and, above all, do no harm. In addition, See also AYURVEDA; NATIVE AMERICAN MEDICINE; modern chiropractic employs Hippocrates’ idea TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE. that all illness stems from anomalies of the spine. In Hippocrates’ writings, he described the symp- herbal wraps Cloth or another substance such as toms of many illnesses and embraced the idea that seaweed saturated with herbal preparations and certain foods could cause what has now long been applied to the body for therapeutic and cosmetic established as allergic reaction. purposes. Herbal wraps may be used to counteract Hippocrates, the son of a physician, traveled and excess body fluid or fat (e.g., cellulite), aching mus- practiced medicine extensively in Greece and Asia cles, and dry or distressed skin and to provide con- Minor; taught at the medical school in Cos, Greece, current relaxation and aromatherapy. the island on which he was born; and wrote and/or collected material (some scholars believe that some herbs, Ayurvedic See AYURVEDA. of the writings in the collection were by his disciples, or Hippocratists, and possibly other authors) Hering’s Law of Cure A homeopathic theory for works known as Corpus Hippocraticum (the Hip- developed by Dr. Constantine Hering (in some pocratic collection). The collection consists of sources spelled Herring), one of the founders of the anatomy, physiology, medical ethics, general American homeopathic movement, that “the cura- pathology and descriptions of clinical subjects, tive process moves from within outward, from the gynecology and obstetrics, diseases of children, more important to the less important organs, in the mental illness, prognosis, treatment by diet and reverse order of the onset of the symptoms, and drugs, and surgery. The collection—approximately from above downward.” Rudolph M. Ballentine, 72 books and 59 treatises—was assembled in the M.D., writes in Radical Healing (Harmony Books, fourth century B.C. at the great Library in Alexan- New York, 1996): “A patient with asthma may find dria, Egypt, which was intended by the ruling that as his lungs clear, his skin breaks out. Physi- Ptolemies to be the site of the entire scope of cians of the old school like to call asthma ‘eczema human knowledge. on the inside . . . .’ The reason it’s a move in the The Hippocratic oath, widely associated with and direction of cure is that the lungs are more vital credited to the teachings of Hippocrates but not nec- than the skin. As we get stronger, we tend to push essarily his exact concept, is an ethical code and a the disorder out toward the surface. This is the pledge taken by nurses, physicians, and other opposite of suppression. . . . We express the disor- health professionals at graduation, marking the der the way dirty water is expressed from a sponge. beginning of their professional careers. The oath . . . Herring’s Law of Cure, as it is called, also stipu- serves as a guide to appropriate behavior and intent, lates that as you move toward better health, old particularly that health care professionals help or at symptoms will return in reverse order of their orig- least do no harm to the patient or family, honor inal appearance. When the asthma goes away, the confidentiality, and act with purity and discretion. eczema returns.” See also HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL C. F.; HOMEOPATHY. holistic medicine A discipline of Western medicine that incorporates some theories of Eastern and Hippocrates Greek physician of the fifth century other medicines and the recognition of the patient (ca. 460–ca. 377 B.C.), considered “the father of as both a physiological and a psychological being. modern medicine.” In harmony with traditional Holistic practitioners believe that psychological fac- medical practices throughout the world as well as tors affect well-being and disease processes. They with contemporary alternative and complementary employ various techniques, including relaxation, medical practices, Hippocrates’ major tenets are guided imagery and visualization, and hypnosis, that physicians should observe all, evaluate hon- along with conventional methods of treatment 56 holistic nursing appropriate to the ailment, and they advocate the went on to develop potentized remedies: each sub- patient’s participation in his or her own healing. stance was diluted many times until the preparation Most types of alternative and complementary med- contained only the essence of the original sub- icine, also known as integrative medicine, embrace stance, thus making the remedy more powerful. the concept of the patient as a biological, psycho- Hahnemann believed in the laws of nature and logical, sociological whole (often documented as a incorporated them into his theories. Four basic biopsychosocial profile), and treatments that also principles created the foundation of homeopathy include conventional medicine are geared to suit as a healing art and science: (1) similars cure simi- the individual’s needs. Moreover, holistic medicine lars; (2) a single remedy is used (one medication at seeks to prevent physical and emotional illness as a time); (3) the minimal dose is used, and (4) the well as proactively maintain well-being. Organiza- potentized remedy is employed. tions such as the American Holistic Nurses Associ- According to The People’s Repertory (Santa Fe, ation, based in Flagstaff, Arizona, and the N.M.: Full of Life Publishing, 1998) by Luc De American Holistic Medical Association, based in Schepper, M.D., Ph.D., C.Hom., D.I.Hom, L.Ac., “A McLean, Virginia, have been founded in order to homeopathic remedy is an almost infinitesimally encourage health professionals to practice mind- small dose of a medication which—if given in a big- body medicine. ger dose to a healthy individual—would provoke See also Appendix I. symptoms similar to those presented by the patient. Western medical doctors often practice holistic nursing See Appendix I; HOLISTIC MEDICINE. ‘unconscious’ homeopathy when they give vaccinations and allergy shots. In general, Western med- Holmes, Ernest Author of The Science of Mind ical treatment is successful when it follows this (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1988), a definitive important Law of Similars (to create a similar [not textbook and motivational reference on how one’s the same] artificial ‘disease’ picture, not the disease attitude and emotions affect health and well-being. itself, but information about the disease which helps the body to organize its defenses). As the homeopathy An alternative treatment system body’s vital energy pushes back like a rebound based on the theory that “like cures like,” that if, is effect against the ‘shadow disease’ created by the a substance causes a symptom, it can conversely remedy, it also pushes the actual disease from the cure it when taken in a highly diluted form or in inside to the outside.” Vaccines and immunizations minute quantity. Remedies are made from plant, to prevent various diseases and allergies engage the animal, and mineral sources and are available at Law of Similars by administering trace amounts of health food stores and pharmacies. Recognized as a a disease component, such as a virus, to promote scientific method of medicine, homeopathy was an antibody-producing immune response in the developed in the late 18th century by the German body. physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843), who The basic concept of homeopathy, named from decided to focus on symptoms rather than on the the Greek words homoios, meaning “similar,” and seemingly futile quest for causes. He observed that pathos, “suffering,” may be found in ancient med- symptoms of a disease could be induced in a healthy ical practices and now has a history of more than individual by certain substances. The malaria rem- 200 years. In addition to the Law of Similars (like edy cinchona, for example, could produce malaria- cures like), Hahnemann, who was appalled by cer- like symptoms, Hahnemann observed, and he tain conventional methods of the time such as experimented with numerous plant, mineral, and bloodletting, the use of leeches, and purging with animal substances on himself and other volunteers. high doses of mercury, lead, and other toxic sub- This “proving” procedure, as he called it, gave cre- stances, proposed the Law of the Infinitesimal dence to the ancient idea that a substance could Dose, that the more a remedy is diluted, the greater both cause and cure symptoms, depending upon its potency, and that illness is specific to an individ- the dosage and the patient’s overall condition. He ual—in sum, holistic medicine. Hoxsey therapy 57

Described universally as a humane, low-cost, The Definitive Guide, Celestial Arts, Berkeley, Calif., nontoxic, noninvasive system of medicine that 2002, p. 273). especially offers benefits to individuals suffering Homeopathy is practiced in the United States, from diseases that fail to respond to conventional Europe, India, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and else- treatment modalities, homeopathy is an alternative where, and annual sales in the United States of and complementary option chosen by more than homeopathic remedies now exceed $150 million, 500 million people in the world, says the World indicating a yearly increase in their use of 20 to 30 Health Organization (WHO), which should be inte- percent in the last 20 years. grated into conventional medicine. Also, the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) home remedies Also called folk remedies and recognizes homeopathic remedies as official drugs, usually based on family history and methods listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United handed down from one generation to another, States (HPUS), first published in 1897 (published by actions that individuals can take on their own to the American Institute of Homeopathy, 1980). The help combat illness and augment treatments pre- FDA regulates the manufacturing, labeling, and scribed by a physician or other health professional. dispensing of homeopathic remedies, many of For example, one home remedy for aching feet is to which are available over the counter in health food massage them with olive or sesame oil. Another stores and pharmacies throughout the world. example is the use of honey, which has antiseptic Although conventional medicine practitioners and calming properties, for sore throat, diarrhea, claim there is no benefit offered by homeopathy or hay fever, asthma, and topical wounds. It is said its thousands of remedies, proponents continue to that the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believe in its efficacy for relief from a multitude of touted a combination of honey, water, and certain illnesses and conditions. Despite some disdain for the herbs as an antipyretic. Eating sprigs of parsley dis- premise of a remedy’s “energy imprint,” “essence,” pels bad breath, and mint has long been known as or “memory” of symptoms that calls forth the body’s a remedy for indigestion. Home remedies may also “vital forces” to elicit relief of those symptoms, be based on ethnic traditions and beliefs. homeopathic treatment gained favor during the See also FOLK MEDICINE; HIPPOCRATES. 1849 cholera epidemic in Cincinnati, Ohio: only 3 percent of the victims treated with homeopathic Hoxsey therapy A combination of herbs—red remedies died, while 40 to 70 percent of the victims clover, buckthorn bark, burdock root, stillingia root, treated with conventional methods died of the dis- barberry bark, chaparral, licorice root, cascara ease. In New Orleans, homeopaths treated 1945 amarga, and prickly ash bark—in a potassium victims of the 1879 yellow fever epidemic, with a iodide solution, plus a regimen of nutrition, supple- 5.6 percent death rate, while conventional treatments, and counseling developed as a holistic treatment resulted in a 16 percent death rate. ment for cancer by the coal miner–turned–herbal Believed to be compatible with other medical folk healer Harry Hoxsey (1901–74). According to interventions and disciplines, homeopathic treat- reports, the cancer medicines were handed down to ments are “of tremendous value in reversing dis- the Illinois-born Hoxsey from his great-grandfather. eases such as diabetes, arthritis, asthma, epilepsy, Hoxsey’s personal charisma and his belief in the skin eruptions, allergic conditions, mental or emo- herbal solutions led him to fight accusations of tional disorders, especially if applied at the onset of quackery from several powerful organizations, the disease,” according to George Vithoulkas, direc- including the American Medical Association (AMA) tor of the Athenian School of Homeopathic Medi- and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Two cine in Athens, Greece. “The long-term benefit of federal courts ruled in favor of Hoxsey’s tonics as homeopathy to the patient is that it not only alle- “therapeutic,” however, and Hoxsey operated the viates the symptoms but it reestablishes internal Hoxsey Cancer Clinic in Dallas, Texas, which had order at the deepest levels and thereby provides a branches in 17 states. In a 1953 federal report to lasting cure” (excerpted from Alternative Medicine: Congress, the AMA, FDA, and National Cancer 58 humectant

Institute (NCI) joined forces to hinder Hoxsey’s on the proportion of the major bodily fluids—blood, method, and the Dallas clinic, which at the time phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile—in one’s sys- had 12,000 patients, shut down in 1960. The FDA tem. When all the humors were balanced, an indi- banned the sale of all Hoxsey tonics, and all vidual maintained health, and the body needed to Hoxsey’s alleged requests for scientific investigation expel any excesses in order to keep the humors in of his formulas went unanswered. In 1963 it balance. Hydrotherapy, largely based on the use of reopened as the Bio-Medical Center in Tijuana, water internally and externally, along with a diet Mexico, under the auspices of Hoxsey’s longtime and exercise regimen, became popular in the 19th clinical nurse, Mildred Nelson, R.N. Hoxsey chose century as a means to affect the humors. Blood rep- to stay in Dallas and work in the oil business. resented a warm, moist state; phlegm represented The solutions were made for both internal and cold and moist. Yellow bile was considered warm external use (the topical version was a paste that and dry; black bile was thought of as cold and dry. contained zinc chloride, antimony sulfide, and Certain diseases or conditions were associated with bloodroot, a wildflower herb popular as a skin can- a certain humor. If the level of one of these humors cer remedy among Lake Superior Native Ameri- became excessive or deficient, illness occurred in cans). Since laboratory studies of its effectiveness three stages: first, the humoral change; second, were conducted, the Hoxsey formula has been fever or what was called “boiling”; third, the dis- reported to reduce tumors, inhibit tumor growth, charge of one of the humors in the form of urine, and provide antioxidant and antiestrogen activities feces, phlegm, bleeding, sweating, vomiting, and so that are known to have a deleterious effect on can- on. Hippocrates is said to have espoused this theory, cerous cells. The botanist James Duke, Ph.D., of the for which he was later criticized. U.S. Department of Agriculture, found all the herbs See also HIPPOCRATES; HYDROTHERAPY. used by Hoxsey to have anticancer properties; they are cited in Plants Used Against Cancer (Lawrence, humor, use of The practice inspired by Proverbs Mass.: Quarterman Publications, 1981), a com- 17:22, “A merry heart doeth good like a medicine,” pendium of medicinal plants used in folk remedies of employing laughter and enjoyment as ways to compiled by the NCI chemist Jonathan Hartwell. assuage pain, stress, and anger, all of which may Lymphoma, melanoma, and skin cancer patients lead to illness. It has also been shown that laughter have responded particularly favorably to the stimulates the body’s natural production of endor- Hoxsey therapy. Hoxsey believed that his herbal phins, chemicals almost identical to the painkiller preparations balanced the chemical process in the morphine. In mind-body medicine, laughter, opti- body; his idea was that cancer is a systemic disease mism, and other qualities associated with pleasure that “occurs only in the presence of a profound are believed to have a positive impact in the treat- physiological change in the constituents of body ment of disease. fluids and a consequent chemical imbalance in the See also COUSINS, NORMAN; SIEGEL, BERNIE S. organism.” Hoxsey also wrote the book You Don’t Have to Die (New York: Milestone Books, 1956), hydrotherapy Any therapeutic method that which is now out of print. involves the internal or external use of water for Information about this treatment is available at the treatment of disease, injury, or dysfunction. the Bio-Medical Center, P.O. Box 727, 615 General Hydrotheraphy and hydrothermal therapy are Ferreira, Colonia Juarez, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico known to many cultures, including those of 22000, or 011-52-66-84-9011, 011-52-66-84-9081, ancient Rome, Greece, China, and Japan. or 011-52-66-84-9376. Hydrothermal therapy involves varying temperature of the water according to need, as in hot baths, humectant A substance used as a moisturizer. saunas, wraps, and packs. Therapeutic water treatments have been known and used for centuries as humors, the four The ancient theory that human an all-purpose therapy based on the ancient con- temperament and propensity for disease are based cept of the four bodily humors and the need to hydrotherapy 59 diminish or expel excessive humors such as bath to a still bath because whirlpools had a more phlegm and bile. Water is also a significant compo- direct impact on the ravages of stress and anxiety nent in the traditional Chinese and Native Ameri- than a still bath. can healing systems. A major proponent of A number of hydrotherapy techniques are avail- hydrotherapy was Vincenz Priessnitz (1799–1851), able: baths and showers, neutral baths, sitz baths, whose system of administering water therapeuti- contrast sitz baths, foot baths, cold-mitten friction cally in numerous ways along with an appropriate rub, steam inhalation, hot compresses, cold com- nutrition and exercise regimen sparked the estab- presses, alternating hot and cold compresses, heat- lishment of hydropathic institutions in the United ing compresses, body wrap, wet sheet pack, and States and Europe. Enthusiasts in Priessnitz’s day others. For most douches, the water stream should were called “hydropaths.” Since the time of St. always be directed from the outer parts of the body Bernadette Soubirous, the waters of Lourdes, toward the heart. After douching, dry off excess France, have been a destination for thousands of water, dress, and exercise. Among various douches people seeking faith healing or a water cure. are the following (1) In a knee douche, water The 19th-century Bavarian monk Father Sebas- streams from the right small toe, along the outside tian Kneipp helped repopularize the therapeutic of the lower leg to the hollow of the knee, then use of water, which has healing properties based on along the inside of the leg and over the sole of the both mechanical and thermal effects. Hydrother- foot. Repeat the process on the other leg. This may apy stimulates the body’s reaction to hot and cold, help treat headache, migraine, hypotension, to the protracted application of heat, to pressure insomnia, contusions, and varicose veins and other exerted by the water, and to the sensation of the vascular injury. It is not recommended for urinary water or being in the water. The nerves of the skin tract infections, irritable bladder, sciatica, or during carry impulses into the body, where they can menstruation. (2) A thigh douche uses the same encourage the immune system to produce stress method as the knee douche but includes the upper hormones, increase circulatory and digestive thigh to promote better circulation. This may help processes, and reduce pain. Generally heat soothes treat rheumatism, varicose veins, arthritis, and cer- and relaxes the body, slowing the activity of inter- tain forms of paralysis. (3) A lower trunk douche, nal organs, and cold invigorates and intensifies essentially the same procedure as a thigh douche internal activity. For example, muscle tension and but including the lower torso, is used to help treat stress anxiety may warrant a hot bath or shower. diabetes mellitus, meteorism (distention caused by Fatigue may respond well to a warm bath or gas in the abdomen or intestine), enlargement of shower followed by a brief cold shower. Baths, the liver, enlargement of the gallbladder, and stone pools, hot tubs, or any body of water in which one formation. (4) For an arm douche, direct the water can be submerged offer relief from the pull of grav- stream from the outside of the right hand to the ity, and water’s natural movement gives the body a shoulder, then back on the inside of the arm. gentle massage that helps relieve muscle spasm and Repeat the process for the left arm. It is useful for poor circulation. Hydrotherapy and hydrothermal cold hands, nervous disorders, neuralgia and paral- therapy are chiefly used to tone up the body; to ysis, rheumatism of the arms, heart problems, ver- stimulate digestion, blood flow, and the immune tigo, headaches, and catarrh in the nose and throat. system; to reduce or alleviate pain; and to reduce (5) For a chest douche, direct water to the arms stress. Besides soothing tired, tense muscles, first. This is useful for chronic bronchitis and hydrotherapy quiets the lungs, heart, stomach, and bronchial asthma, and angina pectoris. Caution: endocrine system by stimulating nerve reflexes on Moderate the temperature if there is risk of the spinal cord. Various case reports and observa- angiospasm. (6) An upper trunk douche is used for tional studies and a number of controlled studies the upper torso and arms. It can improve blood indicate successful use of hydrotherapy. In a 40- flow to the lungs, heart, and pleura. It is useful for person study at the University of Minnesota, 85 the treatment of bronchitis, bronchial asthma, dis- percent of the participants preferred a whirlpool ease of the larynx and vocal cords, headaches, ner- 60 hydrotherapy vous excitability, varicose veins of the legs, toning, Baths may be warm and rising-temperature and stimulating cardiac and respiratory activity. Do baths or may employ herbs and other substances not use if there is blood stasis in the pulmonary cir- added to the water. The rising-temperature hip culation. (7) Back douches are useful for the treat- bath, for example, is taken in a tub filled with tepid ment of weakened back muscles, back pain, spinal water. Hot water is then gradually added until the disease, multiple sclerosis, bronchial asthma, and level reaches the navel. The final temperature nearly all diseases of the lung. Warning: Do not use should be 103–104° Fahrenheit. Afterward, the for debilitated patients or those with neurasthenia. patient is wrapped for warmth. This form of bath Neck douches help alleviate headaches, migraines, should last 15 to 30 minutes, not more than three tension in the shoulder and neck, hypersensitivity times per week, and is not recommended for indi- to changes in the weather, mild depression, tinni- viduals who have cardiac or circulation disorders, tus, vertigo, and arthrosis of the hand and finger hemorrhoids, or varicose veins. A cold foot bath, in joints. Warning: It is not to be used by persons with which the feet are placed into calf-high cold water, high blood pressure, enlargement of the thyroid, or may help relieve varicose veins, susceptibility to raised intraocular pressure. (8) A facial douche edemas, headaches, low blood pressure, circulatory should proceed from the right temple downward to problems, sleeplessness, susceptibility to the com- the chin, upward to the left temple, from right to mon cold, sweaty feet, or a contused ankle. How- left over the forehead, and repeatedly from the ever, it is not recommended for individuals who forehead to the chin, then in circles over the face. have chronically cold feet, hypertension, irritable This helps relieve headaches and migraines, bladder, urinary tract infection, diabetes, or vascu- trigeminal neuralgia, and toothaches and relaxes lar occlusion. A rising-temperature warm foot bath tired eyes. Caution: Keep the eyes closed. may work well for individuals experiencing the Saunas and steam baths are similar. Sauna heat onset of a common cold or cold feet or for treat- acts more quickly to eliminate toxins through the ment of tension but is not effective for those with skin, though some consider the moist air of a steam varicose veins, edema, or lymphostasis. Other ther- bath to have a more satisfying effect on the respira- apeutic baths include herbal baths (using valerian, tory system. A sauna promotes deep relaxation lavender, linden, chamomile, hops, burdock root, while it stimulates circulation, increases heart rate, sage, lemongrass, and many other herbs), the cold has an immune-modulating effect, promotes hor- arm bath, the rising-temperature arm bath, and the mone production, encourages mucosal secretions in sitz bath. the respiratory system, opens the airways, reduces The sitz bath is generally taken in a hip bath as a resistance to respiration, regulates the vegetative cold, rising-temperature, or warm sitz bath. Before system, and induces a sense of well-being. Children a sitz bath, warm the feet in a warm foot bath. Parts may take saunas from age two to three years. of the body not immersed in water should be cov- Saunas are used to relieve pulled muscles in the ered. A cold sitz bath may help hemorrhoids or back, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial inflammation of the anus; a warm or rising-temper- asthma, unstable hypertension (stages I and 11), ature sitz bath may relieve difficulty in voiding the and impaired peripheral blood circulation. How- bladder, an irritable bladder, and inflammation or ever, saunas should not be taken by individuals infection of the prostate or enhance preparation for who have acute rheumatoid arthritis, acute infec- pregnancy. Do not use warm or rising-temperature tion, active tuberculosis, sexually transmitted dis- sitz baths for hemorrhoids. eases, acute mental disorder, inflammation of an In another form of bath, the wrap is largely a inner organ or blood vessels, significant vascular supportive measure for treating fever and local changes in the brain or heart, circulatory problems, inflammation. The person receiving treatment or acute cancer. To prevent ill effects of excessive should be in a relaxed position while a linen cloth heat, wipe your face often with a cold cloth and stay moistened with cold water (warm water for respi- in the sauna no longer than 15 to 20 minutes. ratory diseases), well wrung out, is wrapped Saunas are not recommended for pregnant women. tightly, but not restricting circulation, around the hyperthermia 61 appropriate part of the body. The moist linen cloth hyperthermia Various types of heat treatment is in turn wrapped with a dry cotton or linen cloth. geared toward increasing blood circulation and The patient is then usually wrapped in a blanket or extensibility of soft tissues, extracting toxins from another cloth and rests for 45 to 60 minutes or, if cells, increasing tissue-cell function, and inducing the intention is to induce sweating, for up to three muscle relaxation and pain relief. The two main hours. If the wrap does not feel warm after 15 min- types of heat treatments are superficial and deep. utes, a hot water bottle or hot tea may be offered. Superficial heat treatments involve applying heat If the patient feels ill or uncomfortable, the wrap topically—to the outside of the body. Deep heat should be removed immediately. Various wraps treatments through ultrasound or electric current include neck (for sore throat), chest (for neuralgia direct heat toward specific inner tissues and struc- and upper respiratory disease), body from the tures. Heat treatments are beneficial before exer- costal arch to the pubic bone (for inflammatory dis- cise, when warming the soft tissues makes muscles eases, ulcers, fever, cramps), trunk (for high fever), more flexible and prevents the possibility of injury hip (for prostatitis, vaginitis, hemorrhoids, anal to “cold” muscles. Different ways to convey heat eczema, inflammation in the pelvic cavity), calf (for include conduction—the transfer of heat from one lymphostasis, edema, withdrawal of heat in fever object to another, with objects in direct contact and phlebitis; in varicose veins the effect can some- with each other; conversion—turning another times be amplified by applying earth or loam poul- form of energy into heat; radiation—the transmis- stices), and joint wrap (for rheumatoid arthritis and sion and absorption of electromagnetic waves to arthrosis). produce heat; and convection—creating heat when Wraps also employ water as a healing method. A a liquid or gas moves past a body part. wrapping cloth is soaked in a hot infusion or decoc- Hot packs, a popular form of heat treatment, use tion of herbs, wrung out, and applied to the conduction as the medium of heat transfer. Moist patient’s body. Alternatively, the wrap may receive heat packs are readily available in hospitals, walk-in a coating of hot mud mustard flour, or fango. As a medical care centers, physical therapy centers, further alternative, hayseed may be placed in a sports training facilities, and elsewhere. With a ther- sack and steamed. This wrap may aid the treatment apeutic temperature not exceeding 131°F (55°C), of painful chronic diseases such as arthrosis, renal the hot pack is placed over several layers of towels disease, or cystitis and may stimulate blood flow. or pads for not more than 20 or 30 minutes to pro- Always make certain that the temperature of the duce comfortable warmth for the patient. Some wrap is tolerable before applying it. For a cool commercially prepared hot packs may be warmed wrap, cooled cataplasm is spread onto the wrap- in a microwave before being applied to the patient. ping cloth and placed on the affected body area. Hot-water bottles have long provided superficial Crushed ice in a plastic bag may also be repeatedly heat treatment. A vinyl or rubber bag with a stop- applied for one minute, then removed for four. per at the opening forms the “bottle,” which is half- This may be therapeutic for various inflammatory filled with hot water ranging between 115°F and arthropathies, sprains and strains, and pleurisy. Ice 125°F (46.1–52°C). Covered by a towel or other packs can also be used for headaches. When using protective cloth or pad, the hot-water bottle is ice packs, place a thin cloth between the pack and placed on the treatment area until the water has the skin to prevent frostbite. In addition, any appli- cooled. Electric heating pads may also be used, cation of cold is not indicated for individuals who although safety issues are to be considered. have Raynaud’s disease. Melted paraffin wax containing mineral oil con- General hydration of the entire body—a ducts superficial heat and is often the topical heat response to thirst and loss of water through elimi- treatment of choice for uneven surfaces such as the nation and perspiration—is extremely important. hands. Paraffin placed in a small bath unit solidifies Experts suggest drinking eight glasses of water per at room temperature and is used as a liquid heat day. treatment when heated at 126–127.4°F (52–53°C). See also HUMORS, THE FOUR. In what is commonly known as the “dip and wax 62 hypnotherapy method,” the patient dips a hand or other body area. The drum has a wire coil surrounded by dead part eight to 12 times into the paraffin. The hand is space and other insulators such as a plastic hous- then covered with a plastic bag and a towel for ing. Several layers of towels are placed between the insulation for approximately 20 minutes. unit and the patient. This device works on the Hydrotherapy, a heat treatment involving sub- premise of a magnetic field’s effect on connective mersion in water, is prescribed for many muscu- tissues. One advantage of diathermy over various loskeletal disorders. Hydrotherapy tanks and pools other heat treatments is that although fat resists an are generally set at warm temperatures up to 150°F electrical field, it does not resist a magnetic field. (65.6°C). Because the patient may perform resis- Diathermy is reported to be helpful to individuals tance exercises while in the water, higher temper- with chronic low back pain and muscle spasms. atures may place undue strain on the heart, lungs, Any kind of heat treatment should be super- and circulation as the treatment becomes more vised. The patient’s heat sensitivity should be physically demanding. Because of this, many assessed to prevent burns and other injury, and the hydrotherapy baths are now being set at 95–110°F skin over the affected area should be clean. After (35–43.3°C). There are also units available with heat treatment, symptoms of dizziness and nausea, movable turbine jets, which provide a light mas- local irritation, or discoloration should be charted. sage. Some people find that a brief dip in a hot tub Treatments should be administered at least one or spa before exercise is beneficial as a warmup. hour apart, if more than one is necessary. Any heat Fluidotherapy was developed in the 1970s as a treatment may cause damage if there are excessive dry-heat modality consisting of cellulose particles temperatures or improper insulation or treatment suspended in air. Units are manufactured in differ- duration. Overexposure to heat may cause redness, ent sizes, and some are restricted to treating only a blisters, burns, or reduced blood circulation, and in hand or foot. The turbulence of the gas-solid mix- ultrasound therapy, excessive heat over bony areas ture provides heat to objects immersed in the with little soft tissue (such as hands, feet, and medium. Temperatures of this treatment range elbows) may cause pain and possible tissue dam- from 110°F to 123°F (43.3–50.5°C). While massag- age. Exposure to the electrode drum during ing and increasing the flow of blood to the limb, diathermy may produce hot spots. fluidotherapy allows the patient to exercise the Heat treatments are not recommended for indi- limb during the treatment. viduals with circulation problems, heat intolerance, A deep-heat treatment, ultrasound waves or lack of sensation in the affected area. Sluggish or administered by way of an ultrasound transmitting impaired blood circulation may contribute to heat- device, penetrates the body to provide relief to related injuries. Heat treatments also should not be inner tissue. Also a diagnostic tool, ultrasound used for pregnant women or individuals afflicted energy occurs in the acoustic or sound spectrum with heart, lung, or kidney diseases, or on areas and is undetectable to the human ear. By using above the eye or heart, or over areas where there conducting agents such as gel or mineral oil, the are metal surgical implants. ultrasound transducer warms areas of the muscu- See also HYDROTHERAPY. loskeletal system. Certain areas of the musculoskeletal system absorb ultrasound better than hypnotherapy Also referred to as hypnosis, var- others. Muscle tissue and other connective tissue ied techniques used by psychiatrists, psychologists, such as ligaments and tendons absorb this form of and other psychotherapists to guide the patient energy very well; fat absorbs it to a much lesser into a state of altered awareness, deep relaxation, degree. Ultrasound has a relatively long-lasting or trance in order to help treat anxiety, panic effect, continuing up to one hour. attacks, addictions, and numerous other psycho- Diathermy, another deep-heat treatment, which logical and somatic problems. Hypnosis has also enjoyed much popularity between the 1940s and been used successfully as a substitute for pharma- 1960s before the use of ultrasound, employs an ceutical anesthesia. The system is founded on the electrode drum used to apply heat to an affected idea of the power of suggestion—that one’s emo- hypnotherapy 63 tional status has a significant effect on one’s physi- Freud, known as the father of modern psychiatry, cal status, a concept dating back to ancient Greece, used hypnosis in his practice in the 19th century, India, and Persia. but not until 1955 was hypnotherapy recognized Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815), a German by the British Medical Association as a bona fide physician, introduced hypnosis—what he called medical treatment. In 1958 the American Medical Mesmerism—to the medical community in the late Association also officially recognized hypnosis; that 18th century. Mesmer’s theory was that when mag- recognition eventually led to the establishment of netic forces existing in all matter became unbal- several professional associations, including the anced, disease occurred, and he believed he could American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and the transfer his body’s “animal magnetism” to another American Institute of Hypnotherapy, whose mem- through the use of magnets, iron rods, and “mes- bers are physicians, psychologists, dentists, and merizing,” or highly soothing, verbal suggestions other health professionals. that induced a trancelike state. Despite the fact that Contemporary hypnosis has been shown to help the healing potential of mind over matter and deep the body release endorphins and enkephalins relaxation states including trance emerged, Mes- (morphine-like chemicals naturally produced by mer’s theories could not be scientifically proved by the body to assuage pain and promote a sense of a committee of investigators in the French medical well-being), improve circulation, lower blood pres- community, among whom were the American sure and heart rate, and generally elicit deep relax- statesman Benjamin Franklin and the French physi- ation that is beneficial in fighting stress, anxiety, cian Josef de Guillotin. Mesmer was branded a depression, chronic pain, and disease of many quack and banned from practicing in France. kinds. Many hypnotherapists say that the patient It was later that the British ophthalmologist benefits most if he or she is willing to participate in James Braid explored Mesmer’s ideas with his the process of hypnosis, and that people who are patients and renamed the technique hypnosis, after not willing cannot be hypnotized. Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep. Dr. Sigmund See also Appendix I; MESMERISM; WEISS, BRIAN.

Imaginal Therapy See ISLAMIC SUFI HEALING intuitive touch Since the beginning of time peo- PRACTICES. ple have used various styles of touch to try to soothe and heal family and friends. While scholars infusion A liquid injected into a vein, or a sub- feel that massage originated in China it is certain stance steeped in hot or cold water and ingested for that each country throughout the world had devel- therapeutic purposes. A tea is considered an infu- oped and passed down their methods for treating sion, for example. In Western medicine, an intra- the body with the hands. Ancient writings of Egypt, venous infusion may be a solution containing Persia, Greece, Rome, and Asian countries mention electrolytes, nutrients, and pharmaceutical agents. the positive effects from the use of massage. An infusodecoction is an infusion followed by a We instinctively rub, press, pat, or in some way decoction, that is, a medicine stock that contains a touch when we ache, feel pain, or just don’t feel crude drug that is ﬁrst steeped in cold water and right. Intuitively we are applying self-treatment to then placed in boiling water. try to create a more balanced state. Everyone is qualiﬁed to help themselves and with a little effort, insulin potentiation therapy Also known as IPT, are able to help others too. The simple understand- an alternative method for the treatment of certain ing that humans are equipped to heal themselves, cancers, involving the administration of a small and that we can also help others, is the underlying dose of insulin to cancer patients with the intention foundation of shiatsu. If we live according to nat- of inducing hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar ural laws we really shouldn’t have many troubles. level. It is believed that once low blood sugar level Unfortunately we don’t consistently live that way is achieved, low doses of intravenous conventional and humankind has had to devise ways to deal chemotherapy may be more effective, because with the suffering that we experience. Ultimately insulin potentiates the cells’ ability to be permeated to regain wholeness we must change our way of by the cancer medications. Cancer cells have more living. There are many tools that we can use in this insulin receptors than normal cells, and therefore process. Shiatsu is one of them. insulin provides a boost to the anticancer drugs. In Shiatsu practitioners have long been considered addition insulin can stimulate proliferation of cer- authorities on treating minor diseases in Japan. In tain cancer cells, to create a larger, more receptive general, the Japanese public favors shiatsu treat- target for the chemotherapeutic agents. ment and, for many years, these practitioners have played a major role in health maintenance. The pre- Interior Realignment A feng shui approach viously mentioned forms of massage and shiatsu are devised by Denise Linn, of Seattle, Washington, wonderful tools for the betterment of health. With author of Past Lives, Present Dreams; Sacred Space: life forever changing, even these techniques must Clearing and Enhancing the Energy of Your Home; The continue to evolve. Hidden Power of Dreams, and The Secret Language of See also SHIATSU. Signs: How to Interpret the Coincidences and Symbols in Your Life. iridology A preventive, diagnostic method devel- See also FENG SHUI. oped more than a century ago by the Hungarian

65 66 Islamic Sufi healing practices homeopathic physician Ignatz von Peczeley, which individuals may tend to experience gallbladder dys- was based on the concept that examining the iris, function and other problems caused by impaired or the colored part of the eye, could reveal hidden ability to metabolize fats, and green, gray, or disease in the body before the appearance of the mixed-color irises (called “biliary irises”) may indi- symptoms. When he was a child, von Peczeley cate gastrointestinal difficulties. Although iridolo- observed that an owl with a broken leg also had a gists take an extensive personal and medical black mark in his iris. Later the doctor observed the history of each patient and may be qualified to same eye mark in a human patient with a broken offer nutritional advice or prescribe certain treat- leg; that discovery led him to investigate marking ment, iridology cannot replace other diagnostic in the iris as a sign of dysfunction or impairment methods in conventional and alternative medicine. somewhere else in the body. It is reported on some websites pertaining to iridol- The ancient Greeks, Egyptians, and Chinese ogy that some Russian scientists are developing maintained that a person’s eyes held information irischromotherapy, which involves curing disease about his or her health. Hippocrates said, “Behold through the iris. More information is available by the eyes, behold the body.” On the premise that contacting the Hellenic Medical Association of Iri- eyes are not only the mirrors of the soul, but also dology, Lidias 2, Thessaloniki, Greece 544 53, or of the body, iridology practitioners claim it is possi- [email protected], or telephone 0113 0310 906086. ble to make a diagnostic reading of the iris to discover the weakened parts of the organism, the Islamic Sufi healing practices An ancient Islamic latent tendencies, the patient’s vitality, the condi- religion-based system of meditation, chanting, tion of the organs, and the disease processes. prayer, herbs, special diet, use of essential oils, and Iridology is reportedly a safe, painless, quick, other practices that are believed to bring about and economical diagnostic method without radia- healing. Sufis are Muslim mystics. According to tion that helps discover any constitutional weak- Web information on Sufi healing, Sufis revere the ness before a clinical outbreak occurs. It is healing of the sick as the most important of all ser- considered a unique preventive method used to vices to humanity, and a book has been written on determine the body’s tendency toward certain ail- the 800-year tradition of this “divine science” of ments (for example, certain characteristics of the the Christi Order (one of the Sufi healing orders). iris may show a sluggish digestive system or detect “Among the many topics covered are dietary rec- hereditary predispositions to cardiac or arthritic ommendations of the Prophet, the preparation of diseases) and its present degree of stress, with the herbal formulas, healing with essential oils, ill- advantage of requiring only observation with a nesses arising at various stages of the soul’s evolu- light and a magnifying glass. Iridologists may make tion, fasting and prayer, talismans, and the a videotape or photographic slide of the iris using a ‘infallible remedy.’ Hakim Chishti is a naturopathic special camera, which they can then project onto a physician and one of the only recognized Tibb prac- larger screen for examination. Color, texture, fibers titioners in the United States. As a Fulbright of the iris, and markings and their positions in the Research Scholar, he studied Tibb medicine in eye are the indicators of problems or potential Afghanistan and has participated in international problems. The left iris corresponds to the left side of health symposia in Afghanistan, India, and Pak- the body, and the right iris corresponds to the right. istan. Working from original material, he has trans- An eye chart has been developed—an illustration lated the handbooks of Avicenna and the standard similar to the “body map” on the soles of the feet in text on Tibb medicine, Mizan-ul-Tibb. He is the reflexology—to designate parts of the eye as they author of The Traditional Healer’s Handbook (Roch- relate to other parts of the body; for example, the ester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press, 1991).” area immediately surrounding the pupil relates to Another healing order is an international net- the stomach. Iridologists believe that blue-eyed work of people called the Sufi Healing Order. Its people may have tendencies toward excessive acid- website states: “Initiation into the Healing Order ity that may cause ulcers and arthritis, brown-eyed strengthens one’s inner connection with illuminated Issels’s fever therapy 67

Beings of Healing, through our link with Pir-o-Mur- According to the practitioner Ismael Mazzara, shid Inayat Khan, founder of this order. Members “Sufi healing practices cover a number of thera- work with healing practices on a daily basis to pies, including traditional Eastern aromatherapy increase their capacity for the Divine Healing Power (based on fragrances called ‘attars’), and tradi- to come through. A commitment to healing includes tional cupping, which is practiced in both tradi- one’s own personal healing and involves ongoing tional Chinese and Islamic medicine. I find it purification and clarity of intention. The Healing particularly effective with dancers and athletes Order aims to make the Sufi Teachings about heal- who need fast relief from muscular aches and ing available through seminars and workshops. Spe- pains. (See www.chishti.com.) Other aspects of cial training courses are provided for conductors as Sufi healing work are best discussed in personal well as for members who are involved in profes- consultation. Imaginal Therapy, a system of thera- sional healing work. The Healing Ritual is a group peutic visualization (http:www.farancenter.org) is activity of the Healing Order, in which members effective in helping you change how you see your- pray for the healing of those who have asked for self in your present situation, and change toward a their names to be on the Healing List. Healing circles direction you want. It’s particularly effective in are facilitated by healing conductors and serve those pain relief and in helping to cope with the fear and who have asked for healing. Healing conductors anxiety that often accompanies serious illness. In may also provide classes in healing. Candidates for combination with auricular acupuncture, the bene- the Healing Order are encouraged to contact their fits are enhanced. We periodically offer workshops local conductor. In addition members are encour- in London for health professionals and for the gen- aged to visit hospitals, and to help their friends when eral public.” (See [email protected]. they are not well. The U.S. website is Sufi Healing Order. The contact “The purpose of the Sufi Healing Order is to in Germany is Kabir, email CaduceusFindeisen@ awaken humanity to a greater realization of the T-Online.de; telephone 011 05821-477129.) power of the Divine Spirit to heal, thus to bring See also FAITH HEALING; PRAYER, POWER OF. about a better state of physical, mental and spiritual health, and so to fulfill the law of God. The basic Issels’s fever therapy An alternative cancer treat- principle of the Healing Order is that the soul is the ment, a method of raising body temperature to as Divine Beneath; it purifies, revivifies and heals the high as 105° Fahrenheit in order to stimulate the instrument through which it functions,” said Hazrat immune system, one of several whole-body thera- Inayat Khan. “The secret of healing is to rise by the peutic methods developed by the German physi- power of belief above the limitations of this world of cian Josef Issels. Part of Issels’s “whole-body variety, that one may touch by the power of intelli- therapy,” as it was known, active fever, was gence the oneness of the whole Being. It is there that induced on a monthly basis by administering the one becomes charged with the almighty power, and drug Pyrifer, which was made from treated it is by the power of that attainment that one is able Escherichia coli bacteria. Passive fever was produced to help oneself and others in their pain and suffer- by placing the patient in a cylinder containing elec- ing. Verily, spirit has all the power there is.” trodes that administered ultrashort waves. “The beauty of the group work is that it illumi- Issels also advocated a diet of raw organic nates the personal satisfaction of being endowed foods, very low-dose chemotherapy, surgery, radi- with special powers. Healing is looked upon as a ation, ozone therapy, administration of organ gracious act of solidarity with human suffering, extracts and organic ribonucleic acid (RNA) and inspired by attunement with the Holy Spirit and deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) (proteolytic allowing oneself to become a pure channel for the enzymes to destroy the protein coating around divine power. We therefore beckon upon your tumors), vitamins and minerals, and psychother- cooperation and goodwill in helping us to fulfill apy. In addition, he recommended the removal of this great task, if indeed it finds a resonance in your infected teeth and tonsils and of metallic dental being,” said Pir Vilayat Khan. fillings (particularly mercury amalgam), since 68 Iyengar yoga they could have a deleterious effect on immune incarcerated. Eventually he was acquitted of all system functioning. Issels wished to motivate can- charges, and he now has retired to Florida. cer patients to participate fully in their care and Ahmed Elkadi, M.D., and his colleagues at the healing and encouraged them to go mountain- Panama City Clinic in Panama City, Florida, are climbing, jog, and do other daily exercise. Studies offering a “multimodality immunotherapy pro- conducted at King’s College Hospital in London gram” based on Issels’s methods. Additional infor- and at the University of Leyden in Holland indi- mation on fever therapy is available from the cated that approximately 17 percent of Issels’s foundation for Advancement in Cancer Therapy patients, considered to be in terminal stages of ill- (FACT), P.O. Box 1242, Old Chelsea Station, New ness, led cancer-free lives for at least five years York, NY 10113, or (212) 741-2790, or P.O. Box after being diagnosed with less than one year to 215, 200 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnwood, PA survive. During the 1950s and 1960s, however, 19096, or (215) 642-4810. the German medical community charged Issels with fraud and manslaughter. In 1960 he was Iyengar yoga See YOGA. J

James, William The American philosopher and jingluo The Chinese word for the body’s invisible psychologist (1842–1910), who led the movement but well-documented meridians, channels, or called pragmatism or the pragmatic method and pathways along which flows qi (or ch’i), the vital wrote several works, including The Principles of Psy- force or basic life energy. chology (1890. Reprint, New York: Dover Books, See also ACUPUNCTURE. 1950), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902. Reprint, New York: Penguin, 1982), and Essays in jin ye In traditional Chinese medicine, the term Radical Empiricism (New York: Longman, Green, referring to body fluids. 1912). A graduate of Harvard University in 1869 with a medical degree, James suffered a panic dis- juices and juice therapy A nutritional regimen order that fostered his interest in physiological based on the idea that the juice of fruits and veg- psychology. In his lecture “Pragmatism” in 1907, etables offers many important vitamins, minerals, he said: “The philosophy which is important in and enzymes to help the body detoxify and func- each of us is not a technical matter; it is more or tion at its best, in that many diseases and disorders less our dumb sense of what life honestly and are related to poor diet. In the book Juicing for Life: deeply means. It is only partly got from books; it is A Guide to the Health Benefits of Fresh Fruit and Veg- our individual way of just seeing and feeling the etable Juicing, by Cherie Calbom and Maureen total push and pressure of the cosmos.” In 1884 Keane (Garden City Park, N.Y.: Avery Publishing James theorized: “Our feelings of [bodily] changes Group, 1992), juice is defined as “water, flavors, as they occur is the emotion. We feel sorry because pigments, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and anu- we cry . . . not that we cry because we are sorry.” trients (flavonoids, etc.). Juice is all these sub- In other words, the accelerated heart rate, sweaty stances working synergistically to give your body palms, butterflies in the stomach, and other vis- the materials that promote healing, energy, and ceral changes translate the impression or percep- protection from disease. . . . And juices should be tion of the changes into an actual emotional part of a comprehensive approach to wellness.” reaction. James and the Danish physician Carl The authors also wrote that the late Dr. Max Lange, who believed that emotions are a result of Bircher-Benner, of the Bircher-Benner clinic in stimulation of the vasomotor system, together Europe, believed cooking and processing food established the idea that fundamentally emotions destroy its living energy, and that the most nutri- of all kinds produce similar physical responses. In tive energy is obtained from plants because they the James/Lange theory, as it was called, is evi- undergo the process of photosynthesis. Among the dence of the link between mind and body and the most popular are the juices of carrot, apple, kale, way each can produce effects in the other. spinach, ginger root, celery, beet, cabbage, garlic, broccoli, parsley, potato, turnip greens, pineapple, jing In traditional Chinese medicine the term cantaloupe, pomegranate, green pepper, collard for the fundamental energy that is the essence of greens, sprouts, red Swiss chard, pears, berries, all life. grapes, and tomatoes. Juice enthusiasts maintain

69 70 Jung, Carl that juices of all kinds are beneficial to health and the universities of Basel and Zurich (where he complement treatment of ailments ranging from earned an M.D. in 1902), Jung worked in the psy- anxiety to varicose veins. Juices are used also as chiatric clinic in Zurich and was on the staff of the components in weight loss, cleansing and detoxifi- Berholzli Asylum of Zurich headed by the promi- cation diets, and fasting. nent Swiss psychologist Eugen Bleuler. Jung also See also DETOXIFICATION THERAPY; FASTING; GERSON, collaborated with Sigmund Freud and wrote arti- MAX; HOXSEY THERAPY. cles and books including The Psychology of the Uncon- scious (1921. Reprint, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2002). Jung, Carl The Swiss psychologist and psychia- In addition, Jung taught at the Federal Polytechni- trist (1875–1961), who founded analytic psychol- cal University in Zurich and was a professor of ogy and described the concepts of introverted and medical psychology at the University of Basel. extroverted personality types, archetypal personal- Jung’s works greatly influence modern psycho- ities, and the collective unconscious and universal logical concepts including those embraced in vari- synchronicity of thoughts and events. Educated at ous disciplines of mind-body medicine. K kahuna A Hawaiian witch doctor. The term was neuromuscular function as it relates to the struc- coined in 1886; its basic philosophy involves “the tural, chemical, and mental physiologic regulatory three selves”—high, or superconscious (aumaka); mechanisms. From the Greek kinesis, meaning middle; conscious (uhane); and low; subconscious “motion,” kinesiology is the study of movement (unihipili)—and “the three invisible subtle bodies” and a blend of Western technology and the theories (kino-aka) of each self. The high self is the least of energy flow throughout the body along the dense; its center is above the crown chakra; and it is meridians, or invisible energy pathways mapped rooted in the heart chakra. The middle self is more out by practitioners of acupuncture and traditional dense and is centered in the brow chakra. The low Chinese and Asian medicine. Focused on deter- self is the most dense; its center lies within the solar mining “subclinical” problems (predisposition to plexus chakra. In addition, kahunas believe in the disease, or subtle indications of potential prob- harmonious interaction of “the three voltages” (lev- lems), kinesiologists offer diagnosis and treatment els of life energy or psychic energy) (mana/prana): of aches and pains, joint stiffness, headaches, food the Low self controls the supply and use of mana sensitivities, digestive problems, and phobias. and converts it to a higher voltage (mana-mana) for Members of the International College of Applied use by the middle self. The low self uses mana to Kinesiology, founded and developed by the chiro- maintain the physical body. The middle self uses practor Dr. George Goodheart, Jr., have made con- mana to think and feel. The two together must sup- siderable advances in the field. AK is used as a ply mana to high self. The high self converts mana to diagnostic tool to determine what is wrong and mana-loa, which in turn becomes a potent healing, what to do for a patient. An applied kinesiology or “miracle-making” force. examination depends upon knowledge of func- See also FAITH HEALING; SANGOMA; VOODOO. tional neurology, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, and biochemistry and is combined with kapha One of the doshas, or three main body standard physical examination procedures, labora- types, in Ayurvedic medicine. Kapha also refers to tory findings, X rays, and the patient’s personal and the moon force, the opposite of the sun force, both medical history. The various procedures developed of which are considered to be basic life forces or by Goodheart and others in the International Col- elements. lege of Applied Kinesiology are derived from many See also AYURVEDA. disciplines, including chiropractic, osteopathy, medicine, dentistry, acupuncture, and biochem- ki The Japanese equivalent of QI, or ch’i. istry, and are currently being used by doctors of chiropractic, osteopathy, homeopathy, dentistry, kinesiology Commonly known as applied kinesi- and medicine. ology (AK), a noninvasive system centered on test- Applied kinesiology has two major components: ing the muscular range of motion, strength, and one is an aid to diagnosis. Muscle testing helps capacity of individuals with muscle injury or dis- diagnose what is functioning abnormally—the ner- ease. Muscle testing helps the practitioner evaluate vous system, lymphatic drainage, vascular supply

71 72 Kirlian photography to a muscle or organ, a nutritional excess or defi- Krieger, Dolores A registered nurse and Ph.D. ciency, a problem with the cranial-sacral-temporo- who developed Therapeutic Touch, a healing tech- mandibular joint (TMJ) mechanism, or an nique employing the body’s electromagnetic field imbalance in the meridian system. By testing indi- and innate ability to heal. The author of books vidual muscles the examiner can determine what including Accepting Your Power to Heal (Santa Fe, affects the relative strength of the muscle on the N.M.: Bear & Company Publishing, 1993), she and basis of his or her knowledge of the basic mechan- the natural healer Dora Van Gelden Kunz inter- ics and physiological functioning of the body. preted several ancient healing practices and estab- The second part of applied kinesiology involves lished Therapeutic Touch as an extension of treatment. Balancing the malfunction may be professional skills for persons in the health field. It accomplished with nutrition, chiropractic, osteo- is now taught in more than 80 colleges and uni- pathic cranial techniques, acupuncture, myofascial versities in the United States and in 67 other coun- techniques, nervous system coordination proce- tries. Krieger is professor emerita at New York dures, and other modalities. More information is University. Therapeutic Touch, which most often available at www.icak.com. induces deep relaxation, has been beneficial to patients with headaches, burns, bone fractures, Kirlian photography A photographic technique asthma, reproductive ailments, cancer, acquired to produce images of the human electrical energy immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and other ill- field for diagnostic purposes. Developed in 1939 nesses. Other books by Dolores Krieger are The by the Russian electrician Semyon Kirlian and his Therapeutic Touch: How to Use Your Hands to Help or to wife, Valentina, Kirlian photography with either a Heal (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1979) single-plate or two-plate process reveals the qual- and Living the Therapeutic Touch: Healing as a Lifestyle. ity of one’s energy by indicating one’s capacity to See also BIOENERGETICS; THERAPEUTIC TOUCH. resonate with the electrical frequency that passes through the plate. Unbalanced yin and yang may kripalu A form of yoga. be determined, as well as effects of long-term med- See also YOGA. ication, the stage of cancer one may be in, and the optimal fertile period during the menstrual cycle Krishnamurti, Jiddu An Indian teacher and spiri- of women who are having difficulty conceiving. tual leader (born in Madanapalle, India), Safe for everyone except babies and individuals 1895–1986, and former head of the Order of the with any metal implant, such as a pacemaker, in Star of the East, an organization founded by Annie their bodies, the technique is said to be helpful Besant (president of the Society, a group of clair- also for people who have suffered emotional voyants) and Charles Webster Leadbeater (one of trauma, such as divorce, or serious problems with the chief lecturers in the Society). After dissolving children or career. the order in 1929, Krishnamurti went on to travel Either Kirlian procedure simply requires pic- and lecture on topics including meditation, enlight- tures of one’s hands and feet, or fingertips and toes. enment, energy, passion, and other mind-body The images that show up correspond to the concepts in the interest of promoting world peace. patient’s energy level on that particular day; if one is in a total state of exhaustion, for example, no kriya See YOGA. image may appear. If a person is experiencing intense feelings, the images may have “splines,” ku The term in traditional Chinese medicine referring to the fuzziness around the outlines of the referring to the bitter taste of herbs. prints. A body logic counselor “reads” the Kirlian images in terms of one’s amount of tension or Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth A medical doctor, psychia- imbalance. Acupuncturists sometimes use Kirlian trist, proponent of mind-body medicine, interna- photographs to enhance their diagnostic ability. tionally known thanatologist, and author of several Kunz, Dora Van Gelder 73 books, including On Death and Dying (New York: kundalini A type of energy or force thought to Macmillan, 1969), Questions and Answers on Death move up through the body’s chakras to promote and Dying (New York: Macmillan, 1974), To Live spirituality. Until We Say Good-Bye (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Pren- See also CHAKRAS; YOGA. tice Hall, 1978), Living with Death and Dying (Macmillan, 1981), Remember the Secret (Milltree, Kunz, Dora Van Gelder A healer and collabora- Calif.: Celestial Artist, 1978), Death: The Final Stage of tor with Dolores Krieger in developing Therapeutic Growth (Prentice Hall, 1971), Working It Through Touch. (Macmillan, 1982), AIDS: The Ultimate Challenge, and See also BIOENERGETICS; KRIEGER, DOLORES; THERA- On Children and Death (New York: Macmillan, 1983). PEUTIC TOUCH.

Law of Contraries The allopathic principle of linked with suppressed immune functioning, sub- counteracting an ailment, for example, fighting a stance abuse, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, stroke, fever by administering an antipyretic such as aspirin alopecia, fatigue, skin damage, dental caries, anger, and giving a cool bath. Ayurvedic medicine suggests and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). two treatment options: one based on the principles Tibetan, Chinese, Ayurvedic, and other medical of contraries—the cool bath to combat the temper- practitioners throughout history have recognized ature—or the other based on the homeopathic prin- that each color—a product of light—has its own ciple of similars (the Law of Similars), which entails transformational and healing characteristics and bundling up in blankets and drinking a hot bever- may be directed toward physical, emotional, men- age until the fever breaks. Each approach is valid, tal, and spiritual healing. For example, green, asso- but the choice of one or the other depends upon ciated with the liver and gallbladder, is thought to other factors in the patient’s situation. be a healing color that also evokes comfort, nur- See also HOMEOPATHY; LAW OF SIMILARS. turing, stability, and balance and counters anger, judgment, and criticism. Moods and performance Law of Similars The homeopathic principle of are influenced by the circadian rhythm, that is, our treating ailments with like properties, such as treat- work-sleep cycle in the course of the 24-hour day. ing frostbite initially with cold applications that Superimposed on the daily cycle are other biologi- gradually become warmer. The idea is to trigger the cal cycles, such as estrus and, in animals, and diur- body’s innate adaptive response rather than shock nal or nocturnal lifestyle. winter hibernation. Also, it with an opposite stimulus. Immunizations and the substance melatonin, which is produced by the vaccinations are considered to follow the Law of body during hours of darkness, requires daylight to Similars because the injection of minute amounts keep it in synchronization with the real world. of the allergen or pathogen creates an immune Without daylight, the body adjusts naturally to a response in the body. 25-hour rhythm, that requires light to reach the See also HOMEOPATHY; LAW OF CONTRARIES. eyes, which actually transmit not only images, but fundamental environmental information that helps laying on of hands A healer’s use of touch for the regulate hormone levels. Although humans do not purpose of transmitting or transferring healing respond to light as plants do, the need for sunlight energy to an individual. Many alternative and is crucial. complementary treatments include the laying on of “Light therapy has now become an accepted form hands, such as chiropractic and Reiki. of therapy, and a new ingredient of daily routine for See also BIOENERGETICS; FAITH HEALING; VIBRA- those who find relief from the symptoms,” writes TIONAL MEDICINE. Michael A. Ferenczi in an essay online at www. nimr.mrc.ac.uk/MillHillEssays/1997/sad.htm. “Treat- light therapy The use of full-spectrum, ultravio- ment is safe. There have been a few reports of let laser light and color as treatment for depression, patients temporarily developing a mild form of manic chronic pain, and other problems, particularly behaviour as a result of light therapy, and some inci- those caused by malillumination, which is now dence of headaches, but these have disappeared after

75 76 liniment readjustment of the therapy schedule. No deleteri- tion, resulting in the possible de-phasing of the ous effects on the eyes have been reported. Some circadian rhythms. It is reported that some forms do not find relief, and in their case, SAD may be of blindness are also accompanied by loss of circa- superimposed on other psychological problems, or dian rhythms.” the diagnosis of SAD may not be appropriate. Attention should be given to the quality of the light liniment From the Latin linimentum, or “smearing used in light therapy. The illuminated area should substance,” a liquid such as tincture of green soap be large so as to avoid uncomfortable glare, and the or camphor, mixed with oil, alcohol, or water and presence of ultraviolet rays should be minimized by applied topically by rubbing sore or injured parts of careful choice of the light source and by the use of the body. filters. Some alternative forms of light therapy have been developed. For example, a dawn simulator liver flush Herbal remedies designed to rid the used at wake-up time which slowly reduces dark- liver of excessive toxins, sludge, and stones caused ness over a forty-five minute period to a low light by fats, proteins, and consumption of large quanti- level of 100 lux is apparently also effective in allevi- ties of food over a period of years. One liver flush ating SAD symptoms. A light visor producing con- consists of drinking lemon juice (or cider vinegar) stant low light illumination has had mixed results, in water with a teaspoon of honey and a teaspoon and was not readily accepted by patients. Of course of royal jelly; another treatment is an olive oil liver exposure to natural daylight is highly recom- flush along with a coffee enema. Liver detoxifica- mended whenever possible and not surprisingly tion also may involve fasting with vegetable and winter holidays in the sun invariably relieve SAD fruit juices and taking various supplements, such as symptoms. Exercise is also found to be beneficial, milk thistle, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, but the effects of outdoor exercise may in part result herbal teas, and chlorella. from the accompanying exposure to daylight. See also COLONICS; DETOXIFICATION; JUICING. “Light therapy is used regularly to treat various forms of sleep disorders and is used also to over- longevity medicine An alternative discipline come the effects of jet lag and changes in shift- now considered a subspecialty of conventional work schedules. Here, the timing of the light medicine, focused on early diagnosis of predisposi- therapy is all-important as it is used to accelerate tion to and prevention of age-related diseases and the establishment of the appropriate pattern of on the enhancement of cardiovascular, immune, melatonin secretion. Light therapy is used in the and endocrine systems in order to prolong life. The morning or before the work shift. In these appli- objectives of longevity medicine include slowing cations, oral ingestion of melatonin before going the aging process for individuals, thereby in turn to sleep also helps to reset the circadian rhythm, increasing life expectancy in the population; and is found to be effective in promoting sleep. extending the number of years individuals may be Disruption of sleep patterns is often observed in free of age-related diseases; and increasing physi- the very old and in patients suffering from demen- cal, mental, and emotional vitality. Factors that tia, with poor links between night-time and sleep- intensify the aging process include genetic charac- ing time. It has been suggested that light therapy teristics, excessive free-radical production, stress, is effective in restoring the circadian rhythms and hormonal imbalance, poor nutrition, toxic over- the sleep pattern in such patients. One possible load, impairment of the immune system, occluded explanation for the effect of light therapy in this arteries and lymph vessels, and sluggish brain cell case may be a result of the increased opacity of the functioning. Two organizations are centered on the cornea in the elderly. Above the age of sixty, the many longevity-medicine preventive measures and cornea transmits to the retina less than two thirds treatments: the American Academy of Anti-Aging of the light which it transmits in young people. Medicine (www.worldhealth.net) and the Interna- This means that the light cues are not as marked tional College of Advanced Longevity Medicine in the elderly as they are in the younger popula- (www.healthy.net/icalm). lymphasizing 77 lymphasizing The process of removing waste A related theory and technique may be found in materials from the extracellular space by increasing the Textbook of Dr. Vodder’s Manual Lymph Drainage the flow of lymphatic fluid in the body, described (Heidelberg, Germany: Haug Publishers, 1990) by by C. Samuel West, N.D., in The Golden Seven Plus H. and G. Wittlinger, which describes a massage One, Conquer Disease with Eight Keys to Health, Beauty, technique designed to increase lymph drainage and Peace (Orein, Utah: Samuel Publications, 1981). from diseased or dysfunctioning parts of the body.

M macrobiotics A whole-food, nondairy, vegetar- neering or grown under hothouse conditions. ian diet geared to restoring and maintaining health (8) Avoid foods grown in and shipped from by considering the energetic qualities of food and warmer latitudes. (9) Avoid “soft” (carbonated, one’s total lifestyle. Macrobiotics defines the world sweetened) beverages, canned goods, alcoholic in terms of expansive energy (yin) and contractive beverages, artificial sweeteners, and products con- energy (yang). Macrobiotic diet theory suggests taining these ingredients. (10) Chew each mouth- eliminating all food that is processed, fragmented ful of food thoroughly before swallowing. (including vitamins), toxic (e.g., the nightshade Organizations for macrobiotic study and practice family) or either expansive such as alcohol, or con- include the Kushi Institute, P.O. Box 7, Becket, MA tractive, such as meat. The following are the basic 01223, or (413) 623-5741, and the International concepts of a macrobiotic diet (1) Consume organ- Macrobiotic Shiatsu Society (IMSS), 2807 Wright ically and locally grown foods in season as they Avenue, Winter Park, FL 32789, a forum on a com- become available, or foods that may be stored bination of macrobiotics and shiatsu based on the without artificial preservation or refrigeration. teaching of Shizuko Yamamoto. Macrobiotics is a Alternatively, eat foods grown in the same latitude natural approach to living that includes a whole- where you live. (2) Consume cooked whole grains foods diet. Shiatsu (“finger pressure” or acupres- and recipes made from whole grains and cooked sure) is a touch technique based on traditional vegetables, adjusting proportions and preparation Asian medicine. It is similar to acupuncture but methods according to activity, climate, and sea- does not employ needles. The Yamamoto macrobi- sonal fluctuations of temperature and humidity. otic style is also known as “Barefoot Shiatsu.” (3) Use solar-evaporated seawater salts in prepara- Founded in 1986 after nearly 50 years of experi- tion of foods, as well as traditionally aged miso and ence by the shiatsu master Shizuko Yamamoto, the shoyu, umeboshi, and seaweeds. Drink undyed, IMSS promotes a natural approach to living. Mac- three-year-old roasted twig tea (kukicha) as pre- robiotic shiatsu combines the power of natural ferred beverage. (4) Use unrefined, cold-pressed foods in the macrobiotic diet with the traditional seed oils, made from organically grown seeds Asian healing techniques of shiatsu. As all things including sesame, corn, safflower, sunflower, and belong to nature, it is natural to be healthy and flaxseed sparingly. (5) Use roasted seeds and nuts, happy. When imbalances arise, simple techniques fruit, salads, and fish occasionally as desired, in can help to correct them. In a down-to-earth prac- small quantities, as provided in season. (6) Use tical manner, macrobiotic shiatsu unifies body, beans and bean products as primary sources of mind, and spirit. protein, along with whole grain and vegetable The practice of eating large amounts of animal dishes. (7) Avoid all foods and beverages that con- food has created bodies that are rigid. To deal effec- tain refined sweeteners, chemical dyes, synthetic tively with this hard, stiff condition an appropriate flavorings or seasonings, refined oils, and chemical shiatsu technique naturally evolved. The macrobi- preservatives or that are made from foods grown otic shiatsu developed as a response to the Western with chemical insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, condition. The aim of treatment is to create balance or chemical fertilizers or are produced by bioengi- within the individual.

79 80 magnetic ﬁeld therapy

The most important underlying principle of walk longer if he placed fragments of the rock in macrobiotic shiatsu is that everyone has the power his sandals. Other ancient cultures, including the to heal him- or herself. Additionally, beyond the those of Chinese, Eastern Indians, Arabs, Hebrews, formal training and martial arts exposure, intuition and early Egyptians, used magnets as healing and common sense blend into the technique to devices. The 16th-century physician Paracelsus make it what it is today. Practitioners claim its prin- believed the entire Earth is a huge magnet, and he cipal beauty is that it has a large sense of caring for advocated use of magnets as healing devices for others in a very practical way. certain disorders. Other proponents of magnetism as therapy were the French Royal Society of Medi- Principles of macrobiotic shiatsu cine in 1777; Franz Anton Mesmer, who catalyzed the use of hypnosis and “animal magnetism” in • Health is the natural condition of human beings. mind-body medicine; the French chemist Louis • Illness and unhappiness are unnatural conditions. Pasteur, who claimed that magnets accelerated the • Health or sickness is not an accident or some- fermentation process; and Dr. C.J. Thacher, of the thing without explanation. Chicago Magnet Company, who thought that using • Sickness arises from how we live because of our magnets on the body and in clothing and shoes own actions and thoughts. helped ease disease-related pain in the extremities. Samuel Hahnemann, the father of modern home- • Food is one of the more important factors in opathy, also experimented with and advocated the determining health or sickness. use of therapeutic magnets. • We should eat foods that grow in our environment. Contemporary theory says magnetic fields can • The strong will naturally help the weak. influence the function of the human body. In his • People will naturally help themselves. book A Practical Guide to Vibrational Medicine (New York: Quill, 2000, p. 266), Richard Gerber, M.D., • Through interaction with others, you naturally wrote: “There are a variety of different types and develop beyond your limitations of body, mind, characters of magnetism that exist in the spectrum and spirit. of natural and man-made magnetic fields. Each of • Purpose of treatment is to stimulate people to go these types of magnetic fields has the potential to beyond their previous limitations. overtly or silently influence human biology. It Source: http://www.itppeople.com/macrobio.htm seems that north-versus south-pole fields, static versus pulsed magnetic fields, weak versus strong Macrobiotic shiatsu as a holistic treatment, or magnetic fields, and slow versus fast magnetic “whole health shiatsu,” is not limited to acupres- fields all produce different biological effects upon sure, massage, or bodywork. It has been developed individual cells as well as upon whole living from attempting to understand the underlying rea- organisms.” sons for ill health, such as the patient’s breathing Both internal and external fields of magnetic patterns, emotional changes, exercise and dietary energy are necessary for human survival. In Magnet preferences, and lifestyle. Therapy: An Alternative Medicine Definitive Guide See also MASSAGE; SHIATSU; YIN-YANG. (AlternativeMedicine.com Books, 2000), coau- thored by Dwight K. Kalita, Ph.D., and Burton magnetic field therapy A type of alternative Goldberg William H. Philpott, M.D., wrote that neg- medicine practice based on the idea that magnetic ative magnetic fields normalize pH; oxygenate cells; fields have healing powers, named after the leg- resolve cellular edema; usually reduce symptoms; endary Greek shepherd Magnes, who noticed that inhibit microorganism replication and slow down the iron nails of his sandals were pulled by an infection; reduce pain and inflammation; govern invisible force to a large rock (now known as the rest, relaxation, and sleep; evoke anabolic hormone Magnes stone, or lodestone). After he disengaged production (melatonin and growth hormone); clear from the rock, Magnes also noticed that he could metabolically produced toxins from the body; elim- marma 81 inate free radicals; and slow down electrical brain master dowsers with magnetically shielded material activity. Whereas negative fields have a tranquiliz- affected their ability to sense weak magnetic fields. ing effect, positive magnetic fields have a stressful Magnetic belts, braces, pads, and a host of prod- effect and disrupt metabolic function, produce acid- ucts are now popular with individuals who suffer ity, inhibit oxygen flow to the cells, and encourage from arthritis; headaches; chronic back, leg, and the growth of microorganisms. foot pain, and many other ailments. Magnetic field therapy is reported to have bene- According to Robert Todd Carroll, author of The ficial effects on such conditions as toothache, peri- Skeptic’s Dictionary (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & odontal disease, fungal infections such as Sons, 1994–2003), “Some claim that magnets can candidiasis, kidney stones, calcium deposits in help broken bones heal faster, but most of the advo- inflamed tissues, edema, stress, heart disease, sleep cacy comes from those who claim that magnets problems (particularly chronic insomnia), and cen- relieve pain. Most of the support for these notions is tral nervous system disorders, cancer, injuries, and in the form of testimonials and anecdotes, and can other conditions. Enthusiasts also claim magnets be attributed to “placebo effects and other effects used in beds, clothing, and chair pads and applied to accompanying their use” (Livingston 1998). There is the body affect the body’s ability to combat fatigue almost no scientific evidence supporting magnet and regulate body temperature even in extreme therapy. One highly publicized exception is a dou- atmospheric conditions. According to studies, the ble-blind study done at Baylor College of Medicine body’s electromagnetic fields are affected by the that compared the effects of magnets and sham mag- weakest magnetism and harmed if the magnetism is nets on the knee pain of 50 post-polio patients. The altered in even subtle ways. Some patients may experimental group reported a significantly greater experience pain or symptomatic reactions to certain reduction in pain than the control group. No repli- medications or have more severe reactions to toxins cation of the study has yet been done. that may be released into the body. Also, magnets Additional information is available by contacting are not recommended for use on the abdomen dur- Bio-Electro-Magnetics Institute, 2490 West Moana ing pregnancy or for prolonged periods. Although Lane, Reno, NV 89509-3936, or (702) 827-9099, magnetic field diagnostic procedures such as mag- and Enviro-Tech Products, 17171 Southeast 29th netic resonance imaging (MRI) have been widely Street, Choctaw, OK 73020, or (405) 390-3499 or accepted by conventional practitioners, the applica- (800) 445-1962. tion of the positive magnetic pole is known to be See also BIOENERGETICS; DOWSING; FENG SHUI; capable of stimulating tumor growth, promoting HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL C. F.; MESMERISM; PARACELSUS; addictive behavior, and inducing seizures, halluci- YIN-YANG. nations, insomnia, and hyperactivity. Medical supervision of magnetic therapy is advised. malas In Ayurvedic medicine, the body’s three Gerber also cites an illness called “magnetic-field waste products: urine, feces, and sweat. deficiency syndrome (MFDS)” reported by Japanese researchers, led by Dr. Kyoichi Nakagawa, in the mantra Sanskrit words or phrases (the singular 1950s. Some people in Japanese cities experienced form is mantram) that carry energy and vibrations symptoms including chronic fatigue and insomnia useful in meditation practices. According to that were eventually related to the fact that iron Ayurvedic medicine, chanting a mantram or and steel girders in large modern buildings mantra has healing benefits, particularly to achieve restricted the flow of the Earth’s magnetic energy. balance in body, mind, and consciousness and to People who spent significant time in those build- nourish spiritual growth. ings, it was concluded, did not receive as much See also TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION; YOGA. magnetic energy as did those who spent time in buildings made of wood or other organic materials. marma In Ayurvedic medicine, the energy points In other experiments, blocking the flow of magnet- where two or more physical functions meet. ism by covering the heads and adrenal regions of See also MARMA PUNCTURE. 82 marma puncture marma puncture In Ayurvedic medicine, the somewhat painful, it can be quite healing if done insertion of a needle into the body’s marma, or properly and with caution. energy points, at the junction of two or more sig- Therapists may borrow techniques from a vari- nificant body functions. ety of different kinds of massage and use them according to the client’s needs. Among the most massage The scientific method of manipulating common types of massage are the following (1) the soft tissues of the body for several different pur- shiatsu, a Japanese style of massage, is performed poses: to restore basic functions of all systems of on the floor, on a mat, rather than on a massage the body as a whole (hence the term holistic), table, (2) acupressure, similar to shiatsu, mainly release tension by giving the body a chance to heal uses thumb pressure to stimulate pressure points, naturally, boost the immune system, release endor- (3) neuromuscular, also known as trigger point phins, increase circulation, improve muscle tone, therapy, uses finger pressure to address painful and rid the body of toxins. areas in the muscles, (4) sports massage uses tech- The healing properties of touch and massage niques for athletes and other physically active peo- have been used for the past 5,000 years or more. ple who have sore muscles or injuries that require The use of one’s hands for the purpose of calming special care, such as sprains, strains and tendinitis; another person has made massage one of the most before and after physical activity, it can enhance accessible modalities of healing known to training and prevent injury, (5) craniosacral work humankind. In ancient times, people of India used aims to locate and correct cerebral and spinal massage to strengthen and heal the body. The Bible imbalances or blockages that cause sensory, motor, mentions “laying the hand on the body” and or intellectual dysfunction, (6) connective tissue anointing the body with oil as a means of healing. massage concentrates on the superficial and mid- In 460 B.C. Hippocrates, known as the father of dle layers of connective tissue (called fascia) to medicine, recommended that his patients receive relax, revitalize, and heal the body, (7) manual such treatment for overall health and said that all lymph drainage is a rhythmic pumping form of physicians should learn massage techniques. From massage designed to stimulate the movement of that point forward, hundreds of variations on the lymph fluid through the lymph vessels. It is espe- theme have been created and explored by many cially useful in the treatment of lymphedema, a different cultures. Thai medical history documents side effect of any surgery in which the lymph that Thai massage was introduced to the world by nodes are removed or of irradiation administered Jibaka Kumaru Bacha, an Indian doctor, more than in the area of the lymph nodes, (8) chair massage 2,500 years ago. He incorporated the use of herbs often occurs in public settings, such as corporate and minerals, as well as the spiritual aspect of the offices, where time is of the essence and clothes art. Since then, therapeutic massage has become a may not be removed. A special chair, rather than a respected profession, despite its unfortunate link to massage table, is used to make the recipient as prostitution and “massage parlors.” In the 1800s, comfortable as possible while making the back, the Royal Central Institute, where massage tech- neck, and arms accessible to the therapist, (9) niques were looked upon as a science, was estab- Reflexology is making use of the hands and feet as lished in Stockholm, Sweden. Swedish massage, maps for the entire body. This is especially useful the basis of all Western forms of massage treat- in cases when massage of certain areas of the body ment, is a full-body massage using a variety of oils is restricted, (10) The Feldenkrais Method is con- to nourish the skin—sesame, almond, coconut, and sidered useful for many types of chronic pain, grape seed, to name a few. Of the approximately including headaches, temporomandibular joint 400 or so branches of massage, there are several (TMJ) syndrome, and other joint disorders. Com- that are widely recognized as Swedish. Deep Tis- monly used for athletes, dancers, and other per- sue, for example, is often incorporated into formers, the method is said to improve balance, Swedish massage if the client has problem areas coordination, and mobility. A session, which may that need specific attention. Although it can be be performed while the person is sitting or lying meridians 83 on the floor, standing, or sitting in a chair, consists cation to pass themselves off as certified. A thera- of being verbally guided through a sequence of pist should have completed 500 hours of training at movements designed to relax the body and help an accredited school and be affiliated with an orga- abandon destructive patterns, (11) Therapeutic nization such as the American Massage Therapy Touch (also known as T-Touch or TT) uses the Association (AMTA) (see Appendix I). It is prefer- principle of the universal life force energy that able to choose someone who is either state or flows in and out of the body. Where there are dis- nationally certified. This means the therapist has ease, illness, and pain, they indicate a block of been taught and tested in the areas of anatomy and such energy. Practitioners are taught to detect such physiology, pathology, massage technique, mas- blockages by passing their hands above the sage-related medical treatment, and ethics. Licens- patient’s body. Energy imbalances can be equal- ing of massage therapists is now required in 25 ized, therefore enabling the body to heal. As of states, and an increasing number of states are 1988, the method was taught in 80 colleges and adopting the National Certification Examination. A universities in the United States and in 65 foreign national list of trained massage therapists is avail- countries, (12) Reiki, similar to Therapeutic Touch, able from the AMTA. To locate a therapist, contact is a gentle technique meant for stress reduction a local school of massage for the names of qualified and relaxation. The practitioner may position his local therapists. or her hands either above or on the body in order See also AROMATHERAPY; ESSENTIAL OILS; FEL to tap into the life force energy and to locate and DENKRAIS METHOD; HELLERWORK; MACROBIOTICS; clear blockages to improve health and enhance REFLEXOLOGY; REIKI; THERAPEUTIC TOUCH; TRAGER their quality of life. Treatments can be performed INTEGRATION. when the patient is sitting up or lying down and do not require the removal of clothing, (13) Lomi- Mayr intestinal therapy A modified fast using Lomi massage, a Hawaiian tradition, uses knead- mild laxatives combined with a specified diet and ing techniques as well as bone adjustment, baths, exercise. The Mayr therapy, popular in Europe, is and religious practices. Hot and cold stone massage concerned also with an individual’s posture and the uses rock formed by volcanic and sedimentary condition of his or her intestinal tract. More infor- action to manipulate the muscles and induce mation is available in the book Health through Inner relaxation and healing. Body Cleansing, by Erich Rauch, M.D. (Haug Pub- Aromatherapy, the use of aromatic essential oils, lishers, Heidelberg, Germany, 1986). is often coupled with massage to enhance treat- See also COLONIC IRRIGATION. ment. These oils are used to affect the way you feel, such as to deepen relaxation, rid the mind of worry, meditation The art and science of quieting and or energize. Aromatherapy adds the air of luxury centering the mind and coordinating breathing for and pampering to a massage session. Before accept- the purpose of achieving deep relaxation and clar- ing such treatment, the client should be sure the ity of thinking. oils are pure and of good quality. Although massage See also TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION. is considered safe treatment for many diseases and conditions, there are some instances in which it mentals In homeopathic medicine, symptoms should not be used. Check with a physician before related to one’s emotional or mental condition and having a massage treatment after recent surgery moods. or when there is acute inflammation or redness, See also HOMEOPATHY. swelling, difficulty breathing, fever, skin rash, varicose veins and other circulatory ailments, cancer, meridians In traditional Chinese medicine and or any other serious illness or infectious disease. other Asian medicine practices, the pathways—also Before booking a massage appointment with a known as jing-luo—along which vital energy points therapist, ask about his or her credentials. It is not carry the body’s ch’i, or life force. Fourteen pathways uncommon for people with little or no formal edu- go to and from the hands and feet to the torso and 84 mesmerism head. Twelve main bilateral meridians correspond to beings possess a life force or energy beyond the the 12 major organs—liver, spleen, heart, stomach, physical constitution, and that energy may become kidneys, lungs, etc. Six meridians pertain to the blad- blocked or unbalanced in some way, causing illness der, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, and large or injury or dysfunction. Moreover, the blockage intestine, and the Triple Burner (which regulates may be either physical or emotional, current or his- overall body temperature) is related to the trans- torical, in origin. The Metamorphic Technique portation of food and fluids throughout the body. practitioner seeks to repair illness-generating Other meridians travel up the front midline of the energy patterns. body and up the spinal column. Chinese practition- Acting as a catalyst for the client, the meta- ers believe imbalances, blockages, or disharmonies morphic practitioner uses a light touch on points along points of any of the meridians cause symptoms known as the spinal reflexes in the feet, hands, of illness. and head while remaining unattached to any spe- See also ACUPRESSURE; ACUPUNCTURE; . cific outcome. The Metamorphic Technique is not a therapy or a treatment, since it is not concerned mesmerism The technique of “animal magnet- with addressing specific symptoms or problems. ism,” named for its developer, Franz Anton Mes- Practitioners do not require a personal or medical mer, which was a precursor to hypnosis. history to perform this gentle, noninvasive, safe See also HYPNOSIS. technique. It can be used alone or complement conventional or alternative medicine therapies. Metamorphic Technique An approach to self- No special training, abilities, or background are healing and personal development through elimi- needed in order to become a practitioner. Clients nating limited beliefs about one’s potential and who wish to transform their behavioral and emo- patterns both physical and emotional that cause tional patterns often seek the Metamorphic Tech- these beliefs. Underlying the symptoms are corre- nique as a treatment. sponding patterns of energy, and the metamorphic A session usually lasts about an hour. The recip- technique acts as a catalyst to this energy (also ient removes shoes and socks and may either sit or known as the life force), gently helping to trans- lie down. The practitioner uses a light touch on the form the negative patterns into positive ones. spinal reflex points in the feet, hands, and head. The Metamorphic Technique originated in the Metamorphic Technique practitioners work in a work of Robert St. John, a British naturopath and detached way: nonjudgmental, nonmanipulative, reflexologist. During the 1960s St. John discovered relaxing, and energizing. he could create significant effects by applying a The Metamorphic Technique has been used a light touch to particular points on the feet that great deal in work with physical and mental dis- reflexologists call the spinal reflexes. He then abilities, as well as in schools for children with developed the spinal reflexes approach in combi- learning difficulties, in hospitals, in prisons, and nation with the concept of innate self-healing abil- in practices that help people overcome addic- ity and eventually called the entire process tions, eating disorders, and stress-related condi- Metamporphosis, particularly because the changes tions. It is also used by pregnant women and experienced by clients appeared to be enduring. midwives, to help bring about an easier preg- Gaston Saint-Pierre, who studied extensively with nancy and birth. Robert St. John during the 1970s, further devel- The Metamorphic Association offers these oped St. John’s work and called it the Metamorphic guidelines on the technique: Technique. In 1979 he set up the Metamorphic Association, which was then registered as a charity • A unique tool for personal transformation. in 1984, to promote the technique worldwide. • Not a therapy or a treatment, but a technique The basis for the Metamorphic Technique, like that helps trigger your own inner life force, that of other alternative techniques, is that human enabling you to better realize your potential. molecular nutrition 85

• Based on a new way of looking at energy pat- vital organs and structures of the body, exemplified terns. While other approaches often focus on particularly by syphilis, a venereal disease that removing energy blockages, the Metamorphic eventually destroys all the bodily systems. Technique looks at transforming energy pat- See also HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL C.F.; HOMEOPATHY. terns. It does not consider people to be “blocked” or “broken” and in need of being mind-body connection The relationship between “fixed.” Instead, it simply notices that you may the physiological and psychological aspects of the have patterns that no longer serve you and that human being, for example, how stress, depression, you wish to transform. The energy that was fatigue, exposure to environmental factors, and involved in creating the old patterns is released other general emotional conditions are manifested and can be used to create new patterns. in dysfunction and disease. The former section chief • Empowering. Any changes that occur originate at the National Institute of Mental Health, Candace entirely from within the recipient. That person’s Pert, Ph.D., of Rutgers University, who discovered own life force has an innate intelligence of its the neurochemical substances known as neuropep- own. The practitioner simply acts as a catalyst in tides, encouraged research on neuropeptides. A the process. common example is endorphins, the body’s naturally produced form of morphine, which are both • Noninvasive. There is no physical manipulation, pain-relieving and euphoria-inducing. Alternative nor diagnosis, nor any need to discuss personal and integrative medicine modalities have embraced problems or medical history. the mind-body concept as the most significant • Gentle and completely safe. premise for wide-ranging holistic treatments, • Accessible to everyone, and easy to learn and including acupuncture, numerous forms of body- integrate into everyday life. work, bioenergetic therapy, and other methods. See also ACUPUNCTURE; AYURVEDA; BIOENERGETICS; The Metamorphic Association is a United ENDORPHINS; ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE; HOLISM; Kingdom–based registered charity (Charity No. HOMEOPATHY; VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE; YIN-YANG; YOGA. 326525) with an international presence. It functions as a network of people who support each molecular nutrition The application of biochemi- other in learning, sharing, exploring, practicing, cal and physiological approaches to the understand- promoting and teaching the Metamorphic Tech- ing of nutrient function and metabolism in systems nique. As members of the association, they have a ranging from the whole animal to the molecular common goal: “to promote good health and well- level. Nutrition is a natural science that has a funda- being through awareness, understanding and use of mental biological basis. Nutrition-related intracellu- the Metamorphic Technique in the UK and interna- lar processes and pathways have far-reaching tionally and to uphold standards in practicing and implications for human nutrition, nutrient-regu- teaching the technique.” The Metamorphic Associ- lated cell processes, and gene-nutrient interactions, ation address is P.O. Box 32368, London SW17 8YB. all believed to be vital for human health and longevity. To study such processes and pathways miasm In homeopathic medicine, an underlying requires a critical knowledge of biochemistry and pattern of dysfunction that creates and maintains physiology combined with a fundamental back- chronic disease processes and their recurrences. ground in basic sciences. The headquarters of The The three miasms formulated by Samuel Hahne- International Society for Molecular Nutrition and mann are psora, sycosis, and syphilis. A psoric Therapy (ISMNT) is the Molecular Cardiology miasmic pattern refers to itching (e.g., psoriasis), Laboratory Department of Internal Medicine and especially skin disorders. A sycotic miasm refers to Cardiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Karl- gonorrhea and other disorders involving mucous von-Frisch-Str. 1 35033 Marburg, Germany, or Tel membranes. A syphilitic miasm is associated with 011 49 6421 286 5032; Fax 011 49 6421 286 8964; 86 Moody, Raymond

E-mail: [email protected]; World Wide heavens and seeing the Earth and the celestial Web: http://cardiorepair.uni-marburg.de/ismnt.html. sphere as they would be seen by astronauts in Objectives of ISMNT include promoting nutritional space. research at the molecular level with respect to health People of light. Once on the other side of the tun- and disease and organizing scientific meetings in the nel, or after they have risen into the heavens, area of molecular nutrition, including nutrition the dying meet people who glow with an related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immune inner light. Often they find that friends and disorders, neurosciences, nutritional abnormalities, relatives who have already died are there to and vitamins and trace elements. greet them. The being of light. After meeting the people of Source: http://nutrition.tufts.edu/programs/cmn/ light, the dying often meet a powerful spiritual being whom some have called God, Moody, Raymond An American physician and Jesus, or some religious figure. author, born in Georgia in 1944, who documented The life review. The being of light presents the the near-death experience and is a proponent of dying with a panoramic review of everything the concept of an afterlife, particularly as it pertains they have ever done. That is, they relive to catastrophic trauma or illness. His best-selling every act they have ever done to other people book, Life after Life, first focused public attention in and come away feeling that love is the most 1975 on the near-death experience and what it is important thing in life. telling the medical profession Dr. Moody recorded Reluctance to return. The being of light sometimes and compared the experiences of 150 persons who tells the dying that they must return to life. died, or almost died, and then recovered. His Other times, they are given a choice of stay- research describes the results of decades of inquiry ing or returning. In either case, they are into the near-death experience. He outlines nine reluctant to return. The people who choose to elements that generally occur during the near- return do so only because of loved ones they death experience: do not wish to leave behind. A strange sound. A buzzing, or ringing noise, while having a sense of being dead. Moore, Thomas An American psychotherapist, Peace and painlessness. While people are dying, writer, and lecturer who lives in New England they may be in intense pain, but as soon as with his wife and two children. He has published they leave the body the pain vanishes and many articles in the areas of archetypal and Jun- they experience peace. gian psychology, mythology, and the arts. His Out-of-body experience. The dying often have the books include Soul Mates (New York: Harper- sensation of rising up and floating above their Collins, 1994). He also edited A Blue Fire (Harper- own body while it is surrounded by a medical Collins), an anthology of the writings of James team, and watching it down below, while Hillman. Moore lived as a monk in a Catholic reli- feeling comfortable. They experience the feel- gious order for 12 years. He has a Ph.D. in reli- ing of being in a spiritual body that appears to gious studies from Syracuse University, an M.A. in be a sort of living energy field. theology from the University of Windsor, an M.A. The tunnel experience. The next experience is that in musicology from the University of Michigan, of being drawn into darkness through a tun- and a B.A. in music and philosophy from DePaul nel, at an extremely high speed, until reach- University. He is a leading lecturer and writer in ing a realm of radiant golden-white light. North America and in Europe in the areas of Also, although they sometimes report feeling archetypal psychology, mythology, and the arts. scared, they do not sense that they were on the way to hell or that they fell into it. MORA Concept A therapy that combines Rising rapidly into the heavens. Instead of a tunnel, acupuncture’s meridian therapy, high technology, some people report rising suddenly into the and homeopathic medicine, described in the book Myss, Caroline 87

The MORA Concept, by Franz Morell, M.D., pub- myotherapy A method of treatment that focuses lished Karl F. Haug (Heidelberg, Germany, 1990). on the relaxation and restoration of muscles. See also ACUPUNTURE; HOMEOPATHY. Massage, Rolfing, Feldenkrais method, and many other techniques are forms of bodywork or mother tincture The base stock from which myotherapy. homeopathic remedies are taken. See also HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL C. F.; HOMEOPATHY; Myss, Caroline An American intuitive healer and INFUSION. author. Myss, a graduate of St. Mary of the Woods College in Indiana, worked as a freelance journal- moxibustion An acupuncture technique involv- ist when she attended a seminar of Elisabeth ing the use of dried mugwort, an herb that is Kübler-Ross and experienced a “crisis of meaning.” burned on the ends of acupuncture needles or Inspired, she attended Mundelein College and rolled to form a stick, heated, and applied to the received a master’s degree in theology. She there- body in order to warm the area, thus increasing the after started the Stillpoint Publishing Company. ﬂow of the life force, or qi (also ch’i). During this time in New Hampshire Myss acknowl- See also ACUPUNCTURE; QI. edged and began to demonstrate what she referred to as medical intuitive abilities. As Myss said, “I had music therapy The application of music by a all the ambition in the world to be a publisher and qualiﬁed practitioner to effect positive changes in all the talent to be a medical intuitive.” She started psychological, physical, mental, or social function- working with holistic doctors, began creating ing in the client. Music therapists have been suc- audiotapes, and lectured around the world. She cessfully using the effects of sound and music to returned to Chicago and wrote Anatomy of the Spirit improve health in clients for years. The substantial (New York: Harmony Books, 1996), a New York research they have produced is helpful in illustrat- Times best-seller, and a year later, Why People Don’t ing the potential healthful effects of sound therapy, Heal and How They Can (New York: Harmony Books, yet their approach has been so process-oriented 1997), which also became a best-seller. Myss cur- that it has not been able to determine exactly how rently gives lectures, seminars, workshops, and or why it works. educational programs. See also SOUND THERAPY.

N nasya In Ayurvedic medicine, the therapeutic if the services will be covered. (To learn more inhaling of oils. about selecting a CAM practitioner, see our fact sheet, “Selecting a Complementary and Alter- native Medicine Practitioner.”) National Center for Complementary and Alterna- tive Medicine (NCCAM) An organization dedicated to the study and promotion of alternative and Questions and Answers complementary medicines in the United States. 1. What is complementary and alternative medicine? The following are its mission statement and perti- 2. How can I get reliable information about a nent information. The statement below has been CAM therapy? edited. Footnotes in the original document have 3. Are CAM therapies safe? not been reproduced. For the full text see the 4. How can I determine whether statements made NCCAM website at http://www.nccam.nih.gov/. about the effectiveness of a CAM therapy are true? Decisions about your health care are important— 5. Are there any risks to using CAM treatments? including decisions about whether to use comple- 6. Are CAM therapies tested to see if they work? mentary and alternative medicine (CAM). The 7. I am interested in a CAM therapy that involves National Center for Complementary and Alternative treatment from a practitioner. How do I go Medicine (NCCAM) has developed this fact sheet to about selecting a practitioner? assist you in your decisionmaking about CAM. It 8. Can I receive treatment or a referral to a practi- includes frequently asked questions, issues to con- tioner from NCCAM? sider, and a list of sources for further information. 9. Can I participate in CAM research through a clinical trial? • Take charge of your health by being an informed consumer. Find out what scientiﬁc studies have 1. What is complementary and alternative been done on the safety and effectiveness of the medicine? CAM treatment in which you are interested. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) • Decisions about medical care and treatment is a group of diverse medical and health care sys- should be made in consultation with a health tems, practices, and products that are not care provider and based on the condition and presently considered to be a part of conventional needs of each person. Discuss information on medicine. 1People use CAM therapies in a variety CAM with your health care provider before of ways. CAM therapies used alone are often making any decisions about treatment or care. referred to as “alternative.” When used in addi- • If you use any CAM therapy, inform your pri- tion to conventional medicine, they are often mary health care provider. This is for your referred to as “complementary.” The list of what safety and so your health care provider can is considered to be CAM changes continually, as develop a comprehensive treatment plan. those therapies that are proven to be safe and • If you use a CAM therapy provided by a practi- effective become adopted into conventional tioner, such as acupuncture, choose the practi- health care and as new approaches to health care tioner with care. Check with your insurer to see emerge. For more about these terms, see the

89 90 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

NCCAM fact sheet “What Is Complementary and • If you do not have access to the Internet, con- Alternative Medicine?” tact the NCCAM Clearinghouse (see “For More Information”). The staff is available to discuss 2. How can I get reliable information about a your needs with you and assist you in search- CAM therapy? ing the peer-reviewed medical and scientific literature. It is important to learn what scientific studies have • Visit your local library or a medical library to discovered about the therapy in which you are see if there are books or publications that con- interested. It is not a good idea to use a CAM ther- tain scientific articles discussing CAM in gen- apy simply because of something you have seen in eral or the treatment in which you are an advertisement or on a Web site or because interested. Thousands of articles on health someone has told you that it worked for them. issues and CAM are published in books and sci- Understanding a treatment’s risks, potential bene- entific journals every year. A reference librar- fits, and scientific evidence is critical to your health ian can help you search for those on the and safety. Scientific research on many CAM ther- therapy that interests you. apies is relatively new, so this kind of information may not be available for every therapy. However, many studies on CAM treatments are under way, 3. Are CAM therapies safe? including those that NCCAM supports, and our Each treatment needs to be considered on its own. knowledge and understanding of CAM is increas- However, here are some issues to think about ing all the time. Here are some ways to find scien- when considering a CAM therapy. tifically based information: • Many consumers believe that “natural” means • Talk to your health care practitioner(s). Tell the same thing as “safe.” This is not necessarily them about the therapy you are considering true. For example, think of mushrooms that and ask any questions you may have about grow in the wild: some are safe to eat, while safety, effectiveness, or interactions with med- others are poisonous. ications (prescription or non-prescription). • Individuals respond differently to treatments. They may know about the therapy and be able How a person might respond to a CAM treat- to advise you on its safety and use. If your ment depends on many things, including the practitioner cannot answer your questions, he person’s state of health, how the treatment is may be able to refer you to someone who can. used, or the person’s belief in the treatment. Your practitioner may also be able to help you interpret the results of scientific articles you • For a CAM product that is sold over the have found. counter (without a prescription), such as a dietary supplement, safety can also depend on a • Use the Internet to search medical libraries and number of things: databases for information. One database called CAM on PubMed (see “For More Information”), ° The components or ingredients that make developed by NCCAM and the National Library up the product of Medicine (NLM), gives citations or abstracts ° Where the components or ingredients (brief summaries) of the results of scientific come from studies on CAM. In some cases, it provides links ° The quality of the manufacturing process to publishers’ Web sites where you may be able (for example, how well the manufacturer to view or obtain the full articles. The articles is able to avoid contamination). cited in CAM on PubMed are peer-reviewed— that is, other scientists in the same field have The manufacturer of a dietary supplement is reviewed the article, the data, and the conclu- responsible for ensuring the safety and effective- sions, and judged them to be accurate and ness of the product before it is sold. The U.S. Food important to the field. Another database, Inter- and Drug Administration (FDA) cannot require national Bibliographic Information on Dietary testing of dietary supplements prior to marketing. Supplements, is useful for searching the scien- However, while manufacturers are prohibited from tific literature on dietary supplements (see “For selling dangerous products, the FDA can remove a More Information”). product from the marketplace if the product is National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 91 dangerous to the health of Americans. Further- NCCAM has any information or scientific more, if in the labeling or marketing of a dietary findings to report about the therapy. supplement a claim is made that the product can • How does the provider or manufacturer diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease, such as describe the treatment? The FDA advises that “cures cancer,” the product is said to be an unap- certain types of language may sound impres- proved new drug and is, therefore, being sold ille- sive but actually disguise a lack of science. Be gally. Such claims must have scientific proof. wary of terminology such as “innovation,” • For CAM therapies that are administered by a “quick cure,” “miracle cure,” “exclusive prod- practitioner, the training, skill, and experience uct,” “new discovery,” or “magical discovery.” of the practitioner affect safety. However, in Watch out for claims of a “secret formula.” If a spite of careful and skilled practice, all treat- therapy were a cure for a disease, it would be ments—whether CAM or conventional—can widely reported and prescribed or recom- have risks. mended. Legitimate scientists want to share their knowledge so that their peers can review 4. How can I determine whether statements their data. Be suspicious of phrases like “sup- made about the effectiveness of a CAM pressed by government” or claims that the medical profession or research scientists have therapy are true? conspired to prevent a therapy from reaching Statements that manufacturers and providers of the public. Finally, be wary of claims that CAM therapies may make about the effectiveness something cures a wide range of unrelated dis- of a therapy and its other benefits can sound rea- eases (for example, cancer, diabetes, and sonable and promising. However, they may or may AIDS). No product can treat every disease and not be backed up by scientific evidence. Before you condition. begin using a CAM treatment, it is a good idea to ask the following questions: 5. Are there any risks to using CAM treatments? • Is there scientific evidence (not just personal Yes, there can be risks, as with any medical ther- stories) to back up the statements? Ask the apy. These risks depend upon the specific CAM manufacturer or the practitioner for scientific treatment. The following are general suggestions articles or the results of studies. They should be to help you learn about or minimize the risks. willing to share this information, if it exists. • Discuss with your health care practitioner any • Does the Federal Government have anything to CAM treatment that you are considering or are report about the therapy? using; it is important for your safety and for a ° Visit the FDA online at www.fda.gov to see comprehensive treatment plan. For example, if there is any information available about herbal or botanical products and other dietary the product or practice. Information specif- supplements may interact with medications ically about dietary supplements can be (prescription or non-prescription). They may found on FDA’s Center for Food Safety and also have negative, even dangerous, effects on Applied Nutrition Web site at www. their own. Research has shown that the herb cfsan.fda.gov. Or visit the FDA’s Web page St. John’s wort, which is used by some people on recalls and safety alerts at www.fda.gov/ to treat depression, may cause certain drugs to opacom/7alerts.html. become less effective. And kava, an herb that ° Check with the Federal Trade Commission has been used for insomnia, stress, and anxiety, (FTC) at www.ftc.gov to see if there are has been linked to liver damage. any fraudulent claims or consumer alerts • If you have more than one health care provider, regarding the therapy. Visit the Diet, let all of them know about CAM and conven- Health, and Fitness Consumer Information tional therapies you are using. This will help Web site at www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu- each provider make sure that all aspects of your health.htm. health care work together. ° Visit the NCCAM Web site, nccam.nih.gov, • Take charge of your health by being an or call the NCCAM Clearinghouse to see if informed consumer. Find out what the scien- 92 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

tific evidence is about any treatment’s safety Information Resources Online (DIRLINE) com- and whether it works. piled by the National Library of Medicine • If you decide to use a CAM treatment that (dirline.nlm.nih.gov). It contains locations and would be given by a practitioner, choose the descriptive information about a variety of practitioner carefully to help minimize any pos- health organizations, including CAM associa- sible risks. tions and organizations. • Many states have regulatory agencies or licens- 6. Are CAM therapies tested to see if they work? ing boards for certain types of practitioners. They may be able to provide you with informa- While some scientific evidence exists regarding the tion regarding practitioners in your area. Your effectiveness of some CAM therapies, for most state, county, or city health department may be there are key questions that are yet to be answered able to refer you to such agencies or boards. through well-designed scientific studies—ques- Licensing, accreditation, and regulatory laws tions such as whether they are safe, how they for CAM practices are becoming more common work, and whether they work for the diseases or to help ensure that practitioners are competent medical conditions for which they are used. and provide quality services. NCCAM is the Federal Government’s lead agency on scientific research of CAM. NCCAM supports 8. Can I receive treatment or a referral to a research on CAM therapies to determine if they practitioner from NCCAM? work, how they work, whether they are effective, NCCAM is the Federal Government’s lead agency and who might benefit most from the use of spe- dedicated to supporting research on CAM thera- cific therapies. pies. NCCAM does not provide CAM therapies or referrals to practitioners. 7. I am interested in a CAM therapy that involves treatment from a practitioner. How 9. Can I participate in CAM research through a do I go about selecting a practitioner? clinical trial? Here are a few things to consider when selecting a NCCAM supports clinical trials (research studies in practitioner. If you need more information, see our people) of CAM therapies. Clinical trials of CAM are fact sheet, “Selecting a Complementary and Alter- taking place in many locations worldwide, and study native Medicine Practitioner.” participants are needed. To find out more about clin- • Ask your physician, other health professionals, or ical trials in CAM, see the NCCAM fact sheet “About someone you believe to be knowledgeable regard- Clinical Trials and Complementary and Alternative ing CAM whether they have recommendations. Medicine.” To find trials that are recruiting participants, go to the Web site nccam.nih.gov/clinicaltri- • Contact a nearby hospital or a medical school als. You can search this site by the type of therapy and ask if they maintain a list of area CAM being studied or by disease or condition. practitioners or could make a recommendation. Some regional medical centers may have a For More Information CAM center or CAM practitioners on staff. NCCAM Clearinghouse • Contact a professional organization for the type of practitioner you are seeking. Often, profes- Toll-free: 1-888-644-6226 sional organizations have standards of practice, International: 301-519-3153 provide referrals to practitioners, have publica- TTY (for deaf or hard-of-hearing callers): tions explaining the therapy (or therapies) that 1-866-464-3615 their members provide, and may offer informa- E-mail: [email protected] tion on the type of training needed and Web site: nccam.nih.gov whether practitioners of a therapy must be Address: NCCAM Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 7923, licensed or certified in your state. Professional Gaithersburg, MD 20898-7923 organizations can be located by searching the Internet or directories in libraries (ask the Fax: 1-866-464-3616 librarian). One directory is the Directory of Fax-on-Demand Service: 1-888-644-6226 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 93

NCCAM is dedicated to exploring complementary 3. botanicals; and alternative medical practices in the context of 4. health disparities; and rigorous science, training CAM researchers, and 5. integrative medicine and research training. disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals. Cancer Progress Report NCCAM has provided this material for your infor- One of every four Americans dies of cancer, mak- mation. It is not intended to substitute for the ing it the second leading cause of death. During the medical expertise and advice of your primary year 2000, an estimated 552,200 Americans died health care provider. We encourage you to discuss of cancer, averaging more than 1,500 deaths per any decisions about treatment or care with your day. Cancer costs this nation an estimated $107 bil- health care provider. The mention of any product, lion annually, including health care expenditures service, or therapy in this information is not an and lost productivity from illness and death. endorsement by NCCAM Many cancer patients use CAM as a primary treat- NCCAM Publication No. D167 ment or, more often, to alleviate the discomfort of August 2002 conventional cancer therapy; however, the subject goes largely unexplored in dialogues between Mechanisms of CAM interventions oncologists and their patients. A recent survey of When the National Center for Complementary and cancer patients elucidated the extent to which Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) was established in CAM modalities are incorporated in cancer treat- Fiscal Year (FY) 1999, experts were recruited to ment. In total, nearly 85 percent of the patients build an infrastructure capable of supporting a new surveyed used at least one CAM therapy while research enterprise and the Center’s future undergoing conventional oncology treatment. growth. NCCAM also established a program of Among the most popular modalities are spiritual- Specialized Research Centers to build essential ity, vitamins and herbs, and movement/physical research capacity in the complementary and alter- therapies. This survey illustrates not only the need native medicine (CAM) community. We launched for frank oncologist-patient discussions, but also a program of clinical trials, including the largest the need to carefully examine combinations of and most rigorous Phase III studies ever designed cancer and CAM therapies. It is possible that some for a range of CAM modalities. We also initiated a modalities are beneficial, while others are ineffec- portfolio of investigator-initiated research. tive or otherwise diminish the effectiveness of conventional treatments. During the past year, and with the recruitment of our first Director, we have rapidly expanded our NCCAM’s rapidly growing cancer portfolio is grants portfolio. It now addresses a wide range of directed at CAM therapies appropriate to the treat- conditions and CAM modalities. Based on the ment of the disease itself, as well as its complica- input from the communities we serve, our statu- tions, encompassing both the study of cancer tory authorities, and the funding NCCAM has interventions and palliative care. In FY 2000, received thus far, we developed a strategic plan to NCCAM spent more than $4 million in support of wisely guide our future growth and direction. cancer research studies—a three-fold increase over FY 1999. Through FY 2001 and FY 2002 we will Our new strategic plan, Expanding Horizons of further expand our support for meritorious Healthcare, together with our Strategic Plan to Address research. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities outline a clear, yet flexible research agenda through FY 2005. Consis- Specialty Research Centers. In FY 2000 NCCAM tent with these plans, we have identified priority funded two new Specialty Research Centers dedi- areas that warrant immediate investments due to cated to studying the safety and effectiveness of pressing public health needs and a dearth of valid several popular CAM cancer therapies. Awards scientific information or sufficient maturation of totaling $8 million each over five years were made the science. NCCAM’s areas of focus include: to Johns Hopkins University and the University of Pennsylvania. The Johns Hopkins Center is study- 1. mechanisms of CAM interventions; ing the anti-oxidant effects of herbs in cancer cells 2. cancer; and the safety and efficacy of PC-SPES (a popular 94 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

mixture of Chinese herbal medications) in men son therapy), high dose anti-oxidants, herbal mix- with prostate cancer. The University of Pennsylva- tures, and whole plant extracts. nia Center is examining the mechanisms of action, safety, and clinical efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen Future Directions (oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressures) for the treatment of head and neck cancers. Supplements to NCI Cancer Centers. NCI’s Can- cer Centers possess the infrastructure, organiza- Gonzalez Therapy. Certain CAM approaches are tion, leadership, and integrated multidisciplinary controversial, particularly those used instead of objectives enabling them to build and incorporate conventional regimens for treating cancer. new programs in emerging areas of cancer Nonetheless, NCCAM is committed to pursuing research. Rather than attempting to duplicate the rigorous investigations of such therapies for which success of this program, NCCAM plans to solicit there is sufficient preliminary data, compelling and fund competitive, supplemental awards to public health need, and ethical justifications to do existing NCI-funded Cancer Centers. This will per- so. This is illustrated by our support of a study of mit us to develop innovative pilot projects in areas an approach advocated by Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez. of cancer CAM research. Emphasis will be placed, Dr. Gonzalez treats cancer patients with dietary where possible, on studies involving minority and supplements, including pancreatic enzymes, mag- underserved populations. Preliminary data from nesium citrate, papaya extracts, vitamins, miner- this research will serve as the basis for more defin- als, trace elements, and animal glandular products, itive clinical trials. as well as with coffee enemas. Very preliminary data suggests the therapy may be effective in pro- CAM at the End-of-Life. Cancer patients for longing life expectancy for those suffering from whom a cure is not an option face not only death, pancreatic cancer. Given that conventional regi- but also the diminution of quality of life and mens for this type of cancer only moderately pro- intractable pain. Perhaps as many as 70 percent of long life, there is sufficient argument from a public these cancer patients are seeking complementary health standpoint to evaluate the regimen in a and alternative therapies to expand their end-of- more rigorous fashion. Accordingly, to assess Dr. life care options. NCCAM plans to solicit phase I Gonzalez’s protocol, NCCAM and NCI are funding and II clinical trials of CAM modalities for the pre- and overseeing a substantive pilot trial of 90 vention and management of symptoms associated patients with pancreatic cancer at the Columbia- with the end-of-life, including secondary side Presbyterian Cancer Center. effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the enhancement of the well-being of persons facing a Shark Cartilage. Our cancer research portfolio life-limiting illness. In parallel, we are interested in includes studies of shark cartilage that are also supporting similar studies for people with funded in collaboration with the NCI. These stud- HIV/AIDS. ies include an ongoing phase III clinical trial involving over 700 lung cancer patients in the While people have used complementary and alter- United States and Canada. A second trial will native remedies for centuries, little is known about examine safety and efficacy of shark cartilage in how they work. By understanding the underlying patients with a variety of advanced cancers. mechanisms of CAM modalities, we could better monitor their actions and develop biomarkers that Quick Trials. In conjunction with NCI, NCCAM correlate with beneficial clinical outcomes. Thus, has embarked upon a creative, new research grant we would be better positioned to prove which mechanism to simplify the grant application CAM modalities work and which do not, and to process and to provide rapid turnaround from inform the public accordingly. application to funding. Initially announced for a pilot program in prostate cancer, the Quick Trial Phase III Clinical Trials. One of NCCAM’s highest mechanism has been used for pilot, phase I, and priorities is to conduct Phase III clinical trials of CAM phase II cancer clinical trials testing new agents, as modalities. NCCAM’s phase III clinical trials are built well as patient monitoring and laboratory studies upon a substantial body of scientific evidence con- to ensure timely development of new treatments. cerning a given modality. While sufficiently complex We intend to support well-designed studies in such in design and ambitious in scope to address the crit- areas as complex CAM systems (i.e., Revici or Ger- ical scientific issues and patient safety concerns, they National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 95 are well poised to definitively address the most obvi- back and neck pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. ous premise, “Does this modality work?” In collabo- NCCAM also supports studies of “lesser known” ration with other NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), applications of acupuncture, including the treat- NCCAM currently supports five multiyear, multi- ment of hypertension, cocaine abuse, and pre- center phase III clinical trials: and postnatal depression. Investigations of the many different applications of acupuncture 1. Hypericum for depression—the National Insti- should provide us with greater insight into the tute of Mental Health (NIMH); beneficial use of acupuncture. 2. Shark cartilage for lung cancer—the National Cancer Institute (NCI); Spinal Manipulation. New to NCCAM’s research 3. Ginkgo biloba for dementia—the National Insti- portfolio are studies to examine the efficacy and tute on Aging (NIA), the National Heart, Lung mechanisms of action of specific types of spinal and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National manipulation, including those employed in chiro- Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke practic. Studies include examination of the efficacy (NINDS); of spinal manipulation on chronic neck pain and 4. Acupuncture for osteoarthritis pain—the range of motion, as well as the impact of lumbar National Institute of Arthritis and Muscu- spinal manipulation on posture. loskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); and 5. Glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthri- Future Directions tis—NIAMS. Chelation Therapy. Coronary artery disease Specialty Research Centers. In addition to sup- (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality for both porting multicenter clinical trials, NCCAM now men and women in the United States, with more funds 15 specialty research centers that form a than 500,000 Americans dying of heart attacks research infrastructure on which to investigate the each year. Despite decades of use, studies of ethyl- mechanisms underlying CAM treatments and their enediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) chelation therapy health effects. NCCAM-funded centers cover CAM on CAD have been extremely few, very small in approaches for many areas of major public health size, and of flawed design, offering few conclusions need, including drug addictions, aging and concerning its true safety and effectiveness. To women’s health, arthritis, craniofacial disorders, address this important public health issue, NCCAM cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, plans, in collaboration with NHLBI, to solicit appli- pediatrics, and chiropractic research. These centers cations to conduct the first substantive, multisite, constitute a major investment of NCCAM’s clinical trial, using rigorous trial design and vali- resources and serve as the focal point for initiating dated outcomes measures, to investigate the efficacy and maintaining state-of-the-art multidisciplinary and safety of EDTA chelation therapy in individuals CAM research, developing core research resources, suffering from CAD. training new CAM investigators, providing community outreach and education, and expanding Biology of Acupuncture. Despite the growing the research base through collaborative research body of literature that addresses the clinical effects and outreach to scientists and clinicians. of acupuncture, there are critical scientific gaps. In particular, NCCAM plans to invite seasoned inves- Efficacy of Acupuncture. More than one million tigators to join us in exploring how acupuncture people in the U.S. receive acupuncture, resulting works. Potential areas of research include the basic in approximately 10 million treatment visits biology and biochemistry of acupuncture, its annually. Acupuncture is administered by a vari- effects at the cellular level, its effects upon body ety of health care providers ranging from conven- systems (such as the immune and nervous sys- tional physicians to Traditional Chinese Medicine tems), and genetic factors that correlate with practitioners. In response to this great public responses to acupuncture therapy. interest, NCCAM has funded multiple studies to examine the effectiveness of acupuncture for a Investigations of the Placebo Effect. The placebo variety of conditions. Currently, there is consider- has received an increasing amount of attention able use of acupuncture for the management of recently due to its effect on pain management. In both chronic and acute pain. NCCAM supports November 2000, NCCAM and the National Insti- studies to evaluate acupuncture for dental pain, tute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 96 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(NIDDK) cosponsored a major international con- Centers for Dietary Supplement Research. In col- ference to examine social, psychological, and neu- laboration with the NIH Office of Dietary Supple- robiological contributions to the placebo effect, ments (ODS), NCCAM now funds four Centers for and how to ethically employ and evaluate placebo Dietary Supplement Research with an emphasis on actions in clinical trials. The ultimate outcome of botanicals; each totaling approximately $1.5 mil- the meeting is the development of a multidiscipli- lion per year for five years. The Centers serve to nary research agenda in which NCCAM and other identify and characterize botanicals, assess ICs may sponsor basic and clinical investigations of bioavailability and activity, explore mechanisms of placebo mechanisms and use. action, conduct preclinical and clinical evaluations, establish training and career development, and Osteoarthritis. The pain and limitation of motion help select the products to be tested in randomized caused by osteoarthritis (OA) are significant con- controlled clinical trials. The two new Centers tributors to disability and dependence to millions NCCAM added in FY 2000 include the Purdue Uni- of older Americans. Because current medications versity Center, which focuses on the health effects for OA are not sufficiently effective for all individ- of antioxidants in botanicals, and the University of uals and may yield dose-limiting side effects, the Arizona, which studies the use of botanicals for public is seeking alternative methods of treatment. disease prevention and treatment. In conjunction with NIAMS and NIA, NCCAM plans to support innovative research projects that explore the entire repertoire of CAM strategies Future Directions used by the public in the prevention or treatment of OA. Relevant CAM modalities worthy of further Botanical-Drug Interactions. As illustrated by investigation include various forms of manual the effects of St. John’s wort on the AIDS drug manipulation, magnet therapy, and s-adenosylme- indinavir, botanical products interact with a num- thionine (SAM-e). ber of important drugs. This is of concern because 18 percent of individuals taking prescription drugs . . . Botanicals are among the most popular CAM also use botanicals, high dose vitamin products, or therapies and Americans rely upon them for treat- both. However, little reliable research-based data is ment and prevention of a number of conditions. available to guide consumers and practitioners These include St. John’s wort for depression, about the use of botanicals simultaneously with Ginkgo biloba for improved memory, and saw pal- over-the-counter and prescription drugs. NCCAM metto for prostate enlargement. Still, we have is now soliciting applications to investigate botani- much to learn about these products, most notably cal-drug interactions in vitro, in animal models, their relative safety and efficacy, side effects, and and in phase I and II clinical studies, as well as to interactions with medications. For instance, recent increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of studies suggest that St. John’s wort is more effective action of botanicals. One special emphasis will be than placebo in treating depression. While awaiting an examination of interactions between CAM results of the NCCAM-funded multicenter trial of botanicals and HIV/AIDS therapies. St. John’s wort for depression, we are investigating other properties of St. John’s wort. For example, Soy Supplements for Women with Breast Cancer. when used with some life-saving drugs, like the Some menopausal and postmenopausal women AIDS drug indinavir, St. John’s wort increases the find symptom relief through conventional estrogen rate at which the drug is eliminated from the blood- replacement therapy (ERT). Moreover, ERT has stream, rendering the drug ineffective sooner. This been associated with benefits such as preservation phenomenon has also been observed with certain of cardiovascular, skeletal, genitourinary, and cogni- oral contraceptives and drugs that prevent rejection tive health. Unfortunately, this therapy is associated of transplanted organs. These findings illustrate with an increased risk of breast cancer, dissuading vividly both the promise and challenges presented some women from using it and excluding its appli- by botanicals and other CAM therapies. Through cation for breast cancer survivors. Not surprisingly, rigorous research, NCCAM helps identify the despite its benefits, less than 20 percent of women extent to which individual therapies are safe and in the United States use ERT. Many women explore effective, as well as under what circumstances an alternative approaches to estrogen replacement to effective CAM modality may interfere with other eliminate the risks of conventional ERT, with the treatments. hope of reaping the benefits. Soybeans are known National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 97 to be rich in naturally occurring compounds with the number of Americans suffering from asthma. estrogen-like activity. Several studies of these popu- Although the prevalence of asthma does not vary lar soy-derived phytoestrogens (PEs) yielded substantially by racial/ethnic group, minority unclear and contradictory results, leaving open the groups experience more severe disability and more question of whether soy may protect against breast frequent hospitalization from asthma than Cau- cancer or, like conventional ERT, cause its emer- casians. Basic and preliminary clinical studies sum- gence. NCCAM intends to study these issues and marized at a recent joint NCCAM/NHLBI assess the impact in a phase II clinical trial of PE sup- workshop suggest that the mineral magnesium plementation on the health of women after a breast sulfate may be an effective new treatment for peo- cancer diagnosis. ple with asthma. In collaboration with NHLBI, NCCAM plans to support a definitive study to Natural Products Development. NCCAM recog- assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous mag- nizes the great need to study botanicals and has nesium supplementation as a treatment for acute encountered some limitations in doing so. Perhaps asthma. This study would determine the safety and the most significant limitation is the lack of stan- efficacy of magnesium in different subpopulation dardized products worthy of in-depth study. Con- groups, including different age and racial/ethnic sequently, NCCAM plans to solicit applications for groups. the development of standardized botanical products. The availability of sufficient quantities of a Epidemiology of CAM Use in Minority Populations. given botanical will ensure a reliable supply for Although the demographics, prevalence, and pat- clinical and basic research, allowing investigators terns of use of CAM in the United States have been to make comparisons across studies, between described for the general population, its use by known products, and permit large randomized racial and ethnic minorities is currently not controlled clinical trials. known. NCCAM, in conjunction with the Centers Cranberry for Urinary Tract Infections. Cranber- for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has ries have been used widely for decades for the pre- begun epidemiological investigations of the use of vention and treatment of recurring urinary tract CAM within minority and underserved popula- infections (UTI), particularly in women. However, tions, emphasizing the use of traditional and folk no conclusive studies have been conducted in medicine among immigrant populations and the humans. Consequently, NCCAM intends to assess rural poor. Information gained from these surveys the effectiveness and potential mechanisms of will help to prioritize NCCAM research agendas for action of cranberry juice and other cranberry prod- individual populations. ucts in preventing UTIs in susceptible populations, Institutional Research Training Awards for Minor- and to determine the appropriate dosage and dura- ity Researchers. To improve NCCAM’s ability to tion of therapy. obtain accurate and effective information that is The NCCAM recently recruited a director for the relevant to the diverse cultures that comprise the Office of Special Populations. This office will focus United States, we seek to achieve greater diversity on identifying the extent and nature of CAM use among our research communities. We will use the among special populations; studying the applica- National Research Training Award (T32) mecha- tion of CAM therapies to the reduction of dispari- nism to support pre- and post-doctoral trainees at ties; increasing participation of underrepresented minority and minority-serving institutions having populations in NCCAM-supported clinical trials; the potential to develop meritorious training pro- and enhancing the ability of minority institutions grams in CAM research. Through this effort, we to conduct CAM research. In conjunction with the hope to ensure that highly trained minority scien- trans-NIH effort to address the health disparities of tists will be available in adequate numbers and in U.S. racial and ethnic minorities, we have devel- appropriate research areas and fields so as to meet oped our own multi-faceted research plan. This the nation’s CAM research needs. plan will serve as a guide for the development of new research initiatives to address minority health Future Directions and health disparities through FY 2005. As part of fulfilling our overall scientific mission, Magnesium Therapy for Asthma. In the last sev- NCCAM will continue to address health disparities. eral years there has been a significant increase in We will continue to focus on diseases that con- 98 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

tribute to health disparities and increase our out- taken a comprehensive approach to research train- reach to minority populations. We will also coning, making awards at the institutional level, as tinue to create opportunities for minority scientists well as to individuals. Likewise, NCCAM supports and students to pursue research training. mentored and independent trainees, from the pre- doctoral level through mid-career and senior fac- During 2001, the draft version of the Strategic Plan to ulty members. The research spectrum of these Address Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities will be trainees is broad, covering the continuum of basic posted on the NCCAM Web site for public comment. through clinical studies. NCCAM supports all of Integrative Medicine. Medicine is an ever-evolv- the major training mechanisms offered by NIH. ing discipline. It integrates or rejects approaches Research training is also an important component based on scientific evidence. The results of rigorous of NCCAM’s Intramural Research Program and our research in CAM will enhance the successful inte- specialized Research Centers. Some of NCCAM’s gration of safe and effective modalities into main- Centers spend as much as ten percent of their bud- stream medical practice. A number of practices, get on training. once considered unorthodox, have been proven CAM Research Database. In FY 2001, NCCAM safe and effective and have been assimilated seam- partnered with the National Library of Medicine lessly into current medical practice. Practices such as (NLM) to develop CAM on PubMed. This new support groups are now widely accepted as impor- resource, a subset of the NLM’s PubMed, offers tant allies in our fight against disease and disability. consumers, researchers, health care providers and NCCAM has initiated a series of specific activities to CAM practitioners free, web-based access to jour- facilitate the successful integration of safe and effec- nal citations directly related to complementary and tive modalities into mainstream medical practice. alternative medicine. The activities include conducting research that provides compelling evidence of efficacy and safety and PubMed provides an easy way to access over 11 mil- publishing these findings in peer-reviewed journals; lion citations and abstracts in the MEDLINE data- studying factors that promote or impede integra- base and additional life science journals. MEDLINE tion; supporting the development of model curric- currently covers nearly 4,500 journals published in ula for medical and allied health schools and the United States and more than 70 other countries. continuing medical education programs; and informing the public in a clear and definitive man- Future Directions ner. In FY 2001, we launched our intramural research program in which CAM strategies will be NCCAM will work to facilitate a more integrated explored in patients at the NIH Clinical Center, the practice of medicine by continuing to hold CAM world’s largest facility dedicated to patient-oriented therapies to the highest standards of evidence. research. In addition, we mounted a new integra- We have established two primary goals related to tion research initiative to study factors that promote integration: or impede integration; determine whether CAM 1. Facilitate development of model health profes- research results can be translated to real-world set- sional curricula that incorporate information tings; and support the evaluation of programs that about safe and effective CAM practices; and integrate CAM and conventional care. The NCCAM’s Intramural Research Program and Spe- 2. Facilitate coupling of effective CAM and con- cialized Research Centers consider integrative med- ventional practices within a coordinated, inter- icine an essential component of their activities. disciplinary healthcare system.

Research Training. NCCAM’s ability to achieve Conclusion our research goals is dependent on the availability of a critical mass of skilled investigators in both NCCAM, in collaboration with the NIH Institutes CAM and conventional communities. It is our goal and Centers and other outstanding government, to increase the knowledge, experience, and capac- academic and private sector partners, is building ity of CAM practitioners to conduct or participate on a foundation of superb science and consumer in rigorous research as well as enhance conven- service. NCCAM is set to emerge as a world tional practitioners’ and researchers’ knowledge leader—not only by researching the safety and and experience in speciﬁc CAM areas. NCCAM has effectiveness of complementary and alternative Native American healing practices 99

medicine—but by producing research results that including teas, tinctures, and salves. For example, will help treat or prevent many of the diseases that willow tree bark is a remedy for arthritis. Purifying affect every American family. and purging the body are also important techniques used in Native American healing. Not Native American healing practices Methods for unlike steam baths or saunas, sweat lodges and restoration of health based on the belief that phys- special teas that induce vomiting may be part of a ical and emotional well-being is interconnected healing regimen. Smudging—cleansing a place or with morality, spirituality, and harmonious rela- person with the smoke of sacred plants—is also tionships with the community and nature. There done to induce an altered state of consciousness are approximately 500 Native American Nations and sensitivity, making a person more receptive to (commonly called tribes), each with its own prac- the healing. Prayer is also a major component of tices and beliefs and some basic rituals and healing Native American healing practices. practices in common. Another practice of Native American healing, Although Native American healers claim to symbolic healing rituals, can involve a shaman and have cured victims of heart disease, diabetes, thy- even entire communities. These ritual ceremonies roid problems, skin rashes, asthma, and cancer, as include chanting, singing, body painting, dancing, well as emotional and spiritual problems, there is exorcisms, sand paintings, and even the use of no scientiﬁc evidence to support these claims. Prac- mind-altering substances, such as peyote, to per- titioners of Native American healing believe illness suade the spirits to heal the sick person. takes root in the body because of spiritual prob- Native American healing has been practiced in lems, that a psychologically disturbed person may North America for thousands of years and has not be receptive to healing or cannot be healed, roots in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and other traditions, and that diseases target individuals who are unbal- but the greatest inﬂuence continues to emanate anced, embrace negative thinking, and lead from Native American knowledge of nature, unhealthy lifestyles. Many Native American heal- plants, and animals. The migration of tribes and ers also believe that birth defects and other heredi- contact with other tribes along trade routes tary conditions result from the parents’ immoral allowed for exchanges of information and tech- behavior. Native American healing practices niques. The tribes gathered many herbs from the attempt to restore balance and wholeness in an surrounding environment and sometimes traded individual in order to retrieve physical and spiritual over long distances. Contemporary Native Ameri- health. can Indian community-based medical systems The most common aspects of Native American offer traditional healing modalities and rituals. healing include the use of herbal remedies, purify- According to information on the Native Amer- ing rituals, shamanism, and spiritual healing to ican website, “One recent clinical trial examined treat illnesses of both the body and the spirit. 116 people with a variety of ailments (such as Herbal remedies treat many physical problems, and infertility, chest and back pain, asthma, depres- purifying rituals cleanse the body; practitioners sion, diabetes, and cancer) who were treated with claim that such rituals make the person more traditional Native American healing. More than receptive to other Native American healing tech- 80 percent showed some benefit after a seven- to niques. When it is believed that angry spirits 28-day intensive healing experience. Five years caused an illness, a Native American healer called a later, 50 of the original participants said they were shaman is often relied on for invoking spiritual cured of their diseases while another 41 said they healing powers to treat the person and appease the felt better. Another nine showed no change, five spirits. Symbolic healing rituals that may involve were worse, and two had died. However, the family and friends of the sick person help invoke comparison group who received different treat- the spirits to participate in healing the sick person. ments also showed benefits. More clinical studies One of the most common forms of Native Amer- are needed to confirm the benefits of the specific ican healing involves the use of herbal remedies, healing methods.” 100 naturopath

Native American healing is said to be able to naturopathy Health practices also known as improve the quality of a person’s life and reduce naturopathic medicine. The word naturopathy was stress through prayer, introspection, meditation, coined in America a century ago from the Greek and communal support. Because Native American words meaning “nature” and “disease.” The heal- healing is based on spirituality and mysticism, ing power of nature—vis medicatrix naturae—had there are very few scientific studies to support the been espoused by the ancients, including the Greek validity of the practices. Discrepancies among “father of medicine,” Hippocrates, perhaps one of Nations, shamans, and types of ailments and indi- the world’s earliest naturopathic and homeopathic vidual considerations make it almost impossible to physicians. The concept of invoking nature’s heal- study Native American healing under accepted sci- ing power by using herbs, water, fasting, diet, and entific standards. Moreover, certain Native Ameri- other noninvasive, gentle treatments is now seeing cans conceal their practices and techniques because a renaissance, particularly in the United States. they do not want their sharing to exploit their cul- Modern naturopathic physicians still employ treat- ture and weaken their healing powers. ments that do not override the body’s innate abil- Individuals with catastrophic illnesses such as ity to heal itself, and they advocate preventive cancer often seek complementary therapies such as measures to promote optimal health and function- Native American practices, which may be used in ing. In addition, N.D.s conduct and make practical relieving certain symptoms of cancer and side use of the latest biochemical research involving effects of cancer treatment. People with cancer and nutrition, botanicals, homeopathy, and other nat- other chronic conditions are advised to consult ural treatments. their physician before pursuing purification rituals For many diseases and conditions (ulcerative or herbal remedies as primary or sole treatment. colitis, asthma, menopause, flu, obesity, and A combination of religion, spirituality, herbal chronic fatigue, among others), treatments used by medicine, and rituals to treat medical and emo- naturopathic physicians can be primary and even tional problems, Native American healing has no curative. Naturopathic physicians also function scientific evidence it can cure cancer or any other within an integrated framework, for example, by disease, but the communal support provided by referring patients to appropriate conventional this approach to health care does offer the possibil- medical specialists. Naturopathic therapies comple- ity of significant benefits. ment the treatments used by conventionally See also AYURVEDA; FAITH HEALING; SWEAT LODGE. trained medical doctors. The result is a team-care approach that recognizes the need of the patient to naturopath A licensed naturopathic physician receive the best overall treatment most appropriate (N.D.) who attends a four-year graduate level natur- to his or her specific medical condition. opathic medical school and is educated in all of the Naturopathic medicine was popular and widely same basic sciences as a medical doctor but also stud- available throughout the United States well into the ies holistic and nontoxic approaches to therapy with early part of the 20th century. During the 1920s a strong emphasis on disease prevention and opti- there were a number of naturopathic medical mization of wellness. In addition to a standard med- schools, thousands of naturopathic physicians, and ical curriculum, the N.D. is required to complete thousands of patients using naturopathic therapies. four years of training in clinical nutrition, acupunc- But the rise of “scientific medicine,” the discovery ture, homeopathic medicine, botanical medicine, and increasing use of new pharmaceuticals includ- psychology, and counseling (to encourage people to ing antibiotics, and the establishment of a wide- make lifestyle changes to support their personal ranging medical system primarily based (both health). A naturopathic physician takes rigorous clinically and economically) on high-tech and phar- professional board exams so that he or she may be maceutical treatments put naturopathic and other licensed by a state or jurisdiction as a primary care natural healing methods into a temporary decline. general practice physician. By the 1970s, however, the American public felt See also NATUROPATHY. the impact of the costs, problems, and limitations of negative energy 101 conventional medicine and began to explore other fessional licensing by a growing number of states, methods now referred to as integrative, alternative, national standards of practice and care, peer and complementary medicine. review, and an ongoing commitment to state-of- According to the Internet article “What Is the the-art scientific research. Modern American History of Naturopathic Medicine?” by Peter Barry naturopathic physicians (N.D.s) receive extensive Chowka: “Today, licensed naturopathic physicians training in and use therapies that are primarily are experiencing noteworthy clinical successes, natural (hence the name naturopathic) and non- providing leadership in innovative natural medical toxic, including clinical nutrition, homeopathy, research, enjoying increasing political influence, botanical medicine, hydrotherapy, physical medi- and looking forward to an unlimited future poten- cine, and counseling. Many N.D.s have additional tial. Both the American public and policy makers training and certification in acupuncture and are recognizing and contributing to the resurgence home birthing. These contemporary N.D.s, who of the comprehensive system of health care prac- have attended naturopathic medical colleges rec- ticed by NDs. In 1992, the National Institutes of ognized by the U.S. Department of Education, Health’s (NIH) Office of Alternative Medicine, cre- practice medicine as primary health care providers ated by an act of Congress, invited leading natur- and are increasingly acknowledged as leaders in opathic physicians (educators, researchers, and bringing about progressive changes in the nation’s clinical practitioners) to serve on key federal advi- medical system.” sory panels and to help define priorities and Naturopathy is also useful in the treatment of design protocols for state-of-the-art alternative animals. More information on animal homeopathy medical research. In 1994, the NIH selected Bastyr is available through Diana Hayes, DIHom Dip Ani- University as the national center for research on mal Homeopathy- Registered Holistic Animal Prac- alternative treatments for HIV/AIDS. At a one- titioner and vice president and national publicity million-dollar level of funding, this action repre- officer of the Holistic Animal Therapy Association sented the formal recognition by the federal of Australia, Inc. (HATAA), telephone 011 1300 government of the legitimacy and significance of 132 966 (Australian only),and international fax naturopathic medicine. Meanwhile, the number of 011 6 1 8 9201 0282. Hayes is located in Victoria, new N.D.s is steadily increasing, and licensure of Australia. naturopathic physicians is expanding into new See also HIPPOCRATES; HOMEOPATHY. states. By April of 1996, eleven of fifty states had naturopathic licensing laws (Alaska, Arizona, Con- near-death experience The state described by necticut, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Hamp- individuals as between life and death, usually an shire, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington). A out-of-body feeling that one is floating above and number of other states are likely to enact naturo- looking down on his or her own body and all the pathic licensing in the near future.” goings-on around it before returning into the body In October 1996, the Natural Medicine Clinic, and being revived. During this experience, which which is the first medical facility in the nation to has infinite variations according to the individual’s offer natural medical treatments to the commu- perception, a healing or other restorative or nity, opened in Kent, Washington, funded by the enlightening vision, knowledge, or sensory experi- King County (Seattle) Department of Public ence may occur and foster a major change in one’s Health. Bastyr University, one of the three Ameri- thinking and approach to life. can naturopathic colleges, was selected to operate the clinic. negative energy A component of natural forces Naturopathy, wrote Chowka, “is as old as heal- that may cause adverse effects on the body and ing itself and as new as the latest discoveries in bio- mind. Negative thinking, pessimism, anger, fear, chemical sciences. In the United States, the and the like, are believed to induce many disorders, naturopathic medical profession’s infrastructure is including cardiac arrhythmias and emotional dis- based on accredited educational institutions, pro- turbances. Alternative practitioners often advocate 102 neural therapy releasing negative energy and fostering relaxation The study of this science began with the model- through meditation, exercise, yoga, chanting, ing of experts in the field of interpersonal and dance, breathwork, bodywork, and other tech- intrapersonal communication and change includ- niques. The goal is to develop a healing conscious- ing Virginia Satir, a renowned family therapist, ness through positive energy. Fritz Perls, the developer of Gestalt therapy, and Milton Erickson, developer of Ericksonian hypno- neural therapy The injection of anesthetics into a sis. Ericksonian hypnosis helps individuals develop site of the autonomic nervous system (which regu- deep trance states used for relaxation and stress- lates breathing, heartbeat, digestion, and all body reduction, problem-solving, and accessing the processes), acupuncture points (acupoints), scars, inner resources necessary for coping with life’s glands, and other bodily tissues in order to unblock ongoing challenges. Milton Erickson’s hypnotic energy flow, restore dysfunctional neural balance, language patterns can be used in everyday com- increase the flow of lymphatic fluids, detoxify tis- munication as well as in formal trance inductions. sues, and reverse the cumulative effects of trauma. NLP includes many of these hypnotic language pat- Particularly popular in Europe, including its native terns and underlying presuppositions of Germany, neural therapy is reported to be benefi- Erickson’s work, although it is in itself a distinct cial to individuals who have asthma, allergies, field of study. The two fields are complementary, arthritis, kidney disease, gallbladder disease, working with both the conscious and the uncon- headaches, depression, chronic pain, emphysema, scious mind. More information is available at hormonal imbalance, glaucoma, liver disease, http://www.nlptraining.com. prostate disease, thyroid disorders, muscle and Neurolinguistic programming may also help sports injuries, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue treat learning disabilities. According to an article syndrome, and other ailments. by Lise Menn, of the University of Colorado: Neural therapy was developed in 1952 by two “Where in your brain is a word that you’ve German physicians, Ferdinand Huneke and Walter learned? If you know two languages, are they Huneke, who based their successful treatment of stored in two different parts of your brain? Is the their patients on the idea they called Sterfelder, left side of your brain really the language side? If meaning “fields of interference.” The procedure you lose the ability to talk because of a stroke, can corresponds with the concept of the “ground sys- you learn to talk again? Do people who read lan- tem,” a theory that states that disturbances in the guages written from left to right (like English) connective tissues between cells are the cause of think differently from people who read languages disease. In the United States, Dietrich Klinghardt, written from right to left (like Hebrew and Ara- M.D., Ph.D., has established the American Acad- bic)? What about if you read a language that is emy of Neural Therapy, which offers training to written using some other kind of symbols, like aspiring neural therapy practitioners. Neural ther- Chinese or Japanese? If you’re dyslexic, is your apy is also applicable to dentistry. More informa- brain different from the brain of someone who has tion is available at www.neuraltherapy.com. no trouble reading? “All of these questions and more are what neu- neurolinguistics A system of studying certain rolinguistics is about. Techniques like Functional functions of the brain in order to promote physical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) and event- and emotional healing effects. Neuro-Linguistic Pro- related potential (ERP) are used to study language gramming (NLP) was developed in 1975 and pro- in the brain, and they are constantly being vides a powerful technology for creating healthier improved. We can see finer and finer details of the interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships. NLP brain’s constantly changing blood flow—where the helps one aim to nonjudgmentally identify the ways blood flows fastest, the brain is most active. We can in which he or she has been “programmed” to think, see more and more accurate traces of our electrical act, and feel. It is designed as a tool forlearning how brain waves and understand more about how they to release unwanted limiting habits and beliefs. reflect our responses to statements that are true or Nightingale, Florence 103 false, ungrammatical or nonsense, and how the tions of things they can still do in an adult-like way brain’s electrical activity varies depending on plus things that they now do clumsily or not at all. whether we are listening to nouns or verbs, words Therapy can help them to regain lost skills and about colors, or words about numbers. New infor- make the best use of remaining abilities. Adults mation about neurolinguistics is regularly covered who have had brain damage and become aphasic in national news sources. recover more slowly than children who have had “Brain activity is like the activity of a huge city. the same kind of damage, but they continue to A city is organized so that people who live in it can improve over decades if they have good language get what they need to live on, but you can’t say stimulation. that a complex activity, like manufacturing a prod- “What about dyslexia, and children who have uct, is ‘in’ one place. Raw materials have to arrive, trouble learning to talk even though they can hear subcontractors are needed, the product must be normally? There probably are brain differences that shipped out in various directions. It’s the same with account for their difficulties, and research in this our brains. We can’t say that all of language is ‘in’ area is moving rapidly. Since brains can change a particular part of the brain; it’s not even true that with training much more than we used to think, a particular word is ‘in’ just one spot in a person’s there is renewed hope for effective therapy for peo- brain. But we can say that listening, understand- ple with disorders of reading and language.” ing, talking, and reading each involve activities in (Menn, Lise, Obler, L.K., and Holland, Audrey L., certain parts of the brain much more than other Non-fluent aphasia in a multilingual world. Amster- parts. dam: John Benjamins, 1995), pp. xvii–212. “Most of these parts are in the left side of your brain, the left hemisphere, regardless of what lan- Nightingale, Florence A British nurse and phil- guage you read and how it is written. We know this anthropist (1820–1910), who established the pro- because aphasia (language loss due to brain dam- fession of secular nursing and revolutionized age) is almost always due to left hemisphere injury hospital care and documentation of care as we in people who speak and read Hebrew, English, know it today. A proponent of public health, she Chinese, or Japanese, and also in people who are advocated in her writings and practice that the illiterate. But areas in the right side are essential for whole person—body, mind, and spirit—be consid- communicating effectively and for understanding ered treatable, and that illness may be caused by the point of what people are saying. If you are and affected by one’s state of mind. In her book bilingual, your right hemisphere may be somewhat Notes on Nursing (London: Harrison and Sons, more involved in your second language than it is in 1859), Nightingale wrote: “[H]ow much more your first language. extraordinary is it that, whereas what we might “The organization of your brain is similar to call the coxcombries of education—e.g., the ele- other peoples’ because we almost all move, hear, ments of astronomy—are now taught to every see, and so on, in essentially the same way. But our school-girl, neither mothers of families of any individual experiences and training also affect the class, nor school-mistresses of any class, nor organization of our brains—for example, deaf peo- nurses of children, nor nurses of hospitals, are ple understand sign language using just about the taught anything about those laws which God has same parts of their brains that hearing people do assigned to the relations of our bodies with the for spoken language. world in which He has put them. In other words, “What is aphasia like? Is losing language the the laws which make these bodies, into which He reverse of learning it? People who have lost some has put our minds, healthy or unhealthy organs or most of their language because of brain damage of those minds, are all but unlearnt. Not but that are not like children. Using language involves these laws—the laws of life—are in a certain mea- many kinds of knowledge and skill; some can be sure understood, but not even mothers think it badly damaged while others remain in fair condi- worth their while to study them—to study how to tion. People with aphasia have different combina- give their children healthy existences. They call it 104 nonlocal mind medical or physiological knowledge, fit only for can be used today in healing illness and disease in doctors. . . . Pathology teaches the harm that dis- what I call Era III healing.” ease has done. But it teaches nothing more. We See also DOSSEY, LARRY; PRAYER, POWER OF. know nothing of the principle of health, the positive of which pathology is the negative, except nosode A homeopathic remedy extracted from from observation and experience. And nothing diseased material, such as tuberculinum from tis- but observation and experience will teach us the sue infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ways to maintain or to bring back the state of health. It is often thought that medicine is the nursing, holistic Professional nursing with a curative process. It is no such thing; medicine is deliberate focus on treating the entire individual— the surgery of functions, as surgery proper is that physical, emotional, and spiritual. of limbs and organs. Neither can do anything but See also Appendix I; NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE. remove obstructions; neither can cure; nature alone cures.” nutritional therapy Any food substance or diet geared toward the repair or rejuvenation of the nonlocal mind The term coined by Larry Dossey, body or prevention of potential illness. It is the M.D., author of several books on mind-body medi- consensus of experts that the general American cine and related topics, including Reinventing Medi- diet, which includes saturated fats, refined cine: Beyond Mind-Body to a New Era of Healing starches, white flour, feedlot-fattened beef and (HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), to describe unbounded pork, pesticides, preservatives, chemical additives, consciousness. Nonlocal happenings, Dossey writes excessive sugar, irradiation, genetic engineering, on page 9, are unmediated by a sensory experience fish from polluted waters, toxins in the food chain, or other intermediate signal or stimulus, and nonlo- and repetition, as opposed to variety, in the daily cal events are unmitigated: that is, their magnitude foods, has a significant ill effect on our health. A or power does not diminish as a result of distance. poor diet can contribute to the risk of heart disease, Nonlocal phenomena are immediate, he says, and stroke, diabetes, certain forms of cancer, and other take place outside time and space. His use of the problems such as obesity and allergies. word nonlocal maintains the concept of infinitude Among common food nutrients used in nutri- and unlimited. Nonlocal medicine, Dossey says, tional therapy are acidophilus culture complexes; involves a totally free mind in which to explore all activated charcoal; aloe vera; amaranth; amazake; possibilities for healing. arrowroot; astragalus; barley flour; barley grass; “Imagine that . . . a part of your mind is not barley malt syrup; basmati rice; bee pollen; bee present in your body or brain or even in this propolis; bentonite; black beans; bran; brewer’s moment. Imagine that this aspect of your con- yeast; buckwheat; canola oil; carob powder; sciousness spreads everywhere, extending billions cheese; chlorella; chromium picolinate; coenzyme of miles into space, from the beginning of time Q10; chondroitin sulfate A; cream of tartar; daikon into the limitless future, linking us with the minds radish; dashi; date sugar; dulse; egg replacer; ethyl- of one another and with everyone who has ever enediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); electrolyte lived or will live. This is the infinite piece of your drinks; essene bread; essential fatty acids; flax seed consciousness. oil; fructose; garlic; ginger; ginkgo biloba; ginseng; “This picture of your mind outside your head glycerine (vegetable); gomashio; green magma; may at first seem foreign. But as we shall see, ‘non- guar gum; gum guggul; gymnema sylvestre; kashi; local’ or ‘infinite’ describes a natural part of who kefir; kuzu; lecithin; millet; miso; mochi; molasses; we are. Its expressions include sharing of thoughts mushrooms; Nutrasweet; oats and oat bran; octa- and feelings at a distance, gaining information and cosanol; oils (natural vegetable); omega 3-oils; wisdom through dreams and visions, knowing the pasta; psyllium husks; pycnogenol; quercetin; future, radical breakthroughs in creativity and dis- quinoa; rice; rice syrup; royal jelly; sea vegetables; covery, and many more. And this part of your mind soy milk and cheese; spirulina; spelt and kamut; nutritional therapy 105 sprouts; sucanat; tahini; teas (black and green); them—advocate certain types of foods and food tempeh; tofu; tortillas; triticale; turbinado sugar; regimens believed to promote and restore health, umeboshi plums; vinegars; wheat germ and wheat such as low-salt diet. germ oil, and wheat grass. See also AYURVEDA; DETOXIFICATION THERAPY; Various alternative and complementary medi- FOOD THERAPY; HOXSEY THERAPY; JUICING; MACROBI- cines—Ayurveda, homeopathy, osteopathy, among OTIC DIET.

O obeah The science of traditional medicine and • Ajowan: herbaceous, spicy; Trachyspermum herbs according to African bush medicine. ammi (family, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]), from See also FOLK MEDICINE. fruits or seeds or whole aerial plant, India; production method: steam distillation; avoid during oils, essential Herbal extracts used in flavoring, pregnancy, possible dermal; sensitization irritant medication, perfume, massage, therapeutic baths, • Allspice berry: spicy, Pimenta officinalis (family, compresses, and aromatherapy. Essential oils are Myrtaceae); used in potpourris and flavoring of absorbed by the skin and are not meant to be taken beverages, sweets, and other foods; warming, orally unless under the supervision of a trusted cheering, sense-enhancing; avoid use in sun; aromatherapist or other practitioner. Essential oils also known as pimento, P. dioica; from fruits, have various effects, including bactericidal proper- Cuba, Mexico, and the United States; produc- ties and psychological benefits for individuals being treated for anxiety, depression, stress, and other tion method: steam distillation; aphrodisiac; problems. Plants produce essential oils in the form blends well with ginger, geranium, lavender, of globules in or on the surface of the plant tissues labdanum, ylang ylang, patchouli, orris; may as a way to ensure their environmental safety. The irritate skin oils may attract beneficial insects and ward off • Almond: sweet; Prunus amygdalus, P. dulcis (fam- harmful ones; the evaporated oil gives off a vapor ily, Rosaceae); from the nut of the tree and native barrier that may protect the organism from exces- to Asia and the Mediterranean, a carrier oil for sive heat or cold, and the oil’s fragrance may also aromatherapy blends; also a skin moisturizer be a subtle means of communication between • Ambrete seed: spicy; Abelmoscyhus moschatus; plants. Some healers believe the oil is the essence also known as Hibiscus abelmoschus (family, Mal- of the plant and therefore its vital force, or energy, vaceae); sweet, floral, musky aroma that inten- which can be used therapeutically. sifies and improves after a few months of The essential oils of a plant are extracted storage; blends well with other oils; for muscu- through various methods, including distillation, lar aches and pains related to fatigue and poor and the cold-press method, enfleurage method, circulation, also an antidepressant; from seed, chemical solvent method, resinoid method, and France; production method: steam distillation; carbon dioxide method. There is evidence of distil- balancing, calming; emollient aphrodisiac; lation devices used more than 5,000 years; ancient blends well with neroli, olibanum, rose, sandal- Egyptians, for example, used essential oils for wood, other floral oils many purposes, such as mummification and cosmetics. Ancient Babylonians, Chinese, Asian Indi- • Amyris: woodsy; Amyris balsamifera, Schimmelia ans, Greeks, and Romans documented their use of oleifera (family, Rutaceae); for stress relief, mus- essential oils, which may be blended for intensified cle relaxation, and a meditation aid; also known effects. Synthetic oils are not considered for use by as sandalwood amyris; from wood, West Indies; healers because they lack the energy of a living production method: steam distillation; blends organism. Among the many oils are the following: well with lavandin, citronella, cedarwood

107 108 oils, essential

• Angelica root: earthy, musky; Angelica archangel- counteract fatigue and stress; blends well with ica, A. officinalis, A. glauca (family, Apiaceae lavender, bergamot, clary sage, and geranium; [Umbelleferae]); for depression, anxiety; pro- not for use during pregnancy; can irritate skin; duction method: steam distillation; from the also East Indian basil (O. gratissimum) and hairy root, France, India, Germany, Hungary; blends basil (O. canum); from Madagascar, France; pro- well with patchouli, clary sage, citrus oils, frank- duction method: steam distillation; used as incense; avoid during pregnancy and in sunlight deodorant, insect repellent, muscle relaxant; • Aniseed: sweet; Illicium verum (family, Illici- blends well with bergamot, black pepper, clary aceae); for indigestion, cramping, spasmodic sage, geranium, hyssop, lavender, marjoram, cough; production method: steam distillation; neroli; use recommended dilution or less; con- from India, China, Spain; blends well with tains citronella lavender, orange, pine, bay; should be avoided • Bay leaf: spicy; Pimenta racemosa (family, Myr- by pregnant women taceae); hair and scalp tonic, aphrodisiac, stimu- • Anise: sweet; Pimpinella anisum, Anisum ofﬁcinalis lant to memory, and for depression and (family, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); for relax- respiratory problems; also known as West Indian ation, deodorant; from China; production bay and laurel sweet bay; Laurus nobilis is also a method: steam distillation; blends well with bay; from the West Indies; production method: amyris, bay, cardamon, caraway, cedarwood, steam distillation; blends well with coriander, coriander, fennel, galbanum, mandarin; may eucalyptus, ginger, juniper berry, lavender, cause slight dermal toxicity; use recommended lemon, marjoram, orange, rose, rosemary, thyme, dilution or less ylang ylang; may irritate skin; use half of recommended dilution or less; can cause skin irritation • Apricot kernel: nut oil; Armeniaca vulgaris, Prunus armeniaca (family, Rosaceae); for improv- • Beechnut: nut oil; Fagus grandifolia, F. sylvatica ing skin (family, Fagaceae [Legumunosac]) • Arjowan: Trachyspermum ammi, T. copticum (fam- • Ben: seed oil; Moringa oleifera, M. pterygosperma ily, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); for circulatory and (family, Moringaceae); for skin care muscular problems; may irritate sensitive skin • Benzoin tincture: oil; Styrax benzoin, S. tonkinen- • Armoise: aromatic; Artemisia vulgaris; from sis (family, Styracaceae); for soothing, stimulat- France; production method: steam distillation; ing, and warming chapped skin; also known as used as an emollient, soothing agent, muscle friars balsam relaxant; blends well with patchouli, rosemary, • Bergamot: citrus, calming; Citrus bergamia (family, lavandin, sage, clary sage, cedarwood, cedar Rutaceae); for ﬂavoring in Earl Grey tea; for oily leaf; should be avoided by pregnant women and blemished skin and in vaporizer as room • Avocado: oil; Persea americana, P. gratissima (fam- deodorizer; increases susceptibility to sunburn; ily, Lauraceae); added to carrier oils, up to 20 do not apply to the skin before sun exposure; percent as an aid to skin moisturizing; may be bergapten-free bergamot reduces photosensitiv- toxic in large amounts ity; from fruit peel, Italy, Ivory Coast; production method: expression; for use as antiseptic, deodor- • Babassu: nut oil; Orbignya barbosiana (family, ant, perfume, soothing agent, skin conditioner; Arecaceae); from the Amazon; used for stretch blends well with chamomile, coriander, cypress, marks geranium, juniper, lavender, lemon, neroli, ylang • Balsam Peru: earthy aroma; Myroxylon balsamum ylang; may be phototoxic or pererae (family, Fabaceae [Legumunosae]); to • Birch, Sweet: sweet, bracing; Betula lenta, B. cap- soothe chafed skin; added to perfumes inefolia (family, Betulaceae); stimulates circula- • Basil: licorice-like aroma; Osimum basilicum tion and used for arthritic and muscular pain; (family, Labiatae); used to refresh concentration, may be toxic oils, essential 109

• Birch, white: woodsy; Betula alba (family, Betu- with bergamot, birch, cardamom, clove, gera- laceae); for soothing and clearing the skin of nium, lavender, myrtle, nutmeg, rose, thyme psoriasis and eczema, relaxing muscles, and • Calendula: Calendula officinalis (family, Aster- stimulating circulation; from wood and bark, aceae); for skin infections, wounds, rashes, bites, France; production method: steam distillation; and inflammations including hemorrhoids and blends well with patchouli, vetiver, copaila; rheumatism (See also MARIGOLD) pregnant women should avoid birch • Calamint (catnip): mood elevator; Calamintha • Black currant seed and bud: oil; Rives nigrum clinopodium, C. grandiflora, C. officialis, Nepeta (family, Grossulariaceae); from Asia and Europe; cataria, Saurreja calamintha (family, Lamiaceae); a carrier oil addition and bud oil; for use in per- also for pain reduction fume and foods; for premenstrual syndrome and • Calamus (sweet flag): Acorus calamus, Calamus rich source of vitamin C aromaticus (family, Araceae); ancient herb that • Black pepper: spicy; Piper nigrum (family, Piper- has been used for more than 4000 years; from aceae); stimulates, warms, and tones; for India; high component of asarone, which may abdominal and muscle massage, especially be toxic and carcinogenic; plants that do not before sports or dance activity; for perfume and contain asarone grown in North America and as aphrodisiac; blends well with rose, rosemary, Russia. marjoram, and lavender; may irritate skin; use • Calophyllum: thick nut oil; Calophyllum inophul- in small amounts; from India and Indonesia; lum (family, Guttiferae); from Asia; for use as production method: steam distillation; blends carrier oil well with olibanum, sandalwood, lavender, Cinnamomum rosemary, marjoram • Camphor white: camphoraceous; camphora (family, Lauraceae); for oily or spotty • Borage: seed oil; Borago officinalis (family, Borag- skin, as aphrodisiac, and as insect repellent, in inaceae); high content of gamma-linoleic acid detergents, soaps, disinfectants, deodorants, and (GMA), may slow skin aging process; also used room sprays; from wood, Japan, China; produc- as a carrier oil tion method: steam distillation; toning, cooling • Brazil nut: nut carrier oil; Bertholletia excelsa properties; blends well with olibanum, ylang (family, Lecythidaceae); from the Amazon; ylang, orange, mandarin; use sparingly; not for becomes rancid quickly; store in dark, cool place individuals who are pregnant or have epilepsy • Cabreuva: oil; Myrocarpus fastigiatus (family, • Canola (rapeseed): seed oil; Brassica napus (fam- Fabaceae [Legumunosae]); from a South Amer- ily, Brassicaceae); used in cooking and as a car- ican tree; warming, calming, and aphrodisiac rier; original species contained up to 40 percent properties; for increasing alertness erucic acid, harmful to the thyroid, kidneys, and • Cade: smoky; Juniperus oxycedrus (family, other internal organs; the genetically altered Cupressaceae); from wood, France; production species contains only about 1 percent of the method: steam distillation; for veterinary para- toxic acid sitic skin problems (lice, etc.), for men’s per- • Cananga: floral, calming, euphoric; Cananga fume, and as smoky flavoring in food odorata (family, Annonaceae); muscle relaxant; • Cajaput: camphoraceous; Melaleuca cajaputi antidepressant properties; from flowers, Java; (family, Myrtaceae); for improving mood and production method: steam distillation; also used building resistance to infections, as steam as deodorant, skin conditioner; blends well with inhalation, and as treatment for oily skin and bergamot, lavender, lemon, neroli, palmarosa, spots; stimulant and irritant; use carefully; from sandalwood, vetiver, ylang ylang leaves and stems, Indonesia; production • Caraway: minty; Carum carvi, Apium carvi (fam- method: steam distillation; also for use as anti- ily, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); aids circulation septic, deodorant, insect repellent; blends well and intestinal problems, muscle tension, skin 110 oils, essential

care; reduces effects of contusions; from seeds, • Catnip (many varieties): Nepeta cataria; from aer- Holland; production method: steam distillation; ial parts, France, United States, Yugoslavia blends well with galbanum, eucalyptus, rose- • Cedar leaf: calming, aromatic; Thuj, occidentalis; mary; may cause slight dermal toxicity from leaves and stems, United States; produc- • Cardamom seed: spicy, warming; Elettaria cardo- tion method: steam distillation; for use as mum (family, Zingiberaceae); used by ancient deodorant, astringent, soothing agent; blends Egyptians used as perfume and incense; also aids well with lavender, lavandin, rosemary, armoise digestion, for muscle relaxant, skin conditioner, • Cedarwood: woodsy, balsamic; Juniperus mexi- tonic bath oil, perfumes, and in foods; from cana scheide (family, Pinaceae); for perfumes; seeds, Central America; production method: Cedarwood Virginia used therapeutically steam distillation and CO ; blends well with 2 • Cedarwood (Atlas): aromatic; Cedrus atlantica coriander, olibanum, galbanum, geranium, (family, Pinaceae); for clearing breathing pas- juniper berry, lemon, myrtle sages and hair and skin care • Carnation (clove pink): aromatic oil; Dianthus caryophyllus (family, Caryophyllaceae); most fra- • Cedarwood Virginia: woodsy; Juniperus virgini- grant in evening; aphrodisiac properties; may ana, J. communis (family, Cupressaceae); thera- irritate sensitive skins peutic oil from ancient times; astringent useful for protection and care of oily and blemished • Carrot seed and root: spicy; Daucus carota (fam- skin, as an inhalant relieves coughs and colds, as ily, Apiaceae [Umbeliferae]); for dry, mature moth repellent, for cellulite, and as Tibetan tem- skin types; restores elasticity to skin; root oil ple incense; use in moderation during preg- used in yellow food coloring and in tanning nancy; from wood, United States; production lotions; from seeds, India; production method: method: steam distillation; also used as antisep- steam distillation; blends well with bergamot, tic, skin conditioner, deodorant, insect repellent, juniper berry, lavender, lemon, lime, neroli, soothing agent; blends well with patchouli, orange, petitgrain, rosemary vetiver, sandalwood • Cashew nut: carrier oil; Anacardium occidentale • Celery seed: sweet, spicy; Alpium graveolens (family, Anacardiaceae); from Latin America (family, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); may stimu- and Asia late milk flow, balance hormones, relieve liver • Cascarilla bark: Croton eleuteria (family, Euphor- and elimination system problems; from seeds, biaceae); for stress reduction and meditation, India; production method: steam distillation; fragrance, and in soaps, detergents, foods, blends well with basil, cajeput, chamomile, drinks, and cigarettes; not for use as a strong grapefruit, guaicwood, lemon, orange, pal- purgative marosa, rosemary • Cassia: spicy; Cinnamomum cassia, C. aromaticum, • Chamomile, German: fruity, an absolute; Matri- Laurus cassia (family, Lauraceae); like cinnamon caria chamomilla or M. recutia (family, Asteraceae bark, for flavoring foods, toothpaste, mouth- [Compositae]); also known as blue chamomile wash, and chewing gum; very irritating and or chamomile matricaria (blue color is from azu- potentially allergenic to the skin lene formed during distillation of the oil); for • Cassie: Acacia farnesiana, Cassia ancienne (family, massage oils and herbal mixtures; from flowers, Mimosaceae); for perfume, rheumatic symp- Germany; production method: steam distilla- toms, and chest ailments tion; also used as muscle relaxant, soothing • Castor: Ricinus communis (family, Euphor- agent, skin conditioner, aphrodisiac; blends well biaceae); from India; ingestion of nuts poten- with bergamot, jasmine, labdanum, neroli, clary tially lethal; oil extracted at low temperature to sage, rose eliminate content of ricin from oil; for analgesia, • Chamomile, Roman: fruity; Chamaemelum nobile clearing of blackheads, and dandruff treatment or Anthemis nobilis (family, Asteraceae [Com- oils, essential 111

positae]); for soothing effect, protection of dry aphrodisiac, muscle relaxant; blends well with skin, treatment of nervous headache, insomnia, cedarwood, labdanum, citrus oils, lavender menstrual disorders; except for individuals sen- lavandin; not for use during pregnancy; do not sitive to ragweed, oil comfort during high-pollen drink alcohol or drive seasons; one of the few essential oils for use on • Clove (bud, leaf, and stem): spicy; Syzygium aro- inflamed skin conditions; blends well with maticum, Eugenia caryophyllata, E. aromaticia, E. lavender, bergamot, jasmine, neroli, clary sage; caryophyllus (family, Myrtaceae); antiseptic and from flowers, Europe; production method: stimulating oil used in mouthwash and gargle, steam distillation applied topically to gums to relieve toothache; • Chamomile Moroc (Sauvage): calming, aro- also used as mosquito repellent; potent skin irri- matic; Anthemis mixta, Ormenis mixta, O. multi- tant; use carefully; not for use during preg- caulis (family, Asteraceae [Compositae]); not a nancy; from flowers, Madagascar; production true chamomile; for soothing intestinal symp- method: steam distillation; blends well with toms; from blossoms, Morocco; production basil, black pepper, cinnamon, citronella, grape- method: steam distillation; blends well with fruit, lemon, nutmeg, orange, peppermint, rose- cypress, labdanum, lavandin, lavender, vetiver, mary, rose cedarwood, olibanum • Coffee: stimulant; Coffea arabica (family, Rubi- • Champaca flower and leaf: calming, euphoric; aceae); adrenal gland and nervous system stim- Michelia alba, M. champaca (family, Magnoli- ulant; use with caution aceae); also known as frangipani; for mental • Copaiba: Copaifera officinalis (family, Fabaceae clarity and alertness [Legumunosae]): a resinoid and essential oil; • Cinnamon (bark and leaf): spicy; Cinnamomum from the tree; for boosting circulation, stress zeylanicum, C. verum, Laurus cinnamomum (family, reduction, clearing of air passages, and perfume Lauraceae); strong, warming antiseptic, com- fixative forting oil during cold season, room fragrance; • Coriander: sweet, spicy; Coriandum sativum (fam- from leaves and stems, Sri Lanka; production ily, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); for massage to method: steam distillation; also used as anti- relieve stiffness and muscle ache; also used as inflammatory agent, aphrodisiac, skin condi- bath oil; may be slightly toxic; use sparingly; tioner, deodorant; blends well with caraway, from seeds, France; production method: steam citrus oils, clove, myrtle, nutmeg, olibanum; distillation; blends well with bergamot, black may irritate skin pepper, cinnamon, citronella, cypress, gal- • Citronella: citrus; Cymbopogon nardus, Andropogon banum, ginger, jasmine, lemon, neroli, orange nardus (family, Poaceae [Gramineae]); from • Cornmint: minty; Mentha arvensis (family, Lami- Java; natural deodorizer, insect and cat repel- aceae [Labiaetae]); for clearing of air passages, lent; production method: steam distillation; boosting of metabolism, and refreshing and blends well with bergamot, lemon, orange, sharpening of senses; may irritate skin and over- lemongrass stimulate the nervous system • Clary sage: herbaceous; Salvia sclerea (family, • Costus: calming; Saussurea costus, S. lappa (fam- Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); contains hormone-like ily, Asteraceae [Composite]); for flavorings and compound similar to estrogen; for massage on perfume muscles and on abdomen before and during menstruation; induces feeling of well-being, • Cubeb: spicy; Cubeba officinalis, Piper cubeba (fam- may induce vivid dreams; for oily hair and skin, ily, Piperaceae); for increasing circulation, dandruff, treatment of wrinkles; has sensual improving digestion, clearing out sinuses and properties; from flowering tops, Morocco; pro- breathing passages, relieving aches and pains duction method: steam distillation; also used as • Cumin: sharp, spicy; Cuminum cyminun, C. odo- skin conditioner, astringent, soothing agent, rum (family, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); for stim- 112 oils, essential

ulating metabolism of obese or edemic individu- • Evening primrose: Centhera biennis; high als, or those mentally or physically exhausted; gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), vitamin, and min- may be slightly photosensitizing or irritating to eral content; for face and body massage blends, skin especially to combat dry skin and eczema • Cyperus (Cypriol): Cyperus scariosus (family, • Fennel: anise; Foeniculum vulgare, F. officinale, Cyperaceae); sedge grass used to make papyrus, Anethum foeniculum (family, Apiaceae [Umbellif- cloth, and fragrances; also used as insect repel- erae]); sweet aniseed-like aroma; for skin care, lent and a tonic for the digestive system massage where cellulite is present; also used for • Cypress: coniferous; Cupressus sempervirens (fam- digestion in breast-firming massage and promo- ily, Cupressaceae); astringent oil for refreshing tion of milk production, use sparingly; can be a oily and blemished skin, deodorant, antiperspi- skin irritant; not for young children, pregnant rant, massage on cellulite and on abdomen dur- women, or epilepsy patients; from fruits, Italy; ing menstruation; blends well with lavender and production method: steam distillation; also for sandalwood; from leaves and stems, France; pro- use as antiseptic, aphrodisiac, soothing agent, duction method: steam distillation; flammable muscle relaxant; blends well with basil, geranium, lavender, lemon, rose, rosemary, sandal- • Dill: Anethum graveolens (family, Apiaceae wood; slight dermal toxicity [Umbelliferae]); reduces appetite, with fennel and baking soda, a constituent of “Gripe Water” • Fir needle: fresh, spicy; Abies alba (family, (British term for anticolic water) Pinaceae); dilute well; may irritate skin; other firs include Canadian balsam, (A. balsamea); • Elecampane: Aster officinalis, Hellenium grandiflo- Siberian fir (A. siberica); hemlock, (Tsuga rum, Inula helenium (family, Asteraceae [Com- canadensis); and black spruce (Picea mariana) positae]), also known as inula; used for mood elevation; also breathing aid for some asthma • Frankincense: balsamic; Boswellia thurifera or B. patients carteri (family, Burseraceae); also known as • Elemi: Canarium commune, C. luzonicum (family, olibanum (B. papyrifera); used for centuries; Burseraceae); for immune system stimulation, soothes, warms, and aids meditation; used as especially for debilitated persons; also an expec- incense on altars and in temples; slows breathing, torant and aid in clearing airways; also for controls tension, sharpens mental focus; also for insomnia, meditation, and during counseling toning and caring for mature/aging skin (used by sessions Egyptians in face masks for its rejuvenating properties); related to elemi (Canarium luzonicum); • Eucalyptus: camphoraceous; Eucalyptus globulus from resin, India and France; production method: (family, Myrtaceae); powerful antiseptic, used in steam distillation; also for use as skin conditioner, baths and massage during cold season, as chest- soothing agent; blends well with basil, black pep- rub oil and in vaporizer as air purifier; blends per, galbanum, geranium, grapefruit, lavender, well with lavender and pine; other eucalyptus orange, patchouli, sandalwood oils include Australian eucalyptus (E. australina); lemon eucalyptus (E. citriodora); dives or broad- • Galangal: Alpina officinarum, Languas officinarum leaved peppermint (E. dives); peppermint euca- (family, Zingiberaceae); a general stimulant with lyptus (E. piperita); blue mallee (E. polybractea); stress-reducing properties grey peppermint (E. radiata); cully gum (E. • Galbanum: green; Ferula galbaniflua, F. cummosa, smithii); from leaves and stems, Spain; produc- F. rubicaulis (family, Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); tion method: steam distillation; also for use as used in food flavoring, but also for mature skin deodorant, antiseptic, soothing agent, skin con- care and clearing airway congestion; from resin, ditioner, insect repellent; blends well with Middle East and France; production method: coriander, juniper berry, lavender, lemon, steam distillation; also for use as skin condi- lemongrass, thyme tioner, muscle relaxant; blends well with cit- oils, essential 113

ronella, elemi, olibanum, jasmine, palmarosa, documented, but appropriate for herbal uses; geranium, ginger, rose, ylang ylang from wood, Paraguay; production method: • Gardenia: absolute oil; Gardenia grandifloria steam distillation (family, Rubiaceae); mood-elevation effects; • Helichrysum (Italian everlasting or immortelle): from flowers Helichrysum angustifolium, H. italicum (family Aster- • Garlic: Allium sativum (family, Liliaceae); antihy- aceae [Compositae]); one of approximately 500 pertensive, among other therapeutic and nutri- species of helichrysum; species used as an antide- tive properties; not for use by individuals with pressant; freshens air, mind, and body; clears eczema or psorisis; external application may irri- chest and sinus congestion; relieves aches, pains, tate skin; may cause colic in babies if used by and menstrual discomfort; from flower, France, breast-feeding mothers Spain, Yugoslavia; production method: steam • Geranium: floral; Pelargonium graveolen (family, distillation; also Helichrysum: Helichrysum stoechas Geraniaceae); balancing oil for mind and body; (family Asteraceae); from flower, France, Spain sweet-smelling; relaxes, restores, and maintains Yugoslavia; production method: steam distillation emotional stability; astringent for all skin types • Henna (Hina): Lawsonia inermis (family, (in skin-care products for fragrance and cleans- Lythaveae); from flower, India; production ing); also as insect repellent, for massage where method: steam distillation and absolute there is cellulite, and treatment of eczema and • Hops: Humulus lupulus (family, Moraceae); calm- psoriasis; blends well with other floral oils; used ing, sleep aid, and use in sleep pillows; mild pain as a room deodorizer if mixed with lavender and reliever; may be slightly toxic; use sparingly bergamot; from leaves and stems, China; pro- • Hyssop: herbaceous; Hyssopus officinalis, H. decum- duction method: steam distillation; also for use bens (family, Lamiaeae [Labiatae]); sacred to as skin refresher, astringent; blends well with ancient Greeks and Hebrews, who used hyssop cedarwood, citronella, clary sage, grapefruit, jas- brooms to clean sacred places; warm, vibrant; mine, lavender, lime, neroli, orange, petitgrain, promotes alertness and clear thinking; also used rose, rosemary, sandalwood as air purifier and fragrance, and in treatment of • Ginger: spicy; Zingiber officinalis (family, Zingiber- colds, flu, and bruises; from roots, India, Egypt, aceae); fortifying, astringent, comforting oil for and Europe; production method: steam distilla- muscle massage and nausea; blends with orange tion; also used as soothing agent, skin condi- for warming winter baths, and with other citrus tioner; blends well with celery, fennel, lavender, oils; from roots, China; production method: orange, rosemary, tangerine; not for use by steam distillation; also used as aphrodisiac pregnant women or individuals with epilepsy or • Goldenrod: Solidago canadensis, S. odora (family, hypertension Asteraceae [Compositae)]; calming, warming; • Jasmine absolute: floral; Jasminum officinale or J. for bee stings and for encouragement of com- grandiflorum (family, Oleaceae); emotionally munication and meditation warming; relaxes, soothes, uplifts, and aids self- • Grapefruit: citrus; Citrus paradisi, C. racemosa (fam- confidence; for stress and general anxiety; as ily, Rutaceae); refreshing, uplifting, for nervous perfume and skin-care oil; for hot, dry skin; sen- exhaustion, relief of cellulite, oily skin, toning sual properties, aphrodisiac; use very small effect on skin and tissues; do not apply to skin in amount; large number of blossoms (gathered at direct sunlight; from fruit, United States; produc- night when scent is optimal) required to pro- tion method: expression; also for use as soothing duce only a few drops of oil; from flowers, agent, astringent, skin conditioner; blends well Egypt; production method: solvent, extraction; with citrus oils, especially bergamot, orange also antiseptic; blends well with floral absolutes • Guaiac wood: green, woody; Bulnesia sarmientoi • Juniper: fresh, coniferous; Juniperus communis (family, Zygophyllaceae); no aromatherapy uses (family, Cupressaceae); tones, stimulates; anti- 114 oils, essential

septic and astringent for bath and massage of plant (combining true lavender and spike laven- cellulite; said to restore “psychic purity” and der); camphoraceous, herbaceous, floral aroma; strengthen immune system; cleansing effect refreshing, purifying; used in perfumes, soaps, used in many men’s perfumes, after-shaves, and and detergents; blends well with many other colognes; calming effect on emotions; from oils, including cypress, geranium, citronella, flowers, Yugoslavia; not to be used during preg- clove, cinnamon leaf, pine, thyme, and nancy; production method: steam distillation; patchouli; from leaves, France; production blends well with elemi, cypress, clary sage, method: steam distillation lavandin; flammable • Lavender spike: herbaceous; Lavandula latifolia; • Khella: Ammi visnaga (family, Umbelliferae from leaves and stems, Spain; production [Compositae]); rarely available commercially; method: steam distillation; for use as muscle from seeds, Egypt and Morocco; production relaxant, soothing agent, skin conditioner, method: steam distillation; no formal testing; astringent; blends well with lavender, lavandin, not for use if pregnant or if photosensitive rosemary, eucalyptus, petitgrain, neroli • Labdanum (cistus or rock rose): balsamic; Cistus • Lemongrass: citrus; Cymbopogon citratus (family, ladanifer (family, Cisgaceae); used as fixative in Poaceae [Gramineae]); sweet, refreshing, perfumes, for meditation and counseling ses- cleansing, and stimulating tonic; in shampoo sions; calming, stress-reducing, and mood-ele- acts as shine agent; antiseptic, astringent oil; vating properties; from resin, Morocco and deodorizing room fragrance; may irritate skin; Spain; production method: steam distillation; from aerial parts, Guatemala; production also used as skin conditioner; blends well with method: steam distillation; also used as insect clary sage, juniper berry, bergamot, cypress, repellent; blends well with geranium, jasmine, vetiver, sandalwood, patchouli, olibanum, lavender; may irritate skin lavender, labdanum • Lemon: citrus; Citrus limonum (family, Rutaceae); • Labrador tea: Ledum groenlandicum (family, Eri- used in cosmetics; cleanses, refreshes, cools, and caceae); relaxing, soporific; used for meditation stimulates; astringent and antiseptic used to and as expectorant; from aerial parts, Canada; lighten dull, stained hands or to condition nails production method: steam distillation; not to be and cuticles; blends well with other oils; do not used before driving or using equipment because use on the skin in direct sunlight; from fruit peels, of soporific properties United States; production method: expression; • Lantana: Lantana camara (family, Verbenaceae); some steam-distilled rare on commercial market; from aerial parts, • Lemon verbena: Aloysia citriodora, A. triphylla, Madagascar; production method: steam distilla- Lippia citriodora, L. tripohylla, Verbena triphylla tion; no traditional uses as oil; avoid during (family, Verbenaceae); used in perfume and pregnancy because of ketone content liqueurs; mood-elevating, warming properties; • Lavender: herbaceous; Lavendula augustifolia, L. photosensitizer; do not apply to skin before officinalis, L. vera (family, Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); going into the Sun versatile uses; relaxes, restores, balances body • Lime: citrus; Citrus aurantifolia (family, and mind; refreshes tired muscles, feet, and Rutaceae); like lemon and other citrus oils, not head; for treatment of burns and scarring (use for use in direct sunlight unless lime oil has been with caution); blends with many other oils; distilled rather than expressed (distillation elim- from flowering tops, France; production inates the phototoxic effect); from fruit peels, method: solvent extract for the absolute or West Indies; production method: cold expres- steam distillation for essential oil sion but some steam distillation; may irritate • Lavandin: Lavandula hybrida, L. fragrans, L. hort- skin; blends well with clary sage, citronella, ensis (family, Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); hybrid lavender, lavandin, neroli, rosemary oils, essential 115

• Linden blossom: floral absolute; Tilia europaea. T. ties; from flowering tops, Spain; production vulgaris (family, Tiliaceae); for stress reduction method: steam distillation; blends well with and as tonic for nervous system; not for use over cedarwood, chamomile, cypress, lavender, man- long period darin, orange, nutmeg, rosemary, ylang ylang, • Litsea cubeba: Litsea citrata, L. cubeba (family, eucalyptus, thyme Lauraceae); cooling oil; for digestion and restful • Marjoram, wild: Thymus masticina (family, Lami- sleep; may irritate skin acea; [Labiatae]); massage oil for sensitive skin; • Lovage: Angelica levisticum, Levisticum officinale, (Marjoram hortensis, or sweet marjoram, used for Ligusticum levisticum (family, Apiaceae [Umbellif- cooking; not for use during pregnancy) erae]); known in Europe as “love parsley”; • Massoia bark: Cryptocarya massoia (family, Lau- aphrodisiac, purification properties, and aid in raceae); for circulation; aphrodisiac properties; reducing cellulite may irritate skin • Lovage root: earthy; Levisticum officinalis (family, • Melissa: Melissa officinalis (family, Labiatae); gar- Umbelliferae); rare on commercial market; from den herb known also as “Lemon balm”; calming, root, Europe; production method: steam distilla- warming, mood-elevating effect; not for use in

tion CO2; may be irritating or allergenic direct sunlight; lemony aroma and sharp, floral- • Mandarin: citrus; Citrus noiblis (family, lemon flavor Rutaceae); fruits once traditional gifts to Chi- • Mimosa: floral; Acacia dealbata, A. decurrens (fam- nese mandarins; calming, for oily skin; known ily, Mimosaceae); antidepressant and anti- in France as “the children’s remedy” because of inflammatory; skin moisturizer; from flowering gentleness; for digestive system and, like laven- tops, India; production method: solvent extrac- der, as massage oil to help prevent stretch tion; blends well with lavandin, lavender, ylang marks; not for use in direct sunlight; from fruit ylang, violet, citronella peel, India; production method: expression; • Monarda: Monarda fistulosa (family, Lamiaceae blends well with basil, bergamot, camomil, clary [Labiatae]); for stress reduction and promotion sage, olibanum, geranium, grapefruit, lavender, of breathing comfort; leaves used as a substitute lemon, lime, neroli, orange, rose for black tea during Boston Tea Party era; may • Manuka (leptospermum or New Zealand tea irritate skin tree): Leptospermum scoparium, L. ericoides • Menthe pouliot: minty; Mentha pulegium (family, (Kanuka) L. petersonii, L. coparium (Manuka) Labiatae, also called Pennyroyal); from aerial (family, Myrtaceae); used by the Maoris; proper- parts, Africa; production method: steam distilla- ties similar to tea tree oil’s; reduces stress and tion; for toning and stimulating; not for use dur- muscular tension; relieves aches and pains, ing pregnancy healing to skin; from leaf and branch, New • Mugwort (Armoise): Artemisa vulgaris (family, Zealand; production method: steam distilled Asteraceae [Compositae]); thought to cause • Marigold (tagetes): Tagetes glandulifera (or T. min- vivid dreams and psychic ability; for regulating uta or T. putuh) [family, Asteraceae (Composi- female cycles tae)]; antifungal, especially for foot odor • Myrrh: smoky, balsamic; Commiphora abyssinica, • Marjoram (Spanish and sweet): herbaceous; Ori- C. molmol, Balsamodendrom myrrha (family, Burs- ganum majorana, Majorana hortensis (sweet), Thy- eraceae); not a true essential oil but sap or resin mus mastichina (Spanish) [family, Lamiaceae from a tree; centering, meditative properties; (Labiatae)]; used by ancient Greeks; soothes one of oldest perfumes; for chafing and chap- tired muscles; for massaging on abdomen during ping caused by cold; also for use as gargle, menstruation, to regulate nervous system, treat mouthwash, insect repellent, antiseptic, fixative insomnia, as after-sports rub and as hot bath; in perfume; from resin, Somalia; production not for use during pregnancy; sedating proper- method: steam distillation; use in moderation, 116 oils, essential

not during pregnancy; blends well with muscle aches; helps increase physical clove, olibanum, galbanum, lavender, patchouli, endurance, energy, perspiration; may reduce sandalwood cellulite; can irritate skin • Myrtle: camphoraceous; Myrtus communis (fam- • Orris root: floral; Iris florentina, I. pallida (family, ily, Myrtaceae); for meditation and mood eleva- Iridaceae); used as fixative in perfumes, pot- tion; clears sinus and breathing passages; from pourri, and cosmetics, and as flavoring in tooth- flowering tops, Mediterranean; production pastes and candies; may be irritating, toxic, or method: steam distillation; blends well with allergenic; from roots, Morocco; production bergamot, cardamon, coriander, lavender, method: solvent, extraction lemon, lemongrass, rosemary, spearmint, • Osmanthus: Osmanthus fragrans (family, Oleaceae); thyme, tea tree perfume with antidepressant, sedative, stress- • Narcissus: floral; Narcissus poeticus (family, reducing properties Amaryllidaceae); from flowers, France; produc- • Palmarosa: floral; Cymbopogon martinii, (family, tion method: solvent extraction; blends well Graminaceae [Poaceae]); aids clear thinking; with clove bud, jasmine, neroli, ylang ylang, also used for moisturizing skin care when mixed rose, mimosa, sandalwood with sweet almond and as insect repellent; • Neroli absolute: citrus; Citrus aurantium (family, believed to stimulate cellular regeneration; from Rutaceae); relaxes, elevates mood; skin-care oil; aerial parts, India; production method: steam sensual, antiseptic properties; aids sluggish cir- distillation; blends well with geranium, cananga, culation, relieves tension, stress, anxiety, appre- amyris, guaiac wood hension; from flowers, France and Italy; • Parsley seed: Petroselinum sativum, P. hortense, production method: solvent extraction; blends Apium petroselinum, Carum petroselinium, (family, well with citrus oils, rose, jasmine, ylang ylang Apiaceae [Umbelliferae]); warm, spicy; used as • Niaouli: sweet; Melaleuca viridiflora, M. quinquen- diuretic and for urinary tract problems; do not ervia (family, Myrtaceae); strong antiseptic for mistake parsley oil for parsley seed oils, which acne, boils, and skin irritations; as chest rub, and can have different effects in a vaporizer • Patchouli: woodsy; Pogostemon patchouli, P. cablin • Nutmeg: spicy; Myristica aromata, M. fragrans, M. (family, Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); musky, mood- officinalis, Nux moschata (family, Myristicaceae); elevating; sensual, anti-inflammatory, antisep- antiseptic and for digestion, calming, aphro- tic, nerve-stimulating properties; used for skin disiac, and restful sleep with dreams; in large care and dandruff; used in the East to scent linen quantities oil is toxic; from fruits, West Indies; and clothes and to repel fleas and lice; from production method: steam distillation; blends leaves, Indonesia; production method: steam well with lavandin, bay, orange, geranium, clary distillation; blends well with labdanum, vetiver, sage, rosemary, lime, petitgrain, mandarin, sandalwood, cedarwood, geranium, clove, coriander lavender, rose, neroli, bergamot, myrrh, clary • Orange: citrus; Citrus sinensis (family, Rutaceae); sage considered winter oil; warming, soothing, • Peppermint: minty; Mentha piperta (family, Lami- astringent; as massage oil or in baths; not for use aceae [Labiatae]); cools, stimulates, refreshes, on skin in direct sunlight; from fruit peels, West restores; used as insect repellent, antiseptic, and as Indies, Israel, and United States; production massage blend for the digestive system and tired method: expression; blends well with citrus oils, head and feet; may be sniffed from bottle or one petitgrain, neroli, orange flower drop on a handkerchief to revive during travel; • Oregano: Origanum vulgare (family, Lamiaceae from aerial parts, United States; production [Labiatae]); warming; helps improve circulation, method: steam distillation; not for use during digestion, mental clarity, and alertness; relieves pregnancy; may irritate sensitive skin; blends oils, essential 117

well with bergamot, geranium, lavender, marjo- fatigue, stuffy room, and cellulite; not for use by ram, rosemary, sandalwood pregnant women and individuals with hyperten- • Petitgrain: citrus; Citrus aurantium, C. bigaradia sion or epilepsy; may irritate skin; from leaves, (family, Rutaceae); from same trees as Tunisia; production method: steam distillation; neroli/orange blossom, but distilled from the blends well with olibanum, lavender, lavandin, leaves and stems, instead of petals; Europe; citronella, thyme, basil, peppermint, labdanum, relaxes, restores, cleanses, elevates mood; simi- elemi, cedarwood, petitgrain, cinnamon lar properties to neroli’s, has deodorant proper- • Rosewood: Aniba rosaeodora (family, Lauraceae); ties and helps relieve anxiety and stress; also also known as Bois de Rose; relaxing, deodoriz- used as hair rinse; production method: steam ing; used in massage oil for tired muscles, for distillation; blends well with rosemary, gera- nerve balance, as antidepressant; may fight nium, lavender and bergamot, orange, neroli migraine and ward off general malaise; use oil • Pine: Pinus sylvestris (family, Pinaceae); from from Waste Plantation–grown wood to save needles, young twigs, and cones of pine tree; hardwood rain forests stimulates, refreshes, cleanses; strong antiseptic • Sage: camphoraceous; Salvia officinalis (family, and deodorant properties; may irritate skin Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); regulates central nervous • Ravensara anisata (and R. aromatica): Cinna- system; used for menstrual and digestive disor- monum camphora, Ravensara anisata, R. aromatica ders; not for use by pregnant women or individ- (family, Lauraceae); R. anisata from tree bark, R. uals with epilepsy; from leaves, Spain; aromatica from leaves; both used for clearing production method: steam distillation; blends sinuses and airways, relaxing tight muscles, and well with lavandin, rosemary, citrus oils relieving menstrual discomfort, aches, and pains • Sandalwood Mysore: woodsy; Santalum album • Rose absolute: floral; Rosa damascena (family, (family, Santalaceae); calming, grounding, Rosaceae); known as “queen of oils,” soothing, musky, rich; traditionally burned during medita- cleansing, sensual, aphrodisiac, feminine prop- tion and in religious ceremonies; sensual, aphro- erties; used as skin-care oil; becomes sticky at disiac, astringent, antiseptic properties; for skin room temperature and solid at relatively high and hair care and as insect repellent and fra- temperatures; expensive and seldom used in grance; from wood, East India; production commercial products; not for use during first method: steam distillation; blends well with four months of pregnancy; from flowers, Bul- rose, violet, clove, lavender, black pepper, berg- garia and Morocco; production method: solvent amot, geranium, labdanum, vetiver, patchouli, extraction mimosa, myrrh, jasmine • Rose Otto: floral; Rosa damascena (family, • Spearmint: minty; Mentha spicata, M. viridis (fam- Rosaceae); warm, intense, astringent; one of ily, Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); energizing, cooling; oldest and best known essential oils; used in all for use in bath water, facial steam, and as insect types of perfumes, for skin creams, powders, repellent, astringent, emollient; from flowering and lotions; not for use during first four months tops, United States; production method: steam of pregnancy; from flowers, Morocco and distillation; blends well with bergamot, jasmine, Turkey; production method: steam distillation; lavender, sandalwood blends well with floral oils, especially jasmine • Spikenard: Nardostachys jatamansi (family, Valeri- • Rosemary: camphoraceous; Rosmarinus officinalis, anaceae); promotes restful sleep, stress reduc- R. coronarium (family, Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); tion, and relaxation; may help reduce warms, stimulates, revitalizes, and restores tired inflammation muscles, feet; said to promote concentration; • St. John’s wort: Hypericum perforatum (family, used also as antiseptic, hair tonic, before- and Guttiferae); antidepressant, calming, stress- after-sports rub; helps fight water retention, reducing, mood-elevating; reduced aches, pains, 118 oils, herbal

and menstrual discomfort; do not use before • Vetivert: woodsy; Vetivera zizanoides, Andropogon going out in the Sun muricatus (family, Poaceae [Gramineae]); also • Styrax (liquidambar Levant storax, or Storax): known as vetiver; relaxing, grounding, sensual, Balsam styracis, Liquidambar orientalis, (family, earthy, smoky; helps reduce blood pressure; Steracaceae); believed to help remove cellulite from roots, Haiti; production method: steam dis- and break down lymphatic deposits, reduce tillation; blends with lavender, sandalwood, and inflammation, and enhance mood jasmine • Tangerine: citrus; Citrus reticulata (family, • Violet leaves: herbaceous; Viola odorata; calming Rutaceae); sweet, tangy; used as astringent for (family, Violaceae); used as soothing agent, skin oily skin, and in drinks and desserts; not for use conditioner; from leaves, France and Egypt; pro- in the Sun duction method: solvent extraction; blends well with clary sage, basil • Tarragon: citrus; Artemisia dracunculus (family, Asteraceae [Compositae]); energizing; said to • Wintergreen: minty; Gaultheria procumbens (fam- relieve aches, pains, and menstrual discomfort ily, Ericaceae); cleansing; harmful or fatal if and improve mental alertness; also used as taken internally; may irritate skin; not for use astringent; from fruit peels, United States; pro- during pregnancy duction method: expression; blends well with • Yarrow: Achillea millefolium (family, Asteraceae basil, bergamot, chamomile, clary sage, [Compositae]); sedative properties; used for olibanum, geranium, grapefruit, lavender, chest infections, digestive problems, nervous lemon, lime, neroli, orange, rose exhaustion, menstrual problems, rheumatism, • Tea tree: camphoraceous; Melaleuca alternifolia, acne, scarring, burns, cuts M. linariifolia, M. uncintata (family, Myrtaceae); • Ylang Ylang: floral; Cananga odorata (family, energizing; strong antiseptic, antifungal, and Annonaceae); often called the “flower of flow- antiviral; for acne, cold sores, foot odor, athlete’s ers” and often “the poor person’s jasmine”; foot, warts, and burns; also used as cleaning sweet; long used for sensual, soothing proper- agent and for soothing skin of dogs with flea ties, as perfume, skin care, and hair rinse; from allergy dermatitis; may irritate skin; from leaves flowers, Indonesia; production method: solvent and stems, Australia; production method: steam extraction; blends well with bergamot, lavender, distillation; blends well with lavandin, lavender, lemon, narcissus, neroli, palmarosa, sandal- clary sage, rosemary, cananga, geranium, marjo- wood, vetiver ram, clove, nutmeg • Zanthoxylum: Zanthoxylum alatum, Z. americum, • Thyme (sweet): spicy; Thymus vulgaris (family, Z. rhesta (family, Rutaceae); also known as Lamiaceae [Labiatae]); ancient medicinal and prickly ash; from berries of the native North culinary herb; for use as vaporized household American tree; used in stress and nervous ten- disinfectant, deodorant, antiseptic; believed also sion reduction and for restful sleep to ward off rodents and get rid of fleas; not for use by pregnant women or individuals with oils, herbal See OILS, ESSENTIAL. hypertension; may irritate skin; from flowering tops, Spain; production method: steam distilla- oja The Ayurvedic term referring to the ultimate tion; blends well with bergamot, lemon, rose- vital force or energy that runs throughout the body. mary, lavender, lavandin, marjoram See also AYURVEDA. • Vanilla absolute: balsamic; Vanilla plantifolia; (family, Vanilla); from seeds, Madagascar; pro- Options Institute A teaching and training orga- duction method: solvent extraction; emollient, nization founded in 1983 by Barry Neil Kaufman aphrodisiac; aroma type: balsamic; blends well on the premise that autism and other develop- with sandalwood, vetiver mental disorders may be treated alternatively and orthomolecular medicine 119 integratively. Kaufman is the author of Happiness Is orthomolecular medicine The practice of pre- A Choice (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1991), venting and treating disease by providing the body and other books. He and his wife, Samahria (Suzi with optimal amounts of substances that are nat- Lyte) Kaufman, operate the Institute in Sheffield, ural to it. The term orthomolecular was first used by Massachusetts. Dr. Linus Pauling in 1968 in his famous paper in the journal Science. In nine reports, Pauling pro- organ remedies In Chinese traditional medicine, vided a rational basis for the use of optimal, even homeopathy, and Ayurvedic medicine, herbal if large, doses of nutrients. His theory explained remedies corresponding to the body’s organs and how evolution was shaped by the loss of the their disease or dysfunction and to the whole indi- chemical machinery required to make essential vidual’s status. For example, ginseng or astragalus nutrients. His first paper appeared in 1970, his last may be prescribed for disorders of the spleen and one in 1992. Abram Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D., was Paul- lungs; hawthorn berries or night-blooming cereus ing’s coauthor for the two vitamin C/cancer (cactus), for heart problems; rehmannia (Chinese reports. Hoffer wrote, “Until his death in 1994, Dr. foxglove), sarsaparilla, marshmallow root, or net- Pauling contributed perhaps his most important tle, for kidney and bladder disorders; blue cohosh clinical contribution, the work showing the impor- or shepherd’s purse, for uterine disorders; saw pal- tant relationship between vitamin C levels and metto, for prostate problems; and bupleurum, dan- cardiovascular disease. If everyone were to take delion root, or chelidonium, for liver diseases. The optimum amounts of this vitamin, many of the idea that “the herbs are organs” is derived from the world’s major diseases would vanish. The National writings of the Swiss alchemist and physician Academy of Sciences refused to accept Dr. Paul- Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombast von Hohen- ing’s valuable reports.” heim), 1493–1541. Orthomolecular medicine maintains that genetic factors are pivotal to both the structure of the body and its biochemicals. Genetically biochemical path- American board-certified psychia- Orloff, Judith ways vary significantly in terms of transcriptional trist, assistant professor of psychiatry at UCLA potential and individual enzyme concentrations, Medical School, and author of books including Dr. receptor-ligand affinities, and protein transporter Judith Orloff’s Guide to Intuitive Healing: Five Steps to efficiency. In the presence or event of a biochemi- Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Wellness (Pittsburgh, cal anomaly, diseases including atherosclerosis, Pa.: Three Rivers Press, 2001). cancer, schizophrenia, and depression may be caused or aggravated. Correcting the amount of Ornish, Dean American physician; assistant clin- vitamins, amino acids, trace elements, or fatty acids ical professor of medicine and attending physician in order to correct the biochemical abnormality is a at the School of Medicine, University of California, major goal of orthomolecular therapy. San Francisco; and attending physician at the Cali- Hoffer also wrote in The Journal of Orthomolecular fornia Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. Medicine and its Development 1967–1996, “In 1967, Ornish is also president and director of the Preven- shortly after the formation of the Canadian Schizo- tive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, Cali- phrenia Foundation, and in the USA, the American fornia. A graduate of Baylor College of Medicine, Schizophrenia Association, we published the first he was a clinical fellow in medicine at Harvard issue of a journal called the Journal of Schizophrenia. Medical School and an intern and medical resident We had to create our own journals because it was at Massachusetts General Hospital. Ornish is the impossible to obtain entry into the official journals author of books including Dr. Dean Ornish’s Program of psychiatry and medicine. Before 1967 I had not for Reversing Heart Disease (New York: Ballantine found it difficult to publish reports in these jour- Books, 1990). The Preventive Medicine Research nals, and by then I had about 150 articles and sev- Institute (PMRI) address is 1001 Bridgeway, Box eral books in the establishment press. The 305, Sausalito, CA 94965. subsequent difficulty, therefore, did not arise from 120 osteopathy the quality and style of my writing since it has osteopathy A medical discipline founded on the probably improved since then. premise that the normal body’s structural and func- “It was pretty obvious to those of us practicing tional states are equally important, and with proper nutritional psychiatry, later orthomolecular psychi- nourishment and environment the body can com- atry, that it was the content of our material which bat disease and dysfunction and heal itself. An was found to be not acceptable. This was proven by osteopathic physician (O.D. or D.O.) seeks to rid the the attempt of the American Psychiatric Associa- system of either internal or external abnormalities tion to censor our work even several years after through procedures that include manipulation, papers had been published. Dr. Osmond and I medicine, and surgery. Established by Dr. Andrew appeared before the Committee of Ethics of the Taylor Still (1828–1917), osteopathy is considered APA to answer why we were publicizing a treat- both conventional and alternative medicine. ment not acceptable to standard psychiatry called According to Dr. I. M. Korr, osteopathy is “a xenobiotic psychiatry by Dr. Bernard Rimland. One complete system of health care, based on broad of the assistant editors of the American Psychiatric principles that offer a way of thinking and acting in Association Journal announced that he would never relation to questions of health and disease.” Osteo- allow any article from our group to appear in his pathic diagnosis and treatment are geared to pro- journal. He had been the chairman of the task force mote healthy functioning by correcting mechanical which had out of hand condemned any of this imbalances within and between the structures— work. This new journal was to become the forum muscles, bones, ligaments, organs, and fascia (thin available to practitioners of the new psychiatry layers of tissue under the skin)—of the body. The which official psychiatry found so unacceptable. goals of the osteopath are to restore, maintain, and The peer reviewed journals did their job very effec- improve the functions of the nervous and muscu- tively, i.e., they prevented any of these new ideas loskeletal systems. from appearing in their journals. Even today the The name osteopathy, derived from the Greek Medical Index will not abstract our journals using osteon (bone) and pathos (to suffer), that is, “disease the excuse that they do not have enough money. or suffering of the bone,” although the condition is Peer reviewed journals do not protect the public not confined to bone disease, as its name may from research reports of inferior quality, nor do imply, but rather refers to the entire musculoskele- they protect the public from dangerous ideas they tal system. As did Dr. Still, who viewed the muscu- protect the establishment from ideas that run loskeletal system as the vital mechanism of the counter to their own. body, osteopaths observe patients to determine the “After two years we shortened the title to causes of disease in a holistic way. The physical ‘Schizophrenia’ for three years. In 1972 the title integrity of the whole body is seen as one of the was changed to the Journal of Orthomolecular Psychi- most important factors in health and disease. atry to reflect the widening use of nutrition in the Osteopathy and conventional medicine both treatment of many physical and psychiatric disor- embrace the scientific knowledge of anatomy and ders. Dr. Linus Pauling in 1968 had proposed the physiology and clinical methods of investigation. term orthomolecular psychiatry which we recog- However, conventional medicine focuses on illness, nised as the correct word to define the total inter- and treatment usually involves prescribing drugs or est in nutrition, clinical ecology, and the use of surgery to correct illness. The osteopathic approach supplements. There were 14 volumes. attempts to trace anomalies or changes in function “In 1986 the name was changed to the Journal of that may have occurred over a period that could Orthomolecular Medicine, to reflect the growing have altered the relationship between structure interest by physicians in this approach, and the fact and function. Excerpted from the book Discovering that psychiatrists remained singularly disinterested Osteopathy (Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, 1997) in anything having to do with nutrition and psy- one Internet article (“Discovering Osteopathy,” by chiatric disease.” osteopaths Peter Sheddon and Paolo Cosechi, overheating therapy 121 http://www.articleindex.com/Health/discover- body. This is not limited to the cell—it involves the ing_osteopathy) recounts that an example might functioning of the whole of the physical body—and be “a six-year-old boy who, while playing, falls it gives us an insight into our mechanisms for sur- very hard on his bottom. He cries bitterly and com- vival and goal of well being. A “total body mem- plains of pain over his sacrum for a week or so. A ory” contained by bodily cells, according to kiss and ‘rub it better’ console him. During a sud- osteopathic theory, leads to the idea of the body’s den growth spurt as a teenager, the same boy com- requirement for the least possible therapeutic or plains of low backache. By the age of eighteen, he medical intervention. has his first attack of sciatica, which is helped by Seddon and Cosechi also write, “Osteopaths anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxant medicine. believe that health, and not disease, is the natural He gives up his favorite sport, rowing, because it heritage of humans. The human body has inside seems to aggravate the problem. In his late twen- itself—within certain limits—the capacity for self- ties, married with a young child and a stressful job, repair and correction. It can create its own reme- he begins to have an irritable colon and attacks of dies, provided that good circulation is maintained, cystitis. He takes antibiotics and changes his diet. At a balanced diet is eaten, a positive attitude is held, the age of forty, he has a major attack of low back and—as far as possible—the individual lives in a pain and sciatica and is in bed for two weeks. At pollution-free environment. The self-healing this point, hoping to avoid surgery, he visits an mechanism is the backbone and sustainer of the osteopath.” principles and application of osteopathy. Since the time of Hippocrates, the belief in the Osteopaths believe that disease primarily originates self-healing capacity of the body has been acknowl- in the individual, and so they concentrate on the edged. Dr. Still resurrected the innate healing con- person who is suffering rather than on the cept before the discovery of the law of homeostasis. microorganisms that are thought to cause disease. Homeostasis, a scientific term for balance, is the There are, however, some stages of disease when process by which every living thing adapts in order the changes it has brought about have passed the to keep itself stable and function to the best of its point of return. In these cases, osteopathy can help ability. Homeostasis is a self-regulating activity, with people to function to the best of their ability, given preset limits such as, in the blood there must be a the circumstances. Where necessary, an osteopath precise quantity of dissolved oxygen within maxi- will refer a patient for further specialist examina- mal and minimal levels that keeps body tissues tion and treatment.” working. The human body is constantly readjusting See also HIPPOCRATES. to maintain this and other chemical and physical forms of balance. When homeostasis is thwarted by out-of-body experience See NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCE. disease, injury, or other disruptive influences, osteopathic treatment helps restore balance. overheating therapy See HYPERTHERMIA; ISSELS’S The osteopatic systems theory explores the FEVER THERAPY. structure-function relationship in every cell of the

Palmer, Daniel David The American founder of know why one person was ailing and his associate, chiropractic (1845–1913), who was born near eating at the same table, working in the same shop, Toronto, Canada, but practiced and taught chiro- at the same bench, was not. Why? What difference practic in Davenport, Iowa. His work was carried was there in the two persons that caused one to have on and extended by his son, Bartlett J. Palmer. “I pneumonia, catarrh, typhoid or rheumatism, while was a magnetic healer for nine years previous to his partner, similarly situated, escaped? Why? This discovering the principles which comprise the question had worried thousands for centuries and method known as Chiropractic,” Palmer wrote in was answered in September, 1895. his autobiography. “During this period much of “Harvey Lillard, a janitor, in the Ryan Block, that which was necessary to complete the science where I had my office, had been so deaf for 17 was worked out. I had discovered that many dis- years that he could not hear the racket of a wagon eases were associated with derangements of the on the street or the ticking of a watch. I made stomach, kidneys and other organs. In the dim ages inquiry as to the cause of his deafness and was of the past when man lived in rude huts and rocky informed that when he was exerting himself in a eaves, even up to the present time, he resorted to cramped, stooping position, he felt something give charms, necromancy and witchcraft for the relief of way in his back and immediately became deaf. An mental and physical suffering. His whole object examination showed a vertebra racked from its was to find an antidote, a specific for each and normal position. I reasoned that if that vertebra every ailment which could and would drive out the was replaced, the man’s hearing should be intruder, as though the disorder was a creature of restored. With this object in view, a half-hour’s talk intelligence. In his desire to free himself from afflic- persuaded Mr. Lillard to allow me to replace it. I tion and prolong his existence, he has searched the racked it into position by using the spinous process heavens above, he has gone into the deep blue sea, as a lever and soon the man could hear as before. the bowels of the earth and every portion thereof. There was nothing ‘accidental’ about this, as it was He has tried animal and mineral poisons, pene- accomplished with an object in view, and the result trated the dark forest with superstitious rite and expected was obtained. There was nothing ‘crude’ with incantations, has gathered herbs, barks and about this adjustment; it was specific, so much so roots for medicinal use. In his frenzy for relief, that no Chiropractor has equaled it. trusting that he might find a panacea, or at least a “If no other discovery had been made, this, of specific, he has slaughtered man, beast and bird, itself, should have been hailed with delight. It was making use of their various parts alive and dead. the key which has ultimately unlocked the secrets He has made powders, ointments, pills, elixirs, of functional metabolism; it is the entering wedge decoctions, tinctures and lotions of all known veg- destined to split the therapeutical log of supersti- etables and crawling creatures which could be tion wide open, revealing its irrational and igno- found, giving therefor his reasons according to his rant construction. knowledge. “Shortly after this relief from deafness, I had a “One question was always uppermost in my mind case of heart trouble which was not improving. in my search for the cause of disease. I desired to I examined the spine and found a displaced vertebra

123 124 Palmer Method pressing against the nerves which innervate the Paracelsus The pseudonym of the German-Swiss heart. I adjusted the vertebra and gave immediate physician and alchemist Philippus Aureolus relief—nothing ‘accidental’ or ‘crude’ about this. Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim (1493– Then I began to reason if two diseases, so dissimilar 1541), who claimed to have received his doctoral as deafness and heart trouble, came from impinge- degree at the University of Ferrara. He adopted the ment, a pressure on nerves, were not other disease name para-Celsus—meaning “beyond Celsus” (the due to a similar cause? Thus the science (knowl- Roman authority on medicine)—and wandered edge) and art (adjusting) of Chiropractic were throughout Europe and the Middle East, studying formed at that time. I then began a systematic inves- with alchemists. He valued the common sense of tigation for the cause of all diseases and have been common people more than the dry teachings of amply rewarded.” Aristotle, Galen, and Avicenna and stressed nature’s Palmer founded chiropractic on principles of healing power. He gave open lectures in German at osteology, neurology, and functions of bones, the University of Basel and was eventually forced to nerves, and the manifestations of impulse, and flee the city as his broadmindedness scandalized originated the art of adjusting vertebrae and the authorities. His written works include Der grossen knowledge of every principle included in the con- Wundartzney (Great surgery book, 1536). He antici- struction of chiropractic science. pated by centuries the treatment of syphilis by mer- “The amount of nerve tension determines cury compounds, the realization that inhaled dust health or disease,” Palmer wrote. “In health there causes miners’ silicosis, and homeopathy and was is normal tension, known as tone, the normal the first to connect goiter with minerals in drinking activity, strength, and excitability of the various water. http://education.yahoo.com. organs and functions as observed in a state of health. The kind of disease depends upon what particulars Symptoms described in homeopathic nerves are too tense or too slack.” medicine as personal to the patient and expressed See also CHIROPRACTIC. as “My ———,” as opposed to generals, which relate to the whole person. Palmer Method See PALMER, DANIEL DAVID. See also HOMEOPATHY. palmistry The art of reading an individual’s char- past-life regression therapy A combination of acter and divining the future by interpreting lines on hypnosis and psychiatric analysis that can reveal the palm of the hand. Palmistry may have originated experiences in past lives thought to influence ill- in ancient India, and it was probably from their orig- ness and wellness in the present lifetime of an indi- inal Indian home that the traditional fortune-telling vidual. Most recently, this technique of of the Gypsies was derived. It was also practiced in psychotherapy/psychiatry has been popularized by China, Tibet, Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Brian Weiss, M.D., psychiatrist, head of the Weiss ancient Greece. In medieval Europe it was used to Institute in Florida and author of several books, discover witches, who were thought to have pig- including Many Minds, Many Masters (New York: mentation spots as signs of a pact with the devil. Fireside, 1988). Through Time Into Healing (New Though palmistry is still practiced, there is no York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), and Messages from known scientific basis for it. http://education. the Masters, (New York: Warner Books, 2000). yahoo.com. According to Denise Linn in Past Lives, Present Dreams (New York: Ballantine Books, 1997), “Past- panchakarma The Ayurvedic term for the five life therapy can sometimes give answers that nei- types of therapeutic internal cleansing: vomiting, ther traditional medicine nor traditional therapy purging, two kinds of enemas, and nasal inhala- provides. Of course, there can be many contribut- tion. These therapies are meant to restore balance ing reasons for our problems in life, and it can be and prevent disease. all too easy to blame these on past-life behavior. See also AYURVEDA. Nevertheless, past-life exploration has proved pet therapy 125 incredibly powerful in many cases where other 48-page magazine, under the direction of Ruth types of therapy have failed. Past-life exploration Peale, is the 13th largest paid-circulation magazine can assist the process of gradually realizing our full in the United States with a circulation of more than potential as conscious, loving beings.” Linn claims 4 million. also that past-life therapy may result in positive Peale’s fourth book, The Power of Positive Thinking, treatment for problems of health, relationships, was published in 1952—when he was 54—and has emotions, finances, talents and abilities, forgive- sold nearly 20 million copies and has been printed ness, guilt, and fear of death, among others. in 41 different languages. He was the author of 46 See also INTERIOR REALIGNMENT. inspirational books, including The Art of Living, A Guide to Confident Living, The Tough-Minded Optimist, Peale, Norman Vincent The American author, and Inspiring Messages for Daily Living. senior minister of the Collegiate Reformed Protes- For 54 years, Peale’s weekly radio program, The tant Dutch Church of the City of New York (Mar- Art of Living, was on the air. His sermons were said ble Collegiate Church), 1898–1993, who was one to be mailed to more than 750,000 people per of the earliest proponents of the mind-body con- month, and in 1964 a movie was made of his life, nection through his theories of positive thinking One Man’s Way. and positive imaging. Born in a rural Ohio town, With the educator Kenneth Beebe in 1947 Peale Peale grew up helping to support his family by cofounded the Horatio Alger Association, dedicated delivering newspapers, working in a grocery store, to honoring contemporary Americans who have and selling pots and pans door to door. For half a achieved success and excellence in the face of century, Dr. Peale was one of the most influential adversity. The Guideposts family of nonprofit orga- Protestant clergymen in the United States. He nizations includes the Peale Center, the Positive applied Christianity to everyday problems and had Thinking Foundation, and Guideposts Publications. a keen understanding of human psychology. He Their mission is to be the world leader in commu- was a reporter on the Findlay, Ohio, Morning Repub- nicating positive, faith-filled principles that lic before entering the ministry and went on to empower people to reach their maximal personal write 40 books. With his wife, Ruth, Peale founded and spiritual potential. Peale died on December 24, the Foundation for Christian Living in 1945. 1993, at age 95. As a young boy, Peale battled strong inferiority See also FAITH HEALING; PRAYER, POWER OF. feelings. Over the years he developed and refined the message that anyone could put the principles of peculiars The homeopathic description of odd positive thinking and strong faith into practice and and rare symptoms that correspond to the individ- improve his or her own life dramatically. At age 34 ual rather than to the typical symptoms of a disease. Peale accepted a call to Marble Collegiate Church See also HOMEOPATHY. in Manhattan, where he remained for 52 years as one of New York City’s most famous preachers. pets, alternative healing methods for See NATUR- Membership grew from 600 when he arrived to OPATHY; PET THERAPY. well over 5000 today. In 1945 Dr. Peale, his wife, Ruth Stafford Peale, and Raymond Thornburg, a pet therapy A combination of all the forms of Pawling, New York, businessman founded Guide- holistic medicine used in animal healing, which are posts magazine. With little money and a strong almost identical with the forms used for human vision they managed to raise $1,200 from Frank health. Professionals in both fields often study Gannett, founder of the Gannett newspaper chain, together and learn from one another. Veterinary J. Howard Pew, the Philadelphia industrialist, and practices differ only in that the humans responsible Branch Rickey, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers. for the animal must make all the choices for heal- Guideposts was designed to be a nondenominational ing and provide the options for health to the pet. forum for people to relate their inspirational stories Currently animals can have almost every type of to provide a spiritual lift to all readers. Today, the healing that is available to humans. The concept of 126 Philippine healing methods alternative medicine for pets begins with the pre- deep torso strength and flexibility, or “centering,” vention of illness by designing and maintaining a to ensure proper posture and to reduce risk of healthy lifestyle with diet, exercise, stress reduction, injury. The lithe musculature and ease of move- and a nontoxic home and finding the most effec- ment possessed by a cat were the image he used to tive, least invasive, least expensive, and most non- illustrate the technique’s objectives. The Pilates toxic method of curing. Systems of healing from all method places emphasis on correct posture and over the world are available to animals. www. technique and does not rely upon high numbers of virtualvet.com/petowners/holistic/Holisthrp01. repetitive exercises. htm; http://education.yahoo.com See also www.stottpilates.com/pilinfo.html.

Philippine healing methods See PSYCHIC SURGERY. pitta One of the three doshas, or basic body types, and the representation of the “Sun force,” as Phoenix Rising yoga See YOGA. opposed to the “Moon force,” in Ayurvedic medicine. physical therapy Developed by Sister Elizabeth See also AYURVEDA; DOSHAS; YIN-YANG. Kenny after the polio epidemic in the 1940s, a discipline of rehabilitation geared toward the restoration placebo From the Latin word meaning “I shall of function to parts of the body injured by trauma, please,” a “sugar pill” or otherwise inactive sub- disease, or loss of the body part. Exercise, massage, stance given as medicine to a patient who believes and applications of cold, heat, electricity, and ultra- it is actually medicine. Used in study groups, par- violet radiation are included in physical therapy to ticularly in the double-blind study technique, help revitalize range of motion and muscular placebos are known to work and have the same strength and ability in order that patients may per- effects (called the placebo effect) in some cases that form activities of daily living. A physical therapist, a medication would have. The placebo is a prime who must complete an accredited physical therapy example of how the mind influences the body’s educational program and pass a licensing examina- reactions and status. Spontaneous remission that tion, is legally responsible for evaluating and treating sometimes occurs in individuals with catastrophic patients or supervising physical therapy plans of care disease may be attributed to the placebo effect. and programs for patients. A physical therapy diag- Also, detractors of homeopathy may claim that nosis refers to the decisions made by a physical ther- homeopathic remedies are placebos. apist concerning the appropriate treatment and See also HOMEOPATHY; SPONTANEOUS HEALING. rehabilitation for each patient after he or she has been treated by a medical doctor or had a pathologic plant-spirit healing The use of bioenergetic heal- diagnosis made by a physician. ing techniques, such as Therapeutic Touch, on plants. In experiments performed by Dr. Thelma phytotherapy Another term for the practice of Moss, medical psychologist at UCLA’s Neuropsychi- herbal medicine, or the herbal treatment of disease. atric Institute, Kirlian photographs were taken of a plant whose leaf was severely damaged. Then Moss Pilates A method of exercise developed by requested that renowned bioenergetic healer Olga Joseph H. Pilates that has been very popular with Worrall hold her hand over the leaf in an effort to dancers since the 1940s. Pilates was born in Ger- transfer healing energy. Another Kirlian photo- many in 1880 and died in New York in 1967. He graph, taken afterward, showed the leaf had developed a fitness regimen bearing his name and undergone significant energetic changes toward used it successfully to overcome his disabilities as a improvement. frail and sickly child. Pilates devised a series of con- See also BIOENERGETICS; KIRLIAN PHOTOGRAPHY. trolled movements that engage the mind and body in developing strong, flexible muscles, without polarity therapy A hands-on technique of body- building bulk. Emphasis was placed on developing work consisting of manipulation of pressure points primal scream therapy 127 and joints, stretches, breathing exercises, massage, 1994 International Primal Association (IPA) reflexology, hydrotherapy, and nutritional and Newsletter article by Larry King (H. Lawrence emotional counseling developed by Randolph King) adapted by him from material he wrote for Stone, D.C., D.O., N.D., who based his technique Behavior Today and read as an introduction to his on the concept that illness is created by blockages 1993 convention workshop, “Primal 101”: “Psy- of energy flow throughout the body. Stone also chotherapy is the art and science of easing emo- believed that the use of the hands—one electro- tional problems. Many forms of psychotherapy are magnetically positive, the other electromagneti- designed to help the client know and understand cally negative—helps release the blocked energy, what is in their unconscious. Very few are designed and that release in turn promotes better physical, to actually change what is in the unconscious. How- mental, and emotional status. The American Polar- ever, if the material in the unconscious is not ity Therapy Association was established in 1984. changed, it retains its enormous power to occa- See also BIOENERGETICS. sionally override even the most powerful of egos. When it does that, we call it ‘neurosis.’ In one way poultice, herbal A moist “pad” of fresh herbs or another, it always results in emotional pain. The used as a therapeutic topical application to relieve unconscious is primarily a record of the past and a pain and promote circulation. storehouse of past physical and emotional tensions. These tensions can be triggered by present events prakruti The human constitution consisting of so that they are felt in the present. In fact, because one or more of the primary body/personality their origin is from the unconscious, and we are types—vata, pitta, and kapha, according to thus unaware of their actual source, these power- Ayurvedic medicine. ful tensions seem to originate in the present, and See also AYURVEDA; DOSHAS. the person or situation triggering them appears to be their primary cause—when they may, in fact, be pranayama Yogic breathing exercises. only a very minor part of the cause. See also YOGA. “My understanding of the object of psychoanalysis,” King continued, “is that it helps the pranic healing Restoration of health and balance client discover these unconscious origins of pre- by using prana, the Ayurvedic word meaning sent-day tensions (and their accompanying but breath, life force, or vital energy that goes through misplaced ideations) and to analyze and use the the body. knowledge consciously to change present and See also AYURVEDA; YOGA. future behaviors.” Another IPA article, by John Rowan in the fall prayer, power of The belief that prayer has a 1999 IPA Newsletter, explained primal integration direct and positive effect on people afflicted with as opposed to primal scream therapy or primal illness. Studies have been conducted in which one therapy: “Primal integration is a form of therapy group of ill individuals has been prayed for and brought over to Britain by Bill Swartley, one of its another group has not been prayed for; the group main originators, although it was also pioneered of people who were prayed for had a better and here by Frank Lake. It is not to be confused with faster recovery rate, indicating that prayer, particu- Primal Therapy, coming from Arthur Janov; it is a larly when it is done by large groups of people, has parallel development occurring at about the same beneficial effects. time. It lays the major emphasis upon early trauma See also DOSSEY, LARRY; FAITH HEALING. as the basic cause of neurosis, and enables people to regress back to the point in time where the trou- primal scream therapy A psychotherapeutic ble began, and to relive it there. This often involves technique geared toward releasing old and intense a cathartic experience called a ‘primal.’ But some emotional burdens carried subconsciously that may people using this approach do not like this lan- be causing illness. According to a winter-spring guage, and instead call what they do regression- 128 psychic surgery integration therapy. It is strongly influenced by the (1-877-774-6257) or [email protected], “fosters research of Stanislav Grof, who pointed particu- deep personal healing, which in turn fosters the larly to the traumas often associated with the expe- healing of our larger communities. Now, more than rience of birth. ever, we are committed to spreading the word “In primal integration therapy the practitioner about healthy emotional living,” according to its uses a variety of techniques taken from body ther- website. “Many of our projects and activities, such apies, feeling therapies, analytic therapies and as the newsletter, Internet support group, member- transpersonal therapies, because a lot of stress is ship directory, peer group development, and certi- laid on the unity of body, feelings, thought and fication program are focused on enriching our spirituality. Grof has recently written very well community life. Other initiatives such as our web- about this, and his holotropic therapy is close to site, world-wide contact list, therapist referral list, what we call primal integration. Because of the annual conventions, and regional retreats are emphasis of primal integration on early trauma, intended to bring more primal people closer people sometimes think it is going to put all neuro- together, and make primal life more available to sis down to one trauma, happening just once in those in need.” one’s life. But of course traumas are seldom as dra- See also PAST-LIFE REGRESSION THERAPY. matic as this. The commonest causes of neurosis are simply the common experiences of childhood— psychic surgery An alternative, highly contro- all the ways in which our child needs are unmet or versial therapy that originated in the Philippine frustrated. This is not necessarily a single trauma, Islands. Psychic surgeons (shamans) who practice in the sense of a one-off event—that is much too there may be located through local hotels. Psychic simplistic a view. Rather would we say with Balint surgery is performed through the mind and spirit of that the trauma may come from a situation of some the healer, who through a vision has proclaimed to duration, where the same painful lack of ‘fit’ have been given the gift of healing and psychic between needs and supplies is continued.” surgery by the Holy Spirit. While in a semitrance or Rowan added that the goal of primal integra- meditative state, the healer’ hands, guided by the tion is straightforward: to contact and release the spirit, “detect” parts of the body that are diseased real self. “Once that has been done,” he wrote, and “inject” spiritual energy into them. Practition- “enormously useful work can be done in enabling ers and individuals who have undergone this expe- the person to work through the implications of rience say blood, tissue, pus, cartilage, bone, that, and to support the person through any life worms, stones, or other substances may materialize changes that may result. But until the real self has on the patient’s body. At times, it is also claimed, been contacted, the process of working to release the spirit causes the healer’s hands to enter the it will continue. Obviously the main technique is body and extract diseased tissue without leaving a regression—that is taking the person back to the wound or scar. The tissue closes as the hands are trauma on which their neurosis is based. Laing has “taken out” of the body. argued that we should also talk about recession— Energy projected from the healer’s hands the move from the outer to the inner world. Pri- “opens” body tissue and is considered similar to a mal integration agrees with this, and finds that scalpel by enthusiasts of this procedure: energy recession and regression go very well together. appears to harmonize with the patient’s body as the One of the clearest statements of the case for doing body is entered, and the healer’s semitrance has this comes from Grof: he talks about the COEX been said to alter cosmetic appearance as well as system, a set of emotional experiences which hang reduce tumors and effect change in deep tissue. together for a person, and appear or disappear as a After psychic surgery, in many circumstances, the whole. It is a gestalt which keeps on reappearing organs remain, but free of disease, or “cleansed,” in the person’s life.” say psychic surgeons and their patients. Spiritual The International Primal Association, 18 Cedar energy, instead of an anesthetic, as might be used in Hill Road, Ashland, MA 01721, or 1-877-PRIMALS conventional surgery, is said to heal and enhance psychic surgery 129 injury caused by emotional, mental, physical, gong energy & the use of acupuncture points” dietary, or chemical trauma. The relaxation response (Acupuncture & ElectroTherapeutics Research 1997; of the patient carries the quick, painless process; no 22:17–33), Y. Omura writes: “Most patients recovery period is necessary, and enthusiasts say received injections of a dark-brown solution, there are no complications or risks involved. How- which, some of the visiting doctors speculated, may ever, the psychic surgeon’s hands, acting as a be an iodine solution mixed with either alcohol or scalpel, are reported to create to observers a a local anesthetic. In many patients, he injected straight line perforating the skin over the diseased this solution near the pathological area or at an or injured area that causes little or no bleeding. It acupuncture point near the pathological area. is said a patient is conscious throughout the pro- When the needle of the syringe was in the cedure and able to get off the healing table with- acupuncture point, he twirled it with his fingers out discomfort. several times and then withdrew it. Minor surgery Psychic surgical procedures of approximately 15 was performed in about 1⁄5 of the patients with to 30 minutes may include spinal adjustment, whom the author observed. Most of the surgical removal of tumors or cancerous growths, align- incisions were made on the midline of the tissue ment of bones, and adjustment of internal organs over the spine near the pathological area. The such as uterus, ovaries, kidneys, liver, pancreas, clamping of blood vessels and the closings of the and heart. The patient may have a nearly invisible surgical wounds were performed by licensed sur- mark at the area of psychic incision, which may geons or licensed nurses. The main treatment feel slightly tender for 24 hours, according to appears to be the application of external Qi Gong reports of patients of Reverend Gregorio, a psychic energy through the fingers of the right-hand, in surgeon of the Philippines. combination with Shiatsu Massage and a manual According to Dr. Donald McDowall, author of procedure resembling chiropractic manipulation.” Psychic Surgery—A guide to the Philippines Experience, The late Reverend Agpaoa, who operated an (self-published, 1992), “It is estimated that there international travel agency, was indicted for fraud are more than 400 psychic surgeons in the Philip- associated with psychic surgery in 1967. He for- pines. There is one in every big hotel in Manila. feited a $25,000 bond when he jumped bail and Reverend Tony Agpaoa was the most famous. returned to the Philippines. The controversy of Warning: If you choose to undergo this type of psychic surgery does not deter the surgeons, who healing, determine the credentials of the surgeon claim that the patient’s mind and willingness are you are using, believe in his healing ability and the components of the healing and that the drama your soul’s willingness to be healed. Psychic provided by the procedure gives patients greater surgery is a modern expression of traditional Fil- confidence. ipino shamanism, calling upon the Holy Spirit and In two articles published in Vancouver Magazine other cosmic energy to achieve the healing. Prac- (“No anesthetic, no knife; bail-jumping Reverend ticed also in North America by visiting Filipino Antonia Agpaoa will heal you with his bare hands,” shamans, psychic surgery often involves the 1978 July: 45–47, and “Trick or treatment?” 1978 extraction of ‘tumors’ from the body through a July: 47), G. Marchant writes: “A recent Yukon bloody but painless and invisible ‘incision’ in the Medical Association report on psychic surgery notes patient’s abdomen. This is not a physically invasive that some individuals with chronic, non-specific process, and the patient is able to leave the operat- disorders who had undergone psychic surgery ing table without discomfort. A highly controver- showed marked subjective improvement.” The sial method, psychic surgery is an option for those Philippine Medical Association (PMA) claims: “[The who have faith in God.” surgeons] take advantage of the gullibility of peo- See http://www/crystalinks.com/psychic_sur ple. We know that they are fooling the people, but gery.html. it is hard to do anything about it. Patients won’t In “Impression on observing psychic surgery and complain. Either they are ashamed that they have healing in Brazil which appear to incorporate (+) qi been made fools of, or they have died—so we usu- 130 psychic surgery ally have no proof against faith healers.” Marchant demonstrated that the actual operation produced added: “The Canadian Embassy in Manila had no greater benefit than the placebo operation. In a signed three death certificates for people who separate study conducted by Dr. Leonard Cobb and would never return alive from their miracle tours his associates, placebo surgery proved to be more (although not from Agpaoa’s tours). Of more than effective than the real thing. Cobb reported that 20 known cancer cases who went to Baguio from fully 43% of the patients who received placebo Vancouver three and fours years ago, not one is still surgery reported both subjective and objective alive according to the BC Cancer Agency. . . . In improvement. In the patients who had received the 1974, Donald F. Wright and Carol Wright testified real operation, only 32% reported satisfactory before a U.S. Federal Trade Commission hearing in results. What this research established is that the Seattle investigating travel agents promoting tours mere form (metaphor) of surgical procedures can to visit the Philippine healers. The Wrights, from produce the same results as the actual surgical Iowa, students and believers of ESP and magnetic procedures.” (Source: http://www.metamind.net/ healing, traveled to the Philippines in 1973 to study enigmaipsysur.html) psychic surgery. Eventually they were convinced The National Council against Health Fraud that what they saw was not surgery but trickery, (NCAHF) Consumer Information Statements on and they learned the methods from their surgeon Faith Healing and Psychic Surgery (1987) offer teacher. They were taught how to shop for animal guidelines on psychic surgery and other alternative parts used to make up a ‘bullet.’ A bullet is actual healing methods: “(1) ‘Faith healing’ refers to the animal tissue or a clot of animal blood and cotton, apparently beneficial outcomes of rituals or reli- which is made to appear like tissue coming from gious activities on behalf of the afflicted. Unless inside the body. They were taught how to make the such outcomes are clearly miraculous (e.g., the bullet, wrap it, prepare the tissue, how to hide the restoration of an amputated body part) they may bullet and then how to transfer it onto the patient.” simply be regarded as fortuitous and probably (Source: http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/PPI/Uncon- involving psychological mechanisms. This does not ventionalTherapie) deny the value of faith healing for psychological In his essay ”Unraveling the Enigma of Psychic conditions but places limitations upon its useful- Surgery” (http://www.ca-sps.org/HarveyJMartinIII. ness for the purpose of minimizing unnecessary html, 1999), Harvey J. Martin III wrote: “While the harm and maximizing its possible therapeutic persecution of the Filipino healers was getting into value. (2) Faith healing should never be done pub- gear, the Institute of Noetic Sciences published a licly or in such a manner that the afflicted must report on aspects of the placebo effect that were demonstrate his/her faith by discontinuing needed known only to a select group of medical medications, removing supportive braces, or per- researchers. One of the topics covered in the report forming potentially trauma-inducing acts. (3) Faith was the little known subject of placebo surgery. In healers should provide their ‘gift of healing’ with- the 1950s, several American doctors conducted an out fee or acceptance of donations (i.e., in the experiment designed to determine the merits of the example of Christ, in whose name they often claim surgical procedure for angina pectoris. In the exper- to heal). (4) Potential healees should be psycholog- iment, three of five patients received the operation. ically prepared to accept null effects to prevent The other two were merely placed under anesthe- them from taking such results as a sign of divine sia, and given a surface incision, which was then rejection or punishment. (5) The alleged removal sutured. Once awakened, the five patients were of diseased tissue from the body without leaving an monitored during their recovery from the opera- incision as has been practiced in the Philippines for tions. To the amazement of the physicians, a signif- some years is denounced as a complete fraud; not icant percentage of the patients who had received only does it waste money and cause psychological placebo operations were cured. In 1961, Dr. Henry harm through promoting false hope, it can prevent Beecher reviewed two double-blind studies of the people from seeking valuable health care before it placebo operations. These studies convincingly becomes too late for effective therapy.” purvakarma 131

NCAHF is a private nonproﬁt, voluntary health psychosomatic disease Physical symptoms and agency that focuses on health misinformation, fraud, illness originating from emotional disturbances or and quackery as public health problems. Its positions fears, the result of mind-body connection. Psycho- are based upon the principles of science that under- somatic illnesses are not considered mental ill- lie consumer protection law. NCAHF advocates: (1) nesses but rather are treated both conventionally adequate disclosure in labeling and other warranties and alternatively, because the symptoms and suf- to enable consumers to make truly informed choices; fering are real and present. (2) premarketing proof of safety and effectiveness for products and services claimed to prevent, alleviate, pulse analysis Also called Nadi, a diagnostic pro- or cure any health problem; and (3) accountability cedure in Ayurvedic medicine based on character- for those who violate the law.) istics of the radial pulse, including fast, narrow, See also Appendix I; FAITH HEALING; SHAMAN. feeble, cool, irregular, jumping, excited, prominent, hot, moderate, regular, slow, strong, steady, Azuma N, Stevenson I. “Psychic surgery” in the Philip- pines as a form of group hypnosis. American Journal soft, broad, and warm. of Clinical Hypnosis 31, no. 1 (July 1988):61–67. See also TONGUE ANALYSIS. Cassileth BR. Alternative medicine handbook: the complete reference guide to alternative and complementary therapies. purifying fruit drinks See DETOXIFICATION; JUICING. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 316. Dein S. “The management of illness by a Filipino psychic purvakarma An oil and steam bath cleansing surgeon: a western physician’s impression.” Social Sci- therapy used in Ayurvedic medicine. ence & Medicine 34, no. 4 (February 1992):461–464. See also AYURVEDA. Hafner AW, editor. Reader’s guide to alternative health methods. Milwaukee, Wisc.: American Medical Asso- ciation, 1993, pp. 69, 335.

Q qi (ch’i) The Chinese word (pronounced chee) for restored to health. Qigong is reported to relieve “vital energy,” or “life force.” According to Harriet stress and anxiety, improve general fitness, counter Beinfeld, L.Ac., and Efrem Korngold, L.Ac., O.M.D., insomnia, and relieve migraines. In addition, qigong authors of Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chi- has been reported as beneficial to individuals with nese Medicine (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991), cancer, asthma, heart disease, acquired immunod- qi’s “can be understood as the creative or formative eficiency syndrome (AIDS), arthritis, hypertension, principle associated with life and all processes that prostate problems, impotence, diabetes, hemor- characterize living entities. All animate forms in rhoids, constipation, myopia, and presbyopia. nature are manifestations of Qi. Qi is an invisible The practice of qigong may involve breathing substance, as well as an immaterial force that has exercises, meditation, and hands-on manipulation palpable and observable manifestations. of energy (or laying on of hands) along the body’s “Qi has its own movement and also activates the meridians, energy pathways that in traditional Chi- movement of things other than itself. Qi begets nese medicine are represented as a sort of road map. motion and heat. Within the context of the human “Medical” qigong may be used as a self-healing tech- person, Qi is that which enlivens the body and is nique and as an aid to help others heal. Qigong mas- differentiated according to specific functional sys- ters, as they are known, make a conscious effort tems. All physical and mental activities are manifes- through focused mental intent, meditation, or tations of Qi: sensing, cogitating, feeling, digesting, prayer to send healing ch’i to ailing individuals, or stirring, propagating. . . . Qi governs the shape and in a technique called “external qi healing” or exter- activity of the body and its process of forming and nal qigong they draw excessive energy, which may organizing itself. Qi also means the totality of Blood, also be damaging, away from an individual who is Moisture, and Qi, earth, sea, and air, the total sum- experiencing dysfunction or pain. Internal qigong, a mation of the life of the organism, body, or world.” practice with 3000 or more variations (including t’ai Zheng qi refers to the normal flow of energy ch’i) centered on self-healing, involves exercises through the meridians and body organs. Zong qi that are easily adapted to an individual’s condition, refers to the energy that accumulates in the thorax, strength, and circumstances. or gathering qi. Wei qi, known as defensive qi, flows In Reinventing Medicine: Beyond Mind-Body to a under the skin and protects against environmental New Era of Healing (HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), or external bacteria and other potential pathogens. Larry Dossey, M.D., wrote of two qigong masters, Ronger Shen and Yi Wu, who “were among the qigong Also rendered chi gong or ch’i kung, qigong first in China to learn a technique called Soaring is a physical and spiritual Chinese discipline geared Crane qigong, which was introduced to the public toward helping energy (qi or ch’i) move through- in China in the 1980s and which soon attracted out the body for optimal functioning. Often more than 20 million adherents. When the mas- referred to as a branch of energy medicine, the ters came to the United States they collaborated qigong philosophy is that clogged, impure, or pol- with a research team at Mt. Sinai School of Medi- luted qi causes disease or dysfunction and that it cine to test the effects of qigong in a sophisticated, can be removed or cleansed so the body may be well-controlled experiment published in 1994. In

133 134 qi ni addition to the qigong practitioners, the Mt. Sinai Regular qigong practice is said to initiate the team was composed of David J. Muehsam, M. S. relaxation response, that is, a decrease in heart rate Markov, Patricia A. Muehsam, and Arthur A. Pilla. and blood pressure and the optimal flow of oxygen As their ‘subject,’ they chose a biochemical reac- to body tissues; alter chemicals in the brain called tion involved in the contracting of muscles that neurotransmitters that can moderate pain, depres- line the blood vessels and intestinal tract. The bio- sion, and addictive cravings; boost the immune sys- chemical reaction is highly complex and occurs in tem by increasing the rate and flow of lymphatic stages. It requires the binding of calcium to a pro- fluid and help the body resist disease and infection. tein called calmodulin, which then activates an More information is available by contacting enzyme called myosin light chain kinase. This acti- the National Qigong Association (NQA), P.O. vated enzyme then causes phosphorus to attach to Box 540, Ely, MN 55731, or (218) 365-6330, molecules called myosin light chains. The end or www.nqa.org.; and the Qigong Institute, 561 result is the production of energy required for the Berkeley Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, or www. contraction of muscle tissue. qigonginstitute.org. “The researchers asked the qigong practitioners See also ACUPUNCTURE; Appendix I. to treat the tissue samples, which were taken from animals, as they would treat a patient in real life. qi ni Qi, or energy, that flows in the wrong direc- They stood two to five feet away from the test tion, sometimes called “rebellious qi.” tubes during treatment, which lasted for six min- See also QI. utes for each sample. In all of nine trials, the qigong masters were able to modify the biochemical reac- qi xian Deficient, or decreasing, qi, which results tion by an average of 15 percent, which is an effect in less than optimal body functioning. size seen in many clinically significant biological See also QI. reactions in the body. The odds against a chance explanation of the outcome were less than one in qi zhi Stagnant or sluggish qi. twenty.” See also QI. R radical healing An integrated approach to healing each one’s abdomen just above the navel, he found and healing traditions set forth by Rudolph M. Bal- that there was a dull sound instead of the typical lentine, M.D., author of several books, including hollow sound of a healthy patient’s abdomen. He Radical Healing: Integrating the World’s Great Therapeu- found the same phenomenon in patients with other tic Traditions to Create a New Transformative Medicine diseases as well. After further investigations, (New York: Harmony Books, 1996). The approach Abrams came to believe that disease was actually a combines theories, techniques, and remedies from form of radiating energy and manifestation of an Ayurveda, homeopathy, traditional Chinese medi- imbalance of electrons throughout the body, and on cine, European and Native American herbology, this premise he devised a variable resistance meter, nutrition, and psychotherapeutic bodywork. or biodynamometer, to measure a patient’s energy. “Besides its relation to the Latin radix (which He placed a patient’s blood sample or lock of hair means root), the term radical has a less well- (referred to as “witnesses”) in a container he called known and more technical botanical significance,” a dynamizer, which was then attached to the bio- Ballentine wrote. “It denotes the tiniest, hairlike dynamometer. He would then palpate the abdomen terminals of a plant’s root, which extend its action of a healthy individual and make a diagnosis. into the depths of the soil, and, by finding and According to Richard Gerber, M.D., in A Practical entering cracks and crevices in the bedrock, slowly Guide to Vibrational Medicine (New York: Harper- fracture it and split it open. Some of the beliefs and Collins Publishers, 2000): “Radionics is one of the assumptions about our reality that sustain and pro- few areas in vibrational medicine capable of provid- mote our suffering are the deepest and most resis- ing tools that allow a trained radionics operator to tant to change. It is those assumptions that can measure and quantify the energy characteristics of make diseases seem untreatable or ‘incurable.’ The the physical body, its organs, the chakras, the modus operandi of radical healing is to penetrate the etheric body, and the higher spiritual bodies. So strongholds of human limitation and rend them bizarre and irrational to the left-brain, analytical, asunder, opening the possibility of a transformation scientific mind are some of the phenomena and evolution that conventional medicine has not observed in radionics that its detractors have ventured to approach. Without that probing thor- claimed that radionics is not truly science but some- oughness, that radical intensity, we will not be able thing more akin to magic. To the uninformed, it to heal the profound disorders that are now plagu- actually appears as if something magical is taking ing us, individually and collectively.” place during radionics therapy. But to those who are better informed about the nature of radionics radionics An alternative health care system and and what it is capable of, this developing science type of vibrational medicine that involves the use of provides a whole new understanding of the far- special devices and a substance from a patient (a reaching potentials of human consciousness and the lock of hair, nail clipping, or a drop of blood, for hidden healing capabilities of the multidimensional example) to analyze and diagnose an illness. The human being. . . . Only in the age of quantum American neurologist Albert Abrams in the 1920s physics and laser holography have scientific models experimented with cancer patients. As he tapped begun to evolve that may help explain radionics.”

135 136 rajasic

The American chiropractor Dr. Ruth Drown rasayana The Ayurvedic term for rejuvenation. took up Abrams’s work after his death, but she was prosecuted for fraud and medical quackery. rebirthing Various techniques performed on The British engineer George De La Warr also did adult clients to simulate birth in order to help an research based on Abrams’s theory; in 1924 a individual overcome anxiety and other emotional study of what Abrams dubbed radionics was problems. funded and subsequently endorsed by the Royal Society of Medicine. Radionics remains controver- reconstructive therapy A treatment modality sial. The general concept is that a person can be geared toward healing torn, injured, or weak diagnosed through his or her body’s energy-field joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage by injec- vibrations, evident in all parts of the body, with tions of natural irritants into the joints. Used to the aid of technological devices. The basic princi- treat degenerative arthritis, epicondylitis (tennis or ples of radionics include that (1) every disease may golfer’s elbow), carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, be characterized by unique energy or frequencies; and low back pain, reconstructive therapy injec- (2) humans react to the frequency, specifically tions combine lidocaine or other local anesthetic detectable by a certain abdominal reflex, when with an irritant that boosts the healing process at they are facing geomagnetic west; (3) disease fre- the site of the injury or damage. Irritants are nat- quencies may be conducted along metallic wires; ural substances, which include sodium morrhuate (4) radionic instruments known as variable-resis- (made from cod liver oil), dextrose, phenol, and tance devices serve as “tunable” electronic filters various minerals. The irritant solution helps blood to detect one disease frequency at a time, and (5) vessels dilate and summons fibroblasts, or healing a psychic link, even at a distance, develops cells, to the injured area. The fibroblasts then pro- between the radionics operator and the patient duce the protein known as collagen, which forms through the blood spot or “witness.” new connective tissues, facilitating the reconstruc- The radionics practitioner requests a medical and tion of the impaired structure. Studies and clinical lifestyle history and a “witness,” and after analyzing trials have shown reconstructive therapy to be its vibrations with the help of a new automatic com- effective in some cases and an alternative to puterized treatment system (ACTS), the practitioner surgery for some orthopedic problems. offers findings and recommendations for treatment. More information is available by contacting the See also VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE. American Association of Orthopedic Medicine, 90 South Cascade Avenue, Suite 1230, Colorado rajasic In Ayurvedic medicine, anything that Springs, CO 80903, or (719) 475-0032; or the produces energy. Rajas, the Sanskrit word for American Osteopathic Academy of Sclerotherapy, movement, is one of the three gunas, the three 107 Maple Avenue, Wilmington, DE 19809, or attributes of primordial physical energy in the cos- (302) 792-9280. mos. In Ayurvedic medicine, rajas is an active, See also Appendix I. kinetic force in the body. See also AYURVEDA. reflexology Originally called “zone therapy” in the early 1900s by the American physician William rakta moksha The Ayurvedic term for bloodletting Fitzgerald, an energy healing method with similar as a treatment for toxic conditions of the body, such attributes to Reiki, acupressure, and acupuncture, as urticaria, acne, scabies, hives, certain blood and and massage that uses the soles of the feet as a map bone disorders, enlarged liver or spleen, and gout. of the entire body’s zones. The nerve endings in these zones are reported to correspond to body sys- rasa A concept in Ayurvedic medicine referring tems, structures, and organs and therefore to to the initial stage of taste. Rasa is experienced as impairments in any of them. The reflexologist stim- sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter, or astringent. ulates the nerve endings in specific areas of the feet See also AYURVEDA. to reduce blockages of energy that may be the Reiki 137 cause of problems elsewhere in the body. For weight; soft, oily, warm, fair skin; aggressive, intel- example, the reflexology foot chart shows that the ligent personality; sharp memory; fiery or violent toes correspond to the head and neck, the ball of dreams; moderate financial status; fanatic faith; the foot to the thorax, the arch of the foot to inter- irritable, jealous nature; excessive thirst; and good nal organs, the heel to the sciatic nerve and pelvis, appetite. Refrigerants help balance the “fiery” type and so on. The right foot represents the right side of body and personality. Refrigerants are also used of the body; the left foot represents the left side. in homeopathic medicine. Acupressure applied on the foot’s reflex points may See also AYURVEDA; HOMEOPATHY. help alleviate such conditions as tension and migraine headaches, gastrointestinal problems, Reich, Wilhelm Twentieth-century medical doc- asthma, acne, eczema, arthritis, sciatica, premen- tor and former student of Sigmund Freud who strual syndrome, and neurological disorders. developed Reichian therapy, a system of bodywork Although reflexology generally has no adverse and breathing exercises that helps unblock effects, caution is indicated for pregnant women, repressed emotions that may be causing muscle who may experience uterine contractions when tension, pain, and misalignment, which Reich certain areas of the feet are stimulated. Also, indi- referred to as “armoring.” In addition to breathing viduals who have pacemakers, gallstones, kidney techniques, Reichian therapy includes movement stones, phlebitis, thrombosis, lower-limb vascular such as kicking to release emotional tension. problems, ulcers, foot injury, or blood clots should consult a physician before choosing reflexology. Reiki A branch of energy medicine involving Reflexology as it is practiced today was adapted intense mental focus and the laying on of hands, from Dr. Fitzgerald’s zone therapy by the nurse and named from the Japanese words rei and ki, mean- physiotherapist Eunice Ingham in the 1930s. The ing “universal life energy.” Reiki’s main premise is author of a book on the reflexology theory, Ingham to direct or infuse healing energy to the body in created the foot chart and identified the reflex order to rebalance blocked energies, release toxins, points. Her nephew, Dwight Byers, continued Ing- and activate innate healing capabilities. Unlike stu- ham’s work and became known as the leading dents of other energy healing methods and disci- authority on reflexology. More information is avail- plines, Reiki students are given “attunements,” able by contacting the American Reflexology Certi- processes similar to rites of passage in religious fication Board and Information Service, P.O. Box practices, by Reiki masters, rendering them open 620607, Littleton, CO 80162, or (303) 933-6921. and able to draw upon healing energy from the See also Appendix I; ZONE THERAPY. universe and channel it in a therapeutic way. Some Reiki practitioners believe they are helped by heal- refrigerant In Ayurvedic medicine, foods or ing spirit guides or by a higher spiritual force. herbs that are categorized as cooling, or capable of The modern practice of Reiki is attributed to Dr. reducing body temperature. Examples of cooling Mikao Usui, who in the early 1900s was principal of substances are dandelion root, rhubarb, pome- Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan, and a Christ- granate, unsalted butter, unsalted cheese, ghee ian minister as well. Incorporating Japanese symbols (milk or butter fat clarified by boiling), goat’s milk, that are said to summon a higher power and adapt- mother’s milk, coconut oil, maple syrup, lentils, ing ancient healing techniques used by Jesus and garbanzos, soybeans, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, Buddha, Usui developed a safe, non-invasive ther- celery, cauliflower, cucumber, lettuce, okra, white apy that works on physical, mental, and spiritual potato, spinach, sprouts, zucchini, apple, banana, levels for both the practitioner and the Reiki recipi- figs, grapes, melon, pears, saffron, coriander seeds, ent. Now a mainstream course offered to nurses and barley, basmati rice, wheat, and white rice. Cool- other health care professionals, Reiki is credited for ing foods are usually prescribed for individuals its ability to relieve pain, reduce stress and anxiety, with a pitta constitution, that is, a general body mitigate the nausea and vomiting associated with type described as a moderate frame and body chemotherapy and radiation, and produce other 138 rejuvenation therapy positive effects. There are various schools of Reiki, to a stressor. The relaxation response, which including White Light Reiki, and each practitioner involves lowered blood pressure, respirations, may develop his or her own personal style. metabolic rate, and heart rate, has long-term bene- The actual Reiki sessions, which may last from ficial effects on health and well-being and may be 45 minutes to more than an hour, involve a laying accomplished through the use of meditation, vari- on of hands working with all seven chakras, or ous mental focusing techniques, and breathing energy zones, of the body, and meditation, prayer, exercises. or intense focus of the practitioner. The practitioner According to Benson, regular elicitation of the (who serves merely as a conduit) directs healing relaxation response has the ability to counteract energy through his or her hands to each of the the cumulative, negative effects of stress and rebal- body’s seven chakras. Reiki has been shown to be ance the body back into a healthy state. Achieving beneficial as a complementary treatment for the relaxation response (which is a general term for chronic and acute ailments, including back pain, any technique or method that induces relaxation) migraines, sinusitis, stress-related and menstrual may involve repeating a word, sound, prayer, problems, arthritis, asthma, eczema, depression, phrase, or muscular activity, thus clearing one’s insomnia, cystitis, sciatica, malfunctions of the mind of the daily “clutter.” Focus words can endocrine system, and chronic fatigue syndrome. include love, peace, relax, calm, ocean, one, om, Reiki is also used to assist in the healing process for insha’allah, or whatever word or phrase, one patients recovering from surgery. Although Reiki is chooses. The key steps are repetition of the word or generally considered safe, individuals with diabetes words and passive disregard for intrusive thoughts. must be informed that Reiki can affect the body’s When doing the repetitions, one should sit quietly, insulin level and must be monitored carefully if eyes closed, in a comfortable position; relax the they choose to receive Reiki treatments. Further- muscles; breathe slowly and naturally, saying the more, individuals with pacemakers may be unpre- focus word silently upon exhalation; and assume a dictably affected by Reiki energy, and it is passive attitude. Stay seated for at least a minute recommended that treatments be either refused or before stopping the exercise and rising. Benson rec- performed with extreme caution. Reiki may be used ommends practicing this technique once or twice a safely on plants, foods, animals, environments, and day for 10 to 20 minutes each time. life in general. Essentially giving Reiki heightens the Many relaxation techniques have been set forth energy level of a living organism or an inanimate as complementary treatments for illness, including object, such as a computer or car engine, and may yoga, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch, meditation, and be given directly or as distance healing. bodywork. Relaxation aids patients before and See also CHAKRAS. after surgery and has been shown to help counteract the effects of hypertension, chronic pain, rejuvenation therapy Any treatment modality or sleep-onset insomnia, unexplained infertility, technique that helps restore health, vitality, and premenstrual syndrome, cancer, acquired immun- optimal level of functioning. Rejuvenation accord- odeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cardiac arrhythmias, ing to Ayurvedic medicine requires physical, men- anxiety, depression, hostility, migraine and cluster tal, and spiritual approaches to restoring balance, headache, asthma, and other ailments. Relaxation is health, and longevity. considered a major factor in the practice of mind- See also AYURVEDA. body medicine. See also BENSON, HERBERT. relaxant Any substance or agent that induces muscular or psychological tranquility. remedy picture The set of symptoms that characterize or dictate a certain remedy, or treatment, also Relaxation Response A phrase coined by the known as the total symptom picture, in homeo- author and physician Herbert Benson to describe pathic medicine. As opposed to treating one symp- the opposite of the body’s “fight-or-flight” reaction tom at a time, the remedy picture is similar to the Rubenfeld Synergy Method 139 use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic when a specific greater range of motion, improvements in spine pathogen may not be identified. A homeopathic curvature, and improved nervous-system response. combination remedy may be considered if the indi- Also, some children with cerebral palsy benefited vidual’s symptoms correspond to homeopathic sub- from Rolfing. stances and their potency. In 1970 Rolf founded the Rolf Institute for Structural Integration, 205 Canyon Boulevard, remission A period in which a disease process Boulder, CO 80302, or (303) 499-5903, or subsides or seems to disappear. Disciplines of mind- http://www.rolf.org, and wrote the book Rolfing: body medicine are now studying cases of sponta- The Integration of Human Structures (New York: neous remission of catastrophic illnesses to Harper & Row, 1977). determine what physical and emotional changes have occurred to cause remission or in some cases root chakra Another term for the first chakra, complete recovery from a life-threatening illness. located at the base of the spine and symbolizing survival and prosperity. ren In traditional Chinese medicine, the merid- See also CHAKRAS. ian, or energy channel or pathway, that extends down the front of the body from the lower lip to Rosen, Marion German physical therapist who the genitals. developed the Rosen Method for the treatment of See also ACUPUNCTURE. chronic tension caused by unconscious memories and belief systems. The method includes breath- restorative A substance or agent that strengthens ing exercises, relaxation techniques, massage, and and helps heal the body. psychotherapy.

Rishis Hindu seers, said to be incarnations of the Rosenthal Center for Complementary and god Vishnu, who through meditation gathered and Alternative Medicine See Appendix I. set forth the knowledge base for what is known as Ayurveda, or Indian medicine. The most famous rubefacient A substance that is slightly irritating rishis were Gotama, Viswamitra, Jamad-agni, and causes redness of the skin. Examples are Vasistha, Kasyapa, Atri, Bhrigu, and Daksha. See knotweed and smartweed, used for therapeutic http://www.clubi.ie/ov.lestat/ofgodsr.html. purposes in homeopathic medicine. See also AYURVEDA. Rubenfeld Synergy Method A body-mind energy Rolfing A form of deep-tissue massage geared system, incorporating components including body- toward relieving stress and increasing energy and work, intuition, psychotherapy, talk, movement, mobility, particularly for individuals with whiplash, awareness, imagination, humor, and compassionate chronic back pain, and muscle and spinal problems. touch, developed in the 1960s by Juilliard graduate Developed by the biochemist and physiologist Ida and former music conductor Ilana Rubenfeld, Ph.D. P. Rolf, Rolfing is based on the concept that the The author of several books, including The Listening body should be aligned with gravity lest there be Hand, Psychotherapy Handbook, Ushering in a Century excess strain upon movement. Rolfing treatments of Integration, Gestalt Therapy: Perspectives and Applica- involve vigorous, possibly painful, manipulation tions, and Beginner’s Hands: Twenty-five Years of Simple and pressure to break up “knots” and realign mus- Somatics, Rubenfeld is considered a somatic psychol- cles. Rolfing is not recommended for individuals ogy pioneer. She founded the Rubenfeld Synergy who have cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and other Center (877-776-2468), where professional train- inflammatory ailments. However, studies have ing programs are offered to those who wish to shown that people who received Rolfing treat- become synergists. The basic philosophy of the ments experienced a variety of benefits, such as method focuses on awareness as the key step improved posture, greater physical strength, toward positive change, and on the body as a phys- 140 Rubenfeld Synergy Method ical, emotional, and spiritual whole. In addition, the Method, and breathing patterns, among others, are method integrates the idea that stored emotions geared toward helping the individual relax, heal, and memories may cause imbalance or distress, and and reach higher levels of self-awareness and self- exercises involving verbal expression, movement, esteem. gentle touch, Gestalt therapy, Ericksonian hyp- See also ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE; ENERGY MEDICINE; notherapy, Alexander Technique, the Feldenkrais FELDENKRAIS METHOD; FREUD, SIGMUND. S saints, healing powers attributed to See CASEY, distance between the healer and healee, this form THE REVEREND SOLANUS. of healing is still viable in many parts of southern Africa and is believed to be particularly effective salve In folk and other herbal remedies, a mix- when the patient is an inmate in a prison or men- ture of beeswax and vegetable oil for preserving tal institution. The dolls may also be used to call herbs and spices. back a runaway spouse. See also VOODOO. samagni The Ayurvedic term for the balance of appetite, digestion, and metabolism. Selye, Hans The Vienna-born physiologist, physi- See also AYURVEDA. cian, and pioneering stress researcher (1907–1982) who developed a theory of stress known as the sangoma A male or female shaman, or healer, of “general adaptation syndrome” (GAS), which southern Africa. In the Zulu culture, for example, involves the stimulation of the hypothalamic-pitu- the inyanga treats physical disease; the sangoma is itary-adrenal axis when exposed to stress, or the concerned with the psychic world but may use sim- “flight-or-fight response.” Working in Montreal, ilar media. After a calling to their roles by ancestors Canada, for 50 years, Selye maintained that chronic and a training period of either several months, five stress experienced by an individual could eventually to seven years, or up to 25 years, sangomas (also wear down both physical and emotional defenses, called diviners) try to diagnose illness and its cause exacerbate aging, and cause illness. In 1979 Selye and to ward off evil spirits and antisocial individu- and Alvin Toffler, D.Sc., founded the Canadian Insti- als. The sangoma, who may otherwise lead a normal tute of Stress (CIS), now an international leader in life and perhaps have a second job, uses various preparing workplaces, communities, and individuals diagnostic methods, such as “throwing the bones.” in the risk management strategies required for suc- Part of the diviner’s attire is a “swatch” made from cessful, not stressful transitions to their planned the hair of an animal’s tail. In the past, when a dis- futures. While in his second year of medical school tant friend or relative became ill, the sangoma (1926), Selye recognized the influence of stress on known and trusted by the family was consulted in people’s ability to cope with and adapt to the physi- respect of absent healing. Also, a wooden or leather cal and emotional pressures of injury and disease. doll would be created, named, and dressed for the He discovered that patients with a variety of ail- ill person. Any of the ill person’s belongings would ments manifested many similar symptoms, which be added to the doll as a symbol of the link he ultimately attributed to their bodies’ efforts to between it and the person, and the sangoma would respond to the stresses of being ill. He called this col- perform healing methods on the doll. The healer lection of symptoms—this separate stress disease— would then take the doll, place it in a beautiful stress syndrome, or the general adaptation model hut, feed it, sprinkle or fill it with medicinal syndrome (GAS). Selye continued researching GAS plants, and through it try to communicate with the and wrote 30 books and more than 1500 articles on absent ill person. Not unlike distant Reiki or other stress and related problems, including Stress without energy medicine that may be conducted despite Distress (New York: New American Library, 1975)

141 142 sexual chakra and The Stress of Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, The Complete Family Guide to Natural Home Remedies 1976). Some have referred to him as “the Einstein and The Complete Family Guide to Alternative Medicine of medicine.” A physician and endocrinologist with (both published by Element Books, Boston, Mass.) several honorary degrees for his pioneering contributions to science, Selye also served as a professor shen In traditional Chinese medicine an individ- and director of the Institute of Experimental Medi- ual’s spirit, or a highly significant aspect of a per- cine and Surgery at the University of Montreal. son’s mind or spirit. According to the National Stress Institute, research indicates that stress is related to cardiac, gastroin- shiatsu A type of massage. testinal, skin, neurological, immune system, and See also MASSAGE. emotional disorders. See also LONGEVITY MEDICINE; NEUROLINGUISTIC shivananda A form of yoga. PROGRAMMING. See also YOGA. sexual chakra Another term for the root chakra Siegel, Bernie S. An American surgeon, teacher, in Ayurvedic medicine. and prominent advocate of holistic healing. Former See also CHAKRAS. president of the American Holistic Medical Associa- tion, he is the author of the best-selling books Love, shad rasa In Ayurvedic medicine the six basic Medicine & Miracles; Peace, Love and Healing: Bodymind tastes: salty, sweet, acidic, pungent, bitter, and Communication and the Path to Self-Healing: An Explo- astringent. ration; How to Live between Office Visits; and Prescrip- See also AYURVEDA. tions for Living. For the last 20 years Siegel, until recently a surgeon at Yale New Haven Hospital, has shaman From the Evenki language (the Tungusic emphasized the importance of each person’s taking language of Siberia), the term for a priest or priest- responsibility for his or her health and health care. ess who acts as a healer through the use of magic He formed an organization, called EcAP, which has based on the belief in gods, demons, and ancestral been highly successful in helping people with can- spirits. Shamanism is a religious practice of people cer. On the Internet article “Conscious Healing,” in far northern Europe and Siberia. Women Siegel said: “I’d say that the key element . . . prob- shamans also have a long history in China, India, ably has to do with group meetings. These are and other Asian countries and are known to use opportunities to get a sharing; a new family; and traditional medicine as well as laying on of hands, love. When there is the ability to express all of rituals, incantation, herbalism, and spiritual heal- these feelings, an incredible healing occurs in ing energy in attempts to cure disease. In Korea a groups. Then the other components are things like woman shaman is called a mansin. A Haitian reading, meditating, living in the moment, dealing Voodoo priestess is called a mambo. In Hispanic cul- with feelings and learning to love one’s self. But I ture she is known as curandera. think underlying all of this while talking to doctors See also CURANDERISMO; KAHUNA; SANGOMA; who are dealing with heart disease, with infertility, VOODOO. with cancer and AIDS, is that the group seems to be the unique powerful thing. And again I call it the Shealy, C. Norman A medical doctor and Ph.D., ‘care-frontation/loving discipline.’ This is a group the founder of the American Holistic Medical Asso- where we are here to change. And that’s a power- ciation, and a respected neurosurgeon. Shealy is ful part of it I think.” More information is available the director of the Shealy Institute, Springfield, at www.ethoschannel.com/personalgrowth/voices/ Missouri, a center for comprehensive health care bs_voices.html and pain and stress management. His books In a 1991 interview with Tova Navarra intended include Miracles Do Happen and The Self-Healing for publication in the Asbury Park Press, a New Jer- Workbook, and he served as consulting editor for sey daily newspaper, Siegel revealed many of his Siegel, Bernie S. 143 own feelings and how his practice of holism their patients have a room with a view and to play evolved. The article reads as follows: music the patients like in the OR! If you gave lectures or sermons and got into the scientific realm, In the early 1970s, Dr. Bernie S. Siegel found his you’d have an argument on your hands, because job as a surgeon becoming painful. The workdays so much of what we all read and were exposed to never ended, it seemed to him, and patients—so was in the specialized academic journals. The med- many of them—died, making him feel like a fail- ical establishment is now saying let’s do research ure. On the verge of despair, he decided to listen to on the value of this mind/body connection. That’s a “guide,” a voice within him, that urged him to truly exciting, because to have gotten to that point, seek a way to go beyond the role of “mechanical” they had to accept the idea. life-saver. After years of personal growth, Siegel wrote in Love, Medicine & Miracles: “I tried to step Q: According to your writing and the general liter- out from behind my desk and open the door to my ature, some of it considered “New Age,” accep- heart as well as my office. . . . I began encouraging tance plays a big part toward well-being in modern patients to call me by my first name. . . . I commit- health care and in everyday life. What accounts for ted the physician’s cardinal sin: I ‘got involved’ the acceptance? with my patients.” Siegel: That no one is against success. That’s the Because of this, his patients and practice took good part, the one that can bring about institu- on a new meaning, and other books to describe it tional changes. followed: Peace, Love and Healing and How to Survive Q: Given your own story of how you had felt so Between Office Visits. In all his books, Siegel spouts hopeless about your profession that you nearly mind/body philosophy that contributes to and gave up surgery altogether, how did you come to augments the increasingly popular view of the accept the more metaphysical ideas and apply mind/body connection. them to your practice? Along with the influential health professionals including Drs. Deepak Chopra, Dean Ornish, Elisa- Siegel: For me, it started with my mother telling beth Kübler-Ross, O. Carl Simonton, Wayne Dyer, me: “It was meant to be. God is redirecting you, and many others, Siegel, who also teaches at Yale and something good will come of it.” This way of University, literally operates on the premise that a thinking sets you up to live an intuitive life rather person’s temperament has great impact on his than one based on what’s officially “right” or physical state. In addition to being integral to “wrong.” I also recognized that children taught me ancient Eastern philosophy, religion, and medi- how to take care of adults. Children aren’t into cine, the mind/body idea was summarized by Hip- failure until adults fill them with it. Children shift pocrates, the “father of medicine,” who said, “I into the spiritual realm more easily than adults. would rather know what kind of person has a dis- For example, children with cancer have said inter- ease than what kind of disease a person has.” esting things, such as “Maybe God gave me cancer because I’d write a book and help other people.” Q: What has stopped health care professionals in One child said, “I never want to be a doctor the past from hooking into the idea of studying because I don’t want to tell people there’s nothing spontaneous remission—the mysterious retreat of a I can do,” while another child said he wanted to be catastrophic illness—and other forms of wellness? a doctor “so when their hair falls out, I can say Siegel: The training: diagnosis-oriented, mechanis- mine did, too, and it will grow back.” tic, not about people. If things such as spontaneous Q: Would you say your handle on life, with or remission happen they don’t understand, they say without cancer or other disease, is one of keeping it was either a miracle or a lab error. the faith? Q: What is the impact of your philosophy these Siegel: My basic sense is—the basic message is— days? the way you beat the difficulties in life is not in the Siegel: All impact takes time, but in the past 10 to cure, but how you live, love, laugh, and have faith. 15 years, there have been incredible changes and You can find your own way of giving love to the opening. I’ve been invited to speak at hospitals, world. I say happiness is a choice, not something medical schools, and on television, and I’ve given to you. Cancer sometimes wakes people up. received recognition and awards. But what a strug- Life for everyone is a labor pain and a prison sen- gle I had at first telling professionals to see that tence: You can “give birth” to yourself and learn 144 Simonton, O. Carl

from people imprisoned who are happy people. I six stage patterns In traditional Chinese medi- learn from them. cine a system for diagnosing illness. Q: What about your detractors? Siegel: Most of that is their projection of their prob- solar plexus The region behind the stomach and lem with money, guilt, shame, or blame. At times between the suprarenal glands (approximately the people will quote me on things I never wrote; they midtorso from the diaphragm to the upper created or saw their own perception, like an artist abdomen), also called the celiac plexus. Two large doing a painting a certain unique way. It’s within nerve bundles, the celiac and superior mesenteric you to find inspiration. You learn not to be angry ganglia, are housed in the solar plexus and pass with attackers. sympathetic fibers to the abdominal organs. In Q: What happens when you feel critical of your- energy medicine disciplines such as Reiki, the solar self? plexus is known as the third chakra (manipura), Siegel: I might criticize myself for having been associated with the color yellow, the element of ignorant of the upbringing of many people, people who said, “We didn’t have [Siegel’s] parents,” etc. fire, the pancreas and adrenal glands, and the func- I had to learn to rewrite to the people in pain to tion of personal power and emotions. A Reiki prac- clarify. Also, I have to remember that change does- titioner often places both palms on a client’s solar n’t mean I’ve done something wrong. plexus as a way to make an initial energy connec- Q: Which means simply that life is unfair? tion before the actual Reiki treatment begins. Siegel: Most people say that because they don’t See also CHAKRAS; REIKI. separate natural disaster from a neighbor burning your house down. They lump adverse effects solar therapy Also known as heliotherapy, the together. If they use all their resources, however, treatment of a disorder, such as seasonal affective themselves and spiritual resources, they can build disorder (SAD), with sunlight. Lack of exposure to in happiness in the day. Those who are ill can build sunlight has been shown to cause depression and in a better chance of recovery. other illnesses, and in many cases, indoor lighting Q: You use the phrase “living in God’s country.” fixtures with bulbs or light sources that simulate What do you mean? actual sunlight offer relief from symptoms. Siegel: I mean you can learn to be in God’s country where there are no schedules and no clocks. It’s The use of music, the voice, and part of how to die laughing; people do die with a sound therapy smile. It’s not a fairy tale. They embrace a joy in other types of sound as a way to treat anxiety, having lived and contributed. I like to think of the stress, physical symptoms, and pain; to induce most frequently asked question on earth— relaxation; and to increase the level of mental, ”Where’s the bathroom?”—and the most fre- physical, and social functioning. For example, quently asked question in heaven—”Why was I so music may help reduce stress and pain and serious back there?” decrease anxiety before and after surgery, in the See also MUSIC THERAPY. intensive care unit, and during flexible sigmoi- doscopy, cardiac catheterization, and other proce- Simonton, O. Carl An American radiation oncol- dures, and it has been shown to relax infants and ogist and author of Getting Well Again (with children, women in labor, and people with stroke Stephanie Matthews-Simonton and James or Parkinson’s disease. Other sounds, including Creighton, Jeremy P. Tarcher, Los Angeles, Calif., rain forest, seashore, and babbling brook, available 1978). He founded and directed the Simonton Can- on CDs and cassette tapes, have recently become cer Center, P.O. Box 890, Pacific Palisades, CA popular for creating a certain ambience in a room, 90272, or (800) 459-3424, (310) 459-4434, and for relaxation, and for induction of sleep. www.simontoncenter.com, and pioneered the use of Using sound as a clinical application, the French imagery by people with cancer. Simonton believed otolaryngologist Alfred A. Tomatis developed a that stress is the greatest single factor causing low- sound therapy to help repattern a child’s auditory ered immune function and the recurrence of cancer. range and attention span. The French physician spontaneous healing 145

Guy Berard also developed a sound therapy, the relate to physical, emotional, genetic, and nutri- Berard Method, using music to improve impaired tional conditions. Once the frequency energy pat- hearing. The German physicist Ingo Steinbach cre- terns are measured, missing frequencies may be ated the system called Spectral Activated Music of supplemented externally with a device called a Optimal Natural Structure (SAMONAS), which was tonebox. Rebalancing the frequency energy pat- supposed to train the auditory system to process terns supports the individual being tested in a way sound normally and thus foster normal speech, lan- that helps them heal themselves. This work is anal- guage, concentration, and general learning ability. ogous to brain wave entrainment. By providing a Another sound therapy is toning, which requires an constant external input into the biological system individual to stand with eyes closed and a relaxed at a frequency where it is deficient, it eventually jaw and repeat certain vowel sounds in order to rebalances as it learns to resonate at that frequency. release stress, balance mind and body, and improve For example, the Bulgarian psychiatrist Gorgi his or her vocal and listening skills. Lazanoff was able to show an increased capacity for According to www.biowaves.com/Info/WhatIs- learning, or superlearning, by playing Baroque Sound.cfm, “Healing has often been affected by music (1700s Bach, Vivaldi, Telemann, Handel) such modalities as sound, light, music therapy, and and having his students breathe in rhythm with various other energy medicine techniques that the beat. alter the frequency patterns of an individual. All “The audio waveform is analyzed for frequencies matter, including herbs, pharmaceuticals, and even in stress which are then compared to our experi- food with its accompanying vitamins, minerals and mental frequency assignments of vitamins, minerals, other nutrients could be examined from a fre- amino acids, bones, muscles and all manner of sub- quency perspective that may explain their biologi- stances, including drugs and toxins. Once these fre- cal effects. . . . This is obvious if you consider that quencies in stress are identified, Bio-Resonance electrons are always moving and vibrating. All Therapy utilizes low-frequency waveforms generated healing interventions influence the body by some- with a small, “Walkman”-style tonebox and deliv- how altering its frequency resonance. Computer ered through headphones, sub-woofer or a vibration technology such as Bio-Resonance Therapy can transducer. Each tonebox can be programmed for up measure the specific frequency imbalances in much to 12 tracks, with up to 4 very accurate frequencies the same way as one would measure brain wave on each track. These low-frequency waveforms are activity. The voice is a holographic blueprint of the non-invasively delivered to the body, often resulting whole body. This allows sound therapy to be more in immediate remarkable changes. Research indi- subjective since it does not depend on the skill or cates that low-frequency waveforms seem to activate orientation of the practitioner. After the assess- vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other biologic ment, appropriate suggestions can be made and substances, and show promise at being able to detox- actions taken with respect to the identified ener- ify frequencies that correlate with dangerous sub- getically stressed issues. This laser like approach is stances that may be prominent in the voice analysis.” then able to support the body. Once the body is See also MUSIC THERAPY; VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE. supported, it can then utilize its own innate healing abilities to restore health. We also theorize, that southern African healing methods See SANGOMA. since frequencies are so important to biological well-being, then there may be a correlation spiritual healing See FAITH HEALING. between health issues and one’s vocal energy pattern. . . . The voice is an accurate map or holograph spontaneous healing The abatement of symp- of the body energetics. Every individual has a toms or disappearance of disease without apparent unique voice energy print that may be charted with cause. Some attribute spontaneous healing, also special computer software. When charted, the called spontaneous remission, to an act of God or a voice often reveals patterns of sound frequency remarkable change of attitude or events in a per- energy imbalance. Voice frequencies appear to son’s life. In his article “Spontaneous Remission 146 Steiner, Rudolf and the Placebo Effect,” Stephen Barrett, M.D., pathic medicine in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1892. retired psychiatrist and head of the consumer orga- Still’s two major theories were that the human nization called “Quackwatch,” wrote: “When body naturally contains all intelligence and reme- someone feels better after using a product or pro- dies it needs to ward off disease, and that proper cedure, it is natural to credit whatever was done. alignment of bones, muscles, and nerves is essen- However, this is unwise. Most ailments are self- tial to optimal function. He did not believe in dis- limiting, and even incurable conditions can have pensing drugs, but as a result of his doctrine, Still’s sufficient day-to-day variation to enable quack future osteopaths incorporated the use of drugs, methods to gain large followings. Taking action vaccines, surgery, and other treatment modalities often produces temporary relief of symptoms (a thought to be appropriate for each case. Today, placebo effect). In addition, many products and doctors of osteopathy (D.O. or O.D.) practice services exert physical or psychologic effects that alongside and interchangeably with medical (M.D.) users misinterpret as evidence that their problem is doctors. being cured. These ‘Dr. Feelgood’ modalities See also OSTEOPATHY. include pharmacologically active herbal products, quack formulas adulterated with prescription stimulant An agent or substance that intensifies drugs, colonic irrigations (which some people energy, has a warming effect, or increases the func- enjoy), bodywork, and meditation. Scientific tioning level of organs or body systems. experimentation is almost always necessary to establish whether health methods are really effec- stomach wash Also known as emesis therapy, tive. Thus it is extremely important for consumers vaman, or vamankarm (therapeutic vomiting), an to understand the concepts of spontaneous remis- Ayurvedic method of emptying the stomach of sion and the placebo effect.” mucus or other excess and undesirable substances See http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerE- called kapha in individuals with asthma, bronchitis, ducation/placebo.html. swollen glands, diabetes, obesity, sinusitis, skin dis- See also FAITH HEALING; PRAYER, POWER OF. eases, chronic cold, edema, epilepsy (between seizures), chronic tonsillitis, and migraines. Three Steiner, Rudolf The Austrian philosopher (1861– or four glasses of licorice and honey or calamus 1925) who developed the idea of science of the root tea or two glasses of salt water are to be taken, spirit, which he called anthroposophy. His experi- and afterward one rubs the tongue to induce vom- ence of the reality of the Christ was pivotal in his iting—and the release of emotions—until bile teachings and vision and soon took a central place appears in the vomitus. Vomiting eight, six, or four in his whole teaching, in his books and lectures. times, with a one-quart maximum and a one-pint From 1911 he also showed that drama, painting, minimum amount of vomitus, is considered thera- architecture, eurythmy, and other arts hold creative peutic. The stomach wash, a gentler treatment than powers that can be drawn from spiritual vision. In vamankarm, involves drinking salt water and tick- response to World War I (1914–18), Steiner claimed ling the back of the throat with a finger to induce that with insight into humankind’s nature, a new vomiting until the stomach is empty. The method is social sphere could be established. His ideas added not recommended for children; elderly, frail, preg- to the body of knowledge in education, agriculture, nant, grieving, menstruating, or emaciated individ- therapy, and medicine. The book Anthroposophical uals; or those with anorexia, heart disease, cavities Medicine (Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press, 1984) in the lungs, or bleeding problems in the upper air- by Victor Bott, M.D., outlines the medical system ways or organs. Steiner created, which combines concepts of both See also AYURVEDA. Christianity and Indian Vedanta. stress From the Old French word estresse, meaning Still, Andrew Taylor The American physician “narrowness,” the disruption of balance causing (1828–1917) who founded the first school of osteo- strain, pain, or other disturbance in functioning. sweat lodge 147

Stressors—causes of stress—include fear, anxiety, recommended as a supplement to treatment with crisis, joy, injury, disease, gravity, and mechanical dialysis machines. force. Some stress is considered necessary in order Sweat can also eliminate excessive salts that for biological mechanisms to function optimally. often cause hypertension and urea, a metabolic by- Unmanageable amounts of stress, however, usually product, which can cause headaches, nausea, and result in anomalies or undesirable changes in func- in extreme cases, vomiting, coma, and death. tioning. Eustress refers to good stress, and distress Sweat may also draw out lactic acid that causes refers to bad or painful stress. Either may have a painful or stiff muscles and general fatigue. deleterious effect on the body. When sweat-lodge heat dilates capillaries, blood See also SELYE, HANS; SIMONTON, O. CARL. flow to the skin and heart rate increases. Impurities in vital organs are flushed out by the flow of fluids. structural integration See TRAGER INTEGRATION. Finnish and German doctors cite studies indicating sweat baths help persons with high blood pressure subclinical symptoms Precursors of symptoms or and heart problems. Congested airways open in the predisposition to disease. heat, thus relieving colds or minor respiratory prob- See also KINESIOLOGY. lems, but sweat baths are not recommended for persons with pneumonia and major respiratory succussion From the Latin succussio, meaning a problems. The heat of a sweat bath and the often “shaking,” the act of shaking an individual in order rapid cooling afterward are said to condition the to hear any internal splashing sounds that indicate body against colds, disease, and infection. Recent the abnormal presence of fluid, particularly in the tests in Finland validate the practice of splashing thoracic area. Succussion also refers to the homeo- water on superheated rocks as a way to produce pathic method of shaking remedy preparations. negative ions, particularly if the rocks are heated by a wood fire instead of electricity. A lack of negative Sufis See ISLAMIC SUFI HEALING PRACTICES. ions and excess of positive ions have been linked to heart attacks, aggravated asthma, migraines, insom- suggestion, power of See HYPNOTHERAPY; MIND- nia, rheumatism, arthritis, hay fever, and allergies. BODY CONNECTION; NONLOCAL MIND; PLACEBO. Some causes of unhealthy ionic conditions are weather disturbances, central air conditioning, air supplements, dietary See NUTRITIONAL THERAPY. pollution, and driving in a closed automobile for extended periods. surgery, psychic See PSYCHIC SURGERY. Spiritual Aspects sweat lodge A Native American healing practice, The Native American sweat lodge is said to offer similar to a steam bath or sauna to induce profuse spiritual as well as physical benefits. Dr. Rudolph sweating in order to rid the body of wastes, but with Ballentine, in his book Radical Healing (New York: spiritual aspects geared to healing emotional distur- Harmony Books, 1999, p. 333) wrote: “The sweat bances as well as physical problems. Enthusiasts lodge is a tangible expression of the intricate min- claim that pollution, artificial environments, syn- gling of being tested, of being reduced to the mere thetic clothing, and lack of regular exercise clog bones of your life before being guided into a pores and block the body’s natural flow of perspira- rebirth—a re-creation of yourself—through the tion and can lead to physical and emotional prob- ordeal of the cleansing crisis. it demonstrates in a lems. Depending on how hot the sweat bath is and humble, yet eloquent way the connection between the climate in which it occurs, a 15-minute sauna or physical healing and the realm of the spirit. What sweat induces the heavy metal excretion that nor- is released in the experience of the sweat lodge is mally takes healthy kidneys 24 hours to accomplish. the confining consciousness of a limited, fearful Body sweat flushes toxic metals such as copper, lead, ego, and the physical encrustations that hold your zinc, and mercury from the body. A sauna is often body in a form that can only express such a con- 148 sweat lodge stricted consciousness. Then you are free. The lodge. The arrival of glowing rocks is a constant shaman used the sweat lodge to move beyond the reminder of One-Above’s penetrating goodness limited consciousness of the ego to a place where and radiance. Sakim, Creek spiritual leader, con- he could seek guidance for those who were suffer- stantly reminds us that Silence is the voice of Cre- ing, to transport himself to other dimensions of ator, One Above. Sometimes, a flute is played; this reality where he could retrieve the spirits of those represents bird song, Creator’s first specific gift to who were lost, or even to call forth a vision of the the newly created. In the Pine Arbor Creation future. To sum up, the subject of cleansing is of cru- Story, birds received songs for their part in drying cial importance, but is widely ignored.” out land when it was covered with water—bird The lodge itself symbolizes communication songs are both a form of spiritual silence and an with the Higher Power, not unlike a church aural blessing.” or temple. According to http://curtis collection.com/ Other symbols in the sweat lodge include a cheyennesweatlodge.html, “The lodge is often small altar mound made of dirt in front of the lodge built or restored during the morning of the cho- entrance, where participants can place special sen Sweat Day. People fast while working on the items, and fire, which represents various concepts lodge to help their intent remain pure, and prayer according to the nation. For Creeks, for example, and tobacco are offered as willow (the wood of fire is a piece of the Sun and perfect symbol of Cre- choice) or other saplings are cut, as holes are dug ator. Saunas and sweat lodges exist throughout the for the placement of saplings and as the pit for the world, largely in North and Central America, Ire- hot rocks is excavated. Sioux sweat leader Bobby land, Finland, and much of Europe, Russia, Africa, Woods said: ‘Willow branches used to construct Japan, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. the lodge also taught bathers a lesson. In Fall, (http://www.memory.lor.gov/ammem/award98/ leaves of the willow died and returned to earth lenhtml/curthome.html) . . . in Spring, they come to life again. So too, men Edward S. Curtis, photographer and author of died but lived again in the real world of Creator Cheyenne Sweat Lodge, volume 6 of a 20-volume set where there is nothing but the eternal spirits entitled The North American Indian, wrote: “With of deceased things. A foretaste of this true life the Cheyenne the sweat bath is one of the most could be known here on Earth if they purified essential religious observances. Through its agency their bodies and minds, thus coming closer to the their purified minds and bodies are brought in Great Spirit who is All-Purity. . . .’ Woods also accord with the supernatural powers. Even when it said willows used in the lodge symbolically mark is employed in healing disease the thought is that off the four quadrants of the universe—every- the power of the spirits, not the steam, will expel thing of the world and sky was represented the sickness. Certain medicine men have the right within the framework. to build sweat lodges and conduct the ceremony, “Muskogees use willow extensively for sweat and they can impart the prerogative to others. In lodges, brush arbors, and medicines. Willow bark this way alone can a man obtain the sweat lodge contains salicin, an analgesic and ingredient in sev- medicine, that is, the right to have a sweat lodge eral aspirin-like compounds. There are many ail- built and then to preside at the ceremony. After the ments for which willow and aspirin are effective. promise of valuable presents the medicine man Cutting or pruning willow encourages additional instructs the novice, while his wife teaches the wife branches to sprout. In addition, a willow tree’s life of the latter her duties. The transfer of the medicine cycle reflects the human life cycle. The constructed of healing and fighting is also involved in the trans- lodge is usually a round or oval-shaped dome, rep- action. . . . The origin of the sweating ceremony is resentative of the womb and sometimes called ascribed to the buffalo, and buffalo skull is always ‘Mother Earth’s womb’. The door is low to prevent placed in front of and looking toward the lodge.” heat from escaping but lessons of humility are eas- Tobacco is smoked as well during the sweat-lodge ily taught when one must bend low to enter the ceremony. lodge. Sweats begin in silent darkness inside the See also NATIVE AMERICAN HEALING; HYDROTHERAPY. T t’ai ch’i (t’ai ch’i chuan) A combination of med- 24 to more than 100. Movements are performed itation and martial art, which originated in ancient slowly, softly, and gracefully with smooth, even China. The discipline is named in the Chinese transitions between them. Many practitioners say words for “Supreme Ultimate Force” and based on practicing t’ai ch’i offers improved posture, align- first learning to feel and then to direct an energy ment, and/or movement patterns, all of which, known as chi (or qi). It is said that “where mind when impaired, can contribute to tension or injury. goes, ch’i follows.” The t’ai ch’i theories are gener- (See www.chebucto.ns.ca/Philosophy/Taichi/what. ally taught after one has mastered the external, html; and www.taichinetwork.org.) dancelike moves. The practical exercises follow See also FENG SHUI; QI; YIN-YANG. Taoism, a reflective, mystical Chinese philosophy first associated with the scholar and mystic Lao Tzu tea, herbal Beverage made from various herbs, (Laozi), an older contemporary of Confucius. Lao such as chamomile tea to induce relaxation and Tzu wrote and taught in the province of Hunan in calm an upset stomach. the sixth century B.C. and authored the seminal See also INFUSION. work of Taoism, the Tao Te Ching. Although Taoism has many elements, the major Thai massage Dating back to ancient times and concept is that the world is steeped in beauty and originating in northern India, a combination of should be viewed and treated with great reverence. yoga, meditation, acupressure, exercise move- T’ai ch’i also has, particularly among Eastern prac- ment, and reflexology. Thai massage is worked on titioners, a long connection with the I Ching, a Chi- a floor with the client dressed in comfortable loose nese system of divination. There are associations of clothing. It is performed in gentle, rhythmic the eight basic I Ching trigrams and the five ele- movements designed to energize and balance the ments of Chinese alchemy (metal, wood, fire, body. Similar to acupressure and shiatsu, it has water, and earth) with the 13 basic postures of t’ai been nicknamed “yoga for the lazy.” This method ch’i created by Chang San-feng. There are also focuses on the major meridians, also called energy other associations with the full 64 trigrams of the I lines or Nadis, which run throughout the body. It Ching and other movements in the t’ai chi form. aims to harmonize the body, to loosen blocks, and The notion of “supreme ultimate” is often associ- to recoup deficiencies along the energy lines. In ated with the Chinese concept of yin-yang—the contrast to traditional Chinese medicine, which dynamic duality (male/female, active/passive, uses acupuncture to manipulate the pressure dark/light, forceful/yielding, etc.) in all things. points, Thai massage stimulates these points with Force (or, more literally, fist) can be thought of healing touch and allows life energy, or prana, to here as the means or way of achieving this yin- circulate. It can prevent illness by dissolving yang, or “supreme-ultimate” discipline. blocks before they are manifested psychologically Dating to the third century A.D., t’ai ch’i chuan or physically. Injured athletes may recover and consists of two schools, Wu and Yang. Depending experience increased flexibility. More information on the school, the number of exercises varies from is available at www.ancientmassage.com.

149 150 therapeutic baths therapeutic baths See HYDROTHERAPY. differs from a laying-on of hands or other direct- contact therapies. Instead, the practitioner focuses Therapeutic Touch (TT) Based on ancient healing on the few inches beyond the body, where the practices involving the body’s electromagnetic energy field may be manipulated. Energy field cues energy fields, a scientific nursing intervention for- may be perceived by the practitioner as sensations mally developed in the early 1970s by Dolores such as heat, cold, tingling, or whatever is intuited. Krieger, Ph.D., R.N., professor emerita of New York After the practitioner gains that intuitive knowledge University, and the natural healer Dora Van Gelder about the patient’s energy field, balancing involves Kunz, to assist in balancing the flow of human several techniques: modulating refers to tempering energies by directing or manipulating them with the outflow of energy, directing refers to the transfer the hands. The Therapeutic Touch practitioner seeks of energy between the patient and practitioner, to repattern the recipient’s weakened or compro- unruffling is a clearing or smoothing of the energy mised energy flow and stimulate the immune sys- field, especially in areas that are distressed. The law tem to boost its innate ability to foster healing. of opposites also applies, in that an energy field may Therapeutic Touch (TT) was the first of human be rebalanced by the practitioner’s intuitive projec- bioenergetic field therapies to receive funding for tion of an opposite cue. further study from the National Center for Com- Upon completion of Therapeutic Touch, the plementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), practitioner then must reassess the patient’s energy which was established by the National Institutes of field to determine the outcome of the session. Prac- Health. In one study conducted by the University titioners agree that a consistently beneficial out- of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Center for Nurs- come may be the result of many years of practice ing Research, Therapeutic Touch was shown to and development of the therapist’s own sensitivity. have a positive impact on acquired immunodefi- Training in TT consists of a minimum of 12 hours ciency syndrome (AIDS) patients’ immune system of education with a qualified TT educator who function and to reduce stress. In another UAB meets specific guidelines of the Nurse Healers-Pro- study, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, fessional Associates International Inc. (NH-PAI), TT was shown to be beneficial in reducing pain and the official organization of Therapeutic Touch. anxiety in burn patients, and a more recent study Therapeutic Touch is taught at New York Uni- suggested that TT also helps patients who are versity by Dr. Krieger as well as in more than 200 bereaved. It has also been reported that neonates facilities, including medical centers, universities, and anesthetized or comatose patients may also and massage therapy schools, and in more than 78 benefit from TT, which is intended to create a feel- countries. The NH-PAI offers a national credential, ing of integration and equilibrium through mobi- along with policies, procedures, and guidelines for lizing the body’s own healing energies. scope of practice and teacher/mentor/practitioner. The principles of TT are centering, assessment, A variation of TT, Healing Touch, was developed by balancing, and reassessment. Centering refers to the Janet Mentgen, R.N., in 1981; it uses TT in addition practitioner’s summoning and maintaining a peace- to other bioenergetic techniques. ful mindset before a TT session with a patient. This See also BIOENERGETICS; KRIEGER, DOLORES; KUNZ, may be accomplished through deep-breathing or DORA VAN GELDER. other relaxation or meditative technique, which is chosen by the individual. Once centered, the prac- Thomson, Samuel Leader of a movement of titioner “scans,” or assesses, the patient’s energy herbalists who patented his system of herbal medi- field in order to perceive cues, that is, indicators of cine in 1813 and sold the rights to others who imbalance in the energy field. Usually the patient is wished to practice it. They became known as Thom- lying down as the practitioner uses the palms of his sonian practitioners, and by 1839, there were or her hands to “connect” with the energy that sur- 100,000 in the United States. Thomsonians formed rounds the outside of the body. In general TT, the the Eclectic Medical Institute in 1845, on the patient’s body is not touched by the practitioner; TT premise of combining European herbal medicine Transcendental Meditation 151 and the herbal practices of several Native American Trager Integration A gentle, rhythmic, shaking tribes. The Eclectics, who established many schools massage technique, as opposed to massages that in major American cities, published an official phar- involve pressure, oils, or forceful manipulation, macopoeia in 1854, which by 1909 reached its 19th that helps release tension in joints. The method edition, but because of the emergence of new drugs was developed by Dr. Milton Trager, who spent 50 and a growing pharmaceutical industry, the last of years expanding his theories. Born in Chicago in the Eclectic schools, in Cincinnati, Ohio, shut down 1908 with a congenital spinal deformity, Trager in 1939. Today’s schools of naturopathy provide overcame his disability and improved his body to courses in natural and holistic medicine practices athletic status. When he was in his late teens his including traditional Chinese medicine, homeopa- family had moved to Miami Beach, Florida, where thy, Ayurveda, nutrition, and herbal medicine. he trained to be a boxer. After each boxing session, his trainer would give him a massage. Young Mil- Thomsonian practitioners See THOMSON, SAMUEL. ton offered to give the trainer a massage when he looked particularly tired one day. His trainer was tincture A liquid homeopathic remedy, usually so impressed by the results that Milton was with an alcohol base. encouraged to treat his father, who had sciatica, See also HOMEOPATHY; MOTHER TINCTURE. which after two sessions was healed. From that point on, Trager worked on many people and a tissue remedies See CELL SALTS. variety of conditions. At age 42 he applied to 70 medical schools before being accepted by Universi- tongue analysis Also called jihva, a system of dad Autonoma de Guadalajara in Mexico, where a diagnosis in Ayurvedic medicine based on observ- clinic was set up for him to continue his work in ing characteristics of the tongue. The tongue is psychophysical integration. In 1955 he received “mapped” according to other parts of the body his M.D. degree. He continued to practice and (similar mapping of the soles of the feet is seen in teach for the next 20 years and cofounded the reflexology); ailments that include sensitive colon, Trager Institute in 1980. There are now thousands delicate heart, kidney disorder, bronchitis, pneu- of certified practitioners around the world. At the monitis, delicate lungs, unabsorbed nutrients, tox- age of 88 Dr. Trager died in January 1997. More ins in the colon or gastrointestinal tract, and information is available at www.trager.com; www. deep-seated fear or anxiety, may be determined by magnoliaspa.com markings, colorations, moisture, and other states of the tongue. Face, lips, nail, and eye evaluations are Transcendental Meditation Practiced by 5 mil- also used in Ayurvedic diagnostic measures. lion people worldwide, a simple, natural, effortless See also AYURVEDA. technique of centering one’s body and mind in a restful state for approximately 20 minutes a day. tonic, hot Folk medicine or herbal remedies for Transcendental Meditation (TM) was founded by illnesses such as colds and flu and for energization Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1957 and was first and warming of the body, especially in the event of taught in Great Britain in 1960. Over 4 million chills and achiness. Tonics may be served hot or people around the world have learned Transcen- cold, depending upon the ingredients, which may dental Meditation (160,000 in Britain), and the include honey, various juices, cloves, cinnamon, first published research on this technique appeared herbs, hot mustard powder, turmeric, cilantro, in 1970. In 1980 Maharishi introduced Maharishi cumin, and black pepper. Ayur-Veda, a thorough and comprehensive revival See also JUICING. of the world’s most ancient system of health care. The TM technique requires no belief or lifestyle tonification An Ayurvedic and homeopathic term change, is nonreligious, is not time-consuming, for any treatment that is geared to fortifying the and can be learned by anyone regardless of body and promoting a sense or state of well-being. age, level, of education, or cultural background. 152 Transcendental Meditation

Transcendental Meditation gives a unique quality modern health care. Its teachers, however, do not of rest to mind and body. It allows stress and tired- replace the services of a doctor in any way and ness to be released in a natural way, resulting in always advise people to follow the recommenda- greater energy, clarity, and enjoyment of life. Ben- tions of their doctor on health matters. efits include the following: Research on Transcendental Meditation has been conducted at more than 200 universities, hos- • Unfolds one’s personal effectiveness and mind pitals, and research institutions in 27 countries. As potential a result, more than 500 research and review papers • Reduction of stress covering a wide variety of physiological, psychological, and sociological effects have been written. • Improvement of physical and mental health These have been collected in six volumes of • Reduction of negative effects of aging research papers, of which over 150 are reprinted • Improvement of relationships from scientific journals. • Helps in gaining self-knowledge in order to ful- Transcendental Meditation allows mental activ- fill life’s deepest need ity to settle down in a natural way while alertness is maintained and indeed enhanced. After Tran- • Improvement in the environment and creation scendental Meditation, individuals report feeling of world peace refreshed physically and mentally. The mind is • Reduction of hospital admissions and doctor visits calmer and more alert, thinking is clearer, and • Reduction of medical expenditure energy levels are increased. Benefits are cumula- • Lowering of blood pressure tive with regular practice. More can be accomplished with less effort. Those with busy schedules • Reduction of atherosclerosis (hardening of the note that Transcendental Meditation produces arteries) increased efficiency in activity; time is used more • Promotion of more positive health habits effectively. When mental and physical well-being • Decrease in cigarette, alcohol, and drug abuse are enhanced, personal relationships also improve; such improvement is a commonly reported and Maharishi’s Vedic Approach to Health is the name valued benefit of Transcendental Meditation. given to the integrated system of health care that Physiological research has shown that Transcen- includes both Transcendental Meditation and dental Meditation gives rise to a unique state of deep Maharishi Ayur-Veda, as parts of a spectrum of rest characterized by marked reductions in metabolic approaches to improving health and well-being. activity, increased orderliness and integration of Transcendental Meditation is practiced for about brain functioning, increased cerebral blood flow, and 20 minutes twice daily, sitting comfortably with features directly opposite to the physiological and eyes closed. biochemical effects of stress, including skin resis- Transcendental Meditation has been taught tance changes, and reductions in plasma cortisol and extensively around the world over the past 40 arterial blood lactate. Several other neuroendocrine years. Instruction involves a standard seven-step changes have also been observed during Transcen- course given by qualified teachers who have dental Meditation. Taken together, these studies undergone an extensive and systematic training clearly distinguish the physiological characteristics of program, ensuring high professional standards Transcendental Meditation from those of sleep or worldwide. Many British doctors have learned the simple relaxation. The most important contribution technique and recommend it to their patients, in a of Transcendental Meditation to health would number of cases the National Health Service has appear to be in primary prevention. Research in the paid for instruction in Transcendental Meditation United States examined health care utilization over when it has been recommended by a doctor. Tran- five consecutive years among 2000 people practicing scendental Meditation has many applications in the Transcendental Meditation, as compared to control field of health and supports the highest ideals of groups (from a total sample of 600,000) who were Transcendental Meditation 153 closely comparable with regard to age, gender, occu- Further analysis showed that Transcendental Med- pation, and health benefits. Over the five-year itation produced significant reductions in systolic period the Transcendental Meditation participants and diastolic blood pressure for men and women in consistently had fewer than half the number of doc- both high- and low-risk groups on six measures of tor visits and days in hospital when compared to hypertension risk: psychosocial stress, obesity, alco- controls. Of considerable interest was the fact that hol use, physical inactivity, dietary sodium-potas- the Transcendental Meditation group showed rela- sium ratio, and a composite measure of these risk tively little increase in need for health care with factors. Nonpharmacological methods are now rec- increasing age, whereas the opposite trend was ognized as crucial to therapy for hypertension, clearly seen in controls, as would usually be especially in patients below 60 years. For example, expected. Hospital admission rates for medical and the United States Joint National Committee on the surgical conditions were 60–70 percent lower in the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Transcendental Meditation group, with reductions Blood Pressure has recommended that nonphar- in all 17 disease categories studied. For example, macological, behavioral approaches “should be numbers of hospital admissions were 87 percent used both as definitive intervention and as an lower for diseases of the heart and blood vessels, 55 adjunct to pharmacologic therapy and should be percent lower for tumors, 73 percent lower for res- considered for all antihypertensive therapy.” piratory disorders, 87 percent lower for neurological A review of research on behavioral therapy for problems, and 30 percent lower for infections. hypertension concluded that Transcendental Medi- Reduced requirements for health care are con- tation provides an optimal nonpharmacological sistent with research showing that Transcendental treatment and preventive program for high blood Meditation reduces a variety of important risk fac- pressure because the technique tors for disease, including those for coronary heart disease and cancer. These findings include reduc- • Produces rapid, clinically significant blood pres- tions in high blood pressure; elevated cholesterol sure reductions levels; cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, • Is distinctly more effective than other medita- and drug abuse; overweight; cardiovascular reaction and relaxation procedures tivity to stress; physiological and psychological • Is continued by a high proportion of subjects (in stress levels; and anxiety, depression, and hostility. contrast to lower continuation rates for relax- Transcendental Meditation also enhances potential ation techniques and the frequent problem of protective factors such as job satisfaction and over- poor compliance with use of prescribed antihy- all psychological health and well-being. pertensive drugs) A number of studies have shown that Transcen- dental Meditation leads to clinically beneficial • Has documented acceptability and effectiveness reductions in blood pressure. Randomized con- in a wide range of populations trolled trials have found that Transcendental Medi- • Is effective in reducing high blood pressure both tation is significantly more effective in reducing when used as sole treatment and when used mild high blood pressure than any of the following: concurrently with medication a relaxation technique (progressive muscular relax- • Reduces high blood pressure in “real-life” envi- ation), a pseudomeditation procedure (which ronments outside the clinic attempted to imitate the Transcendental Meditation technique), or a “usual care” program consisting of • Is free of harmful side effects or adverse reactions advice on weight loss, salt restriction, exercise, and • Reduces other cardiovascular risk factors and reduced alcohol intake. improves health in a general way as well Transcendental Meditation produced reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure comparable In addition, a recent analysis found that Tran- to those commonly found with antihypertensive scendental Meditation may be more cost-effective medication, but without any adverse side effects. in treating mild hypertension than medication. 154 trauma remedies

A systematic review of 144 studies found that lower rates for the other techniques. Furthermore, Transcendental Meditation was more effective in after three years, all those who had learned Tran- reducing anxiety than other techniques (including scendental Meditation were still alive, in contrast progressive muscular relaxation, methods claimed to significantly lower survival rates for the other to induce a Relaxation Response, and other forms three groups and for the remaining inhabitants of of meditation). The superiority of Transcendental the institutions where the study was conducted. Meditation remained highly significant when only Individual health affects the collective health of the strongest and most rigorous studies were a society. More than 40 controlled studies have included in the analysis. Transcendental Medita- now shown that about 1 percent of the population tion has also consistently been found to reduce of a community practicing Transcendental Medita- depression, hostility, and emotional instability, tion, or an even smaller fraction practicing the indicating the growth of a more stable, balanced, advanced TM-Sidhi program, can lead to reduction and resilient personality. of problems such as violence, crime, accidents, dis- Transcendental Meditation has been found to ease, and suicides and to general improvement in lead to decreased use of alcohol, cigarettes, and economic prosperity and well-being for the whole nonprescribed drugs. A statistical meta-analysis society. summarizing 19 studies on the effects of Transcen- See also YOGA. dental Meditation found the technique produced substantial and highly significant reductions in trauma remedies In homeopathic medicine, alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use, with larger potentized remedies such as Arnica montana admin- effects than other treatments, including standard istered to individuals who have experienced a cat- therapies and other techniques of meditation and astrophic illness, injury, or event. relaxation. Over an 18- to 24-month period absti- See also HOMEOPATHY. nence ranged from 51 percent to 89 percent for Transcendental Meditation compared to 21 percent tribal healing practices See NATIVE AMERICAN for good conventional substance abuse programs. HEALING PRACTICES. A controlled, randomized study conducted at Harvard University found that elderly individuals tridoshas In Ayurvedic medicine the three body who learned Transcendental Meditation showed or constitutional types known as vata, pitta, and significantly greater improvements in a variety of kapha (Sanskrit terms). The doshas reveal many age-related aspects of mental and physical health characteristics and tendencies of an individual, and well-being than subjects taught other tech- who may be a combination of two or all the doshas. niques or a no-treatment control group. Those who Vata relates to the elements ether and air, pitta rep- learned a relaxation procedure that attempted to resents fire, and kapha corresponds to water and imitate Transcendental Meditation showed no earth. Through analyzing the individual’s body improvement on any measure. Most subjects prac- type and symptoms, Ayurvedic practitioners are ticing Transcendental Meditation rated their tech- able to diagnose illness or predisposition to illness. nique as useful and easy to practice, in contrast to See also DOSHAS. U urine therapy In Ayurvedic medicine, the practice Romans and Greeks. Various uses of urine may be of drinking, injecting, or externally applying one’s found in the following sources: the German ency- own urine as a treatment for certain ailments or as clopedia Johann Heinrich Zedler’s Grossen Vollstandi- a way of promoting health. Also called amaroli, gen Universallexikon of 1747; The Water of Life, by urine therapy is part of the yoga and tantra tradition John W. Armstrong (Saffron Walden, England: and is said to cleanse the body of impurities and Health Science Press, first edition 1944, 1990); encourage spiritual growth. Among the ailments Auto-Urine Cure, by R. V. Karlekar (Bombay, India: some claim are treatable with urine therapy are Shree Gajanan Book Depot Prakashan, 1969); Mir- asthma, flu, tuberculosis, toothache, allergies, heart acles of Urine Therapy, by Dr. C. P. Mithal (New disease, dysentery, edema, eye irritation, fatigue, Delhi, India: Pankaj Publications, 1978); Urine fever, smallpox, infertility, hepatitis, Kaposi’s sar- Therapy; Self-Healing through Intrinsic Medicine, by Dr. coma, morning sickness, depression, jaundice, John F. O’Quinn (Fort Pierce, Fla.: Life Science tetanus, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, baldness, Institute, 1982); Your Own Perfect Medicine: The gonorrhea, leprosy, typhus, rheumatism, gastric Incredible Proven Natural Miracle Cure That Medical ulcer, lymphatic disorder, bone fractures, chicken- Science Has Never Revealed!, by Martha M. Christy pox, pneumonia, hangover, common cold, sore (Scottsdale, Ariz.: Future Med, Inc., 1994); The throat, eczema, psoriasis, insect and snake bites, Golden Fountain: The Complete Guide to Urine Therapy, nettle sting, sea hedgehog sting, herpes simplex, by Coen van der Kroon (Swallcliffe, United King- sunburn, and skin cancer. A urine mask may be dom: Amethyst Books, 1996). prepared for general skin care, and drinking urine is The examination of urine—urinalysis—is inte- considered a spiritual practice that strengthens the gral in Eastern and Western medical practices, par- immune system. Yogis, Ayurvedic practitioners, and ticularly as a diagnostic test. Color, odor, amount, others who espouse urine therapy say urine is ster- clarity, and other characteristics are observed while ile, has antiseptic properties, and contains harmless tests for acidity, alkalinity, toxins, microorganisms, and nourishing components, as opposed to its being proteins, and other measurements are performed a toxic end or waste product of digestion. Its avail- by adding a sample of urine to certain chemicals or ability and lack of cost are also factors enthusiasts substances and obtaining results. In Ayurvedic med- point out. Urine therapy has been practiced for icine the oil drop test requires one drop of sesame thousands of years in the East, as evidenced by an oil per urine sample. Practitioners say that if the approximately 5,000-year-old document describing drop spreads immediately, the patient’s ailment will Ayurvedic herbs and practices. Part of the docu- be easy to treat, if it sinks to the middle of the sam- ment, called “Shivambu Kalpa Vidhi,” which refers ple, the ailment will be difficult to treat, and if it to “the method of drinking urine in order to reju- sinks to the bottom, the ailment will be more diffi- venate,” is named for Shiva (auspiciousness), the cult. However, if the drop creates wavelike move- highest god in the Hindu pantheon. “Shivambu” ments on the surface of the sample, a vata (one of means “the water of Shiva.” the three doshas, or body types, set forth in Urine therapy has also long been practiced in Ayurveda) disorder is indicated. A pitta disorder is Western cultures including those of the ancient indicated if the drop disperses on the surface of the

155 156 urine therapy sample and creates rainbow-like colors; an oil drop efit the large intestine. Urophiles, as urine-therapy that separates into “pearls” in the surface of the enthusiasts are sometimes called, acknowledge that sample may indicate a kapha disorder. this therapy is repulsive to most people, especially Ayurveda also states that urine is a natural laxa- because of the uremic smell and the idea that urine tive and detoxifying agent and aids in nutrient is a poisonous waste product. One report from the absorption and fecal elimination in the large intes- Xinhua news agency claims that more than 3 mil- tine. Practitioners recommend drinking one cup of lion Chinese drink their own urine to promote one’s own midstream urine every morning to ben- health. V vaginal pack, herbal A pad or tampon with aci- of the body, or the energy field, such as bioener- dophilus powder, yogurt, or cottage cheese that getic therapies, homeopathy, and flower essence may be applied to or inserted into the vagina as a remedies. home remedy for the treatment of yeast and other See also ACUPUNCTURE; BACH FLOWER REMEDIES; infections and vaginitis. BIOENERGETICS; CHAKRAS; COLOR THERAPY; HOMEOPA- THY; LAYING ON OF HANDS; LIGHT THERAPY; MAGNETIC vata One of the three body types designated in THERAPY; MERIDIANS; RADIONICS; REIKI; SOUND THERAPY; Ayurvedic medicine. THERAPEUTIC TOUCH. See also DOSHA. visualization See GUIDED IMAGERY. vegetarianism Generally the practice of eliminating animal flesh from the diet for nutritional vital force Life, or primal, energy. and/or philosophical or religious reasons. Vegetari- See also ENERGY MEDICINE; QI; YIN-YANG. ans may be vegans, who do not eat any animal or animal-derived product; fruitarians, who eat only vitalism Another term for the theory of “vital fruit and nuts; living foodists, who eat only germi- energy.” nated seeds, sprouts, vegetables, cereals, berries, See also ENERGY MEDICINE; QI; YIN-YANG. nuts, and fruits; lactovegetarians, who do not eat eggs but do eat dairy products; or ovolactovegetar- vitamin An organic compound that is required in ians, who eat eggs and dairy foods exclusively. small amounts for normal health, growth, and well- Individuals in each subcategory have characteristic being of the body. Vitamins are not utilized primar- problems in acquiring the proper balance of nutri- ily as a source of energy or as a source of structural ents to prevent deficiencies. Many proponents of tissue components, but rather as catalysts. Vitamins vegetarianism, including Dean Ornish, M.D., are micronutrients that promote physiologic believe vegetarianism is beneficial in the preven- processes necessary for continued life. There are 13 tion, management, and treatment of cancer, car- vitamins. Only three of these, vitamin D, biotin, and diovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, obesity, pantothenic acid, are manufactured by the body, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal failure, non- and even these may not be present in sufficient insulin-dependent diabetes, and macular degener- quantities for good health. Therefore vitamins must ation, among other diseases. be supplied by exogenous, or outside, sources. Vita- See also MACROBIOTICS; NUTRITION; ORNISH, DEAN. min deficiency results in a well-defined disease that is prevented or cured by replacement of that vita- veterinary alternative medicine See PET THERAPY. min. For example, vitamin A is anti-infective and essential for the normal function of epithelial cells vibrational medicine Any alternative treatment and the formulation of visual purple. An antiberiberi modality that focuses on using, manipulating, and antineuritic vitamin is thiamine, or vitamin B1. changing, or balancing electromagnetic frequencies Vitamin K significantly affects blood coagulation.

157 158 Voodoo

Vitamin C prevents scurvy and is considered a nat- charms, necromancy, prayers, and other modalities ural antibiotic and possibly an antiviral nutrient. Vit- derived from the polytheism and ancestor worship amin D is important as an antirachitic, that is, agent of African slaves taken to Haiti and practiced that prevents bone and tooth disorders. The B vita- largely in Caribbean and Latin American countries mins affect growth, metabolism, lactation, and the and in the United States. The name Voodoo or Voodu nervous, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems. most likely originated from the Louisiana Creole See also NUTRITION. word voudou, meaning deity or demon. Haitian Voodoo priestesses, called mambos, minister as doc- Voodoo (Vodun) A healing tradition, often mis- tor, psychic, psychotherapist, spiritualist, and social takenly considered a type of witchcraft, involving worker to clients who are required to participate in herbalism, traditional wisdom, baths, rituals, spells, their healing processes. W

Weil, Andrew American medical researcher and Physical, Emotional, and Spiritual Healing and Messages physician. A graduate of Harvard Medical School, from the Masters (New York: Warner Books, 2000). Weil teaches at the University of Arizona College of See also PAST-LIFE REGRESSION THERAPY. Medicine and is the author of Chocolate to Morphine, (Houghton Mifflin, 1983); The Natural Mind: A New Western herbalism See HERBALISM. Way of Looking at Drugs and the Higher Consciousness, (Houghton Mifflin, 1972), Health and Healing, White Light Reiki A school of Reiki founded by (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983), The Dr. Mikao Usui, of Kyoto, Japan, in the latter half Marriage of the Sun and Moon: A Quest for Unity in of the 19th century. Usui added to traditional Reiki Consciousness (Houghton Mifflin 1980); and Eating methods what he believed to be the healing energy Well for Optimum Health (New York: Alfred A. of various Reiki symbols taught during the Second Knopf, 2000). Degree and in Master’s training. The various symbols, similar to ancient hieroglyphs or characters, Weiss, Brian L. American psychiatrist, proponent are meant to activate energy and are made with the of mind-body medicine, and author of several books hand over the Reiki recipient as the practitioner including Many Minds, Many Masters; Only Love Is Real; determines for that individual’s needs. Through Time Into Healing (New York: Simon & See also BIOENERGETICS; REIKI; VIBRATIONAL Schuster, 1992); Mirrors of Time: Using Regression for MEDICINE.

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X xenobiotics Biologically active foreign sub- xian The Chinese word for the salty taste of stances, such as environmental toxins that enter herbs. the body and impair normal functioning. (By-products of metabolism, known as aama in Ayurvedic xin The Chinese word to describe an acidic taste medicine, are not included because they are proof herbs. duced internally.) A certain form of yogic breathing, known as kappalbhati, is reported to use X rays, chiropractic A diagnostic procedure used forceful exhalation to serve as a route of elimina- in chiropractic treatment to reveal the condition of tion of any foreign or waste substances “clogging” the spine. the body. Also in yoga, a breathing technique called See also CHIROPRACTIC. a “pranic bath” involves stimulating the sweat glands to force off undesirable matter through the xu In traditional Chinese medicine, the word for skin. Both Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicine deﬁciency, one of the basic diagnoses. acknowledge the need to eliminate xenobiotics See also YIN-YANG. through the lungs, colon, bladder, and skin. See also AAMA; YOGA.

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Y yin-yang The Chinese symbol, also called the t’ai practitioners identify patterns of distress and locate ch’i symbol, for universal opposite forces, or mutu- disease processes. A yin syndrome is characterized ally interdependent polar forces, such as light/dark, as cold, deﬁcient, and internal; a yang syndrome is and male/female, within a circular form, used in hot, excess, and external. Combinations of yin and Chinese medicine to illustrate the ideal goal of bal- yang syndromes are most frequently diagnosed. ance and harmony. Yin-yang also serve as general categories that sum Yin means “the shady side of the mountain” and up the interaction of all the others. Acupuncturists yang means “the sunny side of the mountain” in aim to balance the disturbed energy or the imbal- Chinese medicine. Yin, the symbol or manifesta- ance of yin and yang that causes illness. tion of darkness, coldness, quietness, inertia, and Macrobiotics, based on the Chinese concept of death, includes reference to the tissues, blood, ﬂu- yin and yang, is a branch of alternative medicine ids, and internal secretions of the body. Yin organs involving nutrition that balances yin and yang (also known as zang) are the liver, heart, spleen, characteristics. Macrobiotic therapists believe that lungs, and kidneys and are considered the solid excessive yin qualities (essentially calm and organs that contain what Chinese medicine calls peacefulness) may result in depression, fatigue the essences—tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, and sex- syndromes, and sleep disorders, and excessive ual secretions. Yin phenomena refer to cold, wet, yang (essentially energy and activity) qualities quiescent, deteriorating, chronic, slow, empty, and may lead to tension, insomnia, hyperactivity, and contracted, and lack of yin generates heat and dry- irritability. Yin and yang characteristics are also ness. When yin decreases, yang dominates. recognized in foods. Fruits, leafy green vegetables, Yang, which includes bodily functioning and the nuts and seeds, tofu, and some other foods are generation of metabolic heat, decreases when yin considered to be yin. Whole grains, root vegeta- dominates. Yang organs (also known as fu) are the bles, seafood, legumes, salt, and cottage cheese are gallbladder, small and large intestines, stomach, considered yang. and bladder and are considered the hollow organs Yin-yang also symbolizes sexuality and the mas- that transform and transport matter throughout culine/feminine, anima/animus, passive/aggressive the body as well as carry it out of the body when it aspects of energy. Traditional Oriental wisdom pro- becomes waste. Yang manifests as birth, warmth, claims that within every yin there is an element of activity, noise, form, and light. Among the yang yang, and within every yang an element of yin. This phenomena are heat, dryness, growth, fullness, refers to the ability of each force to take on charac- suddenness, and acuteness. Lack of yang generates teristics of the other or of both to dip into each other cold and dampness. to create harmony in functioning. A popular exam- In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), yin- ple of this concept is found in mainstream psychol- yang constitutes one set of four diagnostic sets of ogy that touts men who summon their “feminine polar categories known as the Eight Guiding Prin- (yin) side” and women their “masculine (yang) ciples. These principles—Cold-Hot, Deficient- side” when appropriate and/or necessary. Excess, Internal-External, and Yin-Yang—help See also MACROBIOTICS.

163 164 yoga yoga A system of physical postures, stretching, we know about athletics was derived from the meditation, and regulated ways of breathing ancient practice known as Hatha (physical) yoga. according to the Hindu philosophy that an individ- There is a wealth of information available about ual strive for unity with the Supreme Being, or the history of yoga described in ancient texts by Universal Self. Yogic breathing and exercises have philosophers and the variety of styles of Hatha yoga been widely accepted into the Western mainstream developed over the decades. Much of what we culture as healthful and healing practices. Yoga has know of yoga relies on Hatha to inspire a spiritual been shown to help lower blood pressure and heart interest in the subject, although yoga may be prac- rate and suppress other bodily functions in order to ticed solely for physical purposes such as stress achieve a state of total relaxation. An instructor or relief and relaxation. The relaxation pose, for practitioner of yoga is called a yogi. example, involves closing the eyes, breathing deeply, and drawing the focus away from life’s History of Yoga details. Perhaps this is why many believe yoga is The language of yoga is Sanskrit, considered the old- best approached not as a mere workout routine, est literary language of India and the basis of many but as a journey to one’s whole, best self. modern Indian languages such as Hindi and Urdu. The name Sanskrit means refined or polished. Yoga Patanjali means “yoke, union,” or the verb to join. The com- There is much debate about who is responsible for bination of breathing techniques, exercise, medita- the oldest documentation of yoga. According to tion, and “right action” is taught to anyone seeking native Indic tradition, it was a grammarian known to promote or restore health and perhaps adopt the as Patanjali. Other than his brief work, The Yoga belief that this will help unite his or her soul with Sutras of Patanjali, dating back approximately 2,000 God. It is believed that cleansing and strengthening years, little more is known about his life. The text the body and focusing the mind enable the spirit to does not credit Patanjali or anyone else as the connect with the divine. This connection is the author. The first person to attribute this classical result of achieving full consciousness or self-realiza- work to him was Vacaspati Mishra, the 10th-cen- tion, also known as atman, and unity with brahman tury author of the Tattva-Vaisharadi commentary (totality). However, yoga is not considered a creed; on the Sutra. Many consider the Sutra to be the nor does it oppose any religion. It is universal. most important outline of the yogic path. Meditation was the earliest form of yoga, and In 196 aphorisms contained in four chapters Buddha is considered by some to be the first yogi. written in Sanskrit, Yoga-Sutra describes Raja yoga, Raja yoga, which specifically relates to quieting and an eightfold path for overcoming the obstacles of focusing the mind, was developed about 5,000 humankind’s spiritual evolution. There are eight years ago by sages of India. Hatha is one of seven concepts, or “limbs,” as they are commonly known, limbs of Raja yoga, all of which are thought to be of Raja yoga: yama (moral discipline), niyama (reli- necessary to unite the body, mind, and spirit. gious discipline), asana (posture), pranayama Yoga is also associated with Eastern religions (breath), pratyahara (releasing the mind from the such as Hinduism, which is one of many that senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (medita- adopted the philosophy, but yoga predates Hin- tion), and samadhi (super-consciousness). duism by many centuries. Ancient engraved seals Patanjali believed that practicing these eight dis- of deities striking yogic poses have been discovered ciplines and sowing the seed of nonattachment in in the Indus Valley, one of the world’s first urban one’s heart would allow a person to achieve the civilizations, located in what is now Pakistan and ultimate freedom of spirit. He said, “Nonattachment western India. These artifacts suggest that yoga is that effect which comes to those who have given must have existed before 3000 B.C. up their thirst after objects either seen or heard.” As Eastern philosophies have become integrated Many translations and commentaries of Patanjali’s into Western popular culture, so has yoga become theories have been written over the centuries and a common activity. It is likely that much of what are available today. yoga 165

Gorakhnath to have come closest to depicting the true path of The first treatise on Hatha Yoga was written by yoga. He also wrote commentaries of the Brahma Gorakhnath, who lived sometime between A.D. 900 Sutras, the Upanishads, and the Gita. Regarded as and 1225. Although there are no known copies of an incarnation of Lord Shiva, he was born in 509 the work remaining, the information imparted B.C. and died at age 32. By the age of eight he had remains. mastered the four Vedas, and by age 12 the Shas- The Goraksa-sataka, Hundred verses of Goraksa tras. Legend has it that a crocodile grabbed young (Goraksanatha is a Sanskrit form of Gorakhnath), Shankara’s foot while he bathed in a river. He describes six aspects of yoga referred to as limbs. shouted to his mother that to spare his life, she This does not include the yama (restraint) and must permit him to renounce evil. When she niyama (disciplines), which precede asana in Patan- agreed, he uttered a mantra. After the crocodile let jali’s text. There are no reliable facts about him go, he left home to search for a guru. He met Gorakhnath, only legends. According to Bengal lit- Govinda, a realized sage, and attained self-realiza- erature, he was born of the matted hair of the god tion (samadhi). Later he established four monaster- Mahadeva (Shiva). As the purest and strongest of ies called Mutts, which exist today throughout yogis, he put the goddess Durga to shame with his India. purity and strength. Gorakhnath has been For studies of logic and metaphysics Shankara’s described as the most influential Indian since work is highly recommended. In S. Dasgupta’s five- Shankara. volume work, A History of Indian Philosophy, Shankara is synopsized as follows: “So great is the The Upanishads, Vedanta, and Shankara influence of the philosophy propounded by Much detail and understanding of yogic theory Shankara and elaborated by his illustrious follow- come from The Upanishads (pronounced oo-PAN- ers, that whenever we speak of Vedanta philosophy ee-shadz), which literally means secret teaching. we mean the philosophy that was propounded by Much of it is written in the form of dialogues Shankara” (vol. 1, p. 429). between kings and yogis. The book is known as the Vedanta, meaning the end or final goal of wisdom. Ramakrishna Paramhansa As in the Yoga-Sutra, there is no mention of an Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–86) was a scholar author. Composed ca. 900 B.C., it forms the last sec- of the Vedas, Upanishads, Sufism, the Bible, tion of the Vedas, a four-part collection of hymns, Sikhism, and Buddhism. He did not found any mantras, prayers, and psalms dealing with religious organization or claim to know a new path to salva- ceremony and ritual. The parts are called Rig-Veda, tion. He grew to realize that different religions lead Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Artharva-Veda. to the same goal. He was known to say, “As many According to the introduction in the book’s trans- faiths, so many paths” and “Man’s upliftment is the lation by Swami Paramananda, these scriptures main goal in life.” His main disciple, Swami arrived in the Western world in the form of a Persian Vivekananda, was once quoted as saying, “My translation made in the 17th century. The first Eng- master used to say that such names as Hindu, lish translation was that of Raja Ram Mohun Roy Christian, etc., stand as great barriers to all broth- (1775–1833). Several European translations have erly feeling between man and man. We must try to been published since then. It is a doctrine of brah- break them down first. They have all lost their man, the universal reality of consciousness, and the good powers and now only stand as baneful influ- identity of brahman with the inner essence (atman) ences under whose black magic even the best of us of the human being. It is a prototype for the later behave like demons. Well, we will have to work philosophical schools of Vedanta, which is based pri- hard and we must succeed.” marily on the Upanishads. Adi Shankara (also known as Samkara), one of Swami Vivekananda India’s greatest sages, wrote Advaita Vedanta, the When Swami Vivekananda was born, January 12, Vedanta treatise, among other texts. He is believed 1863, in Calcutta, his parents named him 166 yoga

Narendra. He became a disciple of Sri Rama- eternal which is beyond the pale of the sense krishna Paramhansa, who renamed him Swami which his reason cannot grasp. He abides in this Vivekananda. He went on to become one of India’s reality and moves not therefrom. He has found the leading social reformers. His lectures focused on treasure above all others. There is nothing higher humanitarianism and service to God through ser- than this. He who has achieved it, shall not be vice to others rather than on dogma, as well as on moved by the greatest sorrow. This is the real Hinduism and its true meaning. In 1897 this pio- meaning of Yoga—a deliverance from contact with neer of the Vedanta movement in the United States pain and sorrow.” and England founded the Ramakrishna Mission, Unlike the Upanishads, the Gita teaches that one of India’s largest charitable institutions. surrender to God is a more easily attainable spiri- Although he died at age 39, his contributions were tual path than pure knowledge. Various chapters of so appreciated that he is known as the “patron the Gita deal with renunciation and meditation. It saint” of modern India. says that the person who works according to his or her dharma (purpose in life) but cares not for the Swami Paramananda (1884–1940) reward of those actions is a true yogi. Union with The author, poet, and teacher Swami Paramananda God can be achieved by following a divine set of was the youngest monastic disciple of Swami guidelines that fall under the categories of hatha Vivekananda, founder of the Ramakrishna Order, (physical practice), jnana (knowledge), karma the most widely known religious and philanthropic (right action), bhakti (devotion), raja (control of the organization in India. He was one of the first East- mind), and mantra (chant). ern teachers to travel to the United States, in 1906. In 1909 he founded the Vedanta Centre in Boston. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika He wrote several books, including Change Your Although the Yoga-Sutra is revered by all practi- Mind, A Practical Guide to Buddhist Meditation. tioners, Patanjali describes only a simple cross- legged posture used for meditation. A few more Bhagavad-Gita asanas (postures) are described in what is consid- The title of this book-length Sanskrit poem, Bha- ered the bible of the physical component of yoga, gavad-Gita, means “song of the Lord.” The Bha- The Hatha Yoga Pradipika. This 500-page text was gavad Gita is the most widely read scripture in written by Sri Yogindra Svatmarama in the 14th India. Also known as the Gita, it is part of the century and provided the first textual evidence of Mahabharata (Great India), a religious classic of asanas. The Pradipika is divided into four parts. The Hinduism. The story spotlights Lord Krishna and first explains yamas (restraints on behavior), niya- Prince Arjuna on the eve of the battle of Kuruk- mus (observances), asanas (postures), and nutrition. shetra. Krishna persuades Arjuna to fight his fear of The second discusses pranoyama (control or the opposing army with the armor of spiritual wis- restraint of energy) and the shatrurmas (internal dom attained through yoga (union with God). cleansing). The third part talks about mudras (hand In chapter 6 of the Gita, considered the most gestures), bandhas (locks), the nadis (channels of important authority of yoga philosophy, Krishna energy through which prana flows), and the kun- advises Arjuna, “When his mind, intellect and self dalini power. The fourth describes pratyahara (with- (ahamkara) are under control, freed from restless drawal of the senses), dharana (concentration), desire, so that they rest in the spirit within, a man dhyana (meditation), and samadhi (absorption). becomes a Yukta—one in communion with God. A lamp does not flicker in a place where no winds Krishnamacharya blow; so it is with a yogic, who controls his mind, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1888–1989) receives intellect and self, being absorbed in the spirit much credit for shedding new light on what is now within him. When the restlessness of the mind, considered the Hatha yoga of modern times. By age intellect and self is stilled through the practice of 12 he was already a serious student of the Vedas. In Yoga, the yogic by the grace of the Spirit within 1924 he opened a school of yoga in Mysore, India. himself finds fulfillment. Then he knows the joy In 1976 he and his son, T.K.V. Desikachar, founded yoga 167 the Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram, a center for rule, he was jailed in 1909 for terrorist activities. alternative treatment, in Chennai, India. While While in jail he had his first spiritual experiences. teaching, he wrote his first book, Yoga Makarandam He said, “It was no longer by its [the jail’s] high (Secrets of Yoga). One secret was that yoga can help walls that I was imprisoned; no, it was Vasudeva control the heartbeat. He believed that yoga is most [the father of the Vedic gods Krishna and authentic and useful when adapted to suit the indi- Balarama] who surrounded me.” vidual. He encouraged students to practice accord- In 1926 he founded Aurobindo Ashram as well ing to their own ability and needs rather than as his own philosophy on samadhi. To get there he follow a course of idealized poses. He also stressed prescribed a blend of ancient spirituality and inte- the importance of following the breath from the gral yoga. He believed that striving for spiritual beginning of a practice to the end in order for the realization does not require a withdrawal from individual to realize his or her highest potential. society. Jiddu Krishnamurti Papa Ramdas (1884–1963) Unlike many gurus, Jiddu Krishnamurti claimed Until the age of 36 Papa Ramdas lived an ordinary not to want any followers during his more than 60 life. His focus shifted after exposure to the teach- years of lecturing all over the world. His goal was ings of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda, to convince people that the possibility for peace among others, who inspired him to renounce his throughout the world depended on change in each worldly possessions and follow God. He realized individual. Krishnamurti, who lived to be 90 years that his desire was attainable through God. He old, felt that to follow another person, no matter founded Anandashram. Swami Sivananda, who it may be, is evil. That is why he did not cre- founder of the Divine Life Society located in the ate an organization or authorize anyone to inter- Himalayas, characterized him as follows: “Ramdas pret his work His only wish was that his written is the living example of one that has realized Cos- and recorded talks be made available to the public. mic Consciousness. Thus he is permeated with bliss. All his actions, utterances and his writings Indra Devi bubble with this bliss.” Born in 1899, Indra Devi, a woman of Russian descent, was moved to visit India in 1927 after Paramhansa Yogananda (1893–1952) hearing Krishnamurti speak in Holland. Two years The author of the well-known Autobiography of a later she became a film actress and adopted her Yogi and founder of the Self-Realization Fellowship name after Indira Gandhi. At 31 she ended her film in 1920, Paramhansa Yogananda was the first yoga career, married a diplomat and took up yoga in master of India to live and teach in the West. He Bombay. Eventually she studied with Sri Krishna- arrived in America in 1920 and created a tremen- macharya in Mysore. She became a popular yoga dous stir with what he called a “spiritual cam- teacher among Hollywood movie stars in the 1940s paign.” He said, “Self-Realization is the knowing in and 1950s and paved the way for other yoga all parts of body, mind, and soul that you are now instructors who migrated to America. She now in possession of the kingdom of God; that you do lives and teaches in Argentina. She is known to not have to pray that it come to you; that God’s have said, “The solution to a better and full life is in omnipresence is your omnipresence; and that all the practice of yoga, where you can find all the that you need to do is improve your knowing.” answers. You can also transmit peace through He continued to lecture and write up to his pass- yoga. I do not belong to any religion. Everything is ing in 1952. between God and myself.” Swami Sivananda (1887–1963) Sri Aurobindo Ghose The physician Swami Sivananda was forever Sri Aurobindo Ghose was considered a yogi, a rev- changed when he happened to treat a wandering olutionary, a poet, and a visionary. As a leader of monk who offered information on yoga and the struggle for India’s independence from British Vedanta. He was moved to help people heal not 168 yoga only on a physical level, but on a spiritual level. He in Kriya yoga and yoga techniques according to became a monk and founded the Divine Life Soci- Yogananda. Currently there are five Ananda ety. His teachings can be summarized as “Serve, communities on the West Coast, retreat centers Love, Give, Purify, Meditate, Realize.” in northern California and Rhode Island, a retreat/community in Italy, and affiliated medi- B.K.S. Iyengar tation groups throughout the world. Born in 1918, B.K.S. Iyengar is one of the world’s 2. Anusara yoga: A blend of hatha yoga techniques most recognized yoga practitioners. He has written and biomechanics; Anusara, meaning “to step many books on the subject, including Light on Yoga, into the current of divine will,” was developed (New York: Schocken Books, 1995) and Light on in 1997 by John Friend, who studied yoga with Pranayama, (New York: Crossroad/Herder and Sri K. Patabhi Jois, T.K.V. Desikachar, and B.K.S. Herder, 1995). He was a sick child, who survived Iyengar. Anusara yoga is based on the philoso- bouts of malaria, tuberculosis, and typhoid. At 15 phy that all people are divine in body, mind, and he was introduced to yoga by his brother-in-law, spirit regardless of their individual limitations, Sri T. Krishnamacharya, who offered him basic and that it is best to see the good in all things. instruction to improve his health. Friend cited attitude, alignment, and action as By 1937 he was ready to teach yoga himself. In components of every asana (posture). 1952 he met the violinist Yehudi Menuhin, who 3. Ashtanga yoga: First described in an ancient arranged for him to teach in Europe. His popular- hatha yoga text, the “Yoga Korunta,” and later ity soared in 1966 when Light on Yoga became an rediscovered by the sage Patanjali in the “Yoga international best-seller. The culmination of more Sutras,” ashtanga is called the “eight-limbed than 60 years of dedication to yoga is his most yoga,” which is based on stamina, strength, and recent book, Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health, pub- flexibility. The goal is to cleanse and purify the lished in 2001. internal organs with forward and backward bends. Branches of Yoga 4. Bikram yoga: Developed by the brother of The physical aspect of yoga called Hatha yoga has Yogananda, Bishnu Ghosh, and Bikram Choud- been incorporated into mainstream fitness and hury, Bikram yoga requires that the 26 postures health programs. Sanskrit for Sun and Moon, and deep breathing exercises be done in a room Hatha yoga focuses on balancing yin and yang, or heated to approximately 104–105°F and opposite universal forces, for the purpose of repeated twice. improving respiration, circulation, and digestion 5. Integral yoga: A meditative practice structured and boosting the immune and nervous systems. to lead from the physical body (asana) and the Although yoga instructors offer various types of vital body (pranayama) to the mental, that is, a Hatha, along with meditation and pranayama mindful balance of effort and relaxation; it is a (breathing), all branches seek to unite the body, scientific system developed in 1966 by the Rev- mind, and spirit through deep breathing. The fol- erend Sri Swami Satchidananda. Integral yoga lowing are types of Hatha yoga: has evolved into an international organization, with more than 40 institutes and centers 1. Ananda yoga: a system of “energization exer- throughout the United States and abroad that cises” that incorporates the use of silent affirma- offer Hatha yoga, meditation, yoga philosophy tions. The concept is that the affirmations and various branches of yoga practice, and veg- consciously direct energy and raise the individ- etarian diet. ual’s level of awareness. Ananda (Sanskrit for 6. Integrative yoga therapy: The use of gentle bliss) was founded in the 1960s by Swami postures, guided imagery, and breathing tech- Kriyananda (J. Donald Walters), who became a niques for the treatment of heart disease, disciple of Paramhansa Yogananda in 1948. The psychiatric disorders, and acquired immuno- Ananda Sangha organization offers instruction deficiency syndrome (AIDS), integrative yoga yoga 169

therapy (IYT) was founded in 1993 by Joseph 11. Kripalu yoga: Kripalu yoga is the form of yoga Le Page in San Francisco, California. Le Page practiced at its homebase, the Kripalu Center designed a teacher-training program specifi- for Yoga and Health, a nearly 30-year-old non- cally for conventional and medical settings profit education fellowship located in Lenox, aimed at rehabilitation. Massachusetts, and the largest retreat center 7. ISHTA yoga: ISHTA yoga is a blend of postures, for yoga and holistic health in North America. breathing, and meditation geared to access The organization was founded in 1966, when human potential developed by Alan Finger, Yogi Amrit Desai created the Yoga Society of founder of Yoga Zone Studios and second-gen- Pennsylvania, a nonprofit organization provid- eration yoga master who has been practicing ing yoga classes and training for yoga teachers. for more than 40 years. The Yoga Zone has four The center was renamed to honor Yogi Desai’s studios in New York for more than 1,700 stu- guru, Swami Kripalvananda. Swami Kripalu is dents per week. Finger began his yoga studies better known as Bapuji, which means beloved as a teenager in his native South Africa under grandfather. He was a master of kundalini yoga the instruction of his father, Kavi Yogiraj Mani as well as a respected speaker, writer, and musi- Finger, who studied yoga in India. Alan Finger cian. Kripalu’s philosophy consists of three became a Western Yoga Master and in 1992 conceptual stages. Willful practice focuses on developed ISHTA yoga, which in Sanskrit refers body alignment, breath, and consciousness; to developing a personal yoga practice that willful surrender is the practice of holding pos- meets individual needs. The acronym ISHTA tures to the level of tolerance and beyond to refers to the Integrated Science of Hatha Tantra deepen concentration, and release tension. and Ayurveda, a physical and spiritual form of 12. Kriya yoga: A technique of pranayama (energy yoga. ISHTA combines Ashtanga, Viniyoga, control) used during meditation to accelerate Iyengar, and the practices of Paramahansa one’s spiritual progress. Kriya, the Sanskrit Yogananda. Finger’s company has published a word for action, is geared to divine union book, more than 50 videos, and the nationally through a certain act or technique. It was intro- televised Yoga Zone television show that aired duced to the West by Paramahansa Yogananda on the Health Network. and combines an esoteric meditation technique 8. Iyengar yoga: Founded by B.K.S. Iyengar, who with other practices of raja and hatha yoga. It is adapted it from Patanjali’s traditional yoga considered to be one of the most effective tech- methods, Iyengar is one of the most commonly niques for achieving self-realization (samadhi). practiced forms of yoga in the United States. It The Ananda Sangha organization offers Kriya involves the use of tools, such as belts, chairs, preparation classes, including the year-long blocks, and walls to help make postures more Ananda Course in Self-Realization. attainable for beginners and individuals with 13. Kundalini yoga: The source of all forms of yoga, physical limitations. Kundalini is a comprehensive science of 9. Jivamukti yoga: Created by David Life and breathwork, postures, sound, chanting, and Sharon Gannon in 1984, Jivamukti combines meditation with the goal of merging with the meditation and physical challenge with San- universal Self. Known as the Yoga of Aware- skrit chanting, readings, references to scriptural ness, Kundalini means “coiled one,” referring to texts, a diverse selection of music, poetry, pos- the power of the Absolute or Consciousness tures, and breathing techniques. that creates and sustains the universe. The idea 10. Kali Ray TriYoga: Founded by Kali Ray (Kaliji) is that the coiled and dormant form of this in 1980, the TriYoga Center in Santa Cruz, Cal- power is harbored by everyone and symbolizes ifornia, was established to offer a system of the potential of consciousness. Yogi Bhajan yoga based on a series of flowing, dancelike introduced Kundalini to the West in 1969; he movements accompanied by music in a medita- believed that it is everyone’s birthright to be tive environment. healthy, happy, and holy and that people of all 170 yoga

religions can realize their greatest potential. and emotional healing can be accomplished by Kundalini combines asanas, pranayama, and this form of yoga for individuals who prefer pri- other techniques to strengthen and focus the vacy and personal attention. prana, a subsidiary power of Kundalini. Siddha 18. PowerBreathing: PowerBreathing is a deep, yoga is a popular variation of Kundalini that slow breathing technique developed by the relies on a guru to awaken the Kundalini yoga teacher Yonah Offner. The goal is to allow through mantra, meditation, chanting, and the diaphragm to work properly by unblocking seva, or selfless service. the three lower chakras. More information on 14. Laya yoga: Laya yoga is a form of meditation PowerBreathing is available on Offner’s web- focusing on the energy centers located in the site, www.powerbreathing.com. spine and head, which are regarded as doorways 19. Power yoga: Power yoga is the Western form of to higher consciousness. Laya yoga is geared Ashtanga yoga developed by Beryl Bender toward overcoming selfishness and self-cen- Birch, author of Power Yoga and Beyond Power teredness and developing the ability to cope with Yoga (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). A any fear or issue that blocks “heart expansion.” student of classical yoga since 1971 and gradu- 15. Mantra yoga: Mantra, from the Sanskrit word ate of Syracuse University, Birch addresses the manas, or mind, focuses on the meditative word positive mind-body therapeutic effects of yoga, or prayer repeated for a length of time. to which she has added more challenging pos- Although the most common mantra is Om, or tures and a unique breathing technique called Aum, the vibration of God, from which all ujjayi that extend the Ashtanga yoga method. other mantras are derived, one may choose The initial goal of the practice is to create heat from many mantras or obtain an individual and energy flow in the body, to flush out men- mantra from a guru. The repetition of the word tal and physical toxins and to stretch and Japa, meaning “in the name of God,” may be strengthen muscles. As in all authentic yoga used as a mantra. Other common mantras are systems, the ultimate spiritual goal is the real- Om Namo Sivaya (to call upon the energy of ization of the Self or the recognition of the true Siva) and Om Nama Narayanaya (which calls Self as divine consciousness. upon the god Vishnu). Bija-mantras are used to 20. Sivananda yoga: Sivananda yoga is a method address the seven charkas, or energy zones of geared toward balancing the intellect, heart, the body. The major ones are Lam, Vam, Ram, body, and mind that includes proper exercise Yam, Ham, Ksam, Bam (or Om). (asanas), proper breathing (pranayama), proper 16. Office yoga: Office yoga practice is also called relaxation (savasana), proper diet (vegetarian), Desktop yoga because the stretches do not positive thinking (vedanta), and meditation require moving away from a chair or desk. (dhyana). Introduced to the United States of Incorporating ergonomics and working condi- America in 1957 by Swami Vishnu-devananda, tions that promote the well-being of office founder of the International Sivananda Yoga workers, office yoga offers stress relief from the Vedanta Centers, Sivananda yoga is based on daily business world routine and confinement the teachings of Swami Sivananda of Rishikesh, to the office. India, who taught students to “serve, love, give, 17. Phoenix Rising yoga: Based at the Phoenix Ris- purify, meditate, and realize.” ing Center in West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 21. Svaroopa yoga: Svaroopa yoga is a method that Phoenix Rising yoga blends classical techniques includes gentle poses directed toward “core with contemporary mind-body psychology in opening,” or unraveling tensions all along the order to allow the release of physical and emo- spine, developed by Rama Berch, who founded tional tension. A Phoenix Rising session is a and directs the Master Yoga Foundation in La one-on-one, one-and-a-half-hour experience Jolla, California, and who has also directed the of assisted yoga postures, nondirective dia- yoga program for Dr. Deepak Chopra’s Center logue, and guided breathing. Much physical for Well-Being. Berch discovered that many of yoga 171

her students “impose the pose upon their body resists aging. Few classes are available on this rather than unfolding it from within,” and method. therefore adapted classical asanas to help stu- 24. Viniyoga: Viniyoga is a method incorporating dents experience the deeper effects she realized asana, pranayama, meditation, ritual, and prayer from Kundalini yoga. With the goal of opening for the higher purpose of enhancing an individ- the body and experiencing the transcendent ual’s ability to adapt. The late Sri T. Krishna- inner state called svaroopa by Patanjali in the macharya and his son, T.K.V. Desikachar, “Yoga Sutras,” Svaroopa focuses on alignment advocated treating each yoga student as an indi- and support and makes frequent use of chair vidual who wishes to reach particular goals in a poses to help release deep-muscle tension. way that is comfortable for him or her. Gary Each pose is based on integrated principles of Kraftsow, a yoga teacher since 1976, wrote Yoga asana, anatomy, and yoga philosophy. for Wellness: Healing with the Timeless Teachings of 22. Tantra yoga: Tantra means expansion in San- Viniyoga (New York: Viking Penguin, 1999) and skrit; a Tantra yogi teaches ways to expand all Yoga for Transformation: Ancient Practices and levels of consciousness to realize the Supreme Teachings for Healing the Body, Mind, and Heart Reality (samadhi). Although Tantra yoga may (New York: Penguin, 2002). Kraftsow met be confused with tantric sex, the goal is to Desikachar and T. Krishnamacharya and cre- awaken and balance male-female energy for ated a link with the Viniyoga tradition through the sake of inner peace and overcoming of per- his American Viniyoga Institute, which offers sonal limitations and subconscious blockages. retreats, seminars, and Viniyoga Teacher and According to Srinivasan of the Sivananda Yoga Therapist Training throughout the United organization, Tantra yoga has been practiced States, Canada, and Europe. for the spiritual regeneration of the Hindus. 25. White Lotus yoga: A nondogmatic approach Often considered a secret doctrine, the Tantra is developed by the husband-and-wife team also known as Gupta Vidya. Srinivasan said one Ganga White and Tracey Rich, White Lotus must acquire this knowledge not from books, yoga is dedicated to the development of the but from the practical Tantrikas, the Tantric whole human being. White and Rich produced Acharyas, and Gurus. The tantric student must five yoga videos that highlight the practice of be “endowed with purity, faith, devotion, ded- partner yoga in 1978, and White is also the ication to Guru, dispassion, humility, courage, author of Double Yoga (New York: Penguin, cosmic love, truthfulness, non-covetousness, 1981). The technique involves a flowing and contentment.” vinyasa approach that ranges from gentle to 23. Tibetan yoga: A method of yoga little known in vigorous and consists of alignment, breath, and the West, Tibetan yoga is the name used by the basic yoga principles. White Lotus includes Buddhists to describe tantric meditation and the Flow Series, or Flow Yoga, which uses breathwork. In 1939 Peter Kelder published proper body alignment, attunement with Ancient Secret of the Fountain of Youth (New York: breath, focused attention, and the development Doubleday, 1998), which contains a series of of a balance of strength, flexibility, and postures called “The Five Rites of Rejuvena- endurance. It also includes moving sequences, tion.” The author Christopher Kilham pro- standing poses, inversions, backbends, forward duced a modern version: The Five Tibetans: Five bends, twists, balances, bandha, mudra (hand Dynamic Exercises for Health, Energy, and Personal gestures), and pranayama. White and Rich’s 40- Power (Inner Traditions, 1994). Kilham’s book acre retreat in the Santa Ynez Mountains in explains five flowing movements that start Santa Barbara, California, offers weekend and with 10 to 12 repetitions and progress to 21, week-long yoga-immersion experiences as well with the purpose of restoring the spin of the as 16-day teacher-training programs. chakras to their youthful rate. It is believed that 26. YogaDance: A combination of standing move- if the chakras are perfectly balanced, the body ments and yogic stretches developed by Jeff 172 yoga

Hoffman, a native New Jersey yogi for 27 years, ardha matsayana (half-fish). Yoga therapy is the practice focuses on relaxation, breath, known to be beneficial as a preventive health self-observation, and individual awareness, and exercise regimen and as complementary according to Hoffman, whose website is www. treatment for back pain, arthritis and rheuma- verycalm.com. Simple and common yoga asanas tism, anxiety, migraines, insomnia, nerve or (postures) include balasana (the child’s posture), muscle disease, menstrual problems and pre- paschimottanasana (posterior stretch), bhujan- menstrual syndrome, menopause symptoms, gasana (cobra), shalabhasana (locust), ardha mat- high blood pressure, heart disease, asthma, syendrasana (half-spinal twist), shavasana bronchitis, duodenal ulcer, hemorrhoids, dia- (corpse), sarvangasana (shoulder stand), and betes, obesity, and substance addictions. Z zanfu zhi qi The energy, or qi, of the body’s energetic zones for the treatment of a variety of organs, according to traditional Chinese medicine. disorders. After the laryngologist William Fitzger- ald, of Saint Francis Hospital in Connecticut, found zang fu The term for the internal organ systems that zone therapy with finger pressure applied to in traditional Chinese medicine. certain points on the hands and mouth could See also YIN-YANG. induce numbness and relieve some symptoms, he introduced its benefits to the American public. zero balancing A hands-on mind-body system Later, the physiotherapist Eunice Ingham further designed by Dr. Fritz Smith in 1973 to align body developed Dr. Fitzgerald’s work by mapping out energy with the body’s physical structure. It aims to bodily reflexes (reflex points) and regions on the help relieve physical and mental symptoms, soles of the feet, which contain approximately improve the ability to deal with stress, and organize 7,200 nerve endings. When finger pressure is vibratory fields in order to promote a sense of applied to certain areas—the ball of the foot, rep- wholeness and well-being. Founded in 1991, the resenting the lungs and breast, for example—stim- Zero Balancing Association represents the integra- ulation and a healing effect are directed to the tion of Eastern views of energy with Western views lungs or breast. Ingham’s techniques brought forth of science and teaches how to use energy as a work- reflexology, as it is known today, as a form of ing tool in relation to body structure. It is the inte- bodywork. gration of the client’s body energy with his or her See also ACUPRESSURE; CHAKRAS; REFLEXOLOGY; body structure to create clearer, stronger fields of YIN-YANG. energy in the mind-body and balance energy in the tissues and the skeletal system. More information is zong qi In Chinese traditional medicine energy, available by contacting www.zerobalancing.com. or qi (ch’i), that is gathered in the thorax as other types of qi combine in that area. zheng qi The traditional Chinese medicine term for normal energy, or qi, that flows through the Zukav, Gary The Harvard University graduate meridians (channels) and organs of the body. and winner of the 1979 American Book Award See also QI. for The Dancing Wu Li Masters (New York: Bantam Books, 1979). Zukav, of California, became one Zikr The Sufi practice of remembrance that of the New Age movement’s intellectual explor- includes chanting, drumming, meditating, releas- ers with his vision that goes beyond physics and ing false impressions and delusions, and embracing science to the new mind-expanding theory of new dimensions of inner reality. personal experience, that is, the power of our See also ISLAMIC SUFI HEALING PRACTICES. own thoughts and how this power can help in life transformations. Zukav is also the author zone therapy Originally, European technique of The Seat of the Soul (New York: Simon & Schus- that involves the stimulation of the body’s regional ter, 1989).

173

APPENDIXES

I. Professional and Lay Organizations II. The American Medical Association Report 12 of the Council on Scientiﬁc Affairs III. New National Institutes of Health Study IV. Herbs Used in Alternative Medicine Disciplines V. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Five-Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005 VI. Historic Timeline of Alternative and Complementary Therapies

APPENDIX I PROFESSIONAL AND LAY ORGANIZATIONS

Academy for Guided Imagery AIDS Alternative Health Project P.O. Box 2070 4753 N. Broadway, Suite 1110 Mill Valley, CA 94942 Chicago, IL 60640 (800) 726-2070 (773) 561-2800 http://www.interactiveimagery.com http://www.danceforlife.org

Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine and Oriental Medicine (A4M) (301) 608-9680 2415 North Greenview Chicago, IL 60614 Acupressure Institute (773) 528-4333 1533 Shattuck Avenue http://www.worldhealth.net Berkeley, CA 94709 (800) 442-2232 American Academy of Biological Dentistry http://www.acupressure.com (AABD) P.O. Box 856 Acupuncture Foundation of Canada Carmel Valley, CA 93924 7321 Victoria Park Avenue, Unit 18 (831) 659-5385 Markham, ON http://www.biologicaldentistry.org Canada L3R 2ZB American Academy of Advanced Health Research Institute Environmental Medicine 211 South State College Blvd., Suite 316 7701 East Kellogg Avenue, Suite 625 Anaheim, CA 92806 Wichita, KS 67207 (888) 792-1102 (316) 684-5500 http://www.ahrinstitute.com http://www.aaem.com

Aidan Incorporated American Academy of Medical Acupuncture 621 South 48th Street 4929 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 428 Tempe, AZ 85281 Los Angeles, CA 90010 (800) 529-0269 or (480) 446-8181 (323) 937-5514 or (800) 521-2262 http://www.aidan-az.com http://www.medicalacupuncture.org

177 178 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

American Academy of Neural Therapy Honolulu, HI 96822 1200 112th Avenue N.E. (808) 946-2069 Bellevue, WA 98004 (425) 688-8818 American Association of Drugless http://www.neuraltherapy.com Practitioners (888) 764-AADP American Academy of Osteopathy (A division of American Alternative Medical 3500 DePauw Blvd., Suite 1080 Association) Indianapolis, IN 46268 (317) 879-1881 American Association of http://www.academyofosteopathy.org Naturopathic Physicians 601 Valley Street, Suite 105 American Alliance of Aromatherapy Seattle, WA 98109 P.O. Box 750428 (206) 298-0126 Petaluma, CA 94975-0428 http://www.naturopathic.org (707) 778-6762 American Association of Oriental Medicine American and International Boards of 433 Front Street Environmental Medicine (ABEM/IBEM) Catasauqua, PA 18032 65 Wehrle Drive (888) 500-7999 Buffalo, NY14255 http://www.aaom.org (716) 837-1380 American Association of American Alternative Medical Association Orthopedic Medicine 708 Madelaine Drive 30897 C.R. 356-3 Gilmer, TX 75644-3140 P.O. Box 4997 Buena Vista, CA 81211 American Apitherapy Society, Inc. (800) 992-2063 P.O. Box 54 http://www.aaomed.org Hartland Four Corners, VT 05049 (800) 823-3460 American Association of Professional Hypnotherapists American Aromatherapy Association 4149-A El Camino Way P.O. Box 3679 Palo Alto, CA 94306 South Pasadena, CA 91031 (650) 323-3224 (818) 457-1742 http://www.aaph.org

American Art Therapy Association American Association for 1202 Allanson Road Therapeutic Humor Mundelein, IL 60060 222 Meramec, Suite 303 St. Louis, MO 63105 American Association of Acupuncture (314) 863-6232 and Oriental Medicine 1424 16th Street N.W., Suite 501 American Board of Chelation Therapy Washington, DC 20036 Great Lakes College of Clinical Medicine 1407-B North Wells Street American Association of Acupuncture Chicago, IL 60610 and Bioenergetic Medicine (800) 286-6013 or (312) 266-7246 2512 Manoa Road http://www.glccm.org Appendix I 179

American Board of Hypnotherapy/American American College of Hyperbaric Medicine Institute of Hypnotherapy (ACHM) 2002 E. McFadden, Suite 100 P.O. Box 25914-130 Santa Ana, CA 92705 Houston, TX 77265 (714) 245-9340 or (800) 872-9996 (713) 528-0657 http://www.aih.cc American College of Nutrition American Bodywork and 722 Robert E. Lee Drive Massage Professionals Wilmington, DE 28480 28677 Buffalo Park Road (252) 452-1222 Evergreen, CO 80349 http://www.am-coll-nutr.org (800) 458-2267 http://www.abmp.com American College of Osteopathic Pain Management and Sclerotherapy American Botanical Council 5002 East Woodmill Drive P.O. Box 144345 Wilmington, DE 19808 Austin, TX 78714-4345 (800) 476-6114 (512) 926-4900 http://www.herbalgram.org American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine American Center for the Alexander Technique 455 Arkansas Street 129 West 67th Street San Francisco, CA 94107 New York, NY 10023 (415) 282-7600 (212) 799-0468 www.actcm.org

American Chiropractic Association American Colon Therapy Association 1701 Clarendon Boulevard 17739 Washington Blvd. Arlington, VA 22209 Los Angeles, California 90066 (800) 986-4636 (310) 572-6223 http://www.acatoday.com American Council of Hypnotist Examiners American Chronic Pain Association Hypnotism Training Institute of P.O. Box 850 Los Angeles Rocklin, CA 95677 700 south Central Avenue (916) 632-0922 Glendale, CA 91204

American College of Addictionology American Council on Science and Health and Compulsive Disorders 1995 Broadway, 2nd Floor 975 Arthur Godfrey Road, Suite 500 New York, NY 10023 Miami Beach, FL 33140 (212) 362-7044 (305) 534-3635 http://www.acsh.org

American College of Advancement in American CranioSacral Therapy Association Medicine (ACAM) Upledger Institute 23121 Verdugo Drive, Suite 204 11211 Prosperity Farms Road Laguna Hills, CA 92654 Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 (800) 532-3688 (407) 622-4706 http://www.acam.org http://www.upledger.com 180 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

American Dietetic Association (703) 556-9245 216 W. Jackson Boulevard, Suite 800 http://www.holisticmedicine.org Chicago, IL 60606 (312) 899-0040 or (800) 366-1655 or American Holistic Nurses Association fax (312) 899-1979 P.O. Box 2130 2133 E. Lakin Drive, Suite 2 American Foundation for Homeopathy Flagstaff, AZ 86003-2130 1508 Glencoe Street, Suite 44 Denver, CO 80220-1338 American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association 2218 Old Emmorton Road American Health Institute Bel Air, Maryland 21015 12381 Wilshire Blvd. (410) 569-0795 Los Angeles, CA 90025 http://www.ahvma.org (310) 820-6042 http://www.ahealth.com American Imagery Association 4016 Third Avenue American Herb Association San Diego, CA 92103 P.O. Box 1673 (619) 794-8814 Nevada City, CA 95959 American Imagery Institute American Herbal Pharmacopoeia P.O. Box 13453 P.O. Box 5159 Milwaukee, WI 53213 Santa Cruz, CA 95063 (414) 781-4045 (831) 461-6318 http://www.herbal-ahp.org American Institute of Hypnotherapy 16842 Von Karmen Avenue, Suite 475 Irvine, CA 92606 American Herbal Products Association 8484 Georgia Avenue, Suite 370 American Massage Therapy Association Silver Spring, MD 20910 820 Davis Street, Suite 100 (301) 588-1171 Evanston, IL 60201 http://www.ahpa.org (847) 864-0123 http://www.amtamassage.org American Herbalists Guild 1931 Gaddis Road American Medical Association Canton, GA 30115 515 N. State Street (770) 751-6021 Chicago, IL 60610 http://www.americanherbalist.com (312) 464-5000

American Holistic Health Association American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) P.O. Box 17400 8455 Colesville Road, Suite 1000 Anaheim, CA 92817 Silver Spring, MD 20910 (714) 779-6152 (301) 589-3300 http://[email protected] http://www.musictherapy.org

American Holistic Medical Assocation American Oriental Bodywork (AHMA) Therapy Association (AOBTA) 6728 Old McLean Village Drive Laurel Oak Corporate Center, Suite 408 McLean, VA 22101 1010 Haddonﬁeld-Berlin Road Appendix I 181

Voorhees, NJ 08043 American Society of the (856) 782-1616 Alexander Technique http://www.healthy.net/association/pa/body P.O. Box 517 work/about1.htm Urbana, IL 61801 (800) 473-0620 American Osteopathic Association http://www.alexandertech.org 142 East Ontario Street Chicago, IL 60611 American Society of (312) 202-8200 or (800) 621-1773 Bariatric Physicians 5600 South Quebec Street, Suite 109A American Polarity Therapy Association Englewood, CO 80111 P.O. Box 19858 (303) 779-4833 or fax (303) 779-4834 Boulder, CO 80308 (303) 545-2080 American Society of Clinical Hypnosis http://www.polaritytherapy.org 2200 E. Devon Avenue, Suite 301 or Des Plaines, IL 60018 P.O. Box 44-154 West Sommerville, MA 02144 American Society for Clinical Nutrition 9650 Rockville Pike American Physical Therapy Association Bethesda, MD 20814 1111 North Fairfax Street (301) 530-7110 Alexandria, VA 22314-1488 (703) 706-3248 American Speech-Language-Hearing http://www.apta.org Association 10801 Rockville Pike American Psychotherapy and Rockville, MD 20852 Medical Hypnosis Association (800) 638-8255 280 Island Avenue, Suite 404 http://www.asha.org Reno, NV 89501 (775) 786-5650 American Vegan Society http://www.apmha.com P.O. Box H Malaga, NJ 08328 American Qigong Association and (609) 694-2887 East-West Academy of the Healing Arts P.O. Box 31211 American Yoga Association San Francisco, CA 94131 3130 Mayfield Road, W-301 (415) 788-2227 Cleveland Heights, OH 44118 http://www.eastwestqi.com (216) 371-0078 or American Reflexology Certification Board 513 South Orange Avenue and Information Service Sarasota, FL 34236 P.O. Box 620607 (813) 953-5859 Littleton, CO 80162 (303) 933-6921 Anchor Point Institute, L.L.C. 505 E. 200 South, Suite 250 American Shiatsu Association Salt Lake City, UT 84102 P.O. Box 718 (801) 534-1022 Jamaica Plain, MA 01230 http://www.nlpanchorpoint.com 182 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Aromatherapy Institute and Research Ayurvedic & Naturopathic Medical Clinic P.O. Box 1222 2115 112th Avenue N.E. Fair Oaks, CA 95628 Bellevue, WA 98004 (425) 453-8022 Aromatherapy Seminars http://www.ayurvedic science.com 3379 South Robertson Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90034 The Ayurvedic Institute (800) 677-2368 11311 Menaul Blvd. N.E. Albuquerque, NM 87112 Arthritis Trust of America (505) 291-9698 7111 Sweetgum Road, Suite A http://www.ayurveda.com Fairview, TN 37062-9384 The Ayurveda Institute Association for Applied Psychophysiology P.O. Box 282 and Biofeedback Fairﬁeld, IA 52556 10200 West 44th Avenue, Suite 304 Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 Bio-Electro-Magnetics Institute (303) 422-8436 2490 West Moana Lane http://www.aapb.org Reno, NV 89509-3936 (702) 827-9099 Association of Vegetarian Dietitians & Nutrition Educators Bonnie Prudden Pain Erasure 3674 Cronk Road P.O. Box 65240 Montour Falls, NY 14865 Tucson, AZ 85719 (607) 535-6089 (800) 221-4634 http://www.bonnieprudden.com Aston Training Center P.O. Box 3568 Bowen Research and Training Incline Village, NV 89450 Institute, Inc. (775) 831-8228 P.O. Box 627 http://www.AstonEnterprises.com Palm Harbor, FL 34682 (727) 937-9077 Autism Research Institute 4182 Adams Avenue Canadian Association of Ayurvedic San Diego, CA 92116 Medicine (619) 281-7165 P.O. Box 749 Station B http://www.autism.com/ari/contents.html Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 5P8 (613) 837-5737 Autism Services Center Prichard Building, 605 9th Street Canadian Holistic Medical Association P.O. Box 507 42 Redpath Avenue Huntington, WV 25710-0507 Toronto, ON, Canada M4S 2J6 (304) 525-8014 Canadian Institute of Stress Autism Society of America Medcan Clinic Ofﬁce Suite 1500 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 300 150 York Street Bethesda, MD 20814-3067 Toronto, ON, Canada (301) 657-0881 or (800) 3-AUTISM M5H 3S5 http://www.autism-society.org (416) 236-4218 Appendix I 183

Center for Applied Psychophysiology Environmental Dental Association Menninger Clinic 9974 Scripps Ranch Boulevard, Suite 36 P.O. Box 829 San Diego, CA 92131 Topeka, KS 66601-0829 (800) 388-8124 (800) 351-9058 http://www.menninger.edu Environmental Health & Light Research Institute Center for Mind/Body Medicine 16057 Tampa Palms Boulevard, Suite 227 5225 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Suite 414 Tampa, FL 33647 Washington, DC 20015 (800) 544-4878 (202) 966-7338 http://www.cmbm.org Esalen Institute Highway 1 Community Nutrition Institute Big Sur, CA 93020 2001 S Street N.W., Suite 530 (408) 667-3000 Washington, DC 20009 http://www.esalen.orh (202) 462-4700 Feldenkrais Guild of The Cranial Academy North America 8202 Clearvista Parkway, Suite 9-D 3611 S.W. Hood Avenue, Suite 100 Indianapolis, IN 46256 Portland, OR 97201 (317) 594-0411 (800) 775-2118 http://www.feldenkrais.com DAMS (Dental Amalgam Mercury Syndrome) Flower Essence Society P.O. Box 7249 P.O. Box 459 Minneapolis, MN 55407-0249 Nevada City, CA 95959 (800) 311-6265 (530) 265-0258 or (800) 548-0075 http://www.ﬂowersociety.org Dr. Edward Bach Centre Mount Vernon, Bakers Lane Flower Healing Sotwell, Oxon OX10 0PZ, U.K. P.O. Box 33-0841 (44-0)-1491-834678 Miami, FL 33233 http://www.bachcentre.com (888) 875-6753 http://www.ﬂowerhealing.com Dr. Edward Bach Healing Society 644 Merrick Road Georgiana Institute Lynbrook, NY 11563 P.O. Box 10 137 Davenport Road Ellon (Bach U.S.A.), Inc. Roxbury, CT 06783 P.O. Box 32 (860) 355-1545 Woodmere, NY 11598 http://www.georgianainstitute.org

EMDR Institute Gordon Research Institute P.O. Box 51010 708 E. Highway 260 Paciﬁc Grove, CA 93950 Payson, AZ 85541 (408) 372-3900 (520) 474-3684 http://www.emdr.com http://www.fordonresearch.com 184 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

The Hakomi Institute (978) 355-4378 P.O. Box 1873 http://www.dharma.org Boulder, CO 80306 (888) 421-6699 International Academy of Oral Medicine http://www.hakomiinstitute.com and Toxicology P.O. Box 608531 Healing Touch International Orlando, FL 32860-8531 12477 W. Cedar Drive, Suite 202 (407) 298-2450 Lakewood, CO 80228 http://www.iaomt.org (303) 989-7982 http://www.healingtouch.net International Alliance of Healthcare Education Hellerwork Internationl 11211 Prosperity Farms Road, Suite D-325 3435 M Street Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410 Eureka, CA 95503 (800) 311-9204 (800) 392-3900 http://www.iahe.org http://www.hellerwork.com International Association for Herb Research Foundation Colon Therapy 1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200 2051 Hilltop Drive, Suite A-11 Boulder, CO 80302 Redding, CA 96002 (303) 449-2265 (916) 222-1498 http://www.herbs.org International Association of Holistic Animal Therapy Association Professional Natural Hygienists of Australia (HATAA) Regency Health Resort and Spa International fax: 011+6189201 0282 2000 South Ocean Drive Hallandale, FL 33009 Holistic Dental Association (305) 454-2220 P.O. Box 5007 Durango, CO 81301 International Center for Reiki Training (970) 259-1091 29209 Northwestern Highway, Suite 592 http://www.holisticdental.org Southﬁeld, MI 48034 (800) 332-8112 Homeopathic Educational Services http://www.reiki.org 2124 Kittredge Street Berkeley, CA 94704 International Chiropractors Association (510) 649-0294 or (800) 359-9051 1110 North Glebe Road, Suite 1000 http://www.homeopathic.com Arlington, VA 22201 (703) 528-5000 Inner Peace Music http://www.chiropractic.org P.O. Box 2644 San Anselmo, CA 94979 International Clinical http://www.innerpeacemusic.com Hyperthermia Society 1502 East Country Line Road South Insight Meditation Society Indianapolis, IN 46227 1230 Pleasant Street (317) 887-7651 Barre, MA 01500 http://www.hyperthermia-ichs.org Appendix I 185

International College of Advanced Life Sciences Institute of Longevity Medicine Mind-Body Health 1407-B N. Wells Street 4636 S.W. Wanamaker Road Chicago, IL 60610 Topeka, KS 66610 (888) 855-5050 (785) 271-8686 http://www.healthy.net/icalm http://www.cjnetworks.com/~lifesci

International College of Light Therapy Institute Applied Kinesiology 1055 W. College Avenue #107 6405 Metcalf Avenue, Suite 503 Santa Rosa, CA 95401 Shawnee Mission, KS 66202-3929 (707) 525-4747 (913) 384-5336 http://www.icak. com Matrix, Inc. P.O. Box 49145 International Medical and Dental Colorado Springs, CO 80949 Hypnotherapy Association (866) 948-4638 or (719) 522-0566 4110 Edgland, Suite 800 http://www.hugnet.com Royal Oak, MI 48073 (800) 257-5467 or (248) 549-5594 Milton H. Erickson Foundation http://www.inﬁnityinst.com 3606 North 24th Street Phoenix, AZ 85016 International Integral Qigong and (602) 956-6196 Tai Chi Training Institute Health Action Mind-Body Medical Institute 243 Pebble Beach Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Santa Barbara, CA 93117 185 Francis Street, Suite 1A (805) 682-3230 Boston, MA 02215 http://www.qigong-chikung.com and (617) 632-9530 http://www.healerwithin.com http://www.mbmi.org

International Institute of Reﬂexology Mozart Effect Resource Center 5650 First Avenue North 3526 Washington Avenue P.O. Box 12462 St. Louis, MO 63103 St. Petersburg, FL 33733 (800) 721-2177 (727) 343-4811 http://www.mozarteffect.com

International Rolf Institute The Naropa Institute 205 Canyon Road Somatic Psychology Department Boulder, CO 80306 2130 Arapahoe Avenue (303) 449-5903 Boulder, CO 80302 http://www.rolf.org (303) 444-0202 or (303) 546-5284

International Society for National Association for Orthomolecular Medicine Holistic Aromatherapy 16 Florence Avenue 2000 Second Avenue, Suite 206 Toronto, ON, Canada M2N 1E9 Seattle, WA 98121 (416) 733-2117 (888) ASK-NAHA http://www.orthomed.org http://www.naha.org 186 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

National Acupuncture Nelson Bach USA, Ltd. Detoxiﬁcation Association Wilmington Technology Park P.O. Box 1927 100 Research Drive Vancouver, WA 98668 Wilmington, MA 01887-4406 (888) 765-NADA (978) 988-3833 or (800) 319-9151 http://www.acudetox.com http://www.nelsonbach.com

National Center for Homeopathy The North American Vegetarian Society 801 North Fairfax, Suite 306 P.O. Box 72 Alexandria, VA 22314 Dolgeville, NY 13329 (703) 548-7790 (518) 568-7970 http://www.homeopathic.org Nurse Healers—Professional Associates National Commission for the International Certiﬁcation of Acupuncturists 3760 South Highland Drive, Suite 429 P.O. Box 97075 Salt Lake City, UT 84106 Washington, DC 20090 (801) 273-3399 (202) 232-1404 http://www.therapeutic-touch.org

The National Guild of Hypnotists Nurse Healers Professional Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 308 1211 Locust Street Merrimack, NH 03054 Philadelphia, PA 19107 (603) 429-9438 (215) 545-8079 http://www.ngh.net http://www.therapeutic touch.org

Our NET Effect (ONE) Foundation National Council Against Health Fraud 1991 Village Park Way, Suite 201-A (NCAHF) Encinitas, CA 92024 119 Foster Street (800) 638-1411 Peabody, MA 01960 http://www.onefoundation.org (978) 532-9383 The Paciﬁc Institute of Aromatherapy National Institute of Endocrine Research P.O. Box 6723 1817 S. Eastern Avenue San Rafael, CA 94903 Las Vegas, NV 89104 (415) 479-9121 (805) 496-0275 http://www.paciﬁcinstituteofaromatherapy.com http://www.endocrineresearch.com The Qigong Institute National Institute of Nutrition 561 Berkeley Avenue 2565 Carling Avenue, Suite 400 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Z 8RI http://www.qigonginstitute.org

National Qigong Association The Raj, Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Center P.O. Box 540 1734 Jasmine Avenue Ely, MA 55731 Fairﬁeld, IA 52556 (218) 365-6330 (641) 472-9580 http://www.nqa.org http://www.theraj.com Appendix I 187

The Rosen Method Sound, Listening and Learning Center http://www.rosenmethod.org 2701 East Camelback, Suite 205 Phoenix, AZ 85016 The Rubenfeld Synergy Center (602) 381-0086 (877) 776-2468 http://www.soundlistening.com http://www.rubenfeldsynergy.com Sound Healers Association Sacro-Occipital Research P.O. Box 2240 Society International Boulder, CO 80302 P.O. Box 6067 (303) 443-8181 Leawood, KS 66206 http://www.healingsounds.com (888) 245-1011 http://www.sorsi.com Sound Health Research Institute, Inc. P.O. Box 416 Sharp Institute for Human Potential Athens, OH 45710 and Mind-Body Medicine (740) 698-9119 8010 Frost Street, Suite 300 http://www.soundhealthinc.com San Diego, CA 92123 (800) 82-SHARP Stress Reduction and Relaxation Program http://www.sharp.com University of Massachusetts Medical Center 55 Lake Avenue North Simonton Cancer Center Worcester, MA 01655 P.O. Box 890 (508) 856-2656 Paciﬁc Palisades, CA 90272 http://www.umassmed.edu/cfm (800) 459-3424 or (310) 459-4434 http://www.simontoncenter.com The Trager Institute 3800 Park East Drive, Suite 100, Room 1 Society for Light Treatment and Beachwood, OH 44122 Biological Rhythms, Inc. (216) 896-9383 P.O. Box 591687 http://www.trager.com 174 Cook Street San Francisco, CA 94159 Vegetarian Education Network (415) 876-0716 P.O. Box 3347 http://www.sltbr.org West Chester, PA 19381 (717) 529-8638 Society for Orthomolecular Health Medicine World Chiropractic Alliance 2698 Paciﬁc Avenue 2950 N. Dobson Road, Suite 1 San Francisco, CA 94115 Chandler, AZ 85224 (415) 922-6462 (800) 347-1011 http://www.orthomed.org http://www.worldchiropracticalliance.org

APPENDIX II THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION REPORT 12 OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

Alternative Medicine to graduates of accredited institutions, and research funding became the domain of the major teaching NOTE: This report represents the medical/scientific litera- centers. All these factors put great pressure on ture on this subject as of June 1997. smaller schools (and their graduates, many of The terms “alternative medicine,” “complementary whom were homeopaths) that could not meet the medicine,” or “unconventional medicine” refer to emerging requirements for medical education and diagnostic methods, treatments and therapies that practice. As a result, many schools that taught prac- appear not to conform to standard medical practices such as homeopathy were closed, homeopaths tice, or are not generally taught at accredited med- were shunned and stigmatized, and their therapies ical schools. The scope of alternative medicine is became the “alternatives” to the standards that broad, with widespread use among the American evolved after acceptance of the Flexner reports. In public of a long list of treatments and practices, contrast, Osteopathic schools like allopathic schools such as acupuncture, homeopathy, relaxation tech- developed rigorous standards and practices. niques, and herbal remedies. In an editorial about alternative practices in the New England Journal of I. Alternative Systems and Techniques Medicine, Murray and Rubel comment, “Many are well known, others are exotic and mysterious, and Most observers from outside the fields of alterna- some are dangerous.”1 This report will help to clar- tive or unconventional medicine find no common ify and categorize the alternative medical systems or unifying theory or basis for its use; indeed, it most often used, create a context to assess their may be that the variety of treatments in itself utility (or lack thereof), and discuss how physicians enhances their popularity. Many such therapies are and the medical profession might deal with the characterized by a charismatic leader or proponent, issues surrounding these unconventional measures and are driven by ideology; some spring from folk in health and healing. . . . practices or quasi-religious groups, while others are At the turn of the last century, the effort led by recognized elements of religions such as those the American Medical Association (AMA) to practiced by Native Americans. improve the quality of medical education and bring Many alternative practitioners are unlicensed quality controls to curricula ultimately led to the (except for chiropractic, and in some states, landmark report by Flexner in 1910. Among other acupuncturists, naturopaths, and homeopathic outcomes, the resulting changes in medical educa- therapists) and unregulated, particularly those tion led to the acceptance of the biological, disease- dealing in alternative nutritional therapy. oriented models that dominate medicine in the The adherents of these fields, however, state that United States today. State licensing boards, influ- “most alternative systems of medicine hold some enced by the AMA, limited the practice of medicine common beliefs.”2 Many theories of alternative

189 190 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine medicine attempt to pose a single explanation for 4. “Folklore” remedies have usually been passed most human illness; the therapy is thought to cor- down through cultural tradition and oral his- rect the source of the problem, not merely treat its tory, including many home remedies such as symptoms. The recuperative power of the human chicken soup for colds and honey and lemon tea body and the potential for certain stimuli to for sore throat. Most folk medicine is not done enhance this natural healing are central to many for personal enrichment and is noncommercial. therapies. Other unifying threads include:2 5. “Quackery” or health fraud involves commercial marketing or use of therapies, products, or pro- • Importance of spiritual values to health cedures with no proven effectiveness that could • Integration of individuals in the “stream of life” also cause physical harm; indirectly harms • Attribution of a causal, independent role to var- patients by delaying appropriate therapy or ious “manifestations of consciousness” diverting care to unproven methods; and often involves financial fraud as well. Promises of cure • Use of whole (unsynthesized) substances for cancer, human immuno-deficiency virus • Maintaining the injunction to “do no harm” (HIV), and other conditions for which little hope • The philosophy that achieving and maintaining is present attract desperate patients willing to try health is very different from fighting disease anything. Anecdotal testimonials are the main • A belief that personal experience and anecdote basis for the “success” of these modalities. are as reliable as scientific study in determining The failure (real or perceived) of many physi- whether something is effective.3,4 cians and medical specialities to understand and John Renner, MD, a board member of the practice preventive medicine and to communicate National Council Against Health Fraud, has proposed effectively with patients, and conventional medi- a set of definitions3 that are useful in discussing of cine’s dependence on costly diagnostic and proce- alternative therapies, treatments, and devices. dural interaction that ignores the human side of medicine may have helped spur public interest in 1. “Proven” products and services are those that alternative and unconventional therapy. have been scientifically tested, optimally through controlled clinical trials and double- II. Theories of Alternative Medicine blind studies, and found to be both safe and effective for the specific condition for which Mind-Body Interventions their use is proposed. Much of alternative medicine deals with the rela- 2. “Experimental” therapies or products are those tionship between the mind (as distinct from the undergoing controlled trials to determine their brain and its biochemistry) and the body, with a proper application, dose, frequency of use, gen- chief goal of achieving a sense of psychological or eral safety, and efficacy. Such trials should be spiritual well-being in persons and a feeling of conducted under the supervision of recognized wholeness even in the face of a disease process or entities such as the Food and Drug Administra- condition. Patients with a wide range of condition (FDA), the National Institutes of Health tions and disorders benefit from applications of (NIH), or in academic medical centers, with techniques in this area; cancer, chronic pain and proper human subjects review and full informed burns, chemical dependence, several neurological consent among any persons involved. and psychiatric conditions, blood pressure and 3. “Untested” methods are those that have never cholesterol reduction, home births, and other been subjected to rigorous clinical testing or problems have been the subject of this set of treat- evaluation under standard protocols and con- ments. Some of the therapy sounds very familiar trolled conditions. Many of the herbal, homeo- to orthodox clinicians—stress management pathic, and dietary products described in the through meditation, music and art therapy, hyp- previous narrative would fall in this category. nosis, focused relaxation, and psychotherapy are Appendix II 191 all known to physicians as useful treatments. 2. vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common Biofeedback has been used for years in helping 3. most diseases are caused by faulty diets and with anxiety and stress-related disorders, and for can be prevented by nutritional interventions adjunctive therapy in blood pressure manage- 4. any use of food additives and pesticides is ment. Some of the clinical applications of these poisonous techniques are, however, decidedly unconven- Herbal Remedies tional. Guided imagery to produce spontaneous remission of cancer, for example, or hypnotherapy Herbal medicine is a booming industry in the for immune disorders and hemophilia fall into this United States. The American market for herbal category. Meditation is touted for its ability to remedies has doubled since 1985, to $1.13 billion increase intelligence and longevity, and yoga for in 1993 (excluding homeopathic remedies and better diabetic control. Advocates call for research teas). Growth is expected to continue at 10% to into the “nonlocal effects of consciousness” as well 15% per year through 1997. Four-fifths of all peo- as for more traditional kinds of review such as the ple, worldwide, still rely to a great extent on tradi- effects of personal belief, values, and meaning on tional medicines based on plants and their health and illness. components.5 The use of herbs in medicine is ancient in its ori- Diet/Nutrition gins, and several examples are well known to both The knowledge that good nutrition and a balanced physicians and the public: foxglove as the treat- diet help maintain health is not new, or news. A cor- ment for “dropsy” and later, the source for digitalis, nerstone of belief in most alternative systems is the and quinine’s origins in Cinchona bark. New thera- repudiation of the “modern, affluent diet” and its pies such as taxol continue to show the usefulness replacement with a diet rich in whole, “organic” of plants as a source of our pharmacopoeia. The products, often vegetarian in approach. Many heal- director of collaborative services in the Department ers maintain that certain diets promote anti-tumor of Pharmacology at the University of Illinois at immunity or cardiovascular health; other regimens Chicago, a national botanical authority, states that advocate specific micronutrients or vitamins for par- only 90 plant species account for most of the plant- ticular conditions or overall longevity. There seems derived drugs in common use by physicians, about to be a continuum of beliefs ranging from promoting 120 drugs in all. Three-fourths of this list was dis- dietary supplements beyond the Recommended covered by following up on traditional folk medi- Dietary Allowances (RDAs), to elimination or addi- cine claims.5 tion of specific foods to “treat” specific conditions. Basic to the use of herbs in alternative medicine Much of the dietary intervention stressed by is the belief that whole plant material is superior to alternative healers is prudent and reasonable. The synthesized or isolated chemicals derived from American diet is unarguably too rich in fat and plant sources. The material may be flowers, bark, empty calories. Dietitians and nutritionists are roots, or leaves, used singly or in combination, licensed in many states, and are an invaluable often taken in the form of teas, or ground and source of advice to physicians and patients alike taken as tablets, or used in salves. These com- regarding nutrition and dietary management of a pounds are thought to produce fewer unintended host of conditions. But the approach taken by some or dangerous effects, and a “balanced” action as alternative practitioners encourages what many opposed to single drugs. There is little evidence for consider the excessive use of health foods and this belief, however, and no standardization of the dietary supplements, often of a proprietary nature dose in herbal healing. The safety of many of the and meant to enrich themselves while promoting compounds is unknown, or the potential toxicity several myths:4 ignored.6,7 Folk healers, herbalists, naturopaths, traditional 1. it is difficult to get the nourishment one requires Chinese healers, homeopaths, and a host of others from ordinary foods in alternative practices commonly use herbal reme- 192 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine dies. As with other nutrition therapies, herbs are make claims as to the health or therapeutic bene- prescribed to prevent or treat specific conditions, fits of their products on package labels and label- and are consumed by many persons to maintain ing without receiving FDA prior approval. health. For example, a recent meta-analysis study However, general claims related to well-being and on St. John’s wort (Hypericium perforatum) suggests to the effect of a substance on the structure or that this herb shows promise in treating mild to function of the body can be made without any moderately severe depression.8 An accompanying evaluation or approval by the FDA. The Act also editorial points out several limitations in these shifts the burden of proof to the FDA to prove that interesting data, including the need for trials longer a product in this category is unsafe prior to taking than 8 weeks, better patient selection and catego- regulatory action, rather than requiring the man- rization of diagnosis, and comparisons with thera- ufacturer to obtain FDA approval by showing that peutic doses of standard antidepressants.9 the product is safe before offering the product to The conclusion that St. John’s wort needs more the public. New labeling requirements and an study is distinctly different, however, from the one Office on Dietary Supplements in the NIH also are expressed by the president of Bastyr University, a called for by the Act. school of naturopathy in Seattle, Washington. In Because this category of products can be mar- an article written in a popular consumer maga- keted without FDA review or approval, standards zine,10 he describes common drugs he “personally for dosage and other manufacturing safeguards, or would never take,” offering “natural alternatives evidence of safety, some health fraud experts worry that help correct the underlying problem” that he that this new law will make it easier for nutrition describes as “safer, more effective, and less expen- to be misused by hucksters, and will hamper the sive” than such treatments as estrogens for FDA’s ability to effectively monitor safety among menopausal symptoms, non-steroidal anti-inflam- the growing number of herbal and nutritional matory drugs, and conventional antidepressants. remedies being offered to the public. The burden He advocates the use of St. John’s wort or other now rests with the consumer to interpret claims herbs for mild to moderate depression. He does made by the manufacturers of these products. For caution readers to consult with their doctor before example, persons with acquired immunodeficiency beginning his suggested treatments, or making syndrome (AIDS) might believe a claim made by an changes in current medication regimens. herbal product of “boosting T-cells” is true and Regulation of herbal and plant products in Ger- leads to an improvement in the course of the dis- many has been assigned to a special commission ease from using the product. within the Federal Health Agency that has pro- An example of FDA intervention in this area duced a series of monographs on the safety of involves ephedrine alkaloid containing dietary sup- these products. More than 200 such products plements that have been promoted as euphoric have been approved, some of which seem to have agents that are safe alternatives to illegal drugs, as salutary effects. As opposed to the FDA require- well as for purposes such as weight loss, energy or ments of evidence from randomized studies, the body building. [NB: FDA has recorded very few German commission demands a less stringent adverse events with products marketed as standard for efficacy, allowing material such as euphorics.] Containing “natural” sources of case reports, historical data, and other data in the ephedrine such as ma huang, ephedra, Ephedra scientific literature.11 sinica, or extracts of these substances, these com- The Dietary Supplement Health and Education pounds have been shown to have adverse effects Act of 1994 regulates the claims that can be made such as headache, dizziness, palpitations, and possi- about the effects of herbal and nutritional prod- bly, clinically significant effects such as heart attack, ucts. The Act gives the FDA some controls over stroke, seizures, and psychosis. The FDA considers herbal supplements, vitamins, and amino acid marketing of these products, often aimed at adoles- preparations and similar products, classifying them cents looking for a “high,” to be in violation of the as dietary supplements. Manufacturers cannot Act, and is currently considering regulatory steps to Appendix II 193 ensure the safety of ephedrine-containing dietary the patient to health. He proposed that much more supplements and what further action should be than headache and back pain could be treated with taken in this area. manipulation, and set forth a regimen of therapy Our ability to increase our understanding of the that included treatment for serious conditions such role of herbal remedies in medicine is hampered by as pneumonia, dysentery, and typhoid fever. deforestation, and the loss of knowledge held The first school of osteopathy was opened in about plant therapies by indigenous people as the Missouri in 1892, teaching a variety of methods: Amazon and other remote areas are developed. manipulation of soft tissue, isometric and isotonic Activity in biodiversity is being supported by the muscle techniques, manipulation with varying NIH, the National Institute of Mental Health, the “velocity,” the use of the percussion hammer to National Science Foundation, and the US Agency strike the body to alleviate “restrictions” in the for International Development.2 Both the tradi- joints and muscles that allowed internal processes tional medical community and the adherents of to function normally, and other unorthodox thera- alternative therapy have called for increased pies. Since that time, osteopathic education and its research into this area. practitioners have become nearly indistinguishable from their allopathic cousins, with the exception of Manual Healing Methods manipulation techniques that continue to be inte- The healer’s touch has been considered a therapeu- gral parts of osteopathic diagnostic and treatment tic instrument for the entire history of medicine, modalities. Modern osteopathic physicians are con- dating back to instructions by Hippocrates about sidered to be in the mainstream of medical practice, therapeutic massage. Ancient Chinese medicine with rigorous standards for education and specialty has strong roots in this system, and several areas of training. Osteopathic physicians commonly com- alternative medicine are associated with manual plete allopathic postgraduate specialty training, and healing methods. The major fields of manual heal- are licensed to practice the full scope of medicine in ing include (1) methods that use physical touch, all states, without restrictions. Some advocates of manipulation, and pressure—chiropractic and alternative medicine criticize modern osteopaths osteopathic manipulation are primary examples; for abandoning the original scope and breadth of (2) therapies that use an “energy field” that can manipulation therapy. influence healing; and (3) mixed interventions that use both physical touch and energy field therapy. Chiropractic As with many systems in alternative medicine, chi- Osteopathy ropractic holds that the innate ability of the body to Osteopathic physicians derive their theories from heal itself can be optimized by achieving a “bal- the work of Andrew Taylor Still (1828–1917), a ance”; that proper function of the nervous system physician’s son who was trained as an apprentice to is key to this homeostasis; that “subluxations” of his father. After the Civil War, he began an empir- the spine and misalignment of joints impinge on ical study of healing by manipulating bones and nerves, causing imbalance in internal systems; and soft tissues to allow the free circulation of blood that manual release of these structural and func- and lymph, and to restore the nervous system to tional joint pathologies can heal a number of con- what he considered a more normal function. ditions, and prevent illness as well.12 Known as the “lightning bone-setter,” he disdained The theories behind chiropractic have been the common practices of physicians in the last cen- widely criticized. A 1968 study by the US Depart- tury such as venesection, emesis, and sedation with ment of Health, Education, and Welfare concluded narcotics, preferring to use manipulation to that chiropractic schools did not prepare students enhance the body’s innate ability to heal itself. to adequately diagnose and treat patients, and rec- Instead of using drugs, he believed that the solu- ommended that their services not be covered tion to illness lay in treating the underlying condi- under Medicare.2,12 In 1972, Congress added tion, allowing the body’s natural forces to return Medicare benefits for “manual manipulation of the 194 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine spine to correct a subluxation demonstrated to tions such as eating disorders, irritable bowel syn- exist on x-ray.” In 1974 the Council on Chiroprac- drome, and pre-menstrual syndrome. tic Education was recognized to accredit schools of Some unique conditions are “diagnosed” by chiropractic, despite the absence of clear evidence biofield practitioners, such as “accumulated ten- of efficacy of chiropractic therapy.12 Over the years, sion” and “congested energy” that, when released, both political pressure and consumer acceptance supposedly lead to improved health. A common has won licensure for chiropractic in all 50 states. form of this therapy is used by nurses, and is called Most of the nation’s 45,000 chiropractors bill “therapeutic touch.” It involves moving the hands Medicare for services rendered, amounting to $181 over (but not in direct contact with) the patient’s million in 1990.12 Most third-party payors accept body either to create a general state of well-being claims from chiropractors. by enhancing “energy flow” in the subject, or to Manipulation has been shown to have a reason- release “accumulated tension” and induce balance ably good degree of efficacy in ameliorating back and harmony. At least one school of nursing has pain, headache, and similar musculoskeletal com- demanded that its faculty cease teaching these plaints,13 and some chiropractors limit their prac- modalities as part of their curriculum (personal tices to these conditions. While precise statistics are communication, John Renner, MD). not available, a majority of chiropractors adhere to Therapies that combine manipulation and the method’s original theories, and continue to biofield therapy include “network chiropractic claim that chiropractic manipulation cures disease spinal analysis,” which combines soft-tissue chiro- rather than simply relieving symptoms. (Personal practic and applications of the biofield, followed by communication, Denny Futch DC, Vice President, conventional chiropractic treatment; “craniosacral National Association of Chiropractic Medicine.) therapy,” an offshoot of osteopathic medicine They promote manipulation as useful in a host of involving manipulation of cranial and/or sacral conditions, ranging from infectious diseases to bones to relieve “restrictions” in motion of these immune therapy, even claiming to prevent future bones that are thought to help persons with conditions from occurring (even if years away) seizures, immune disorders, learning disabilities, including menstrual irregularity, difficulty giving and assorted other conditions; and “polarity ther- birth, and cancer.12 Chiropractors commonly pro- apy,” in which touch, energy field manipulation, vide advice in nutrition and other preventive prac- and other modalities correct distortions in one’s tices, and maintain that a regular series of “energy anatomy.”15 “adjustments” is needed by most persons to maintain optimal health. Pharmacologic Methods The area of pharmacologic treatment is rife with Energy Healing both opportunity and peril, since many of the Biofield, or energy healing, is described by its pro- modalities in unconventional medicine that use ponents as “one of the oldest forms of healing pharmacologic and biologic treatment may truly be known to humankind.”14 Theories related to this deserving of clinical trials and well-funded investi- practice involve transfer of energy from healer to gation. At the same time, many therapies in this patient in unknown ways, either from a supernat- area represent true health fraud. Some areas under ural entity or by manipulating the body’s own investigation include immunotherapies, including “energy fields.” Over 25 terms are used in various the use of antitumor antibodies; alternative strate- cultures to describe this life force. Biofield practi- gies to treat menopausal conditions; the use of local tioners incorporate a holistic focus into therapy, anesthetic injection into autonomic ganglia and and promote their methods as useful for stress and other sites, such as acupuncture points for chronic general improvement of health; relief of pain, pain; and several cancer and HIV treatments. Some edema, and acceleration of wound and fracture methods proposed for study and further dissemina- healing; improvement in digestion, appetite, and tion have been associated with proponents using various emotional states; and treatment of condi- questionable methods and possibly fraudulent Appendix II 195 research. Several of these are cancer therapies, and other interventions for all clinical trials including “antineoplastons,” popularized by a endorsed by the OAM.18 physician named Burzynski who claims he can “normalize” tumor cells by shutting off their undif- III. Alternative Systems of Practice ferentiated growth using peptides extracted from Several distinct systems of alternative practice urine. A review of this method in JAMA16 con- encompass many of the theories and methods cludes that no objective evidence exists to support described above. the experimental claims. Chelation with EDTA for heart disease and other Acupuncture cardiovascular conditions is another questionable Acupuncture is an ancient technique with its ori- practice in this category. Described by proponents gins in traditional Chinese medicine. The internal as a nontoxic way to flush “toxins” and fatty study of the body was forbidden in China, so struc- deposits from the arterial system, it has also been tural anatomy as defined by dissection was touted for emphysema, kidney and endocrine dis- unknown. Twelve organs, or “spheres of function,” ease, and arthritis. Ozone therapy has been advo- were thought present, having minimal equivalency cated by alternative healers, as has intravenous to anatomic definitions used in Western medicine. hydrogen peroxide. Therapies involving bee pollen Body function was described in theories of energy (and other products from bees) are in widespread flow, or ch’i, from one organ to another. Each of use, with no scientific evidence for efficacy—but a these organs is described as having a superficial Senator who attributed improvement in his health “meridian” with many numbered points, originally to bee pollen spurred the creation of the NIH Office derived from Chinese astrologic calculations. By of Alternative Medicine (OAM). inserting needles into these points, acupuncturists Investigators worry that the Internet has believe energy flows can be manipulated or imbal- become a bazaar for alternative therapies, whose ance corrected, resulting in therapeutic effects on purveyors can use overseas addresses for distribut- corresponding internal systems. ing products that are not subject to any sort of Western practitioners have increasingly begun scrutiny. There are now more than 100 commercial to use acupuncture, but many may not be using outlets for shark cartilage, a substance that is pro- techniques that correspond to traditional Chinese moted for cancer treatment and prevention, arthri- teaching. The American Academy of Medical tis, and a host of other ailments. Hormones such as Acupuncture is a group of more than 700 physi- DHEA (dihydroepiandosterone) get Internet claims cians who offer training and continuing medical for extending life, normalizing blood sugar and education, and set “standards of practice” regarding cholesterol, and sexual enhancement. Colloidal sil- use of these techniques in medical practice. Most ver is said to be a “safe natural antibiotic” that “kills often, acupuncture is used for acute or chronic pain 650 disease causing organisms.” Asparagus extract relief, but some proponents also use it for smoking is said to “restrain and prevent metastasis of middle cessation and substance abuse treatment, asthma, as well as late stage tumors,” and the list goes on, arthritis, and other conditions. Endorphin release, with hundreds of alternative medicine home pages stimulation of the peripheral nervous system, and and links to mail order firms.17 pain mediation through the effects of other neu- Proponents of alternative pharmacotherapy ropeptides are currently thought to be the most argue that proper funding, well-organized trials, likely conventional explanations for the effects of and modifications in FDA regulations for experi- acupuncture. mental therapy will help these therapies get a “fair Several variations on the general theme exist, hearing” by the traditional medical community. On including the use of heated needles, passing low- the other hand, they have requested immunity voltage current into the acupuncture point, and from the FDA and other regulatory oversight, pro- applying lasers to acupuncture points. Proponents tecting investigators from fraud and licensing from different traditions (i.e., Korean vs. Chinese) actions, raids, seizure of materials, import alerts, often disagree as to the “correct” location of 196 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine acupuncture points for treating a given condition. the turn of the century more than 14,000 home- Recently, the FDA reclassified acupuncture needles opaths had been trained, and 22 schools taught the as devices that do not require clinical studies, thus theory in the United States. As mentioned previ- easing requirements for marketing. Critics contend ously, advances in medical education, scientific that acupuncturists, including many traditionally theory, and pressure from organized medicine led trained physicians, merely stick needles in patients to the decline of homeopathy. In 1938, a home- as a way to offer another form of treatment for opath in the US Senate, Royal Copeland (D-NY), which they can be reimbursed, since many insur- succeeded in giving homeopathic remedies legal ance companies will do so. Critical reviews of status, adding the drugs found in the Homeopathic acupuncture summarized by Hafner4 and others19 Pharmacopeia of the United States to the list of articles conclude that no evidence exists that acupuncture that the FDA recognizes as drugs. This automati- affects the course of any disease. cally designated these drugs as “safe,” although their efficacy was never proven. Homeopathy Today, homeopathy is practiced mostly by per- Homeopathy was begun in the early 1800s by sons licensed as physicians or holding another Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843), a traditionally license allowing the prescription of drugs. Some lay trained German physician who renounced the prac- healers use homeopathy, and homeopathic reme- tices of the day, such as bleeding and purging, tak- dies abound in health food stores and many super- ing an approach based in not inflicting harm. He markets that feature “organic” products. Some studied the effect of drugs of the day on the body, homeopathic healers continue the tradition of and devised a new series of rules for their testing extensive patient interviews and the use of a single and later, their application. His primary theory is substance as instructed by Hahnemann’s original the “Law of Similars”—”like cures like.” Coining the treatises; others use several compounds simultane- term homeopathy, he proposed that small amounts ously, and add other modalities to their range of of a substance that could induce a set of symptoms treatments, such as massage and skeletal manipu- in a patient could cure a disease with similar symp- lation, acupuncture, and aromatherapy. toms. This evolved into a highly structured, com- While most homeopathic remedies are not plex set of pharmacologic interventions or known to have harmed anyone (probably because “provings” with formulation and administration of of the extreme dilutions involved), the efficacy of extremely dilute concentrations of substances and most homeopathic remedies has not been proven. drugs, based in the “Law of Infinitesimals.” Home- Some think it a placebo effect, augmented by the opaths believe that even extreme dilutions of a drug concern expressed by the healer; others propose will have a salutary effect, and that the molecular new theories based on quantum mechanics and structure of the diluent is somehow changed in the electromagnetic energy. process of preparation, by vigorous shaking and A randomized clinical trial of homeopathic striking the side of the flask containing the prepara- remedies has been touted as showing the effective- tion. Then, the “memory” of the original drug is car- ness of homeopathic treatments in childhood diar- ried on even when, after multiple dilutions, none of rhea.20 However, it has been criticized for the original substance could be theoretically pre- inconsistent/incorrect data analysis; use of different sent. Careful attention to the total history of the diagnostic and treatment categories but combining patient was emphasized, and the use of a single them in the conclusions of efficacy; and lack of homeopathic remedy for a given condition or set of chemical analysis of different treatments. The clin- complaints was taught, based on detailed observa- ical significance of the results, given the self-limit- tions of the effects of these preparations. ing condition being studied, has been called into Introduced into the United States in 1828, question.21 homeopathy spread and competed with traditional Homeopathy’s adherents propose new trials of medicine, with results that were at least as favor- these therapies, systematic review of standard able as bleeding and other customs of the day. By pharmacologic agents subjected to homeopathic Appendix II 197 dilutions and therapeutic application, and investi- to determinations of dysfunction and correspond- gation into clinical outcomes following homeo- ing treatment. pathic treatment. Specific lifestyle and dietary interventions are prescribed, as well as measures to rid the body of Naturopathy certain toxins and metabolic byproducts that are Naturopathy is a term coined by John Scheel in thought to accumulate, to the detriment of the 1895 to describe his methods of healing. A poorly body. Meditation, exercise, herbal oil massage, and developed set of principles and theories, naturopa- other therapy are promoted, much of which is pro- thy may have its roots in the spas of Europe that prietary and marketed commercially. flourished at the turn of the century. About 20 schools of naturopathy were present in the United Folk Therapies States in the early 1900s. The Flexner report and Besides traditional Oriental medicine, other cul- other pressures led to its decline. It never had the tural systems within the United States use folk political and professional stature of other alterna- treatment and rely to at least some extent on self- tive methods, and until recently, education in care remedies. Some of the healers are shamanistic naturopathy was available only through schools of and blend religion with their efforts to heal, such as chiropractic. in Native American healing ceremonies or in Latin Currently, three naturopathic colleges have American and Caribbean culture. For physicians been accredited by the profession, led by Bastyr practicing in areas with significant ethnic popula- University in Seattle. Naturopathy is a four-year tions, knowledge of these folk beliefs and cultural course of study that involves two years of sensitivity in history-taking, physical examination, anatomy, physiology, and basic sciences, and two and instruction may enhance clinical interactions. years of applied courses. Naturopaths practice var- Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine use ious treatments such as manipulation and mas- acupuncture, a host of herbal remedies, and some- sage, and use herbs, acupuncture, and traditional times include substances derived from sources such Oriental medicine. Its practitioners treat underly- as the gallbladder of bears, tiger teeth and bones, ing causes of illness by facilitating the body’s and rhinoceros horn, increasing the hazards facing response to disease through its “life force.” Ques- these endangered species. tionable therapy such as prescriptions of colonic irrigation, and chelation therapy to “remove tox- The Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) ins” presumed present in the body are commonly Because of the high prevalence of use of alternative used by naturopaths. Some naturopaths use “diag- medicine in the United States, Congress passed leg- nostic” techniques such as iridology hair shaft islation in 1991 that created the OAM at the NIH, analysis. Naturopaths are licensed in 11 states, but with a directive to begin a program of research on most third-party payors, including Medicare, do alternative therapies. Its purpose is to “coordinate not cover their services. Recently, the King and support evaluations and investigations that County, WA, governing council voted to subsidize assess the scientific validity, clinical usefulness, and a naturopathic clinic operated by Bastyr. theoretical implications of health care practices that prevent or alleviate suffering or promote healing.” Ayurveda An initial budget of $2 million has grown to $5.4 Ayurveda is a mind-body set of beliefs and princi- million for FY 1995 and $11.1 million for FY 1997. ples that has its roots in ancient India, and has The OAM is funding a wide variety of investigator- been practiced for over 5,000 years. Disease is initiated grant projects and creating a clearing- thought to arise from imbalance or stress in an house for information on alternative medical individual’s consciousness, and is exacerbated by practices. Ten centers for research in complemen- unhealthy lifestyles. Three doshas determine one’s tary and alternative medicine have been funded unique “body type,” and combined with diagnos- with grants of about $1 million each, to study spe- tic readings of the radial pulse, guides the healer cific health conditions, including cancer and 198 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine women’s health issues. Each center will develop a of alternative care to their traditional physician. program infrastructure, establish research priori- The survey data estimated that in 1990 the out-of- ties, conduct small “collaborative research projects” pocket cost of unconventional therapy in the within the first year or two, propose larger research United States, including the cost of herbal medi- projects for future funding, and create systematic cines and health food/nutrition therapy, exceeded reviews of specified areas of alternative medicine $10 billion. Another $3 billion of these costs were using rigorous standards. borne by third-party payors. The total estimated The OAM is also re-evaluating its database and cost, $13.7 billion, exceeds the cost of hospital care its methods for research development, including in the United States in 1990 ($12.8 billion) and is controlled trials of alternative therapies. As its eval- about half of all the out-of-pocket expenses to uation director Carole Hudgings, PhD, states in the physician services ($23.5 billion). The authors sug- OAM’s October 1996 newsletter, “. . . it is impor- gest that the total number of annual visits to alter- tant that the scientific rigor applied in conventional native practitioners may exceed those to primary medicine also be applied to complementary and care physicians.25 alternative practices.” The Oxford Health Plan, based in Norwalk, CT, Critics of the OAM wonder why the NIH is is currently adding a network of about 1,000 holis- putting its imprimatur on some of the more ques- tic providers from which plan participants will be tionable alternative techniques, pointing out that able to obtain chiropractic, acupuncture, and doing so allows practitioners of such therapy to naturopathic treatment without prior approval of a cloak themselves in legitimacy by such an associ- “gatekeeper” at a cost of 2% to 3% added to the ation, claiming (often correctly) that their meth- premium. Plan managers may believe that alterna- ods are “under study” at OAM. Initially, no rules tive therapies can decrease costs by decreasing uti- were set up to guard against conflicts of interest lization of conventional services. However, the by panel members, or to prevent them from using Eisenberg study showed that the cost of alternative their panel membership in self-promotion.22 As therapies averaged $27 per provider visit, and previously mentioned, proponents of alternative totaled over $500/year among those who used therapy make no secret of their desire to use alternative methods, who usually sought simulta- OAM sanction to obtain freedom from regulatory neous care from conventional physicians.25 The oversight. Oxford group has instituted several advisory com- In an essay in the New York Times, two university mittees to determine the “highest quality” of alter- scientists who discuss the OAM conclude, “Should native practitioners, and plans to obtain feedback there be an Office of Alternative Medicine to eval- from patient encounters to monitor the type of uate unconventional practices? Not one that ele- treatments offered for different complaints. Qual- vates magical notions to matters of serious ity-control committees will gauge appropriateness scientific debate. . . . It is important to distinguish of care and whether the modality used lies within these experiences [such as kindness or sunsets] the scope of practice of the alternative therapist. from claims that ignore natural law.”23 Under its They also hope to conduct outcomes research on new director, it may be that the OAM will address this project. This new venture may have the effect these areas to the satisfaction of its critics. of shifting the burden of seeking effective diagnosis and treatment to the consumer, since the plan has The Context of Alternative Medicine no clear idea whether most of the alternative treat- In a national survey, at least one-third of persons ments have any credibility besides that being claimed to have used at least one alternative ther- claimed by proponents. apy in the past year, and one-third of these persons In an editorial, Campion24 cites several reasons saw a provider of alternative medical therapy. for the public’s “expensive romance with uncon- Among those using an unconventional healer, ventional medicine.” People have easy access to 83% also saw a medical doctor for the same condi- many options in medical care; disaffection with tra- tion, but nearly 75% of them did not report the use ditional care is widespread, fueled by media Appendix II 199 accounts of medical misadventures and uncaring traced to the original sources, no data can be managed care institutions; alternative practitioners found. Patients may not have had the diagnosis for often give people more time and attention than tra- which they were “cured” or the data may have ditional providers; people want to feel in control of been falsified or misinterpreted by the healer. They their bodies; and most of all, they want to feel well. may have experienced self-limiting or fluctuating Americans seek alternative care for a wide vari- illnesses, remission of which was wrongly attrib- ety of conditions. In one national study, the most uted to the alternative treatment. After therapy, common complaints presented to unconventional patients may not have been followed long enough practitioners were back complaints (36%), anxiety to accurately assess cure or observe relapses. Con- (28%), headache (27%), chronic pain (26%), and current conventional therapy is often being taken cancer or tumors (24%). About one-third of by patients who undergo alternative treatments, patients in the same survey reported using alterna- with inappropriate credit given to the unconven- tive healers for health promotion and disease pre- tional method. Finally, misinterpretation of infor- vention advice, or for nonserious conditions not mation by patients who believe themselves related to their chief complaint.25 A Canadian sur- miraculously cured is often at the core of their suc- vey found that about 11% of children also attending cess story. However, he points out that some of the a pediatric outpatient clinic in Quebec had been clinical trials examining different areas of alterna- taken to chiropractic, homeopathic, naturopathic, tive therapy have raised enough questions to make and acupuncture practitioners, mostly for respira- further investigation of these methods desirable, in tory and ear-nose-throat problems. Parents assumed order to help answer the essential question in this these treatments to be more “natural,” and to have debate: do these methods merely make one feel bet- fewer side effects, but did not seek alternative ther- ter, or do they really help one get better? apy to receive more “personalized” care.26 It is also interesting that in one survey of patients Alternative therapy for cancer treatment has with cancer,27 patients claimed little opposition by attracted much attention. Recent surveys show their physicians in seeking such care, but their that from 3%25 to 9%27 of patients with cancer physicians reported these encounters differently. sought alternative methods of treatment for cancer. Patients reported that their physicians recom- Older surveys with smaller data bases found higher mended or approved their use of unconventional usage rates, showing that 13%28 to about 50% of therapy 50% of the time, and 31% cited the physi- patients with cancer sought alternative treat- cian as the source of information about alternative ments.29 That nearly half of all cancer patients have methods. Forty percent of patients in this group sought or seriously considered unconventional reportedly abandoned traditional therapy after find- cancer therapy has been reported widely in the lay ing alternative care. In the same study, 52% of press as well, and adds to the perception that such physicians who treated this group of patients practices are quite common and might be useful. reportedly objected to unorthodox treatments, and Many cancer patients change diet, use multivita- only 2% said they had recommended such treat- min therapy, take shark cartilage, Chinese herbs, ment, although 37% said they “went along with” homeopathic pellets, and such therapies as mistle- the patients. Patients did not tell physicians about toe or mushroom extract with the expectation that their alternative cancer care 35% of the time. their disease will be mitigated. The whole gamut of Other surveys report that for all uses of alterna- unconventional therapists is utilized by cancer tive medicine, up to 70% of patients may not patients, ranging from acupuncturists to Gestalt reveal their use of unconventional treatment to therapists. their physician.25 The former director of the OAM, Buckman and Sabbagh30 point out that reports Joseph Jacobs, MD, states that this lack of commu- of success for many of the therapies being nication between doctor and patient about the use embraced by the public may be explained in sev- of alternative therapies “creates a very real chal- eral ways. The “cures” may have come from misdi- lenge to the medical community, because not being agnosis, and when the anecdotes of healing are able to understand what many [patients] are using 200 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine outside of the medical mainstream presents a real the same survey, 22% of respondents reported per- barrier to good clinical care.”31 sonally providing relaxation therapy, 17% “lifestyle On the other hand, many patients in the AIDS diet (vegetarian, macrobiotic, etc.),” 5% hypnosis, community, for example, have become quite vocal 3% massage or chiropractic therapy, and 1% about the need for research in alternative medicine homeopathic or acupuncture therapies.33 because they think many patients are being The authors of the Chesapeake Bay study32 cite deceived by proponents of untested therapy, and surveys of physicians in Great Britain, Israel, and have appealed to the OAM and others for definitive New Zealand that show “similar interest” in study- answers about unconventional AIDS treatments ing alternative medicine. A more recent meta- being offered.31 analysis of European physicians and their attitudes What do physicians think about alternative about alternative medicine shows that on average, medicine? It is likely that most physicians are physicians view complementary medicine to have unaware of the scope, breadth, and extent of use of an “effectiveness rating” of 46± 18 on a scale of unconventional therapies in the United States.1 0–100. There was no trend among these data to The level of interest among physicians in learning suggest increasing endorsement of alternative more about alternative therapy, however, seems to medicine by conventional practitioners, but the be high. A regional survey of family physicians in authors conclude that European physicians give the Chesapeake Bay area showed that more than these therapies a “considerable degree of accep- 70% were interested in training in such practices as tance.”34 They caution, however, that the per- herbal medicine, prayer therapy, acupressure, veg- ceived usefulness of such therapies by physicians etarian and megavitamin diet therapy, acupunc- or the public should not be equated with proven ture, and biofeedback.32 The results of this study, efficacy. however, are curious in that 26% of respondents Many persons who are proponents of alterna- claim to have had training in chiropractic methods, tive medicine understand and acknowledge the 22% in acupuncture, and nearly 10% report train- role of traditional Western medicine for such probing in traditional Oriental or Native American med- lems as surgical intervention for appendicitis and icine. While informal training courses in these fractures, or antibiotic therapy for specific infec- areas may be available, the scientific basis for such tious diseases. However, many in the alternative instruction is weak to nonexistent, and not usually medical community spend a good deal of energy accredited by specialty societies or traditional orga- denigrating the role of allopathic intervention as nized medical associations that govern continuing dangerous, expensive, and impersonal. In the medical education. It would be most unusual if “deconstructionist” mode, they often change the over 20% of family physicians in this area actually vocabulary to make their methods seem rational use chiropractic in their practice. and reasonable. In a critique of alternative medi- In a national survey of referral patterns by cine, Wallace Sampson, MD, points out that an edi- board-certified family physicians and internists, torial in Alternative Therapies poses: 94% indicated willingness to refer for at least one “a non sequitur: present knowledge is adequate alternative therapy, 90% for at least two, 85% at to dismiss the utility of most alternative methods; least three, 77% at least four, and 66% at least five but [the editorial claims] there are ineffable quali- such modalities. The list of therapies for which ties that [conventional] methods cannot detect and these physicians expressed a willingness to refer alternatives cannot define; therefore, alternative patients included: relaxation techniques—86%, methods must be accepted, their practitioners biofeedback—85%, therapeutic massage—66%, licensed, and their services paid for by public funds hypnosis—63%, acupuncture—56%, and medita- and health insurance.”35 tion—54%. By contrast, 47% said they would refer In an unpublished survey of all 125 US medical for chiropractic, 24% for “spiritual” healing, 15% schools, Sampson has found that just over 50 for homeopathy, 14% for energy healing, and 6% schools offer elective, for-credit courses on alterna- would refer for megavitamin or herbal therapy. In tive therapy, and 18 other schools offer lecture Appendix II 201 series or seminars on the subject. His survey reveals feel sick, as opposed to our emphasis on disease, that most are being given by “supporters or propo- defined too often in biochemical and molecular nents of alternative methods,” and that the “scien- terms that are far removed from the person being tific view” is offered in only 7 courses. examined. Patients, he says, are increasingly taking In an editorial,36 Alpert argues that alternative more responsibility for their own health. Many are medicine should not be “condemned out of hand,” disaffected with medicine in general, as part of a but suggests that traditional medicine approach trend of public suspicion of authoritarian, insular alternative therapy based on five principles. Con- sections of society. vinced that many unconventional treatments will Some of the interest in alternative medicine eventually become mainstream, he proposes that may be due to an “outbreak of irrationalism” that physicians: includes New Age interest in “channeling” and astrology.37 Television talk shows and the prolifera- 1. Maintain an open-minded attitude about all tion of books and tapes on alternative therapies are potentially new therapeutic interventions that gobbled up by an uncritical public that does not include those commonly referred to as alternative. understand how to sort quack theories from what 2. Encourage carefully performed and appropri- might be reasonable. Carl Sagan has recently ately controlled studies of these new therapies. lamented the phenomenon of our increasing scien- 3. Do not ignore or ridicule the potential of the tific illiteracy and the rise of pseudoscience and placebo effect to produce marked therapeutic superstition, noting that “baloney, bamboozles, benefit. careless thinking, and wishes disguised as fact. . . 4. Do not accept all new therapies as efficacious on ripple through mainstream political, social, reli- first acquaintance. Practitioners of quack medi- gious, and economic issues in every nation.”39 cine continue to abound as in all earlier times. Political decisions allow licensing of alternative Claims of therapeutic efficacy should be ratio- practitioners without any scientific basis for accred- nally examined and tested. itation of their schools or the methods used by their 5. Avoid hubristic and arrogant attitudes toward practitioners. Congress has recently dismantled its alternative medical practices because one might own scientific oversight section, the Office of Tech- be embarrassed by the subsequent demonstra- nology Assessment. Political pressure from the tions of their clinical efficacy. health food and vitamin supplement industry has hampered the FDA’s ability to monitor their prod- Alpert says that these statements are guiding the ucts, and legislative proposals have been advanced University of Arizona as it sets up a program to to allow such products to be covered by food “integrate and evaluate valuable alternative med- stamps—in effect, paying for pills instead of food.38 ical practices into routine allopathic care.” Andrew There is, indeed, reason for concern. Weil, MD, who has written several books on alter- Given the growing interest in alternative medi- native medicine, is heading the new program. cine by the public, accurate, even-handed educa- It is clear that in the quest for wellness, the pub- tion about alternative medicine is vital for both the lic is seeking new approaches to medical care. public as well as for physicians, who should be Some of the reasons may be understandable, such familiar with unconventional therapies and be able as the desire to find a healer with time to listen, to to advise patients on their use. Sound, good quality receive compassionate care, and to establish a part- research is needed to determine the potential bene- nership with a provider in seeking health. fits and avoid the risks inherent in unconventional In “Turning from Science and Reason,” an therapy. address at the 1996 AMA National Leadership Con- ference, Jeremiah Barondess, MD, stated that Recommendations many physicians may not deal effectively enough The following statements, recommended by the with illness, elements he identifies as those symp- Council on Scientific Affairs, were adopted as AMA toms, anxieties, and concerns that make people Policy at the 1997 AMA Annual Meeting. 202 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

1. There is little evidence to confirm the safety or 10. Pizzorno JE. Ten drugs I would never take. Natural efficacy of most alternative therapies. Much of Health. September–October 1996; 84–85, 142–148. the information currently known about these 11. Tyler V. Herbal remedies. J Pharm Technol therapies makes it clear that many have not 1995;11:214–220. 12. Barrett S. The spine salesmen. In: Barrett S, Jarvis been shown to be efficacious. Well-designed, WT, eds. The Health Robbers. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus stringently controlled research should be done Books; 1993. to evaluate the efficacy of alternative therapies. 13. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute low back 2. Physicians should routinely inquire about the problems in adults. Clinical Practice Guideline. Quick use of alternative or unconventional therapy by Reference Guide Number 14. Rockville, MD: US their patients, and educate themselves and their Department of Health and Human Services, Public patients about the state of scientific knowledge Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and with regard to alternative therapy that may be Research AHCPR Pub. No.95-0643. December 1994. used or contemplated. 14. Brennan B, Rosner A, Demmerle A, et al. Manual 3. Patients who choose alternative therapies healing methods. In: Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. Washington, DC: US Government should be educated as to the hazards that might Printing Office; 1994. NIH 94-066. result from postponing or stopping conventional 15. Brennan B, Rosner R, et al. Manual healing meth- medical treatment. ods. In: Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Hori- 4. Courses offered by medical schools on alterna- zons. Washington, DC: US Government Printing tive medicine should present the scientific view Office; 1994. NIH 94-066. of unconventional theories, treatments, and 16. Green S. “Antineoplastons”: An unproven cancer practice as well as the potential therapeutic util- therapy. JAMA 1992;267:2924–2928. ity, safety, and efficacy of these modalities. 17. Bower H. Internet sees growth of unverified health claims. BMJ 1996;313:381. 18. Moss RW, Wiebel FD, et al. Pharmacologic and bio- References logical treatments. In: Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. Washington, DC: US Government 1. Murray RH, Rubel AJ. Physicians and healers— Printing Office; 1994. NIH 94-066. unwitting partners in healthcare. N Engl J Med 19. Taub A. Acupuncture: nonsense with needles. In: 1992;326:61–645. Barrett S, Jarvis WT, eds. The Health Robbers. Buffalo, 2. Dossey L, Sawyers JP. Introduction to Alternative Medi- NY: Prometheus Books; 1993. cine: Expanding Medical Horizons. Washington, DC: US 20. Jacobs J, Jimenez LM, Gloyd SS, et al. Treatment of Government Printing Office; 1994. NIH 94-066. acute childhood diarrhea with homeopathic medi- 3. Renner JH. Health Smarts. Kansas City, Missouri: cine: a randomized clinical trial in Nicaragua. Pedi- HealthFacts Publishing; 1990. atrics 1994;93:719–725. 4. Hafner AW. Reader’s Guide to Alternative Health Methods. 21. Sampson W, London W. Analysis of homeopathic Chicago: American Medical Association; 1992. treatment of childhood diarrhea. Pediatrics 5. Coleman C. Herbal healing. Associated Press. Daily 1995;96:961–964. Herald, Chicago, Illinois. February 1, 1996: Section 4, 22. Skolnick A. Science reporters hear wide range of p.1–2. data at 12th annual conference. JAMA 6. Tyler VE. The overselling of herbs. In: Barrett S, Jarvis 1993;270:2416. WT, eds. The Health Robbers. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus 23. Park RL, Goodenough U. Buying snake oil with tax Books; 1993. dollars. New York Times; January 3, 1996, P. A-15. 7. Vautier G, Spiller RC. Safety of complementary medi- 24. Campion EW. Why unconventional medicine? N cines should be monitored. BMJ 1995;311:633. Engl J Med 1993;328:282–283. 8. Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow CD, et al. St. John’s 25. Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C, et al. Uncon- wort for depression—an overview and meta-analysis ventional medicine in the United States. N Engl J Med of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 1996;313: 1993;328:246–52. 352–358. 26. Spigelblatt L, Laine-Ammara G, Pless IB, Guyver A. 9. DeSmet P, Nolen WA. St. John’s wort as an antide- The use of alternative medicine by children. Pedi- pressant. BMJ 1996;313:241–242. atrics 1994;94:811–814. Appendix II 203

27. Lerner IJ, Kennedy BJ. The prevalence of question- 33. Blumberg DL, Grant WD, Hendricks SR, Kamps CA, able methods of cancer treatment in the United Dewan MJ. The physician and unconventional med- States. CA-Cancer J Clin 1992;42:181–190. icine. Altern Ther 1996;1:31–35. 28. Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, et al. Contempo- 34. Ernst E, Resch KL, White AR. Complementary med- rary unorthodox treatment in cancer medicine: A icine. what physicians think of it: A meta-analysis. study of patients, treatments, and practitioners. Ann Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2405–2408. Intern Med 1984;101:105–112. 35. Sampson W. Antiscience trends in the rise of the 29. Cassileth BR. Unorthodox cancer medicine. Cancer “alternative medicine” movement. Ann N Y Acad Sci Invest 1986;4:591–598. 1996;775:188–197. 30. Buckman R, Sabbagh K. Magic or Medicine? An Inves- 36. Alpert JS. The relativity of alternative medicine. Arch tigation of Healing and Healers. New York, NY: Intern Med 1995;155:2385. Prometheus Books; 1995. 37. Krauthammer C. The return of the primitive. Time; 31. Jacobs J. Presentation to AMA Council on Scientiﬁc January 20, 1996;P.82. Essay. Affairs. September 8, 1996. 38. Skolnick A. Experts debate food stamp revision. 32. Berman BM, Singh BK, Lao L, et al. Physicians’ atti- JAMA 1995;274:781–783. tudes toward complementary or alternative medi- 39. Sagan C. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Can- cine: A regional survey. J Am Board Fam Pract 1995; dle in the Dark. New York: Random House; 1995. 8:361–366.

APPENDIX III NEW NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH STUDY

The National Center for Complementary and Alter- The value of undertaking this study emerged from native Medicine (NCCAM) and 16 federal cospon- discussions among members of the Trans-Agency sors announce the launch of an Institute of CAM Coordinating Committee, chaired by Stephen Medicine (IOM) study of the scientific and policy E. Straus, M.D., NCCAM Director. The Committee implications of the use of complementary and alter- felt that the IOM had the expertise to consider ques- native medicine (CAM) by the American public. tions of CAM research and policy critically The $1 million, nearly two-year study, will be con- “Americans use CAM therapies in record num- ducted by the IOM, a component of the National bers,” said Dr. Straus. “The IOM’s report will give Academies. us a clearer understanding of the scope of CAM use The National Academies is a private, nonprofit, by Americans, as well as CAM’s public health nongovernmental institution created by a congres- impact, and scientific and policy issues that will sional charter to be an advisory body for the nation better inform our research decisions.” on scientific and technological matters. The IOM The IOM study, led by Senior Program Officer draws upon volunteer panels of experts to examine Lyla M. Hernandez, MPH, of the Board on Health policy matters regarding the public’s health. Promotion and Disease Prevention, will not conduct NCCAM, the primary sponsor of the study, is the new surveys of the public regarding CAM use. federal government’s lead agency for scientific Rather, the IOM panel will gather and analyze exist- research on CAM. ing data. In addition, the IOM study, which will The IOM will assemble a panel of approximately recruit panel members after October 1, 2003 plans to 16 experts from a broad range of CAM and con- address many key questions, such as the following: ventional disciplines, such as behavioral medicine, internal medicine, nursing, epidemiology, pharma- • What are the methodological difficulties in eval- cology, health care research and administration, uating some CAM therapies? and education. During the course of the study, the • How are the different CAM professions regu- IOM panel will assess research findings, hold work- lated in the United States? shops, and invite speakers to address the panel, • What is the current situation for coverage of among other activities, in order to CAM by insurers and other third parties? • Provide a comprehensive overview of the use of • What are the policy and regulatory issues CAM therapies by the American public regarding licensing and certifying of CAM practitioners? • Identify significant scientific and policy issues related to CAM research, regulation, integra- The answers to these questions and the infor- tion, training, and certification mation generated by the IOM panel of leading • Develop a conceptual framework to help guide scholars drawn from both conventional medicine decision making on these issues and questions and CAM, and from education, should serve to

205 206 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine complement the recommendations of the White National Institute on Drug Abuse House Commission on Complementary and Alter- National Institute of Mental Health native Medicine Policy released earlier this year. National Library of Medicine The agencies cosponsoring the IOM study NIH Ofﬁce of Behavioral and Social Sciences include the following: Research NIH Ofﬁce of Dietary Supplements Agency for Health Care Research and Quality John E. Fogarty International Center For information on the National Academies, National Cancer Institute visit www.nationalacademies.org. For information National Center for Complementary and on the Institute of Medicine, visit www.iom.edu. Alternative Medicine National Center for Research Resources The National Center for Complementary and Alterna- National Institute on Aging tive Medicine (NCCAM) is dedicated to exploring comple- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and mentary and alternative medical (CAM) practices in the Alcoholism context of rigorous science, training CAM researchers, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases disseminating authoritative information to the public and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal professionals. For additional information, call NCCAM’s and Skin Diseases Clearinghouse toll free at 1-888-644-6226, or visit the National Institute of Child Health and Human NCCAM Web site at nccam.nih.gov. Development National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases APPENDIX IV HERBS USED IN ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE DISCIPLINES

Achillea millefolium yarrow Artemesia spp. southernwood, Achyranthes bidentata achyranthes root wormwood, Acorus calamus sweet flag absinthe, sage Actaea racemosa ([L] Nutt) black cohosh brush, lad’s love, L. (formerly Cimicifuga black cohosh mugwort, racemosa) tarragon, sweet Aesculus hippocastanum horse chestnut annie Agastache rugosa agastache Asafoetida asafoetida Agrimonia pilosa agrimony Asarum sieboli asaram Akebia trifoliate akebia Asparagus spp asparagus Alchemilla vulgaris lady’s mantle Astragalus sp. vetch, rattlepod, Alisma plantago alisma locoweed Allium sativa garlic Astragalus membranaceus huang-qi Aloe vera aloe Atractylodes sppn atractylodes Althea officinalis marshmallow Baking soda Amomum villosum cardamom Bamboo shavings Phyllostachys nigra Amygdalus communis sweet almond seed Benincasa hispida benincasa Anemarrhena asphodeloides anemarrhena Berberis sp. barberry Angelica archangelica angelica Betula sp. birch Angelica sinensis dong quai, danggui Biota orientalis biota Angelica sp angelica Borago officinalis borage Apium graveolens celery Boswellia serrata frankincense Aquilaria agallocha aquilaria wood Brassica alba mustard seed Aralia sp. spikenard Bryonia sp. bryony Arctium lappa burdock, gobo Bupleurum chinense bupleurum Arctostaphylos uva-ursi bearberry (uva ursi Calamus draco calamus gum leaves) Calendula officinalis marigold Areca catechu areca peel Calophyllum sp. punna, kamani Aristolochia sp. snakeroot, guaco Capsicum frutescens cayenne, red pepper Arnica montana arnica Carthamus tinctorius carthamus

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Castor oil Echinacea purpurea, echinacea Caulophyllum thalictroides blue cohosh E. angustifolia and Capsicum minimum cayenne pepper E. pallida Centaurea sp. cornflower, knap Eclipta spp eclipta, weed han lian cao Centaurium erythraea century, feverwort Eleutherococcus eleuthero, Siberian Centella asiatica gotu kola, (Acanthopanax) senticosus Ginseng hydrocotyle Ephedra sinica ephedra, ma huang Chamomilla recutita chamomile Epimedium spp epimedium, yin Chrysanthemum chrysanthemum yang huo morifolium Equisetum arvense horsetail Cimicifuga (now known as black cohosh Equus asinus donkey gelatin Actaea racemosa) Eriobotrya japonica loquat leaf (NUTT.) Eriodictyon californicum yerba santa Cinnamomum zeylanicum cinnamon Eschscholzia californica California poppy Citrus aurantium aurantium Cham Citrus grandis tangerine Eucalyptus globulus Labill eucalyptus Citrus reticulata citrus Eucommia ulmoides eucommia Clematis spp. clematis Eugenia sp. clove Codonopsis spp. codonopsis, dang Eugenia caryophyllata clove bud shen Eupatorium fortunei eupatorium Coix lachryma-jobi coix Euphoria longan longan Colchicum autumnale autumn crocus, Eurale ferox euryales meadow saffron Evodia rutaecarpa evodia Commiphora mukul guggul Flax seeds Commiphora myrrh myrrh resin Filipendula ulmaria meadowsweet Coptis chinensis coptis Foeniculum vulgare fennel Coriander Forsythia suspensa forsythia, lian qiao Cornus florida & dogwood (Thunb.) Vahl C. officinalis Fritillaria cirrhosa fritillary bulb Corydalis yanhusuo corydalis Fucus vesiculosus L. bladderwrack Crataegus oxyacantha hawthorn Ganoderma lucidum ganoderma Cumin Garcinia cambogia citrin, gambooge Curculigo orchioides curculigo Garcinia kola bitter kola Curcuma longa turmeric Garcinia mangostana mangosteen Cuscuta chinensis cuscuta Garcinia sp. garcinia Cynara cardunculus cardoon Gardenia jasminoides gardenia Cynara scolymus artichoke Gastrodia elata gastrodia Cyperus rotundus cyperus Gentiana spp gentian Dendrobium nobile dendrobium Ginkgo biloba ginkgo Dianthus chinensis dianthus Glauber’s salt sodium sulfate Dioscorea opposita dioscorea Glehnia littoralis glehnia Dioscorea villosa wild yams Glycyrrhiza glabra licorice Dipsacus asper dipsacus Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice Dryopteris male fern Gotu kola Appendix IV 209

Gossypium herbaceum L. cotton Loranthus parasiticus mulberry or hirsutum L Luffa sp. luffa Guatteria gaumeri guatteria Lycium spp lycium, wolfberry, Greenman matrimony vine Gymnema sylvestre gurmar Lycopus lucidus bugleweed Gypsum mineral calcium sulfate Lygodium japonicum lygodium spores Haliotis divericolor haliotis shell Magnetitum magnetite Hamamelis virginiana L. witch hazel Magnolia officinalis magnolia Harpagophytum devil’s claw Mahonia aquifolium mahonia, Oregon procumbens grape Hibiscus sp. hibiscus, roselle Matricaria chamomilla chamomile Humulus lupulus hops Melaleuca alternifolia tea tree oil Hydrastis canadensis goldenseal, yellow Melia toosendan melia root, eye root, Mentha haplocalyx peppermint leaf eye balm, Mentha pulegium/ European jaundice root, Hedeoma pulegioides pennyroyal/ ground raspberry, American Indian dye pennyroyal Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort Millettia reticulata millettia Ilex pubescens ilex Momordica charantia bitter gourd, karela Illicium verum star anise Morinda sp. Noni, Nonu Isiatis tinctoria isiatis Morus alba morus Juniperus sp juniper Musa sp. plantain, banana Kadsura sp. kadsura Myristica fragrans nutmeg Kochia scoparia summer cypress, Nelumbo nucifera lotus seed fireweed Ocimum basilicum basil, albahaca Laminaria japonica laminaria Onion Larrea tridentata creosote bush or Ophiopogon japonicus ophiopogon (DC) Coville chaparral Origanum vulgare oregano Lavandula sp. lavender Paeonia suffruticosa Moutan peony Lentinus edodes shiitake, black Panax quinquefolium American ginseng mushroom Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Chinese ginseng, or Leonorus cardiaca motherwort P. quinquefolius American ginseng Leonorus heterophyllus motherwort Passiflora alata passion flower Lepidium meyenii Walp. maca Perilla frutescens perilla Lepidium sp. cress Phaseolus mungo mung bean Ligusticumwallichii auct. Sichuan lovage, sin. Phytolacca dodecandra poke root, endod Non. Franch chuan xiong Pimpinella anisum anise Lilium brownii lily bulb Piper longum long pepper Lindera strychnifolia lindera Pinellia seed Pinellia ternata Litchi chinensis litchi Piper methysticum kava Lobelia inflata lobelia Piper nigrum black pepper Lonicera japonica honeysuckle Plantago major/lanceolate plantain Lonicera japonica Thunb. honeysuckle, jin yin Plantago psyllium/ovata psyllium, ispaghula hua, ren dong teng Platycodon grandiflorum platycodon root 210 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Podophyllum peltatum, mayapple, Serenoa serrulata & saw palmetto P. hexandrum, P. emodi mandrake, Indian S. repens (Arecaceae) apple, wild Siler divaricatumsileris lemon, duck’s Silybum marianum Gaertn. milk thistle foot Smilax glabra Roxb. sarsaparilla Polygala tenuifolia polygala root Stephania tetrandra stephania root Polygonatum odoratum polygonatum Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni sweetleaf, Polyporus umbellatus polyporus candyleaf Poria cocos poria fungus Swertia sp. swertia Polygonum aviculare knotgrass Symphytum officinale L. comfrey Potentilla sp. cinquefoil, Syzygium sp. clove, jamun silverweed Tabebuia avellanedae pau d’arco Prunella vulgaris self-heal Tabernanthe iboga iboga Prunus armeniaca apricot or bitter Tamarindus indica tamarind almond seed Tanacetum parthenium. feverfew Prunus persica peach seed Schultz-Bip Pseudoginseng roo panax Tanacetum vulgare (L.) tansy pseudoginseng Taraxacum mongolicum dandelion root Pseudostellaria heterophyllapseu Taraxacum officinale dandelion dostellaria root (Dhudhal) Psoralia corylifolia psoralea seed Terminalia arjuna myrobalan Pueraria lobata kudzu Terminalia chebula hirda Pygeum africanum African prune Thuja occidentalis arborvitae Raphanus sativus radish seed Thuja plicata western red cedar Red dates Zizyphus jujuba Thymus vulgaris thyme Red pepper Capsicum anuum Tilia europea linden Rehmannia glutinosa rehmannia Tribulus terrestris L. puncture vine, Rheum officinale rhubarb goathead Ribes nigrum L. black currant Trichosanthes sp. snake gourd, Rosa laevigata rose hips gualou Rosmarinus officinalis L. rosemary Trigonella foenum fenugreek Rubia cordyfoliarubia graecum L. Rubus chingii rubus Turmeric Curcuma longae Rubus idaeus aspberry leaves turnera diffusadamiana Ruta graveolensrue Tussilago farfara coltsfoot Salix alba white willow bark Uncaria rynchophyllauncaria stem Salvia officinalissage leaves Uncaria tomentosa cat’s claw, Sambucus nigra L. black elderberry (Willd.) D.C. uno de gato Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Urtica dioica stinging nettles Sargassum fusiformsargassum Vaccinium macrocarpon cranberry Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) sassafras Vaccinium myrtillus bilberry Saussurea lappa saussurea Valeriana officinalis valerian Schisandra chinensis wu wei zi, Verbascum thapsus. L. mullein wu ren chun Viburnum sp. cramp bark, high Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Baical skullcap bush cranberry Appendix IV 211

Viscum album mistletoe, European Yellow dock root Rumex crispus (Phoradendron (American) Zanthoxylum sp. prickly ash leucarpum, P. flavescens, Zea mays corn silk P. serotinum) Zingiber officinale Roscoe ginger Vitex agnus-castus chaste tree Zingiber officinalis dry ginger White peony root Paeonia lactiflora Ziziphus sp. jujube Withania somnifera ashwagandha Zizyphus jujuba black date Yarrow Achillea millefolium

APPENDIX V NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE FIVE-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN 2001–2005 Reproduced here is the complete text of the National Center for Complementary Medicine and Alternative Medicine report Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan, 2001–2005. Photographs included in the original report have not been included.

National Center for Complementary and Alterna- Table of Contents tive Medicine wishes to extend its sincerest grati- Acknowledgments tude to the many organizations and individuals Preface who contributed to the development of this plan. Part I The Case for Action A special note of thanks goes to those who Part II Future Directions helped shape the draft strategic plan of NCCAM ‘s Part III NCCAM Strategic Plan 2001–2005 predecessor, the Office of Alternative Medicine. Our Mission Through their efforts, NCCAM was provided a Our Vision well-developed foundation upon which to build. Our Stakeholders We thank NCCAM staff and members of the Strategic Areas National Advisory Council on Complementary and Strategic Area 1: Investing in Research Alternative Medicine, who subsequently crafted Strategic Area 2: Training CAM Investigators and provided input to multiple iterations of the Strategic Area 3: Expanding Outreach document as it evolved to its final form. We are Strategic Area 4: Facilitating Integration also grateful to the directors and other senior offi- Practicing Responsible Stewardship cials at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Endnotes the Department of Health and Human Services, Part IV Appendices whose broad perspectives have been incorporated Appendix I Major Domains of Complementary to enrich the document substantially. and Alternative Medicine Finally, we acknowledge the efforts of over Appendix II Important Events in NCCAM 200 individuals and organizations that reviewed History the draft plan on NCCAM’s Web site during the Appendix III Biographical Sketch, Stephen six-week period it was posted for public comment. E.Straus, MD It is their thoughtful responses that guided us in Appendix IV NCCAM Research and Research our attempts to create a document that is mean- Training Portfolio ingful to multiple audiences and better accommo- Appendix V NCCAM Outreach Activities dates the divergent sensibilities of our many Appendix VI Evidence-Based Reviews stakeholders. Appendix VII NCCAM Cancer Advisory We look forward to collaborating further as we Panel for Complementary and Alternative implement our first strategic plan. Medicine

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Appendix VIII Strategic Planning Process unsafe or ineffective, and an informed public will Appendix IX National Advisory Council for reject them. Complementary and Alternative Medicine As CAM interventions are incorporated into conventional medical education and practice, the exclu- Preface sionary terms, “complementary and alternative medicine,” will be superseded by the more inclusive, The growing appeal of complementary and alterna- “integrative medicine.” Integrative medicine will be tive medicine (CAM) at the dawn of the 21st cen- seen as providing novel insights and tools for human tury creates both an opportunity and the obligation health, practiced by healthcare providers skilled and for scientific study and evaluation. As Americans knowledgeable in the multiple traditions and disci- become increasingly activist in their pursuit of sus- plines that contribute to the healing arts. tained and improved health and well-being by To achieve these goals and to ensure that our exploring unconventional healthcare practices, so actions are commensurate with the public trust too, have we in the research community now that has been given to NCCAM, we have developed joined in that exploration. We bring to that our first strategic plan, Expanding Horizons of Health- endeavor a curiosity and open-mindedness, moti- care. I am deeply grateful to my colleagues and the vated by the prospect of enhancing the healthcare many organizations and individuals who have con- repertoire, while at the same time mindful of the tributed to its development. Like the field of medi- need to help protect the public from harm. cine itself, the Plan is a work in progress, and I look In establishing the National Center for Comple- forward to our continued collaboration as our ini- mentary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at tiatives evolve. Together, we can strive to make the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1998, NCCAM a recognized leader in the field within a Congress crafted legislation empowering us to con- vibrant, global research community. duct basic and clinical research, train researchers, Stephen E. Straus, MD, Director and educate and communicate our findings to the National Center for Complementary public and professionals. I am honored to have and Alternative Medicine been appointed the first Director of NCCAM; I am committed to bring to this position the evidence- PART I The Case for Action based standards of science that have guided me though 23 years of research on important human Advances in medical science in the 20th century, infectious and immunologic diseases at the NIH. coupled with improvements in sanitation and pub- I come to NCCAM cognizant of the formidable lic health, resulted in dramatic gains in the health challenges that lie ahead, but with an optimistic and well-being of Americans and a remarkable vision of the value that scientific scrutiny can bring increase in average life expectancy from 47 years in to the CAM field. Already there is mounting evi- 1900 to 76 years today. This stunning success was dence—the result of initial rigorous investiga- largely the result of declines in deaths from acute tions—that several therapeutic and preventative infectious disease—for example, tuberculosis, diph- CAM modalities will be proven effective. We are theria, influenza, pneumonia—made possible by also hopeful that advances in neuroscience will the development of vaccines and the advent of yield greater understanding of what happens in antibiotic drugs. To be sure, new and re-emerging acupuncture and meditation and what lies behind infectious diseases remain serious, both locally and the placebo effect. Similarly, we expect that the globally, as the AIDS epidemic has taught us, but basis for the effectiveness of selected herbal and the challenges for conventional Western main- nutritional supplements will be clarified and lead to stream medicine1 (also known as allopathy and bio- their standardization and routine use, just as, a medicine) come increasingly from chronic diseases century ago, we learned what were the effective prevalent among the growing ranks of mature and ingredients of willow and cinchona bark. Other older Americans. These adults, more informed and modalities currently considered CAM will be found more demanding than their forebears, have high Appendix V 215 hopes of living long and well, free of disease and approaches. Not surprisingly, more and more Amer- disability. Yet many will experience chronic and icans—as many as 42 percent of the public accord- degenerative diseases that can drain their energies ing to one recent estimate—are adopting CAM and incomes, increase their pain and suffering, and approaches to satisfy their personal healthcare diminish their quality of life. Despite impressive needs. Between 1990 and 1997, the number of new treatments and technologies, chronic diseases Americans using CAM increased by 38 percent from often resist cure and even symptom relief. More- 60 million to 83 million. Figure 1 indicates that vis- over, the increased reliance on technology as well as its to CAM practitioners between 1990 and 1997 the economic imperatives and time constraints of increased from an estimated 427 million to 629 mil- managed care mitigate against the expressions of lion, almost half again as many. Conservative esti- care and concern that should characterize the mates put expenditures for alternative medicine physician-patient relationship, a dialogue that professional services at $21.2 billion in 1997,with at enhances the healing process beyond the immedi- least $12.2 billion paid out-of-pocket. Indeed, ate effects of drugs and other treatments. Americans spent more out-of-pocket for CAM than These issues are emerging at a time when the they paid out-of-pocket for all hospitalizations—an triumphs of reductionist biology are a daily fact of amount comparable to the projected 1997 out-of- life, climaxed by the stunning announcement of pocket expenditures for all U.S. physician services.2 the sequencing of the human genome in June 2000. Indeed, the cumulative advances in cell and CAM Described molecular biology over the past few decades have Complementary and alternative medicine prac- helped medicine evolve from art toward science. tices are best described as those not presently con- Now the very increase in knowledge, the wealth of sidered an integral part of conventional medicine.3 databases and analytic tools and techniques, are Implicit in this definition is the acknowledgment pointing to the need for synthesis, for a way to put that as CAM practices are proven safe and effec- the information together to understand how living tive, they may become adopted into mainstream organisms work as a whole. For the research scien- healthcare practice. Generally, patients who tist, this means the need to balance reductionism choose CAM approaches are seeking ways to with integrative biology. For the healthcare provider, it means the need to balance medicine as Figure 1 the science of genes and molecules with medicine Growth of CAM Visits as the artful interaction of genes, cells, organ sys- From 1990 to 1997 the number of adults report- tems, and the whole person with the social and ing use of CAM interven- physical environment, which together determine tions increased from 60 the state of health and well-being of the individual. million to 83 million. While the estimated number of visits to primary The Appeal of Nontraditional Approaches care physicians over the Frustrated by the inability of mainstream medicine same time period to meet all their expectations and needs, many peo- remained stable, visits to CAM practitioners ple have turned to complementary and alternative increased by 47 percent, medicine (CAM) approaches. These developments exceeding visits to MDs by have been facilitated by the revolution in informa- 243 million. tion technology, which is enabling easy access to The five leading reasons sources of CAM information on the Internet and in for CAM visits were back print and electronic media. The advertising and problems, allergies, marketing of alternative and complementary medi- fatigue, arthritis, and headaches. cine have also grown apace, assuring increased pub- (Eisenberg et al 1998). lic awareness and exposure to new products and 216 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine improve their health and well-being and to relieve is manipulated to restore health and function to symptoms associated with chronic or terminal ill- the body is an example of a body-based method. nesses or the side effects of conventional treat- Various forms of massage that involve manipula- ments. Interestingly, the overwhelming majority tion of soft tissues and/or the musculoskeletal sys- of patients adopting CAM approaches use them to tem are other examples. complement conventional care, rather than as an Energy Therapies. Therapies based on the alternative.4 activation or generation of energy fields either As diverse and abundant as the peoples and cul- originating in the body or acting externally on the tures of the world, CAM practices may be grouped body are examples of energy therapies. Qi gong in five major domains: alternative medical sys- (pronounced’chee gung’) is a component of tradi- tems; mind-body interventions; biologically based tional Chinese medicine that combines movement, treatments; manipulative and body-based meth- meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance ods; and energy therapies5, with some overlap the flow of vital energy (qi) in the body to improve across categories. For example, discrete practices circulation and enhance immune function. such as meditation are considered mind-body interactions, but they are also included as part of some alternative systems of medicine. In addition CAM Yesterday; Mainstream Healthcare Today to the examples below, Appendix I provides fur- As noted, CAM practices once considered unortho- ther information. dox in the United States can become part of the Alternative Medical Systems. Ayurvedic medi- mainstream healthcare repertoire following cine, India’s traditional medical system, is an exam- demonstration of safety and efficacy by rigorous ple of an alternative system based on the principle scientific investigation. For example, before Nixon that health is achieved by restoring the innate har- went to China in 1971 and James Reston’s com- mony of the individual. It emphasizes the equal pelling memoir that same year6, acupuncture was importance of body, mind, and spirit. Many other considered arcane. Today acupuncture is often pre- non-Western societies embrace similar beliefs. scribed to manage pain and sometimes to control Moreover, the dominant medical system in Europe the nausea associated with chemotherapy. More from ancient Greece to the modern era was based recently, investigators have reported positive on the belief that ill health resulted from an imbal- results in the use of acupuncture to treat cocaine ance of the body’s four humors (blood, phlegm, addiction.7 (See the textbox.) Among the first yellow bile, and black bile). drugs for treatment of high blood pressure was Mind-Body Interventions. The practice of med- reserpine from the herb Rauwolfia serpentina, itation, certain uses of hypnosis, prayer, and forms of described many centuries ago in Indian Ayruvedic art, music, and dance therapy are considered CAM monographs. Indeed, some of our most important mind-body interventions. Biochemical evidence of drugs, while not originating as CAM therapies, are connections and interactions between the nervous derivatives of the active ingredients identified in system and endocrine and immune systems and evi- herbal remedies. Such drugs of botanical origin dence of benefit have led to the entry of certain include digitalis for the treatment of congestive mind-body interventions, for example, cognitive- heart failure and vincristine, and more recently, behavioral therapies and various means of stress taxol, for treatment of cancers. There are indica- reduction, into mainstream medicine. tions that other herbal remedies and CAM practices Biologically Based Therapies. Herbal remedies, may prove effective in preventing and treating special diets, and food products used therapeutically chronic diseases, possibly reducing the costs of are considered biologically based CAM practices. healthcare, as well as advancing our understanding Herbs are defined as plants or plant products that of how healing works. At present, however, few of produce or contain chemicals that act upon the body. these practices have been tested for safety and Manipulative and Body-Based Methods. Chi- effectiveness. Still others await discovery and vali- ropractic approaches in which the spine (primarily) dation of their worth. Appendix V 217

approaches that merit more intensive study. To pur- Acupuncture for Addiction sue these investigations, we must train, encourage, 53.8 percent of cocaine addicts treated five times a and support skilled investigators in both CAM and week with acupuncture at sites in the ear tested conventional medical academic communities. Fur- free of the drug at the end of an eight-week study. thermore, we must present credible, rather than In comparison, researchers reported that only 23.5 anecdotal, data to a curious public. Finally, we must percent of addicts given sham acupuncture and broaden the knowledge base of CAM and conven- 9.1 percent of subjects who watched relaxation tional healthcare practitioners to encompass the full videos were drug-free when tested in the final repertoire of safe and effective healthcare prac- week.Further studies are needed to confirm these tices—truly expanding the horizons of healthcare. encouraging results. These practices can then be integrated into optimal interdisciplinary treatment plans developed in cooperation with patients. These imperatives dictate Resolving the Issues serious efforts in research, training, education, and communication, along with strategies to facilitate Despite their potential, untested CAM therapies their interdisciplinary integration. may have unintended negative consequences.8 They may interfere with or displace effective treat- Responding to Public Demand ments (see Figures 2 and 3); they may expose patients to potentially toxic substances; and they In 1993,Congress formally established the Office of may absorb resources that might be better invested Alternative Medicine (OAM) at the National Insti- in more appropriate treatment. Thus, it is critical to tutes of Health.11 In 1998 Congress expanded the evaluate widely used CAM treatments for both status, mandate, and authority of the Office by safety and efficacy, as determined experimentally enacting legislation to create the National Center in rigorously conducted clinical trials. As appropri- for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ate, CAM therapies should also be evaluated for (NCCAM).12 NCCAM is charged to “conduct basic effectiveness (the measured outcome of routine and applied research (intramural and extramural13), use within the general population). research training, and disseminate health informa- Beyond testing prevalent CAM interventions, it tion and other programs with respect to identifying, is also important to identify promising CAM investigating, and validating CAM treatments, diag-

A Cautionary Tale Figure 2 indicates the promise of St. John’s wort as an antidepressant in a study showing that it compares favorably with a standard antidepressant, imipramine, and that both are significantly better than placebo.9 However, Figure 3 indicates that if St. John’s wort is taken by subjects who are also taking indinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, levels of indinavir in the blood are reduced below the level required to block HIV multiplication.10 218 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine nostic and prevention modalities, disciplines and expand basic and clinical research, train investiga- systems.” Congress has expressed growing support tors to conduct CAM research, disseminate infor- for NCCAM’s mission by providing progressive bud- mation, and facilitate integration of CAM and get increases for the Center. (See Figure 4.) conventional healthcare delivery are essential in Succinctly, NCCAM is dedicated to exploring moving the CAM ﬁeld forward. Our priorities in complementary and alternative healing practices in each of the four areas of research, research train- the context of rigorous science, training researchers, ing, information dissemination, and integration and disseminating authoritative information. are outlined below. NCCAM’s legislative history and milestones are summarized in Appendix II. Research

PART II Future Directions The Clinical Imperative. The extensive use of untested CAM practices by the public dictates that NCCAM presently supports a broad portfolio of NCCAM make clinical research15 its highest prior- research14, research training and educational ity and the centerpiece of its research portfolio. In grants and contracts, which are summarized in this regard, the Center’s approach differs signiﬁ- Appendix IV. In addition, the Center conducts out- cantly from that of the other NIH Institutes and reach activities, including the dissemination of Centers where the emphasis is on the discovery of information through the NCCAM Clearinghouse new knowledge through basic research. In contrast and the NCCAM Web site (http://nccam.nih.gov), CAM consumers and healthcare practitioners want which receives close to half a million hits a month. to know now whether available options are safe (See Appendix V for a more complete description and effective. Thus, while essential basic informa- of NCCAM outreach activities.) Programs to tion will be sought in parallel, NCCAM is committed to the clinical study of promising CAM substances and modalities before knowledge becomes available about their active ingredients, mechanisms of action, stability, and bioavailability. To help identify fertile areas for clinical investigation and the appropriate level of investment in these areas, the Center relies on evidence-based reviews (described in Appendix VI). These analyses indicate that information regarding the efﬁcacy and safety of CAM therapies spans a continuum ranging from anecdotes and case studies through encouraging data derived from small, well-developed Phase I and II clinical trials (Table 1). Several additional factors, such as the extent of utilization by consumers, the potential for public impact, the opportunity to expand the science base, feasibility, and cost are also considered, in no priority order, in selecting which treatments should be studied and at what depth. Accordingly, NCCAM will support large (Phase NCCAM funding. III) clinical trials of CAM substances and modali- Appropriations increased dramatically following the establishment ties that appear from evidence-based reviews to of grant-making authority to NCCAM in 1998, totaling $68.3 million in FY 2000. The additional investment in CAM research by be the most promising and important. A number other Institutes and Centers brings the total investment in CAM of such trials are already underway, such as those research at NIH in FY 2000 to approximately $161 million. to evaluate the use of St. John’s wort for depres- Appendix V 219

effects and how interactions between practition- • Large randomized clinical trials ers and patients may influence healing. • Small randomized clinical trials In addition to investigating individual thera- • Uncontrolled trials pies, NCCAM also aims to study entire systems of traditional and indigenous medicine that have • Observational studies been practiced over the centuries. Such studies • Case Studies may identify additional health tools of potential • Anecdotes use to the American public and may present opportunities to address health disparities and the SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS SYSTEMATIC Table 1 Hierarchy of Evidence needs of special populations. This is an area high- The weight of evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of lighted for attention across the NIH and reflects any clinical modality ranges from the strongest—derived from the changing demographics of America. By 2050 large randomized controlled clinical trials (considered the gold it is estimated that the numbers of Latino, black, standard)—through successively weaker levels of support, with and Asian and Pacific Islander racial and ethnic case studies and anecdotes providing the weakest evidence. Systematic reviews may be conducted at and across all levels. groups will exceed the white non-Hispanic population. Many of these individuals will have absorbed traditions of healthcare and specific modalities practiced in their families and their sion, research conducted in collaboration with countries of origin for generations. the National Institute of Mental Health and the Appropriate evaluation of CAM techniques and Office of Dietary Supplements; Ginkgo biloba to products will require that experts in the use of a prevent dementia, in collaboration with the given CAM modality are intimately involved in National Institute on Aging, the National Heart, the design, conduct, and oversight of these stud- Lung, and Blood Institute, and the National Insti- ies. Also, diverse research designs will be needed tute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke; glu- to assess the spectrum of CAM techniques and cosamine and chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis, products. For example, it is not possible to exam- in collaboration with the National Institute of ine some CAM modalities (for example, massage) Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; through double-blind trials, while others involve and acupuncture in the treatment of osteoarthritis combinations of therapies that are custom-tai- of the knee. Many more widely used, promising lored to each patient’s needs. In this regard, it is therapies are deserving of definitive study, includ- helpful that recent studies suggest that observa- ing milk thistle for chronic liver disease, Echi- tional studies can be sufficiently well designed to nacea for respiratory virus infections, and yield data comparable to those of some random- melatonin and valerian for sleep disorders. For ized, controlled trials.16 17 18 Notwithstanding the other, less well-studied, but still promising difficulties in designing some CAM studies, approaches, NCCAM will fund initial Phase I or NCCAM will demand the same high standard of Phase II trials to establish the scientific rationale scientific excellence that is required throughout and methodological feasibility needed to justify the NIH. large, randomized clinical trials. NCCAM will also Basic Science Research. While clinical seek to determine the potential for toxic or research is the centerpiece of NCCAM’s research adverse reactions and for interactions with pre- portfolio, NCCAM will pursue basic studies in par- scription and over-the-counter medications. allel. The realization that herbals are not single Finally, NCCAM will invest as well in careful agents but mixtures of many compounds makes studies of popular interventions for which reports our understanding of their underlying mecha- of efficacy are only anecdotal and no rational bio- nisms of action all the more critical. Moreover, medical explanation for the mechanism of action research projects such as those designed to under- has been proposed, such as magnet therapy. stand the neurobiological basis for acupuncture- NCCAM also plans to pursue studies of placebo mediated analgesia and the essential components 220 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine of St. John‘s wort that ameliorate depression may Training contribute to the knowledge base of conventional biomedical researchers and inspire novel treat- Our ability to achieve our research goals is depen- ment approaches and rational drug discovery. To dent on the availability of a critical mass of skilled take full advantage of the opportunities to build a investigators in both CAM and conventional com- base of CAM-related basic science discoveries, ran- munities. Thus, NCCAM must encourage skilled domized clinical trials will be designed not only to researchers to investigate CAM approaches and test treatments, but also, to the extent possible, to train CAM and conventional practitioners to con- determine underlying mechanisms of action, dis- duct or participate in rigorous studies. To this end, cover biomarkers, define pharmacokinetics, iden- NCCAM will fully exploit the range of options tify the active components in natural products, within NIH’s purview to promote the training and and collect data on the natural presentation and professional development of researchers. Specifi- progression of the diseases under study. For exam- cally, we will make awards to both individuals and ple, NCCAM’s current trial of Ginkgo biloba not institutions, for both mentored and independent only will test whether this ancient natural product research, ranging from basic through clinical delays the onset and progression of dementia, but research projects. NCCAM also will work to pro- the trial also represents the single largest prospec- mote collaborations between CAM and conven- tive study of intellectual decline in aging Ameri- tional practitioners and researchers, which are cans to date. essential to moving the field forward. NIH Areas of Emphasis. NCCAM shares the Information Dissemination NIH-wide imperative to address pressing public health concerns, and our research aims are We regard as one of our highest priorities the need closely aligned with the NIH-designated areas of to inform the public, which today is immersed in emphasis. Toward this end, the Center will con- media reports and Internet claims regarding CAM tribute to the collective effort in three specified approaches, towards the safest and most effective areas: the biology of brain disorders; new preven- practices and away from those that are risky or tive strategies against disease; and new avenues unsafe. Using all forms of communication, we must for the development of therapeutics. The poten- disseminate credible, not anecdotal data to a curi- tial contribution of NCCAM with respect to this ous public that deserves complete and accurate latter area is substantial. NCCAM also will partic- information. Thus, we will aim to make available ipate in the trans-NIH effort to understand and an abundance of timely and relevant materials for eliminate the health disparities observed between distribution, not only through the interactive capa- minority and majority populations. To this end, bilities of the Internet, but also as hard copy. Criti- NCCAM is developing a strategic plan to address cal materials will be translated for non-English health disparities to be incorporated into the readers, as appropriate. We will hold open forums overall NIH plan. to engage the public in dialogue and interact with Collaboration. The efficiency with which we the scientific community at professional meetings. advance our research agenda will be enhanced by leveraging the resources and expertise of our col- Integration leagues in other NIH Institutes and Centers, other Finally, NCCAM must work to overcome the government agencies,19 research institutions, the reluctance of conventional healthcare providers to academic and international communities, and consider CAM therapies for their patients. If we industry. The opportunities for such collaborations are to capitalize on the opportunities to achieve are abundant and it is gratifying that we have changes in both the CAM and conventional already found many partners at NIH and other agen- healthcare communities, we must increase oppor- cies, and that centers of excellence throughout the tunities for training medical and post-graduate world have expressed interest in working with us. professional students to become educated about Appendix V 221

CAM. With this information, they may knowl- adequately. It is by holding CAM therapies to the edgeably guide and refer patients toward safe and highest standards of evidence, that we believe we effective CAM applications and practitioners expe- will best facilitate the creation of an integrated rienced in delivering them. healthcare delivery system in which conventional While many agree in principle regarding the physicians and CAM practitioners work as an merits of an integrated healthcare delivery system, interdisciplinary team. there are numerous policy issues that await resolution before such a system can be fully imple- Part III NCCAM Strategic Plan, 2001–2005 mented. These matters, including development and enhancement of clinical training programs, insur- The confidence of Congress in authorizing ance reimbursement, licensing of CAM practition- NCCAM to fund grants and contracts and providers, and the relative roles of CAM and conventional ing increasing budgets to support them has served providers, are not within the purview of as the impetus for a review of Center activities NIH. Rather, their resolution falls to NIH’s sister with an eye to targeting its efforts toward expand- agencies in the Department of Health and Human ing options of healthcare. For these reasons, we Services, actions based on the findings of the White modified and expanded the 1998 Draft Strategic House Commission on Complementary and Alterna- Plan developed by the then Office of Alternative tive Medicine Policy, and concerned organizations. Medicine to create this first NCCAM Five-Year As a component of NIH, NCCAM’s role is to pro- Strategic Plan. The Plan embodies the principles vide the scientific evidence to inform policy makers discussed in Part II, articulates our mission and vision, identifies principal stakeholders, proposes strategic initiatives and goals, and specifies the Ginkgo Biloba to Prevent Dementia management principles under which NCCAM will in Aging Americans operate in carrying out its mission. We are For centuries, extracts from the leaves of the indebted to our staff and NIH colleagues, advisory Ginkgo biloba tree have been used as Chinese councils, workshop attendees, numerous health- herbal medicine to treat a variety of medical care providers, and the public at large for the conditions. In Europe and Asia, standardized cumulative wisdom that has informed the Plan. It extracts from ginkgo leaves are routinely taken to represents the first step in an ongoing planning treat a wide range of neuro-cognitive symptoms, process that will be used periodically to ensure including those of Alzheimer’s disease. Little is that our priorities match developments in the field known, however, about the safe dosage levels as it matures, and that they reflect an appropriate of Ginkgo biloba extract, let alone its actual balance between pursuing scientific opportunity effectiveness in preventing Alzheimer’s disease. and addressing the healthcare needs of the public A newly funded NCCAM study, in collaboration in promoting health and in preventing and treat- with NIA, may help resolve these questions. In FY 1999, the University of Pittsburgh School of ing disease. The ongoing planning process Medicine was awarded a six-year, $15 million (described in Appendix VIII) will continue to cooperative agreement to coordinate a multicen- solicit and consider input from the public and our ter effort to study the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba many other stakeholders, facilitated by our Office extract in preventing dementia, a cognitive of Public Liaison. decline in memory and other intellectual functions, in older individuals. This study, the largest Our Mission of its kind ever conducted on Ginkgo biloba, will include four clinical centers and enroll almost We are dedicated to exploring complementary and 3,000 people. Participants who take Ginkgo biloba alternative healing practices in the context of rigor- will be compared to a second group of individuals ous science, educating and training CAM who will take a placebo. researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals. 222 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Our Vision • Congress NCCAM will advance research to yield insights and • Health Insurers tools derived from complementary and alternative medicine to benefit the health and well-being of Strategic Areas the public, while enabling an informed public to To achieve our vision, we have identified four strate- reject ineffective or unsafe practices. gic areas: Investing in Research, Training CAM The role of the National Center for Comple- Researchers, Expanding Outreach, and Facilitating mentary and Alternative Medicine is to apply the Integration. Each of these strategic areas has evolved uncompromising standard of excellence in and will mature through an ongoing process of plan- research to healthcare practices and products ning and evaluation, with substantial input from the derived from many rich traditions. We will employ National Advisory Council for Complementary and best-in-the-world practices for the conduct of sci- Alternative Medicine (Appendix IX lists members), ence and the management of research, training, and our stakeholders. and related activities. We are committed to the timely dissemination of research findings to the Strategic Area 1: Investing in Research communities we serve, and in so doing regard it as of the highest importance to facilitate the merger NCCAM will advance research by encouraging and of valuable CAM and conventional approaches supporting CAM research projects according to the into a practice of “integrative medicine.” Such a philosophies and priorities outlined in Part II.20 The practice will involve multiple healthcare profes- Center’s highest priority is clinical research, both sionals working as an interdisciplinary team, thus with respect to individual therapies and entire sys- expanding the repertoire of ways to achieve and tems of medicine. While NCCAM will pursue inves- maintain health. tigations at all levels of the hierarchy of evidence NCCAM’s vision will be realized only by creating outlined in Table 1, our largest investment will be in and sustaining close partnerships across the spec- Phase III clinical trials, with proportionately smaller trum of CAM consumers, investigators, and health- investments in areas for which less evidence is avail- care providers, and by reaching out to diverse able. NCCAM will also support basic science stakeholder groups for advice and exchange of research, not only through studies whose primary information. aim is to elucidate basic mechanisms, but also by exploiting opportunities afforded by clinical trials. Our Stakeholders The Center is also committed to building research capacity and infrastructure, both intramu- • Patients and the General Public rally and extramurally, in the United States and • Patient Advocacy Groups abroad. Throughout these endeavors, the Center • CAM Healthcare Researchers, Educators, will pursue the many advantages afforded by col- and Practitioners laborations nationally and internationally, as well • Conventional Healthcare Researchers, as with fellow NIH Institutes and Centers, other Educators, and Practitioners government agencies, and industry. • Academic and Professional Associations Goal 1 • NIH and other Government Agencies Stimulate submission of high-quality applications in • Research and Educational Institutions and CAM priority areas by both CAM and conventional Foundations investigators • International Research Organizations • The Pharmaceutical, Nutriceutical, Dietary Objectives: Supplement, and Biotechnology Industries • Exhibit NCCAM information at professional • The Media meetings and conduct grant-writing workshops. Appendix V 223

• Sponsor interdisciplinary conferences to stimu- sis of CAM research studies, employing the late broad-based research. highest standards of trial design and ethics. • Assist extramural CAM researchers and practitioners to develop and participate in high-quality Goal 4 research applications. Establish a global NCCAM research enterprise

Goal 2 Objectives: Expand the scope of the NCCAM extramural research • Establish programs of research on traditional portfolio and participation by research subjects and indigenous health practices in the United States and in those countries in which the Objectives: most promising opportunities for CAM • Emphasize investigator-initiated research as the research are identified, in coordination with time-proven vehicle for advancing science on international organizations, and with all due broad fronts. respect to the heritage and practices of indige- • Support a broad base of rigorous CAM research, nous peoples. including, but not limited to, studies of basic • Align these programs with existing NIH- biology and disease pathogenesis, elucidating funded international research programs to mechanisms of action, outcomes research, phar- ensure the immediate availability of research macologic investigations, epidemiology, and all expertise in the field and the infrastructure to phases of intervention trials (I–III). support them. • Support research to address health disparities among women, minorities, children, and other Strategic Area 2: Training CAM Investigators underrepresented populations. NCCAM will develop a cadre of investigators in • Solicit applications and proposals in areas for CAM research by providing appropriate career which the opportunities for impact are great and development opportunities; by increasing the there is a paucity of investigator-initiated knowledge, experience, and capacity of CAM practi- research. tioners to conduct rigorous research; and by enhancing conventional practitioners’ and researchers’ Goal 3 knowledge and experience in speciﬁc CAM areas. Create an NCCAM intramural research program Goal 1 Objectives: Increase the number, quality, and diversity of CAM • Design, conduct, analyze, and report rigorous investigators CAM research, including, but not limited to, studies elucidating basic biology and pathogene- Objectives: sis mechanisms of action, outcomes research, • Stimulate collaborations between CAM practi- pharmacologic investigations, epidemiology, tioners and investigators in the conventional and all phases of intervention trials (I–III). academic medical community. • Conduct clinical and laboratory-based CAM • Develop programs to train individuals in CAM- research studies in close collaboration with related laboratory and epidemiological research. extramural CAM scientists and with intramural • Train doctors of medicine, osteopathy, chiro- staff of the other NIH Institutes and Centers. practic, and naturopathy, and others with • Provide an environment for training scientists advanced degrees in relevant clinical disci- and clinicians from diverse backgrounds in the plines,21 to conduct CAM-related clinical healthcare professions in the conduct and analy- research. 224 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

• Initiate quality research training programs. • Seek ongoing, substantive input from leaders of • Increase the number of trainees from under- CAM practice communities, CAM training insti- represented populations. tutions, advocacy groups, the mainstream academic and scientific communities, industry, • Establish an interdisciplinary, intramural NIH partners in other NIH Institutes and Centers, research training program. and Federal agencies. Strategic Area 3: Expanding Outreach • Exhibit NCCAM-funded discoveries and opportunities at conventional scientific meetings and NCCAM will strive to create a public image that those of our CAM constituents. conveys our dedication to exploring complemen- • Develop media opportunities and strategies to tary and alternative healing practices and pursuing disseminate research information and increase rigorous science, providing extensive, accurate public understanding of NCCAM’s mission. information to consumers with sensitivity and compassion, and involving our broad range of stakeholders in shaping the Center’s agenda. To Strategic Area 4: Facilitating Integration this end, NCCAM will use a variety of methods, NCCAM will work to facilitate a more integrated media, and technologies to provide a timely source practice of medicine. Within this paradigm, CAM of evidence-based, CAM information, and actively and conventional healthcare professionals would seek input from its stakeholders. function as interdisciplinary teams to deliver an expanded repertoire of safe and effective treat- Goal 1 ments that include a focus on the whole person. Enhance NCCAM’s capacity to provide information to This goal is consistent with the increasing interdis- consumers, practitioners, and investigators ciplinary nature of health-related research and the renewed focus on integrative biology. Only by Objectives: holding CAM therapies to the highest standards of • Develop and disseminate reliable scientific infor- evidence will we best accomplish this broad aim. mation that is culturally sensitive, engaging to the reader, and updated frequently to reflect the Goal 1 pace of change in the field. Facilitate development of health education curricula • Respond with compassion and understanding to that respect and incorporate insights and opportunities inquiries from consumers, directing them as afforded by safe and effective CAM and conventional appropriate, to a network of resources. practices • Collaborate on information dissemination with other NIH entities and government agencies, Objectives: international organizations, and foreign govern- • Fund educational grants to develop model cur- ment and nongovernment agencies. ricula regarding CAM practices for schools of medicine and allied disciplines. Goal 2 • Fund educational grants to develop model cur- Establish an effective dialogue with CAM stakeholders ricula regarding conventional medical practices and research methods for schools of comple- Objectives: mentary and alternative medicine disciplines. • Sponsor regional Town Hall Meetings to provide a forum for the public to contribute input and Goal 2 for NCCAM to share information regarding Facilitate coupling of effective CAM and conventional important research efforts and findings with the practices within a coordinated, interdisciplinary community. healthcare delivery system Appendix V 225

Objectives: • Provide the resources staff needs to be successful • Sponsor national meetings, consensus confer- in performing their respective roles. ences, and workshops on validated CAM thera- • Foster diversity among NCCAM employees and pies to enable practitioners and all other enhance understanding and appreciation of cul- concerned parties to identify effective interven- tural differences. tions for use in treating patients. • Promote a work culture characterized by • Disseminate CAM research findings to health- integrity, mutual respect, teamwork, and open care providers. communication. • Identify and develop methods to overcome bar- • Reward excellence. riers to the integration of safe and effective CAM • Foster staff career development through practi- practices. cal experience, training, and other methods. • Support demonstration projects focusing on • Emphasize quality of work life. how most effectively to translate CAM research findings into practice. These projects will Goal 2 emphasize the development of partnerships Establish effective leadership, management, and between researchers and healthcare systems and administrative practices organizations that have incorporated CAM practices into the delivery of clinical care. Objectives: • Facilitate integration of effective CAM practices • Elevate standards of performance. into routine healthcare delivery for NIH Clinical Center patients. • Emphasize customer service. • Enhance administrative infrastructure. • Support enhanced communication and partner- ship-building between conventional and CAM • Evaluate major NCCAM functions. healthcare institutions. Goal 3 Practicing Responsible Stewardship Engineer for efficiency NCCAM will enhance customer service and con- Objectives: tinue to develop its valuable human resources, effective leadership, sound management practices, • Streamline and automate business activities and efficient business systems in ways that reflect based on benchmarking best practices. the trust placed in it by the American public. • Provide training for staff to enhance core com- petencies to maximize use of systems, technol- Goal 1 ogy, and equipment. Develop NCCAM’s human resources • Develop exacting management systems.

Objectives: ENDNOTES 1 Conventional medicine refers to medicine as prac- • Exploit all available strategies to recruit and ticed by holders of MD (medical doctor) or DO (doc- retain a motivated, highly qualified, well- tor of osteopathy) degrees and their allied health trained, versatile, and flexible workforce that is professionals, some of whom may also practice com- committed to NCCAM’s vision. plementary and alternative medicine. • Define roles and responsibilities of each staff 2 Eisenberg, D.M. et al. ”Trends in Alternative Medi- cine Use in the United States,” 1990–1997. JAMA. member clearly. 1998; 280:1569–1575. • Vest staff with authority, accountability, and 3 This is the definition that NCCAM chooses to employ. autonomy. There are others as well. For example, the definition 226 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

assigned by Ernst,E. et al. (Complementary medi- mainly in its own laboratories. About 8 percent of the cine—a definition. Br J Gen Pract. 1995;45:506), and budget is expended to administer the extramural and adopted in a slightly altered form by the Cochrane intramural research programs. Collaboration (see Appendix VI) is “diagnosis, treat- 14 NCCAM’s portfolio does not yet reflect the desired ment and/or prevention which complements main- balance across all potential CAM practices. This is in stream medicine by contributing to a common whole, part due to the lack of a research tradition in some by satisfying a demand not met by orthodoxy or by fields of practice. To redress this situation, NCCAM diversifying the conceptual frameworks of medicine.” will work with CAM communities to develop the req- 4 Astin, J.A.”Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine— uisite expertise. NCCAM also will seek to enlist expe- Results of a National Study.” JAMA. 1998;279:1548– rienced investigators with the expertise needed to 1553. undertake research across all CAM domains. These 5 These are the categories within which NCCAM has include areas such as neuroscience, bioimaging, and chosen to group the numerous CAM practices; others molecular biology. employ different, broad groupings. Note also that 15 For an overview of the concepts and practices only limited examples are provided within each cate- involved in clinical trials, see http://clinicaltrials.gov. gory, and that no attempt was made to be exhaustive. 16 Concato,J.,Shah,N.,Horwitz,R.I.”Randomized, Con- Thus, the absence of any one CAM modality does not trolled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierar- in any way imply its intentional omission. chy of Research Designs.” New England Journal of 6 The New York Times. July 26,1971:1,6. Medicine. 2000;342:1887–1892. 7 Avants,S.K., Margolin, A., Holford, T.R., Thomas R. 17 Benson,K.,Hartz,A. ”A Comparison of Observational Kosten, T.R. ”A Randomized Controlled Trial of Studies and Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials.” Auricular Acupuncture for Cocaine Dependence.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342:1878–1886. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(15):2305–2312. 18 Pocock,S.J.,Elbourne,D.R.”Randomized Trials or 8 Nortier, J.L., Martinez, M.M., Schmeiser, H.H., Observational Tribulations?”2000;342:1907–1909. Volker, M.A., Bieler, C.A., Petein, M., Depierreux, 19 To foster NCCAM’s collaboration within the Depart- M.F., DePauw, L., Abramowicz, D.,Vereerstraeten, P., ment of Health and Human Services and with other Vanherweghem, J.L. Urothelial Carcinoma Associ- Federal agencies, NCCAM has organized the NCCAM ated with the Use of a Chinese Herb (Aristolochia Trans-agency CAM Coordinating Committee fangchi), New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; (NTACCC),which carries forward the work of the 342(23):1686–1692. Trans-agency CAM Coordinating Committee estab- 9 Philipp, M., Kohnen, R., Hiller, KO. ”Hypericum lished in 1997 by the NIH Director. The Committee Extract Versus Imipramine or Placebo in Patients comprises representatives of 22 of the NIH Institutes with Moderate Depression: Randomised Multicentre and Centers and the NIH Offices of AIDS Research, Study of Treatment for Eight Weeks.” BMJ. Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Dietary 1999;319:1534–1539. Supplements, Extramural Research, Rare Diseases, 10 Piscitelli, S. C., Burstein, A. H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R. Medical Applications of Research, Research on M., Falloon, J.”Indinavir Concentrations and St. Minority Health, and Research on Women’s Health. John’s Wort.” Lancet. 2000; 355(9203):547–548. The Departments of Agriculture, Education, and 11 Previous legislation provided $2 million in Fiscal Year Defense also are represented, and the Department of 1992 to establish the Office of Alternative Medicine. Health and Human Services sends representatives 12 The legislation also established the White House Com- from multiple components (the Agency for Health- mission for Complementary and Alternative Medicine care Research and Quality, Centers for Disease Con- Policy to study and report to the President and the trol and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Congress on public policy issues related to CAM. Health Resources and Services Administration, 13 Approximately 82 percent of NIH’s overall investment Indian Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental is made through approximately 35,000 grants and con- Health Services Administration). The White House tracts supporting research and training in more than Commission on Complementary and Alternative 2,000 research institutions throughout the U.S. and Medicine Policy is also represented. abroad. These grants and contracts comprise the NIH 20 Information for those interested in applying for Extramural Research Program. Approximately 10 per- grants may be found at http://nccam.nih.gov. cent of the budget goes to NIH’s Intramural Research 21 Note: The appropriate advanced degree varies by Programs, the more than 2,000 projects conducted discipline. Appendix V 227

PART IV APPENDIX I equal emphasis on body, mind, and spirit, and strives to restore the innate harmony of the individual. MAJOR DOMAINS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND Some of the primary Ayurvedic treatments include ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE diet, exercise, meditation, herbs, massage, exposure to sunlight, and controlled breathing. Complementary and alternative healthcare and Other traditional medical systems have been medical practices are those healthcare practices that developed by Native American, African, Middle- are not currently an integral part of conventional Eastern, Tibetan, and Central and South American medicine.1 The list of practices that are considered cultures. CAM changes over time as CAM practices and ther- Homeopathy and naturopathy are also examples apies that are proven safe and effective become of complete alternative medical systems. Homeopa- accepted as mainstream healthcare practices. thy is an unconventional Western system devel- NCCAM groups CAM practices within five major oped in Germany that is based on the principle that domains, acknowledging that other groupings are “like cures like,” i.e., that the same substance that possible: native medical systems,(2)mind-body inter- in large doses produces the symptoms of an illness, ventions, (3)biologically based treatments,(4)manip- in very minute doses cures it. Homeopathic physi- ulative and body-based methods, and (5)energy cians believe that even dilute remedies have great therapies. The individual systems and treatments potency, provided that they are precisely selected comprising these categories are too numerous to list based on detailed evaluations of symptoms to in this document. Instead, we are providing exam- determine a patient’s sensitivity. Therefore, home- ples within each domain. The absence of any one opaths use small doses of specially prepared plant CAM modality in no way implies its intentional extracts and minerals to stimulate the body’s omission. Note also that there is some overlap across defense mechanisms and healing processes in order domains so that a CAM practice chosen as an exam- to treat illness. ple within one domain might also be classified Naturopathy views disease as a manifestation of within one or another of the five domains.2 alterations in the processes by which the body nat- I. Alternative Medical Systems—Alternative urally heals itself and emphasizes health restora- medical systems involve complete systems of the- tion as well as disease treatment. Naturopathic ory and practice that have evolved independently physicians employ an array of healing practices, of, and often prior to, the conventional biomedical including diet and clinical nutrition; homeopathy; approach. Many are traditional systems of medi- acupuncture; herbal medicine; hydrotherapy (the cine that are practiced by individual cultures use of water in a range of temperatures and meth- throughout the world, including a number of ven- ods of applications); spinal and soft-tissue manipu- erable Asian systems. lation; physical therapies involving electric Traditional oriental medicine emphasizes the currents, ultrasound, and light; therapeutic coun- proper balance or disturbances of qi (pronounced seling; and pharmacology. chee),or vital energy, in health and disease, respec- II. Mind-Body Interventions—Mind-body inter- tively. Traditional oriental medicine consists of a ventions employ a variety of techniques designed to group of techniques and methods, including facilitate the mind’s capacity to affect bodily func- acupuncture, herbal medicine, oriental massage, tion and symptoms. Only a subset of mind-body and qi gong (a form of energy therapy described interventions are considered CAM. Many that have more fully below). Acupuncture involves stimulat- a well-documented theoretical basis and for which ing specific anatomic points in the body for thera- there is supporting scientific evidence, for example, peutic purposes, usually by puncturing the skin cognitive-behavioral approaches, are now consid- with a needle. ered “mainstream.” On the other hand, meditation, Ayurveda is India’s traditional system of medi- certain uses of hypnosis, dance, music, and art cine. Ayurvedic medicine (meaning “science of life“) therapy, and prayer and mental healing are catego- is a comprehensive system of medicine that places rized as complementary and alternative. 228 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

III. Biologically Based Therapies—This cate- combines movement, meditation, and regulation of gory of CAM includes natural and biologically breathing to enhance the flow of vital energy (qi) based practices, interventions, and products, many in the body, to improve blood circulation, and to of which overlap with conventional medicine’s use enhance immune function. Reiki, the Japanese of dietary supplements. Included are herbal, special word representing Universal Life Energy, is based dietary, orthomolecular, and individual biological on the belief that by channeling spiritual energy therapies. through the practitioner the spirit is healed, and it Herbal therapies employ individual herbs or in turn heals the physical body. Therapeutic Touch mixtures of herbs for therapeutic purposes. Herbs is derived from the ancient technique of “laying-on are plants or plant parts that produce and contain of hands “and is based on the premise that it is the chemical substances that act upon the body. Special healing force of the therapist that affects the diet therapies, such as those proposed by Drs. patient‘s recovery and that healing is promoted Atkins, Ornish, Pritikin, and Weil, are believed to when the body‘s energies are in balance. By pass- prevent and/or control illness as well as promote ing their hands over the patient, these healers health. Orthomolecular therapies aim to treat dis- identify energy imbalances. ease with varying concentrations of chemicals, Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve such as, magnesium, melatonin, and megadoses of the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields, vitamins. Biological therapies include, for example, such as pulsed fields, magnetic fields, or alternat- the use of laetrile and shark cartilage to treat can- ing current or direct current fields. These thera- cer and bee pollen to treat autoimmune and pies have been used to treat asthma or cancer or inflammatory diseases. manage pain and migraine headaches, among IV. Manipulative and Body-Based Methods— other conditions. This category includes methods that are based on manipulation and/or movement of the body. For example, chiropractors focus on the relationship APPENDIX II between structure (primarily the spine) and func- Important Events in NCCAM History tion, and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health, using manipulative October 1991 therapy as an integral treatment tool. Some osteo- Legislative action (P.L.102–170) provides $2 mil- pathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulation, lion in funding for FY to establish an office within a full-body system of hands-on techniques to allevi- the NIH to investigate and evaluate promising ate pain, restore function, and promote health and unconventional medical practices. well-being. Massage therapists manipulate muscle and connective tissue to promote optimal function of Stephen C.Groft, PharmD, appointed Acting Direc- those tissues and promote relaxation and well-being. tor of the new Office of Alternative Medicine V. Energy Therapies—Energy therapies focus (OAM). either on fields believed to originate within the body (biofields)or those from other sources (elec- September 1992 tromagnetic fields). Workshop on Alternative Medicine convened in Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy Chantilly, Virginia, to discuss the state of the art of fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the the major areas of alternative medicine and to human body. The existence of such fields is not yet direct attention to priority areas for future research experimentally proven. Some forms of energy activities. therapy manipulate biofields by applying pressure and/or manipulating the body by placing the hands in, or through, these fields. Examples include Qi October 1992 gong, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch. Qi gong is a Joseph J. Jacobs, MD, MBA, appointed first Direc- component of traditional oriental medicine that tor, OAM. Appendix V 229

June 1993 (P.L.105–277). This bill amended Title IV of the Pub- lic Health Service Act and elevated the OAM to an OAM formally established under the National Insti- NIH Center. tutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 (P.L.103–43) to facilitate study and evaluation of complementary and alternative medical practices January 1999 and to disseminate the resulting information to the William R. Harlan, MD, named Acting Director, public. NCCAM.

September 1993 February 1999 Charter creating NCCAM, making it the 25th inde- First OAM research project grants funded through pendent component of the National Institutes of the National Center for Research Resources. Health signed. The law gave the NCCAM Director control of the Center’s day-to-day financial and December 1993 administrative management, as well as broad deci- Alternative Medicine Program Advisory Council sion-making authority and fiscal responsibility for established. grants and contracts. Dr. Donna E. Shalala, Secre- tary, Department of Health and Human Services September 1994 (DHHS), approved the charter of the Center on Alan I. Trachtenberg, MD, MPH, appointed Acting February 1, 1999, its first official business day. Director, OAM. May 1999 January 1995 First independently awarded NCCAM research project grant made. Wayne B. Jonas, MD, appointed second Director, OAM. NCCAM Trans-Agency CAM Coordinating Com- mittee (TCAMCC) established by the NCCAM October 1995 Director to foster NCCAM’s collaboration across the Research Centers Program established to provide a Department of Health and Human Services and nationwide focus for interdisciplinary CAM other Federal agencies. This committee superseded research in academic institutions. a transagency committee established by the NIH Director in 1997. October 1996 Public Information Clearinghouse established. June 1999 Special Emphasis Panel chartered to enable November 1996 NCCAM to conduct peer review of CAM research OAM designated as a World Health Organization project grant applications. Collaborating Center in Traditional Medicine. July 1999 September 1997 Cancer Advisory Panel for Complementary and First Phase III clinical trial funded to test the efficacy Alternative Medicine (CAPCAM) created to assess of Hypericum perforatum for treatment of depression. preliminary clinical data related to treatment of cancer submitted by CAM practitioners. October 1998 National Center for Complementary and Alternative August 1999 Medicine established, by Congressional mandate, National Advisory Council on Complementary and under provisions of the Omnibus Appropriations Bill Alternative Medicine chartered. 230 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

October 1999 research in myalgic encephelomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome), Dr. Straus‘s professional Stephen E. Straus, MD, appointed first Director, achievements have been recognized by his election NCCAM. to the Infectious Diseases of America, the Associa- tion of American Physicians, and the American Society for Clinical Investigation. He is a recipient APPENDIX III of five medals and other commendations from the U.S. Public Health Service, including the Distin- STEPHEN E.STRAUS, MD, NCCAM DIRECTOR guished Service Medal for innovative clinical Biographical Sketch research, and the DHHS Secretary’s Distinguished Award for drafting the blueprint to reinvigorate Dr. Stephen E. Straus was appointed the first direc- clinical research at the NIH. He serves on the tor of the National Center for Complementary boards of several scientific journals, including the Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) on October 6, Journal of Virology and Virology. 1999. Born on November 23,1946, in New York City, Dr. Straus received his BS in life sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1968 APPENDIX IV and MD from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1972.His postgraduate NCCAM RESEARCH AND RESEARCH included an internship and residency in medicine TRAINING PORTFOLIO3 at Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, and a fellowship in infectious disease at Washington Uni- NCCAM supports a diverse portfolio of research versity, St. Louis. Dr. Straus is board certified in and research training activities, many cofunded internal medicine and infectious diseases. with other NIH Institutes. Research activities Dr. Straus began his NIH career in 1973 as a include the conduct of clinical trials to test the research associate in the National Institute on safety and efficacy of CAM modalities that are cur- Allergy Infectious Diseases (NIAID),and he rently in wide use, the establishment of Centers to returned to NIAID in 1979 upon completion of his develop the infrastructure and capacity for CAM training in St.Louis. In pursuit of his research inter- research and research training, and research pro- ests in molecular biology, pathophysiology, and grams initiated by individual investigators. treatment and prevention of human viral and immunological diseases, Dr. Straus has conducted RESEARCH PROJECTS both basic and research. Dr. Straus has published NCCAM has made awards to study a number of over 300 research articles and edited several books. health conditions and populations. Included are a Since joining NIAID, he has assumed progressively large number of Phase I (to evaluate safety), Phase higher levels of leadership, serving first as senior II (to assess clinical activity) and Phase III clinical investigator and as Head of the Medical Virology trials (to determine clinical efficacy) of a range of Section in the Institute’s Laboratory of Clinical CAM therapies. Investigation and then Chief of the Laboratory, a position he continues to hold concurrently with the Directorship of NCCAM. ARTHRITIS Among Dr. Straus’s accomplishments is his RCT—Acupuncture Safety/Efficacy in Knee demonstration that acyclovir suppresses recurrent Osteoarthritis (Brian Berman, MD, University of genital and herpes, and the characterization of a Maryland, Baltimore)—This multisite, Phase III previously unrecognized genetically determined trial is designed to determine the short-and long- disease, the lymphoproliferative syndrome. The term safety and efficacy of acupuncture in the recipient in 1999 of the Dutch National ME Fund treatment of elderly patients with osteoarthritis of Award (the national prize from the Netherlands for the knee using three randomly assigned participant Appendix V 231 groups for comparison: (1)true acupuncture group, the efficacy of purified shark cartilage and placebo (2)sham acupuncture group, and (3)education and in 500 individuals with inoperable, nonsmall cell attention control group. lung cancer. All individuals will also receive stan- Study of the Efficacy of Glucosamine and dard chemotherapy and radiotherapy with survival Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate in Knee as the primary outcome measure. Osteoarthritis (Daniel Clegg, MD, University of Utah ) Cofunded with the National Institute of Arthritis CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases—This four-year, Acupuncture and Hypertension: Efficacy multisite, Phase III study will determine whether and Mechanisms (Norman M. Kaplan, MD glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and/or the combi- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Cen- nation of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are ter)—Acupuncture has been advocated as safe more effective than placebo and whether the com- and effective treatment of essential hypertension bination is more effective than glucosamine or and other cardiovascular disorders (for example, chondroitin sulfate alone in the treatment of knee heart failure, myocardial ischemia) that have pain associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. sympathetic neural components. Using a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design for CANCER their Phase II trial, the investigators will test two RCT—Gonzalez Regimen (Karen Antman, major hypotheses: (1)electroacupuncture pro- MD, Columbia University, supplement to Cancer duces a long-lasting reduction in sympathetic Center Support Grant) Cosponsored with the National nerve activity, thereby providing a safe and effec- Cancer Institute—This is a randomized, controlled, tive complementary treatment of human hyper- Phase III trial comparing the efficacy of the Gonza- tension; (2)a major mechanism mediating the lez Regimen versus standard care in the treatment blood pressure lowering effect of acupuncture is of inoperable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The the activation of somatic afferents, which trigger a Gonzalez Regimen consists of intensive pancreatic naloxone-sensitive reflex suppression of central proteolytic enzyme therapy with ancillary nutri- sympathetic outflow. tional support and detoxification procedures. Effect of High-Dose Vitamin E on Carotid Self-transcendence in Breast Cancer Sup- Atherosclerosis (Ishwarlal Jialal, MD, University port Groups (Doris Coward, PhD, University of of Texas Southwestern Medical Center)—The pri- Texas, Austin) Cofunded with the National Institute of mary aim of study is to test the effect of high-dose Nursing Research—This randomized, Phase II open alpha tocopherol (AT) supplementation on the pro- trial proposes to expand the traditional role of gression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with breast cancer support groups by conscious promo- coronary artery disease (stable angina pectoris or tion of self-transcendence views and behaviors, previous myocardial infarction) in a two-year, and to document, over time, changes in measures placebo-controlled, Phase II randomized trial. Since of self-transcendence, well-being and immune AT supplementation decreases low-density lipopro- function in support group participants. tein oxidation and certain proatherogenic properties Shark Cartilage Trial (Charles Loprinzi, MD, of activated monocytes, these parameters will also North Central Cancer Treatment Group, Mayo be studied and correlated with carotid atherosclero- Clinic)—The intent of this multisite, Phase III, ran- sis. While the patients will be monitored for clinical domized, blinded, controlled trial is to test the effi- events during the study, this will not constitute a cacy and safety of a powder preparation of shark major aim since the study is not powered to ade- cartilage for the treatment of patients with breast quately assess this. Thus, this study will determine if or colo-rectal cancer. high-dose AT supplementation is beneficial in Shark Cartilage Trial (Roy Herbst, PhD, MD, retarding carotid atherosclerosis. University of Texas/M.D. Anderson Cooperative Effects of Meditation on Mechanisms of Research Base)—This is a multisite, randomized, Coronary Heart Disease (C. Bairey Merz, MD, controlled, double-blind Phase III trial comparing Cedars-Sinai Medical Center)—This project is a ran- 232 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine domized controlled, single-blinded, Phase II trial a computer-controlled device, eliminating potential investigating whether transcendental meditation will investigator bias. All needling parameters will be con- reduce cardiac events in patients with coronary heart sistent with clinical practice. The investigators will disease. The control groups will participate in a cardi- also study varying dwell times after insertion and dif- ology education program. The primary outcome is ferent types of needle manipulation. They will corre- arterial vasomotor dysfunction (brachial artery reac- late the force required to withdraw the needle with tivity) and the secondary outcome is autonomic ner- the depth of its insertion into muscle and subcuta- vous system imbalances (heart rate variability). neous tissue, which will allow determination of which tissue is most responsible for needle grasp. DENTAL DISORDERS Complementary and Alternative Medicine Data Archive (Eric L. Lang, PhD, Sociometrics Acupuncture for Dental Pain: Testing a Model Corporation)—The goal of this project is to facili- (Lixing Lao, DDS, PhD, University of Maryland)— tate access to, and statistical analysis of, outstand- This double-blind, randomized controlled trial tests ing scientific data sets and documentation on CAM the hypothesis that acupuncture can produce bet- through the creation of an international CAM Data ter analgesic effects than control procedures on Archive. postoperative dental pain caused by extraction of a Melatonin and Cerebral Blood Flow partially impacted third molar model. The first pilot Autoregulation (Mohan Viswanathan, PhD, phase will develop and validate two sham proce- Children’s Research Institute)—The present project dures to test the efficacy of acupuncture. The Phase will attempt to define the physiological role of II trial will test the efficacy and safety of real melatonin receptors in cerebral blood flow. The acupuncture compared to the sham model devel- study will focus on functional studies and signal oped in the Phase I study. transduction mechanisms of melatonin receptors in the cerebral arteries and pharmacological charac- DIGESTIVE DISORDERS terization of melatonin binding sites. Acupuncture and Moxa For Chronic Diarrhea Nonpharmacologic Analgesia for Invasive in HIV Patients (Joyce K. Anastasi, RN, PhD, Procedures (Elvira Lang, MD, Beth Israel Dea- LAc, Columbia University Health Sciences)—This coness Medical Center)—It is proposed that the use study is designed to assess the efficacy of two alter- of nonpharmacologic analgesia (a combination of native medicine treatments for chronic diarrhea relaxation training, hypnosis and guided imagery) associated with HIV. It is a randomized, controlled, during invasive radiologic procedures will reduce blinded Phase III clinical trial in which parallel the need for intravenous drugs, improve patient groups are studied under the intent-to-treat princi- safety, and prove cost effective. To test these ple. True acupuncture, moxibustion, and combina- hypotheses, the relative performance of nonphar- tion therapy, in which specific meridian points are macologic analgesia will be compared to standard stimulated according to protocol, will be compared care in a randomized, Phase III trial. to each other and with the control group. End- points will include diarrhea frequency and stool LIVER DISEASE consistency. Herbal Remedies and the Treatment of Liver Disease (Mark Zern, MD, Thomas Jefferson Uni- GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES versity)—The objective of this study is to investi- Biomechanical Effect of Acupuncture Needling gate the effectiveness of a number of herbal (Helene M. Langevin, MD, University of Vermont)— remedies, employing a rigorous scientific approach, This investigation will lead to quantification of nee- to determine the relative effectiveness of these dle grasp by measuring the peak force required to agents and the mechanisms by which they may be pull out acupuncture needles inserted at acupunc- inhibiting liver injury and fibrosis. Both in vitro ture points and control points in 80 normal human models of liver cell injury and rat models of liver volunteers. Needling operations will be carried out by injury and fibrosis will be employed. Appendix V 233

MENTAL HEALTH establish that increased oxidative cell injury exists at the onset of psychosis and that probably contin- A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Stan- ued injury contributes to deteriorating course of ill- dardized Extract of Hypericum perforatum in ness in some patients. Results from this study could Major Depressive Disorder (Jonathan David- provide a mechanism by which dietary antioxi- son, MD, Duke University) Cofunded with the National dants might reduce some abnormal pathologies Institute of Mental Health and the Office of Dietary Sup- leading to psychosis. plements—The purpose of this multisite, Phase III trial is to study the acute efficacy and safety of a standardized extract of Hypericum perforatum in the MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS treatment of patients with major depression. This Efficacy of Acupuncture in the Treatment of three-arm, double-blind clinical efficacy study will Fibromyalgia (Dedra A. Buchwald, MD, Uni- compare a standardized extract of Hypericum to versity of Washington )—Ninety-six patients with placebo over an eight-week period. Subjects fibromyalgia will be recruited for a 12-week, 24- responding to treatment will be followed for an treatment,3-arm, randomized, controlled Phase II additional four months. A third treatment group, clinical trial. The active treatment group will using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, will be receive true acupuncture. Control groups will be included to ensure the validity of the trial. treated with acupuncture for an unrelated condi- Acupuncture in the Treatment of Depression tion. These patients will receive needle insertion at (John Allen, PhD, University of Arizona)—This nonchannel, nonpoint locations, or a true placebo. randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Short-and long-term efficacy and side effects will Phase III trial is testing the efficacy of acupuncture be measured using both subjective and objective to treat major depression. The study is unique in measures of overall health and pain, to determine that treatment effects will be assessed from the per- the optimal duration of treatment and examine the spectives of both western psychiatry and Chinese concordance of allopathic and acupuncture-based medicine. measures of outcome. Method for Making an Improved St. John‘s Evaluating the Efficacy of Acupuncture for Wort Product (Trevor P. Castor, PhD, Aphios Back Pain (Daniel Cherkin, DrPH, Center for Corp.)—The project seeks to develop an improved Health Studies, Seattle,Washington) Cofunded with St. John’s wort product that can be manufactured the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality—The in a standardized and reproducible manner and in goals of this Phase II study are (1) to develop and strict accordance with current Good Manufacturing evaluate methods for improving randomized trials Practices of the Food and Drug Administration. to assess the efficacy of acupuncture,and (2) to use Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder this information to design and pilot-test a random- Prophylaxis (Andrew Stoll, MD, McLean Hospi- ized clinical trial of acupuncture for persistent low tal) Cofunded with the National Institute of Mental back pain. The trial will compare acupuncture to Health—The purpose of this Phase III clinical trial is standard medical care, and standardized to individ- to assess the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in pre- ualized acupuncture treatment. venting recurrence in patients with bipolar disor- Pilot Study of Acupuncture in Fibromyalgia der, type I. One hundred and twenty outpatients (Daniel J. Claw, MD, Georgetown University Med- with bipolar disorder, type I, will be randomly ical Center)—A randomized, blinded, sham-con- assigned to receive add-on treatment with omega- trolled, 2-by-2 factorial Phase II trial will be 3 fatty acids or placebo, for one year. The primary conducted to examine the individual and synergistic goal is to assess the prophylactic effects of omega-3 effects of needle placement and stimulation on the fatty acids in a cohort of bipolar patients with a rel- efficacy of acupuncture as a therapeutic modality in atively high risk of recurrence. fibromyalgia. The design allows determination of Oxidative Cell Injury in First Episode Psy- dose-effect for the analgesic effect of acupuncture. chotic Patients (Sahebarao Mahadik, PhD, Trial of Acupuncture for Carpal Tunnel Medical College of Georgia)—This project seeks to Syndrome (Arthur Weinstein, MD, George 234 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Washington University Medical Center)-The major including changes in cognitive function, incidence of specific aim of this pilot study is to demonstrate cardiovascular disease and total mortality, will also that using a “single blind-mute “methodology, true be measured. and sham acupuncture can be administered in a Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Parkin- standardized and unbiased fashion. The condition son‘s Disease (Glenna Dowling, RN, PhD, Uni- to be studied is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), a versity of California, San Francisco) Cofunded with common,well-delineated syndrome causing hand the National Institute of Nursing Research—The pur- pain with characteristic clinical and objective elec- pose of this Phase III, multisite, double-blind study trodiagnostic findings. Other aims of this study are: is to compare the effects of melatonin given at two (1)to identify and standardize the most appropriate different doses (5mg and 50mg)and placebo on sham acupuncture points for CTS, (2)to develop a nocturnal sleep. The clinical design, a placebo-con- manual that standardizes the administration of true trolled, double crossover trial, will also allow for and sham acupuncture that can be used at any assessment of any adverse events associated with study site performing a randomized clinical trial melatonin related to its safety and tolerance. This (RCT), (3)to demonstrate that patient recruitment research may lead to the development of safer, for and retention in an RCT of acupuncture for CTS more physiologic therapies for treating sleep distur- is sufficient to justify a full-scale RCT, (4)to deter- bances in patients with Parkinson‘s Disease. mine, in a small Phase II RCT, whether true Neurobiology of Acupuncture Analgesia acupuncture provides meaningful benefit for pain (Ji-Sheng Han, MD, Beijing Medical University)— in CTS compared to sham acupuncture and This study is examining the effects of elec- whether the frequency of administration of troacupuncture on gene and protein expression in acupuncture influences the outcome. a rat model by exploring the regulation of the Usual Care vs. Choice of Alternative Ther- endogenous opioid system in the nervous system. apy for Low Back Pain (David M. Eisenberg, Neuroprotective Agents from Oriental MD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center)— Medicines (Tae H.Oh, PhD, University of Mary- Patients with uncomplicated acute low-back pain land)—These studies are designed to elucidate and will be randomized in this Phase III trial to either establish the mechanism(s)of neuroprotection usual care or choice of expanded benefits (chiro- demonstrated by isolates of oriental medicines practic,acupuncture, or massage therapy). It is (Panax ginseng, Cynanchum wilfordii, Scrophularia hypothesized that patients offered their choice of buergeriana). Specifically, this project investigate expanded benefits will experience a more rapid whether Rg3 (a gingenoside fraction prepared from improvement in symptoms, a faster return to base- Panax ginseng) and MCA (a p-methoxy-trans_cin- line functional status, a decrease in utilization of namic acid prepared from Scrophulara buergeriana) conventional medical services, and will be more exert neuroprotective activities by inhibiting Ca++ satisfied with their care. influx by determining their effects on Ca++ influx in vitro; whether Rg3, cynandione A and MCA exert NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS neuroprotective activity by inhibiting neuronal Ginkgo biloba Prevention Trial in Older apopotosis by assessing their effects on apoptosis and Individuals (Steven DeKosky, MD, University of its markers in vitro and in vivo; and whether neoline Pittsburgh)—Cofunded with the National Heart, Lung, ameliorates deficits in short-term memory by influ- and Blood Institute, the National Institute on Aging, and encing central cholinergic transmission in the brain. the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and In addition, the study addresses issues involved in Stroke—This is a multicenter, randomized, double- drug delivery across the blood brain barrier. blind, placebo-controlled Phase III trial to determine the effect of 240mg/day of Ginkgo biloba in decreas- UROLOGICAL ing the incidence of dementia, in general, and Saw Palmetto Extract in Benign Prostatic Alzheimer’s disease, specifically. The subjects will be Hyperplasia (BPH) (Andrew Avins, MD, Veter- aged 75 years and older. Secondary outcomes, ans Medical Center, San Francisco) Cofunded with Appendix V 235 the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kid- and maintaining state-of-the-art multidisciplinary ney Diseases—This is a Phase III, double-blind CAM research, developing core research placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of the resources, careers of new CAM investigators, and effect of 160 mg (taken twice daily) of saw pal- expanding the research base through collabora- metto extract on symptoms, objective parameters tive research with scientists and clinicians. Botan- of disease severity, and quality of life in men with ical Centers, cofunded with the NIH Office of moderate-to-severe BPH. The primary outcome Dietary Supplements, the Office of Research on measurement is the American Urological Associa- Women’s Health, and the National Institute of tion Symptom Index score; the secondary outcome General Medical Sciences, foster multidisciplinary measures are peak urinary flow rate, post-void research to identify potential health benefits and residual urine volume, and BPH Impact Index. develop a systematic evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of botanicals available as dietary WOMEN’S HEALTH supplements. Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) (Ellen B. Gold, MD, University of Cali- SPECIALIZED RESEARCH CENTERS fornia, Davis) Cofunded with the National Institute on Pediatric Center for Complementary/Alter- Aging and the National Institute of Nursing—A multi- native Medicine (Fayez Ghishan, MD, University site study to describe and contrast menopausal of Arizona)—The goal of this Center is to study transition in relation to ethnicity, SWAN aims to integrative approaches in pediatrics. Three Phase II contribute substantive new knowledge on the trials investigate the role of alternative approaches menopause transition through its prospective to treating very common pediatric problems for design,multiethnic/racial composition, representa- which there are no good conventional medical tiveness of defined populations, and comprehen- therapies. Included are randomized, controlled tri- sive measurement and power. A major goal of the als in children to evaluate: project is to collect and analyze data on demographics, health and social characteristics, race/eth- • Craniosacral osteopathic manipulation and nicity, reproductive history, pre-existing illness, botanical treatment of recurrent otitis; physical activity (includes activity limitations), health practices (includes diet, smoking, use of • Relaxation/guided imagery and chamomile tea over-the-counter medications, use of CAM treat- as therapeutic modalities to treat functional ments) as potential predictor variables and to abdominal pain; and describe the multiethnic community-based samples • The use of self-hypnosis, acupuncture, and of mid-life women. osteopathic manipulation on muscle tension in Acupuncture Treatment of Depression Dur- children with spastic cerebral palsy. ing Pregnancy (Rachel Manber, MD, Stanford University) Cofunded with the Agency for Healthcare Center for Addiction and Alternative Med- Research and Quality—The primary study objective icine Research (Thomas Kiresuk, PhD, Min- of this Phase II trial is to determine if the efficacy neapolis Medical Research Foundation)—This of acute (short-term) acupuncture treatment for Center will focus on the utilization, applicability, depression during pregnancy or postpartum is sub- and effectiveness of selected CAM modalities in the stantial enough to warrant a large-scale clinical trial. treatment of addictive, health and psychological Since it is known that the mother’s psychological complications of substance abuse. The Center is state affects the infant’s health, the trial will also studying: assess the effect of treatment on infant well-being. • Herbal treatment of hepatitis C in methadone RESEARCH CENTERS maintained patients (Phase I clinical trial);and NCCAM supports a number of centers. CAM Spe- • Electroacupuncture examined for its effects and cialized Centers provide focal points for initiating mechanisms of action. 236 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

CAM Center for Cardiovascular Diseases • Acupuncture, chiropractic therapy, and body- (Steven Bolling, MD, University of Michigan)— work therapy are as effective as standard treat- This center focuses on the investigation of CAM ment for tenderness and pain caused by modalities to treat and prevent cardiovascular dis- temporomandibular disorders (TMDs); ease. Additionally, the Center will stress CAM edu- • Naturopathic medicine and traditional Chinese cation and promotion of validated CAM treatments medicine are as effective as standard treatment for cardiovascular well-being. Individual research for tenderness and pain caused by TMD;and projects being conducted within the Center include • Three naturopathic medicines (glutamine, Con- Phase II clinical trials to determine the: nective Tissue Nutrient Formula, and adapto- • Effectiveness of Hawthorn in the treatment of genic herbs) are as effective as a placebo in heart failure; alleviating clinical signs and symptoms of adult periodontitis. • Effect of Reiki on noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients with chronic diabetic painful Center for CAM, Minority Aging and Car- neuropathy or deficits in cardiovascular auto- diovascular Disease (Robert Schneider MD, nomic function; and Maharishi University of Management)—This Cen- • Effect of Qi gong and spirituality/psychosocial ter focuses on Vedic Medicine, a form of traditional factors on wound closure, pain, medication Ayurvedic Indian medicine that incorporates usage and hospital stay in post-operative cardiac herbal formulations and meditation, in the older patients. African American population. The emphasis of the Center‘s research is on testing the efficacy and Oregon Center for CAM in Neurological effectiveness of Vedic medicine for reducing mor- Disorders (Barry Oken, MD, Oregon Health Sci- tality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular ences University)—The Center is investigating disease (CVD).The Center is conducting three sin- whether: gle-blind, randomized, controlled Phase II clinical trials to determine the: • Three antioxidant regimens, Ginkgo biloba, alpha- lipoic acid/essential fatty acids and vitamin • Basic mechanisms of meditation and CVD in E/selenium are effective in decreasing multiple older blacks; sclerosis disease activity (Phase I clinical trial); • Effect of transcendental meditation on carotid • A standardized Ginkgo biloba extract can pre- artery intima-media thickness toward reducing vent or delay cognitive decline in elderly hypertension; and patients (Phase II clinical trial); • Effects of herbal antioxidants on CVD in older • Hatha yoga has palliative benefits on the cogni- blacks. tive and behavioral changes associated with aging and neurological disorders in multiple Center for Alternative Medicine Research sclerosis patients and in the healthy elderly of Arthritis (Brian Berman, MD, University of (Phase III clinical trial); and Maryland)—The center will investigate the: • Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba extract will be as • Cost effectiveness of and long-term outcomes fol- effective as sodium azide and no treatment in lowing acupuncture treatment for osteoarthritis reducing oxidative end-products in transgenic of the knee (Phase III clinical trial); and wild-type mice. • Effectiveness of mind/body therapies for Craniofacial CAM Center (Alexander B. White, fibromyalgia (Phase II clinical trial); DDS, DrPH, Kaiser Center for Health Research)— • Mechanism of action and effects of elec- The Center will investigate via Phase II clinical trials troacupuncture on persistent pain and inflam- to determine whether: mation; and Appendix V 237

• Mechanism of action of an herbal combination • Effectiveness of chiropractic relative to conserv- with immunomodulatory properties. ative medical care for sciatica and neck pain; • Effects of spinal manipulation on immune Center for CAM Research in Aging (Fredi function; Kronenberg, PhD, Columbia University)—The Center will investigate: • Utility of joint end-play assessment (palpation); • Effect of spinal manipulation on muscle • The influence of a macrobiotic diet, as compared excitability; with the American Heart Association (AHA)Step 1 • Effect of vertebral loads on sympathetic nerve Diet, and an AHA diet plus flaxseed, on various regulation; and endocrine, biochemical and cardiovascular parameters that might be influenced by estrogens and • Facet capsule biomechanics. phytoestrogens (Phase II randomized clinical trial); BOTANICAL CENTERS • Whether phytoestrogens provided in a macrobiotic diet influence bone metabolism in post- Botanical Dietary Supplements for Women‘s menopausal women (Phase II randomized trial); Health (Norman Farnsworth, PhD, University of • Whether treatment with black cohosh (Cimicifuga Illinois at Chicago)—This Center is studying the racemosa )reduces the frequency and intensity of clinical safety and efficacy of botanicals used to menopausal hot flashes and other menopausal treat women’s health with particular emphasis on symptoms (Phase II, double-blind, randomized, therapies for menopause. Additional studies are clinical trial); and the biological activities and addressing mechanisms of action, identification of mechanism of action of a Chinese herbal formula active compounds, and characterization of metabo- (whole formula and individual component lism, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of active herbs)on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, species contained in these botanicals. The Center as well as possible risks and/or benefits for also provides information about botanicals to the women with breast cancer. public and health professionals. Four research projects are underway to:

Consortial Center for Chiropractic Research • Standardize botanical dietary supplements and (William Meeker, DC, MPH, Palmer College of Chi- elucidate the structure of active compounds ropractic)—The faculty and administrators of the using bioassay-guided fractionation; Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research,Palmer College of Chiropractic; University of Iowa, Los • Isolate active compounds for structure elucida- Angeles College of Chiropractic, National College of tion by bioassay-guided fractionation and carry Chiropractic, Kansas State University, and Wolfe- out biochemical studies to determine the mech- Harris Center for Clinical Studies, Northwestern anism(s)of botanicals used for women’s health; College of Chiropractic have formed the Center to • Develop and apply novel in vitro methods for provide an infrastructure to examine the potential the study of metabolism, absorption and toxicity effectiveness and validity of chiropractic healthcare of active compounds in botanicals, and to eval- and to provide the appropriate clinical, scientiﬁc, uate immunotoxicity of botanical preparations; and technical assistance to chiropractic researchers and in developing high-quality research projects. The • Carry out Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of Center is investigating the: black cohosh (Cimicifugae racemosa) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). • Load distribution during bilateral thoracic manipulation; UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements • Effectiveness of chiropractic for chronic pelvic Research on Botanicals (CDSRB) (David pain (Phase I clinical trial); Heber, MD, PhD, University of California, Los 238 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Angeles)—The UCLA Center fosters interdiscipli- Shujia Pan, PhD, University of Texas at Austin nary research to develop systematic evaluation of Ginseng’s Effects on mRNA Profiles in a Dia- the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supple- betes-2 Model—The objectives of this postdoc- ments. The CDSRB is: toral fellowship training are to study (1) the effects of herbal medicine on diabetes and metabolism; (2) • Determining the effects of putative active ingre- the effects complementary intervention (including dients (lovastatin in Chinese Red Yeast Rice, diet and exercise); and (3) molecular biology tech- EGCG in Green Tea, Hypericin in St. John‘s niques on the control of gene expression. wort)compared to the combination of compounds (Monacolin, Catechins, Hyperforin/Hyper- CAREER DEVELOPMENT AWARDS icin) that naturally occur in these botanicals; • Examining the specific immune-enhancing Mentored Research Scientist Development actions of Echinacea; Award—(provides support of a scientist, committed to research, in need of both advanced research • Establishing a screening assay for plant estro- training and additional experience) gens; • Developing information on the bioavailability of Raymond G. Devries, PhD, St. Olaf College flavonoids; and An Ethnographic Study of Institutional • Assessing the inhibitory effects of soy Review Boards—This Mentored Research Scien- isoflavones compared to genistein on prostate tist Development Award in Research Ethics cancer growth. focuses on describing the social influences on Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and the deci- RESEARCH TRAINING sions they generate.The research has two aims:(1) to promote the development of the applicant as a POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS scholar in the ethics of research on human subjects and (2) to address the behavior and effec- NCCAM provides individual National Research tiveness of IRBs. Service Awards (NRSAs)to postdoctoral fellows Mentored Patient-Oriented Research with aim of developing a cadre of investigators Career Development Award—(provides support capable of conducting rigorous CAM research. for the career development of an investigator who has made a commitment to focus his/her research Yihui He, PhD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical endeavors on patient-oriented research, for three to Center five years of supervised study and research for clini- Antihyperglycemic Activities of Bamboo cally trained professionals who have the potential to Shoot Phytosterol—Dr. He will examine a develop into productive, clinical investigators) potential antihyperglycemic effect of bamboo shoot and its ethanol and methanol extracts using diabetic rodent models 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte)and Bruce Barrett, MD, PhD, University of Wisconsin L6 (myoblast)cell lines. The proposed study aims Medical School at (1)identifying active antihyperglycemic phytos- Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career terols present in the solvent extracts using a Development—Dr. Barrett will design and imple- genetic diabetic mouse model; (2) the active phy- ment randomized trials of Echinacea for upper res- tosterols for their effects on oral glucose tolerance piratory infection (URI)to test the efficacy of early and insulin sensitivity in streptozotocin diabetic Echinacea as treatment for URI. rats fed a high-fructose diet; and (3) examining the effects of the phytosterols on glucose uptake INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING GRANTS GLUT4 mRNA levels in both the adipocyte and NCCAM awards grants to institutions to establish muscle cell lines. programs for individuals to train for careers in Appendix V 239

CAM-related research. Where opportunity exists, through CAM fact sheets, information packages, NCCAM also supplements grants awarded by other publications, and a quarterly newsletter distributed Institutes and Centers to support trainees whose to 6,000 public subscribers. During the first 10 specific focus is CAM-related research. months of FY 1999, the Clearinghouse received more Fellowship Training Program in Alterna- than 18,000 requests for information, distributed tive Medicine (Russell Phillips, MD, Beth Israel more than 37,000 copies of publications, and made Deaconess Medical Center)—The overall goal of nearly 13,000 referrals to other NIH organizations, this program is to prepare general internists for NCCAM‘s research centers, other governing agen- careers as academic research faculty and educators cies, or CAM organizations. in general and complementary-alternative internal Web Site—(http://nccam.nih.gov) Established medicine. in 1996,the NCCAM‘s Web site, which receives Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Train- nearly 500,000 hits per month, offers comprehen- ing Program—(William L. Haskell, PhD, Stanford sive information of interest to healthcare con- University School of Medicine, Cofunded with the sumers and practitioners, and to researchers. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)—NCCAM Combined Health Information Database provides support for two postdoctoral fellows to (CHID) (http://chid.nih.gov)—In February 1999, receive research training in cardiovascular disease NCCAM joined CHID, a cooperative effort of sev- prevention with an emphasis on complementary eral Federal agencies organized to consolidate and alternative therapies. information related to health and disease contained Multidisciplinary Respiratory Diseases in individual government databases within a single Research Training—(Marvin I. Schwarz, MD, database. CHID also contains some health informa- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center tion materials not available in other government (UCHSC), Cofunded with the National Heart, Lung, databases. Currently, CHID contains approximately and Blood Institute)—NCCAM provides funds for a 1,000 records covering the spectrum of CAM nurse anaesthetist to fulfill the requirements of the assembled by the NCCAM Clearinghouse or that UCHSC School of Nursing’s doctoral program, with are publicly available elsewhere. a focus on the use of complementary and alterna- Town Meetings—NCCAM holds town meet- tive medicine as it relates to operative and peri- ings for CAM consumers and practitioners. The first operative anaesthesiology. such meeting was held on March 15,2000 in Boston UCLA/RAND Health Services Research in collaboration with the Center for Alternative Training Program—(Ronald M. Anderson, PhD., Medicine Research and Education, Beth Israel Dea- Cofunded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and coness Medical Center, Harvard University. Quality [AHRQ])—NCCAM provides funds for one Conferences—The Center sponsors confer- postdoctoral trainee, working in the area of chiro- ences in areas of CAM practice and research, for practic research, to complete the two-year master’s example: degree program in the Department of Epidemiol- ogy in the UCLA School of Public Health. • Placebo and Nocebo Effects:Developing a Research Agenda, December 1996 • Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Chronic APPENDIX V Liver Disease, August 22–24, 1999, with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and NCCAM OUTREACH ACTIVITIES Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)and the Office of NCCAM Clearinghouse P.O. Box 7923,Gaithers- Dietary Supplements (ODS), NIH, and the Amer- burg, MD 20898, Phone: 888-644-6226, Fax:866- ican Association of Naturopathic Physicians. 464-3616—The NCCAM Clearinghouse disseminates • The Science of the Placebo: Toward an Interdiscipli- information to the public and healthcare providers nary Research Agenda, November 19–21, 2000, a about the NCCAM’s programs and research findings trans-NIH/DHHS conference. 240 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

APPENDIX VI Practice Program, which supports 12 Evidence- based Practice Centers (EPCs) in the United States EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEWS and Canada. Under this program, the EPC at the University of Texas, San Antonio evaluated the To help identify fertile areas for clinical investigation use of garlic for cardiovascular disease and the use and the appropriate level of investment in each, of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) for treatment NCCAM examines the scientific evidence regarding of liver disease and cancer. Currently, the South- the effectiveness of CAM treatments. This hierarchy ern California Evidence-based Practice Center- of evidence ranges from those considered to provide RAND, Santa Monica, CA is surveying the state of the weakest evidence, for example, anecdotes and CAM science to identify promising “frontiers of case studies, through observational studies, uncon- CAM investigation” for which they will subse- trolled trials, small randomized controlled trials to quently conduct full systematic reviews. large randomized clinical trials, considered the gold The Cochrane Collaboration (CC)—The standard in terms of level of evidence. Systematic Cochrane Collaboration (http://www.cochrane.dk) is reviews may be conducted at and across all levels. an international nonprofit organization that NCCAM taps a number of resources to obtain evi- emphasizes the need to rely on systematic reviews dence-based reviews. of scientific evidence, rather than on beliefs, tradi- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tions, common practices or case histories. The CC’s (CDC)—NCCAM has engaged the CDC to develop mission is to prepare, maintain, and disseminate effective methods of identifying and enlisting the systematic, up-to-date reviews of randomized con- cooperation of practitioners who claim to have trolled clinical trials across all areas of health care. A observed effective new therapies and subsequently group of Fields/Networks represents the interests of will work with CDC representatives to review their specific groups of patients or specific types of treat- case files in a systematic fashion. The goal of this ment (such as child health, vaccines, and rehabilita- activity is to identify practices worthy of scientific tion and related therapies). The Complementary study by NCCAM. Medicine (CM) Field, supported by NCCAM and Cancer Advisory Panel for Complemen- coordinated by Brian Berman, MD, was added in tary and Alternative Medicine (CAPCAM)— 1996 (http://www.compmed.ummc.umaryland.edu). NCCAM, in collaboration with the National The Cochrane Field Groups work in collabora- Cancer Institute (NCI), established the federally tion with approximately 50 Cochrane Research chartered CAPCAM to enable discovery of new, Groups (CRGs),arranged by disease specialty, to promising CAM cancer treatments. Members of carry out systematic reviews related to their dis- the 15-person panel (listed in Appendix VII) ease specialty. The CRG with which the Field represent a cross section of expertise from the works is determined by the research question. For CAM and mainstream oncology communities. example, examining whether massage is effective CAPCAM‘s members review and assess clinical in increasing the weight of low birth weight data submitted by CAM scientists and clinicians, infants is being done in collaboration with the including evaluation of best-case series (retro- Neonatal CRG, whereas exploring whether home- spective analyses of data from patients treated opathy is effective for asthma is being done in col- with a specific modality in order to assess specific laboration with the Airways CRG. Since formation therapeutic benefit). Based on these evaluations, of the CM Field, staff have produced the Cochrane CAPCAM will identify therapies worthy of more Registry of Randomized Controlled Trials in Com- rigorous scientific study by NCCAM. plementary Medicine. As of March 2000 the reg- Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual- istry holdings include approximately 4,700 RCTs, ity (AHRQ), formerly the Agency for Health 5,400 possible RCTs, 204 systematic reviews, and Care Policy and Research (AHCPR)—NCCAM 1,812 hard copy reports in the archive. The reg- contracts with AHRQ to carry out systematic istry is available in the Cochrane Library Con- reviews though the Agency’s Evidence-based trolled Clinical Trials Registry (CCTR). Appendix V 241

NIH Consensus Development and Tech- FAIR, William R., MD nology Assessment Conferences—NCCAM Attending Surgeon, supports NIH consensus conferences on CAM- Urology (Emeritus) related areas through the Office of Medical Appli- Memorial Sloan-Kettering cations of Research at the NIH. Integration of Cancer Center Behavioral and Relaxation Approaches Into the Treat- Chairman,Clinical ment of Chronic Pain and Insomnia, a technology Advisory Board assessment conference held in October 1995,was Health, L.L.C. cosponsored with nine NIH components.4 New York, New York 10021 Acupuncture:An NIH Consensus Development Conference was held in 1997 to review the effi- GORDON, James S., MD cacy of acupuncture in therapeutic and preven- Director tive medicine, jointly sponsored with eight Center for Mind-Body Medicine components of the NIH.5 Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, D.C. 20015

APPENDIX VII HUFFORD, David J., PhD Professor NCCAM Cancer Advisory Panel for Complemen- Medical Humanities, tary and Alternative Medicine 1999 Behavioral Science, and Family Medicine CHAIR The Pennsylvania State University HAWKINS, Michael, MD College of Medicine Washington Cancer Institute Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 Washington Hospital Center Washington, D.C.20010 JACOBS, Frances A., RN Clinical Nurse Coordinator MEMBERS Adult Oncology Unit CHOYKE, Peter L., MD Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke’s Chief, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Medical Center Diagnostic Radiology Department Chicago, Illinois 60612 Warren G.Magnuson Clinical Center National Institutes of Health MOSS, Ralph W., PhD Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Director The Moss Reports Brooklyn, New York 11217 COULTER, Ian D., PhD Research Professor and Health Consultant WEED, Douglas L., MD, PhD RAND Corporation Chief,Preventive Oncology Branch Santa Monica, California 90407 Division of Cancer Prevention National Cancer Institute, NIH ELLENBERG, Susan S., PhD Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Director Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology WOOD, Lauren V., MD Center for Biology Evaluation Senior Clinical Investigator and Research HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch Food and Drug Administration National Cancer Institute, NIH Rockville, Maryland 20852 Bethesda, Maryland 20892 242 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

EX OFFICIO review. The final revision served as a departure STRAUS, Stephen E., MD point for this document. Director NCCAM’s Strategic Plan has also been shaped at National Center for each stage of the process by input from the Center‘s Complementary and broad range of stakeholders. Evolving drafts have Alternative Medicine, NIH been reviewed by NCCAM staff, members of the Bethesda, Maryland 20892 National Advisory Council on Complementary and Alternative Medicine, senior officials at NIH, and WHITE, Jeffrey D., MD opinion leaders within the conventional and CAM Director communities. The public-at-large and the broad Office of Cancer Complementary research community also were afforded the oppor- and Alternative Medicine tunity to help shape the final report. Indeed, this Office of the Deputy Director document was modified to reflect the thoughtful for Extramural Science comments contributed by over 200 individuals and National Cancer Institute, NIH organizations who, representing the diversity of Bethesda, Maryland 20892 our stakeholders, reviewed the penultimate draft during the six-week period it was posted on EXECUTIVE SECRETARY NCCAM’s Web site.6 NAHIN, Richard, PhD With completion of this first five-year plan, Director,Division of Extramural NCCAM will initiate an ongoing planning process Research and Training that will be employed periodically to refine priori- National Center for Complementary ties in the coming years to assure that its priorities and Alternative Medicine, NIH match developments as the field matures, and that Bethesda, Maryland 20892 they reflect an appropriate balance between pursuing scientific opportunity and addressing public health needs. Throughout the process, NCCAM APPENDIX VIII will continue to rely significantly on input from the public and our many other diverse stakeholders. STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS The NCCAM Strategic Plan builds upon the Strate- gic Plan originally drafted by OAM. The OAM APPENDIX IX strategic planning process benefited from significant input from a broad base of stakeholders gar- National Advisory Council for Complementary nered through a series of meetings. These include and Alternative Medicine 1999 the 1993 “Chantilly Meeting,” which resulted in a report to the NIH, Alternative Medicine, Expanding CHAIR Medical Horizons; meetings in 1994 of the Alterna- STRAUS, Stephen E., MD tive Medicine Program Advisory Council Director (AMPAC); and several strategic planning work- National Center for shops in 1995–1996 to outline the challenges for Complementary and CAM research and how they might be addressed by Alternative Medicine the OAM. The draft report was reviewed in 1997 National Institutes of Health and 1998 by a Strategic Planning Advisory Group Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and AMPAC. Members of these groups included representatives of the CAM and conventional sci- MEMBERS entific communities, both from within and outside CANTWELL, Michael F., MD, NIH. A subsequent draft Report and Plan were dis- MPH tributed to a wide variety of organizations for Complementary Medicine Physician Appendix V 243

Complementary Medicine MANLEY, Diane C. Research Institute Massage Therapist San Francisco, California 94115 New Bern, North Carolina 28560

CHUNG, Mary K. MEEKER, William C., DC, M.P.H. President and CEO Director of Research National Asian Women’s Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research Health Organization Palmer Chiropractic University Foundation San Francisco, California 94104 Davenport, Iowa 52803

GRIMM, Richard H., Jr., MD, PhD OLNESS, Karen N., MD Director Professor Department of Internal Medicine Department of Pediatrics Berman Center for Outcomes and School of Medicine Clinical Research Case Western Reserve University Hennepin County Medical Center Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Minneapolis Medical Research Cleveland, Ohio 44106-6038 Foundation Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415 PARDES, Herbert, MD President and CEO HOLLORAN, Susan New York Presbyterian Hospital Researcher and Writer New York, New York 10032 Bluemont, Virginia 20135 RAMIREZ, Gilbert, PhD Associate Director, San Antonio KAHN, Janet R., PhD, LMT Evidence-based Practice Center and Senior Research Scientist San Antonio Cochrane Center Wellesley College Center for University of Texas Health Science Research on Women Center–San Antonio Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 San Antonio, Texas 78229

KAIL, Konrad, ND RHOADES, Everett R., MD Naturopathic Physician Associate Dean for Naturopathic Family Care, Inc. Community Affairs Phoenix, Arizona 85032 University of Oklahoma School of Medicine KAPTCHUK, Ted J., OMD Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104 Assistant Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School SCHLITZ, Marilyn J., PhD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Director of Research Boston, Massachusetts 02215 Department of Research Institute of Noetic Sciences LAWRENCE, Dana J., DC Sausalito, California 94965 Director Department of Publications and STANDISH, Leanna, ND, PhD, LAc Editorial Review Director of Research National College of Chiropractic Bastyr University Lombard, Illinois 60148 Kenmore, Washington 98028 244 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

WILLIAMS, James E., Jr. 3 As of October 1,1999. Jim Williams and Associates 4 Office of Medical Applications of Research; National Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 17011-1049 Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Insti- tute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Dis- EXECUTIVE SECRETARY eases; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial NAHIN, Richard, PhD Disorders; National Institute of Mental Health; Director, Division of Extramural National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Research and Training Stroke; and National Institute of Nursing Research. National Center for Complementary 5 Office of Medical Applications of Research; Office of and Alternative Medicine Research on Women’s Health; National Cancer Insti- Bethesda, Maryland 20892 tute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ENDNOTES National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; National Institute of Dental and Cranio- 1 The term conventional medicine refers to medicine as facial Disorders; and National Institute on Drug Abuse. practiced by holders of M.D. (medical doctor) or D.O. 6 Many respondents contributed comments related to (doctor of osteopathy) degrees and their allied health policy issues, such as licensing, insurance, and regula- professionals, who may also practice complementary tion. Such issues are not within the purview of and alternative medicine. NCCAM’s mission. These comments have been trans- 2 Readers interested in obtaining additional information mitted to the White House Commission on Comple- are referred to the NCCAM Clearinghouse mentary and Alternative Medicine Policy, which has (http://nccam.nih.gov/nccam/fcp/clearinghouse), P.O.Box been constituted specifically to make recommenda- 7923,Gaithersburg,MD 20898, Phone:888-644-6226, tions on these matters. Fax:866-495-4957). APPENDIX VI HISTORIC TIMELINE OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

Prehistoric healing methods which may have 2000–1501 B.C. been used in Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Four basic elements are acknowledged in India: Neolithic times, have been thought of as part of earth, air, ﬁre, and water. the compelling forces that helped people find food and other substances they needed to sur- Fourth century B.C. vive. Evidence of disease and injury has been dis- The Greek physician Hippocrates advocates natural covered in bodies and organs from as early as remedies and a holistic approach to medical treat- 4000 B.C. By the Neolithic period, people began to ment. He is known as the “Father of Medicine.” produce food and were possibly aware that certain foods had medicinal properties. Trephined skulls of the Neolithic period may indicate either Second century A.D. a medical or a mystical operation, which some Galen uses holistic methods in his medical practice. believe was done to let havoc-causing demons During the years 151–200 he extracts plant juices escape. for medicinal purposes. Primitive medicine among peoples including Native Americans, Inuit (Eskimo), and Siberian The Greek physician Asclepiades practices nature tribes emerged through the appointment of healing in Rome. shamans, witch doctors, and medicine men and women, some of whom were chosen because they 11th century seemed to possess psychic ability. Illness of any Trotula, of Salerno, Italy (d. 1097), a woman sur- kind was treated with a variety of therapies— geon, practices medicine using nutrition, herbal herbal remedies, religious rites, chants, prayers, baths, and herbalism as therapy. elaborate ceremonies, and techniques of cupping, sucking, bleeding, fumigating, steam baths, The German abbess Mechthild of Magdeburg cautery, tourniquet, reduction of dislocations, (1212–1283) practices preventive medicine, wound care, and others. employing sunlight, music, the natural world, and Ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, Mesopotamians, and other peoples prac- hygiene. ticed herbalism and holistic medicine. Using natural methods including massage, nutrition, 12th century meditation, exercise, and herbal and other thera- The abbess, musician, artist, and healer Hildegard pies, healers focused on balancing a main life force, von Bingen, Germany, writes Physica (The Book of or vital energy, present in the human body to Simples), which describes more than 300 medicinal restore or maintain health. plants. Hildegard believes disease stems from

245 246 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine imbalances in the body and called health viriditas, The Swiss physician Barbara von Roll (1502–71) meaning the “green life force of the flesh.” Her pioneers treatment of mental illness now known as medical observations are still recognized; her heal- psychosomatic medicine. ing techniques included physical ministration, herbalism, laying on of hands, prayer, blessed 17th century waters, amulets, and exorcism. The period known as “the age of the Scientific Rev- olution,” in which Aristotle, Galen, and Paracelsus 1322 are still influential, but under the attack that marks The itinerant healer Jacoba Felice de Almania is the beginning of the idea of separation of mind and convicted in Paris of practicing medicine, including body, and that disease exists only on a physical laying on of hands and examining urine, without a level. The iatromechanist Giorgio Baglivi license. (1669–1707) describes each bodily organ as though it were a specific type of machine. And Antony van Pre-Columbian cultures in Mesoamerica combine Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) uses a microscope to magic, religion, and science in a medical system. discover male spermatozoa and establish embryol- The pre-Columbian native believes the cause of ogy. With each stride in anatomical and physiolog- disease is imbalance of favorable and unfavorable ical science, holistic approaches to medical practice forces. Shamans are relied upon as healers. In the seem to fade or to be scorned as quackery. Mayan culture, for example, hemenes, or priests, are members of a respected organized medical society, 1737 and hechiceros are individuals designated to perform The New York physician and obstetrician Elizabeth bleeding, treating wounds, lancing abscesses, and Blackwell writes the Curious Herbal. reducing fractures. 1810 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries The German physician and chemist Samuel Hah- During the Crusades medical care orders and hos- nemann founds homeopathy, a system of medical pitals are established, and soldiers recognize and practice based on holistic and scientific principles trade in the Islamic East’s array of pharmacologi- including the approach favoring the “like cures cal treasures, new to the West. The practice of like” theory, used in immunization and vaccination medicine during the Middle Ages draws upon therapies. both science and mysticism, concepts that survived into the 1800s. mid-1800s Naturopathic medicine develops from the Euro- 15th century pean practice of using natural springs and spas as During the 1600s in Scotland women healers and therapy. Early naturopaths include Dr. John herbalists such as Bessie Paine and Margaret Kellogg, who establishes the Battle Creek Sani- Provost are persecuted for witchcraft. tarium in Michigan, and his brother, Will Kel- logg, who operates a health-food factory along 16th century with C. W. Post. The German-Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus (1493-1541) favors holistic treat- Chinese immigrants introduce the practice of ment of patients. In 1536 he writes Der grossen acupuncture to the United States. Wundartzney (Great Surgery Book), which includes what was to become known later as Vincenz Priessnitz (1799–1851) becomes known as homeopathy. a major proponent of all types of hydrotherapy. Appendix VI 247

The German-born clinician Franz Joseph Gall 1873 (1758–1828) develops phrenology, soon consid- The German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, often ered a pseudoscience. called the founder of modern psychology, writes Physiological Psychology. Franz Anton Mesmer (1733–1815), a graduate physician of Vienna, demonstrates his theory 1874 of animal magnetism and unwittingly introduces A. T. Still, of Kansas, founds osteopathy, a system the use of hypnotic suggestion. He operated the of medical practice based on the theory that dis- Magnetic Institute in Paris but lost favor in France. ease is mainly attributable to dysfunction or loss His theories led to hypnosis as a therapy. of the body’s structural integrity and the dysfunctional parts may be treated by manipulation, The mesmerist Phineas P. Quimby (1802–1866) medicine, and surgery. allegedly cures Mary Baker Eddy, who later founds the Christian Science Church, of long- 1881 standing illness. Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910) founds the Mass- achusetts Metaphysical College. Eddy, who was James Braid introduces the term hypnotism in 1843. cured of illness by a charismatic healer from Maine, is also founder of the Christian Science 1858 Church, which espouses the spiritual basis of Bernadette Soubirous is reported to have had a disease. vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Lourdes, France, since a pilgrimage destination for the faith- 1882 ful who believe the waters there have curative The Viennese physician Joseph Breuer uses hypno- properties. sis to treat hysteria.

1859 1892 Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nurs- The German physician Benedict Lust founds the ing and a major proponent of holistic practice, prototype of the modern health food store. writes Notes on Nursing, published in London and later by Lippincott in the United States. Sir William Osler, an influential Canadian physician who also practices in the United States and 1861 Great Britain, writes The Principles and Practice of The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pas- Medicine, which includes the recommendation that teur develops the germ theory of disease, heralding physicians embrace social concern, compassion, the birth of modern medicine based on the concept optimism, generosity, and other desirable qualities of infectious disease. Although his contributions in their practices. had significant influence in allopathic medicine, the concept of vaccination and immunization using 1895 like substances added to the body of knowledge Dr. Daniel David Palmer founds chiropractic, a that evolved into homeopathy. system of treatment based on Hippocrates’ idea that disease emanates from dysfunction or sub- 1865 luxations of the spine, which can be adjusted by Ivan M. Sechenov, known as the founder of Rus- hands-on manipulation of the neuroskeleton, and sian physiology, writes Reflexes of the Brain, on the the concept of the body’s “innate intelligence” to physiological basis of psychic processes. heal itself. 248 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

1912 illness may be caused by a person’s positive and The Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher Carl Jung negative experiences and changes in lifestyle. writes The Theory of Psychoanalysis. 1961 1921 Halbert Dunn writes High-Level Wellness, which The National Institute for Industrial Psychology is addresses the idea of ﬁghting for wellness rather founded in London. than ﬁghting against disease.

The German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer writes 1970s Physique and Character. The hippie movement encourages recreational use of drugs, but also of vegetarianism and organically 1926 grown foods, transcendental meditation, Eastern The South African statesman, biologist, and philosophies geared toward peace and inner bal- philosopher Jan Christian Smuts coins the term ance, and “back-to-basics” treatment modalities holism, in the belief that whole organisms, rather such as massage and aromatherapy. than their separate components, establish the determining factors in nature and evolution. 1973 Dolores Krieger and Dora Kunz develop Therapeu- 1930s tic Touch as an alternative healing technique. The English physician Edward Bach develops Bach’s Flower Essences for treating emotional 1974 problems that may lead to disease. The Canadian Ministry of Health and Welfare reports evidence indicating a link between lifestyle and envi- 1940s ronment and the presence of health or disease. The American psychiatrist Helen Flanders Dunbar researches psychosomatic medicine and estab- 1975 lishes the “personality profile (or personality con- The Nobel Prize–winning scientist Linus Pauling stellation).” receives the U.S. National Medal of Honor.

1950s 1976 The Canadian physiologist Hans Selye develops his The sociobiologist and philosopher D. C. Phillips theory of stress, known as the “general adaptation identifies principles of holism, including that the syndrome,” which involves the stimulation of the whole is more than the sum of its parts, the whole hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis when exposed determines the nature of its parts, and the parts to stress (the fight-or-flight response). are dynamically interrelated or interdependent.

1952 The United States Select Senate Committee issues a Dr. Norman Vincent Peale writes The Power of Posi- report acknowledging the relationship between tive Thinking. nutrition and disease, which leads to widespread reduction of red-meat and fat intake. 1960s The researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe 1977 develop an assessment tool called the Social Read- Dr. C. Norman Shealy founds the American Holis- justment Rating Scale, based on the concept that tic Medical Association. Appendix VI 249

1980 turns to newly ﬂourishing alternatives including The Texas nurse Charlotte McGuire founds the chiropractic, homeopathy, herbalism, massage, American Holistic Nurses’ Association. Reiki, aromatherapy, bodywork, bioenergetic modalities, and other disciplines embracing the 1980s to the present idea of mind-body connection. The American public begins to show signs of disil- lusionment with conventional health care and

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INDEX

Note: Page numbers in acupuncture 2–5 agni 5 boldface indicate the main AMA on 195–196 Agpaoa, Tony 129 discussion of a subject. auricular therapy 4, 12 agrimony 16 body units in 20 ahara rasa 5 cupping 3–4, 67 AHMA. See American Holistic A for dental pain 232 Medical Association for depression 233, 235 AHRQ. See Agency for AABD. See American Academy electroacupuncture 38 Healthcare Research and of Biological Dentistry in Islamic Sufi healing Quality aama 1, 161 practices 67 Aidan Incorporated 177 aamdosh 1 meridians in 2 AIDS Alternative Health Project AAS. See American Apitherapy moxibustion 4, 87 177 Society NCCAM on 95, 216, 217, air, in Five Elements 46 abortifacient 1 231, 232, 233–234, 235 ajowan oil 107 Abrams, Albert 135, 136 oral 19 AK (applied kinesiology). See An Abridged Therapy Manual for practitioners of 4 kinesiology the Biochemical Treatment of scientific studies on 3, 4, 95 Alexander, Franz 35–36 Disease (Schuessler) 24 types of 3–4 Alexander, Frederick Matthias Academy for Guided Imagery uses for 3, 4 5–6 177 Acupuncture Foundation of Alexander Technique 5–6 Accepting Your Power to Heal Canada 177 alfalfa 50 (Krieger) 72 acupuncture points 1 algae 50 accident-prone personality 35 adaptation syndrome, general allopathy 6 Accreditation Commission for (GAS) 141–142 allspice berry oil 107 Acupuncture and Oriental adrenal glandular 50 almond oil 107 Medicine 177 Advaita Vedanta 165 aloe vera 50 acupoints (trigger points) 1 Advanced Health Research alpine mint bush 12 in acupuncture 2–3, 4 Institute 177 alteratives 6 in Bonnie Prudden affirmations 5 Alternative Health Benefit Myotherapy 21 Affirmations (Wilde) 5 Service xix definition of 1 A4M. See American Academy of alternative medicine 6. in ear 4 Anti-Aging Medicine See also complementary and acupressure 1–2, 82 Africa alternative medicine meridians in 1, 2 bush medicine of 107 AMA on 189–203 in reflexology 137 sangomas of 141 definitions of xvii, 6, 89, 189 vs. shiatsu 2 Agency for Healthcare Research historic timeline of Acupressure Institute 177 and Quality (AHRQ) 240 245–248

255 256 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Alternative Medicine (journal) American Association of American Colon Therapy xxii Acupuncture and Oriental Association 179 Alternative Medicine: A Definitive Medicine 178 American Council of Hypnotist Guide (Goldberg) xviii American Association of Examiners 179 on acupuncture 3 Ayurvedic Medicine 29 American Council on Science on cell therapy 24 American Association of and Health 179 on homeopathy 57 Drugless Practitioners 178 American CranioSacral Therapy Alternative Therapies in Health American Association of Association 179 and Medicine (journal) xxii Naturopathic Physicians 44, American Dietetic Association AMA. See American Medical 178 40, 180 Association American Association of American Foundation for ama 6 Oriental Medicine 178 Homeopathy 180 amaroli. See urine therapy American Association of American Health Institute 180 ambrete seed oil 107 Orthopedic Medicine 178 American Herbalists Guild 180 American Academy of Anti- American Association of American Herbal Aging Medicine (A4M) 76, Professional Hypnotherapists Pharmacopoeia 180 177 178 American Herbal Products American Academy of American Board of Chelation Association 180 Biological Dentistry (AABD) Therapy 178 American Herb Association 180 177 American Board of American Holistic Health American Academy of Hypnotherapy 179 Association 180 Environmental Medicine American Bodywork and American Holistic Medical 177 Massage Professionals 179 Association (AHMA) American Academy of Medical American Botanical Council 179 address of 180 Acupuncture 177, 195 American Cancer Society establishment of xxi, 142 American Academy of Neural xvii–xviii mission of xxi Therapy 102, 178 American Center for the principles of xxi American Academy of Alexander Technique 179 American Holistic Nurses Osteopathy 178 American Chiropractic Association 180 American Alliance of Association 28–29, 179 American Holistic Veterinary Aromatherapy 178 American Chronic Pain Medical Association 180 American Alternative Medicine Association 179 American Imagery Association Association 178 American College of 180 American and International Addictionology and American Imagery Institute 180 Boards of Environmental Compulsive Disorders 179 American Institute of Medicine 178 American College of Hypnotherapy 179, 180 American Apitherapy Society Advancement in Medicine American Massage Therapy (AAS) 8, 178 179 Association (AMTA) 83, 180 American Aromatherapy American College of Hyperbaric American Medical Association Association 178 Medicine 179 (AMA) xviii, xx American Art Therapy American College of Nutrition contact information for 180 Association 178 179 Council on Scientific Affairs, American Association for American College of text of report by 189–203 Therapeutic Humor 178 Osteopathic Pain Management on Hoxsey therapy 57–58 American Association of and Sclerotherapy 179 on hypnosis 63 Acupuncture and Bioenergetic American College of Traditional American Music Therapy Medicine 178 Chinese Medicine 179 Association 180 Index 257

American Oriental Bodywork Ancient Secrets of the Fountain of in Islamic Sufi healing Therapy Association 180–181 Youth (Kelder) 171 practices 67 American Osteopathic Andrus, Veda xix with massage 83 Association 181 angelica root oil 108 Aromatherapy Institute and American Physical Therapy animal(s). See also pet(s) Research 182 Association 181 cells from, therapy with Aromatherapy Seminars 182 American Polarity Therapy 24–25 aromatic substance 10 Association 181 glandulars from 50 artav (reproductive tissue) 10 American Psychiatric animal-assisted therapy 7. See Artharva-Veda 165 Association (APA) 120 also pet(s) arthritis, NCCAM on 230–231 American Psychiatric Association aniseed oil 108 Arthritis Trust of America 182 Journal 120 anise oil 108 The Art Spirit (Henri) 10 American Psychosomatic ankylosing spondylitis xxi art therapy 10 Society 36 Anthroposophical Medicine (Bott) asanas 10, 164, 165, 166 American Psychotherapy and 21, 146 Asbury Park Press (newspaper) Medical Hypnosis Association anthroposophy 21, 146 142 181 antibiotics, herbal 7 ascorbic acid flush 10–11 American Qigong Association Anusara yoga 168 ashtanga yoga 11, 168, 170 181 anxiety 7–8 aspen 16 American Reflexology symptoms of 7 Association for Applied Certification Board 181 transcendental meditation Psychophysiology and American Shiatsu Association for 154 Biofeedback 182 181 treatment of 7–8, 154 Association for Research and American Society for Clinical APA. See American Psychiatric Enlightenment (A.R.E.) 23, Nutrition 181 Association 24 American Society of Bariatric aphasia 103 Association of Vegetarian Physicians 181 apitherapy 8 Dietitians & Nutrition American Society of Clinical applications, healing 8 Educators 182 Hypnosis 181 applied kinesiology (AK). See asthi (bone) 11, 34 American Society of the kinesiology asthma Alexander Technique 181 apricot kernel oil 108 Buteyko breathing American Speech-Language- apricots 47 technique for 22 Hearing Association 181 aquamarine 32 Chinese herbs for 27 American Vegan Society 181 aquasonics 8, 32 magnesium therapy for 97 American Yoga Association Arcier, Micheline 9 Aston, Judith 11 181 A.R.E. See Association for Aston-Patterning 11 amethyst 32 Research and Enlightenment Aston Training Center 11, 182 amma therapy 7. See also arjowan oil 108 astringent 11 shiatsu arm bath 60 atherosclerosis, carotid, vitamin AMTA. See American Massage arm douche 59 E for 231 Therapy Association armoise oil 108, 115 athma 11 amyris oil 107 Armstrong, John W. 155 attars 67 analgesia 232 Arnica montana 154 attunement 11 Anandashram 167 Arnold, Joan 6 aura 11–12 Ananda yoga 168 aromatherapy 9–10 auricular therapy 4, 12 Anatomy of the Spirit (Myss) 87 for anxiety 8 Aurobindo Ashram 167 Anchor Point Institute 181 coining of term 9, 49 Aurobindo Ghose, Sri 167 258 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Australian Bush Flower prakruti in 127 Banerjee, P. N. 18 Essences 12 pulse analysis in 131 Banksi Robur 12 autism, Options Institute on purvakarma in 131 barley grass 50 118–119 rajasic in 136 Barondess, Jeremiah 201 Autism Research Institute 182 rakta moksha in 136 Barral, Jean Pierre 18 Autism Services Center 182 rasayana in 136 Barral visceral manipulation Autism Society of America 182 refrigerants in 137 18 Autobiography of a Yogi samagni in 141 Barrett, Stephen 146 (Yogananda) 167 scientific studies on 13 Barzini, Luigi xx autogenic training 12–13 shad rasa in 142 basil oil 108 autonomic nervous system stomach wash in 146 Bates, William H. 18 autogenic training of 12–13 tongue analysis in 151 Bates Method for Improving Bowen Method for 21–22 urine therapy in 155–156 Eyesight 18 neural therapy for 19, 102 xenobiotics in 161 baths avocado oil 108 Ayurveda Institute 182 as healing application 8 Awareness Through Movement Ayurvedic Institute 182 hydrotherapy with 59–61 45 Ayurvedic & Naturopathic pranic 161 Ayurveda 13 Medical Clinic 182 purvakarma 131 aama in 1, 161 bay leaf oil 108 agni in 5 Becker, Robert O. 3 ahara rasa in 5 B Beebe, Kenneth 125 ama in 6 beech, in Bach Flower AMA on 197 babassu oil 108 Remedies 15, 16 astringents in 11 Bach, Edward 15 Beecher, Henry 130 athma in 11 Heal Thyself 15 beechnut oil 108 chakras in 25–26 The Twelve Healers and Other bee products 8, 47, 141 color in 30 Remedies 15 behavioral medicine 18 definition of 13 Bacha, Jibaka Kumaru 82 Beinfield, Harriet 18 development of 13 Bach Centre 15, 183 Between Heaven and Earth dina chariya in 34 Bach Flower Remedies 15–17 4–5, 18, 133 doshas in 34, 154 Bach Healing Society 183 Bellavite, Paolo 18–19 energy in 38 back douche 60 Homeopathy, a Frontier in exercise in 40 back pain 234 Medical Science 18–19 face analysis in 43 Bagua map 45 benign prostatic hyperplasia fasting in 44 Baily, Philip M. 17 (BPH) 234–235 Five Elements in 46 Balancing Your Body (Bond) 21 ben oil 108 fomentations in 47 Balch, James 17 Benson, Herbert 19 gunas in 50–51 Balch, Phyllis 17 The Mind/Body Effect 18 Law of Contraries in 75 Ballentine, Rudolph M. 17–18 on relaxation response Law of Similars in 56, 75 Radical Healing xviii, 135 138 malas in 81 on allopathy 6 Timeless Healing xx mantra in 81 on flower remedies on acupuncture 4 marma in 81 15–16 on faith healing 43 marma puncture in 82 on Hering’s Law of Cure benzoin tincture 108 nasya in 89 55 Berard, Guy 145 NCCAM on 227 on sweat lodges Berard Method 145 oja in 118 147–148 Berch, Rama 170–171 panchakarma in 124 balsam peru oil 108 bergamot oil 108 Index 259

Between Heaven and Earth: A body maps 20 breast cancer Guide to Chinese Medicine body types, in Ayurveda NCCAM on 231 (Beinfield and Korngold) 4–5, (doshas) 34 soy supplements for 18, 133 body unit 20 96–97 Bhagavad-Gita 166 Bodywise (Heller and Henkin) 54 breast milk secretion 49 Bhajan, Yogi 169–170 bodywork 20 breathing techniques 22 Bikram yoga 19, 168 for anxiety 8 Buteyko 22 bile, as humor 58 Aston-Patterning 11 kappalbhati 161 biodynamics 38 Barral visceral manipulation PowerBreathing 170 Bio-Electro-Magnetics Institute 18 pranayama 127 182 hakomi 53–54 breathwork 22 bioenergetics 19 Hellerwork 54 Breiling, Brian Joseph 22 definition of 19, 38 polarity therapy 126–127 Light Years Ahead 22 effects of depression in Boericke, William 20–21 Brennan, Barbara Ann 22 33–34 The Twelve Tissue Remedies of broccoli 47 of plants 126 Schuessler 21 broth, cleansing 22 bioenergies, types of 38 Bogart, Greg 21 Buegel, Dale 22 bioentrainment 19 Therapeutic Astrology 21 Homeopathic Remedies for biofeedback 19 Bohm, David 21 Health Professionals and biological dentistry 19–20 Wholeness and the Implicate Laypeople 22 Bio-Medical Center 58 Order 21 Buhner, Stephen Harrod 22 Bio-Resonance Therapy 145 Bond, Mary 21 Sacred Plant Medicine 22 bipolar disorder 233 Balancing Your Body 21 Bush Fuschia 12 birch Bonnie Prudden Myotherapy Buteyko technique 22 sweet 108 21 Byers, Dwight 137 white 109 Bonnie Prudden Pain Erasure Birch, Beryl Bender 170 182 Bircher-Benner, Max 69 borage oil 109 C bitter 20 botanicals, NCCAM on 96–97, blackberry flower essence 15–16 237–238 cabbage, savoy 47 black bile 58 botanic physicians 21 cabreuva oil 109 black currant seed and bud 109 Bott, Victor 21 cade oil 109 black pepper 109 Anthroposophical Medicine 21, cajaput oil 109 Bleuler, Eugen 70 146 calamit 109 blood, as humor 58 Bowen, Thomas 21 calamus 109 blood cleansing 20 Bowen Method 21–22 Calbom, Cherie, Juicing for Life with depurgative 34 Bowen Research and Training 69 blood flow, cerebral, melatonin Institute 182 calcium fluoride 24 and 232 Bower, Peter 22 calcium phosphate 24 bloodletting, in Ayurveda 136 BPH. See benign prostatic calcium sulfate 24 blood pressure, high hyperplasia calendula oil 109 acupuncture for 231 brahman 165 calmative 23 transcendental meditation Braid, James 63 calophyllum 109 for 153 brain oxygenators, for anxiety 8 CAM. See complementary and A Blue Fire (Hillman) 86 bran 47 alternative medicine body fluids Brazil, Museum of Images from camphor white 109 four humors of 58 the Unconscious in 10 Canadian Association of as jing ye 69 brazil nuts 47, 109 Ayurvedic Medicine 182 260 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Canadian Holistic Medical caustic 23 Chernin, Dennis 22 Association 182 Cayce, Edgar 23–24 Homeopathic Remedies for Canadian Institute of Stress Cayola, Renato 9 Health Professionals and (CIS) 141, 182 CC. See Cochrane Collaboration Laypeople 22 cananga oil 109 CDC. See Centers for Disease cherry plum 16 cancer Control and Prevention chest douche 59 AMA on 199 cedar leaf oil 110 chestnut Ayurvedic treatment of 13 cedarwood oil 110 red 17 chelation therapy for celery seed oil 110 sweet 17 26–27 celiac plexus. See solar plexus white 17 Hoxsey therapy for 57–58 cell salts 24 chestnut bud 16 insulin potentiation therapy cell therapy 24–25 ch’i. See qi for 65 cellulase 39–40 chicory 16 Issels’s fever therapy for centaury 16 Chinese herbalism 27 67–68 Center for Applied Chinese medicine Native American treatment Psychophysiology 183 acupuncture in 2 of 100 Center for Mind/Body Medicine eight principal patterns in NCCAM on 93–95, 231 183 37, 163 Cancer Advisory Panel for Center for the Study of Empty Heat in 38 Complementary and Alternative and externals in 41 Alternative Medicine Complementary Medicine Five Elements in 46 (CAPCAM) 240, 241–242 (CSACM) xi herbalism in 27 canola oil 109 centering, in Therapeutic Touch meridians in 83–84 CAPCAM. See Cancer Advisory 150 six stage patterns in 144 Panel for Complementary and Centers for Disease Control and yin-yang in 163 Alternative Medicine Prevention (CDC) 240 chiropractic 27–29 caraway oil 109–110 centesimal scale, homeopathic AMA on 193–194 cardamom seed oil 110 25 development of 27, 28, cardiovascular disease, NCCAM cerato 16 123–124 on 231–232 cerebral blood flow, melatonin mixed 28 Care of the Soul (Moore) 46 and 232 public acceptance of xvii, 28 carminative 23 chair massage 82 straight 28 carnation oil 110 chakras 25–26 X rays in 161 carpal tunnel syndrome, color of 30 Chishti, Hakim 66 acupuncture for 233–234 definition of 25 chlorella 50 Carroll, Robert Todd, The origin of term 25 chlorophyll 50 Skeptic’s Dictionary 81 root (sexual) 25, 139, 142 cholera 57 carrot seed and root 110 chamomile chologogue 29 cascarilla bark 110 German 110 Chopra, Deepak 29, 170 Casey, the Reverend Solanus Roman 110–111 Chowka, Peter Berry 101 23 chamomile Moroc 111 Christi Order 66 cashew nut oil 110 Champaca flower and leaf 111 Christy, Martha M. 155 cassia 110 Chang San-feng 149 Chronic Disease: Its Cause and Cure cassie 110 channels 26. See also meridians (Banerjee) 18 castor oil 110 Charak (physician) 51 cicatrizant 29 cathartic 23 chelation therapy 26–27 cinchona 56 catnip 109, 110 NCCAM on 95 cinnamon oil 111 Index 261 circadian rhythm 75, 76 Complementary Wellness Curtis, Edward S. 148 CIS. See Canadian Institute of Professional Association 2 cymatics 32 Stress Complete Aromatherapy Handbook aquasonics in 8, 32 citronella oil 111 (Fischer-Rizzi) 9 cyperus oil 112 clary sage oil 111 compresses 8, 30 cypress oil 112 cleansing diet 44 connective tissue massage 82 cysteine 26 clematis 16 constitutional remedies 30 clove oil 111 consultation-liaison psychiatry clysis. See colonic irrigation 35, 36 D coagulant 29 Contraries, Law of 75 Cobb, Leonard 130 cooling foods and herbs 137 DAMS. See Dental Amalgam Cochrane, Amanda, The copaiba oil 111 Mercury Syndrome Encyclopedia of Flower Remedies Copeland, Royal 196 dance therapy 33 46–47 cordyceps 31 The Dancing Wu Li Masters Cochrane Collaboration (CC) Cordyceps sinensis 31 (Zukav) 173 240 core energetics 19 dan tien 33 coenzyme A 40 coriander oil 111 Dasgupta, S. 165 coenzyme Q10 40 cornmint oil 111 Davis, Adelle 33 coffee oil 111 coronary heart disease, decimal scale, homeopathic cold laser therapy 19 meditation and 231–232 33 Coles, Robert 29 Cosechi, Paolo 120–121 decoction 33 colonic irrigation 29–30 costus oil 111 infusion followed by 65 color counterirritant 31 Deep Tissue massage 82 in feng shui 30, 45 Cousins, Norman xiii, xxi DeJarnette, B. 31 in light therapy 30, 75 crab apple 16 De La Warr, George 136 Colorpuncture 30 cranberry 47, 97 Delta Society 7 color therapy 30, 75 Cranial Academy 183 demulcent 33 combination remedies 30 craniosacral massage 82 Dental Amalgam Mercury Commodus 49 craniosacral therapy (CST) 31 Syndrome (DAMS) 183 Community Nutrition Institute Creighton, James 144 dentistry 183 Crichton, Michael xxii biological 19–20 complementary and alternative Crowea 12 NCCAM on 232 medicine (CAM) crystal therapy 31–32 depression definition of 89–90, 215 CSACM. See Center for the acupuncture for 233, 235 effectiveness of 91 Study of Alternative and effects of 33–34 frequently asked questions Complementary Medicine depurgative 34 on 89–92 CST. See craniosacral therapy Desai, Amrit 169 historic timeline of 245–248 cubeb oil 111 De Schepper, Luc, The People’s practitioners of, selection of Culpeper, Nicholas 32 Repertory 56 92 Culpeper’s Herbal 32 desensitization 39 risks with 91–92 cumin oil 111–112 Desikachar, T. K. V. 166, 168, safety of 90–91 cupping 3–4, 67 171 scientific studies on 90, 92, curandera 142 desktop yoga 170 93 curanderismo 32 detoxification 34 testing of 90–91, 92 The Cure of Imperfect Eyesight by developmental disorders, complementary medicine 30 Treatment Without Glasses Options Institute on 118–119 definitions of xvii, 30, 89 (Bates) 18 Devi, Indra 167 262 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Dewey, W. A. 20–21 Healing Words 43–44 Elkadi, Ahmed 68 The Twelve Tissue Remedies of journal edited by xxii Ellon, Inc. 183 Schuessler 21 on nonlocal mind 104 elm 16 dharana 164 Reinventing Medicine 40, 104, EMDR Institute 183 dhatus 34 133–134 emesis therapy 146 artav and shukra douche(s) emotional freedom technique (reproductive tissue) 10, 34 herbal 34–35 (EFT) 38 asthi (bone) 11, 34 in hydrotherapy 59–60 emotions, negative, Bach’s majja (nerve) 34 dowser, medical 35 seven major 15 mamsa (muscle) 34 drama therapy 35 Emotions and Bodily Changes meda (adipose tissue) 34 dreams (Dunbar) 36 rakta (blood) 34 diagnostic 35 Empty Heat 38 rasa (plasma) 34, 136 healing 35 The Encyclopedia of Flower D’Hervilly, Melanie 53 Drown, Ruth 136 Remedies (Harvey and dhyana 164 DSHEA. See Dietary Supplement Cochrane) 46–47 diabetes, Reiki and 138 Health and Education Act Encyclopedia of Health diarrhea 232 Duke, James 58 (McFadden) xxii diathermy 62 Dunbar, Helen Flanders 35–36 endorphins 38 diet(s). See also nutrition; specific Emotions and Bodily Changes released by acupuncture 2 diets 36 released by laughter 58 AMA on 191 Durga (Hindu goddess) 165 enema. See colonic irrigation blood cleansing 20 Dyer, Wayne W. 36 energetics 38 cleansing 44 energy 38–39 macrobiotic 79–80, 163 breathwork and 22 vegetarian 157 E definition of 38 Dietary Supplement Health and Einstein on xviii Education Act (DSHEA) ear, in auricular therapy 4, 12 Kirlian photographs of 72 (1994) 54, 192 ear-candling 37 negative 101–102 digestive 34 earth, in Five Elements 46 energy medicine 39 digestive disorders, NCCAM on Eastern medicine 37 AMA on 194 232 EcAP 142 bioenergetics in 19 Digitalis purpurea 54 echinacea 7, 54 NCCAM on 228 digoxin 54 Eclectic Medical Institute 21, energy psychology, emotional dill oil 112 150–151 freedom technique in 38 dina chariya 34 EDTA. See enkephalins 2, 38 distant healing 34 ethylenediaminetetraacetic Environmental Dental dogs, used in therapy 7 acid Association 183 dolls, sangoma use of 141 effleurage 37 Environmental Health & Light doshas 34, 154 EFT. See emotional freedom Research Institute 183 and fasting 44 technique environmental medicine 39 kapha 34, 71, 146, 154, 156 eight principal patterns 37, enzyme therapy 39–40 pitta 34, 126, 137, 154, 163 ephedrine 192–193 155–156 Einstein, Albert xviii, xxii Erickson, Milton 102 vata 34, 154, 155, 157 elecampane oil 112 Ericksonian hypnosis 102 Dossey, Larry 34 electroacupuncture 38 ERT. See estrogen replacement on Eternity Medicine 40 electromagnetic force 38 therapy on faith healing 43–44 elemi oil 112 Esalen Institute 183 Index 263

Escherichia coli 67 Feldenkrais method 44–45, on herbal remedies 54, 192 essence(s) 40 82–83 on homeopathy 57 definition of 16, 40 feng shui 45 on Hoxsey therapy 57–58 flower 12, 15–17, 46 color in 30, 45 and testing of supplements essential oils. See oils, essential Five Elements in 45, 46 90–91, 192 estrogen replacement therapy Interior Realignment in 65 food therapy 47 (ERT) 96–97 fennel oil 112 for anxiety 7–8 Eternity Medicine 40 Ferenczi, Michael A. 75–76 foot, in reflexology 136–137 ether, in Five Elements 46 ferric phosphate 24 foot bath 60 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid fever therapy 44 foot chart 137 (EDTA) 26 Issels’s 67–68 Footwork 50 eucalyptus oil 112 fibromyalgia, acupuncture for Foundation for Christian Living evening primrose oil 112 233 125 exercise 40–41 Finger, Alan 169 Foundation for the external 41 Finger, Kavi Yogiraj Mani 169 Advancement of Innovative extracts, herbal 41 fire Medicine (FAIM) xix–xx exudative 41 as agni 5 foxglove 54 eyes in Five Elements 46 frankincense oil 112 Bates Method for Improving fir needle oil 112 Franklin, Benjamin 63 Eyesight 18 Fischer-Rizzi, Susanne, Complete Freud, Sigmund 47 in iridology 65–66 Aromatherapy Handbook 9 hypnosis used by 63 fish 47 Jung and 70 Fitzgerald, William 136–137, Reich and 137 F 173 Friend, John 168 Five Elements 45, 46 Fringed Violet 12 face analysis 43 The Five Tibetans (Kilham) 171 frostbite 75 face maps 20 flotation therapy 46 fruitarians 157 facial douche 60 Flower Essence Repertory fu 163 FAIM. See Foundation for the (Kaminski and Katz) 46 Functional Integration 45 Advancement of Innovative Flower Essence Society 183 fu zheng therapy 47 Medicine Flower Healing 183 faith healing 43–44 flower remedies 46–47 among Native Americans Australian Bush Flower G 99–100 Essences 12 NCAHF guidelines on Bach 15–17 galactagogue 49 130–131 fluidotherapy 62 galangal oil 112 fasting 44 flush galbanum oil 112–113 in Mayr intestinal therapy ascorbic acid 10–11 Galen, Claudius 49 83 liver 76 gan 49 fava beans 47 folk medicine 47 Gandhi, Mohandas K. FDA. See Food and Drug folk (home) remedies 57 (Mahatma) 49 Administration AMA on 197 gan mao ling 49 febrifuge 44 fomentations, herbal 47 Gannett, Frank 125 feet. See foot Food and Drug Administration Gannon, Sharon 169 Feldenkrais, Moshe 44–45 (FDA) gardenia oil 113 Feldenkrais Guild of North on acupuncture 3 garlic 47 America 183 on chelation therapy 26 garlic oil 113 264 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Garri, Giovanni 9 Grad, Bernard 34 Hay, Louise 54 GAS. See general adaptation grapefruit 47 on affirmations 5 syndrome grapefruit oil 113 Hayes, Diana 101 Gattefossé, René-Maurice 49 green (color) 75 Healing Touch 150 on aromatherapy 9 green drinks 20 Healing Touch International 184 gemstone therapy 31–32 green superfoods 50 Healing Words (Dossey) 43–44 general 49 Gregorio, Reverend 129 health, definitions of xvii general adaptation syndrome Grinberg, Avi 50 health disparities 97–98 (GAS) 141–142 Grinberg Method 50 health insurance coverage 198 gentian 16 Grof, Stanislav 128 Health Through Inner Body Georgiana Institute 183 guaiac wood oil 113 Cleansing (Rauch) 83 geranium oil 113 guided imagery 50 Healthy Healing: An Alternative Gerber, Richard Guideposts (magazine) 125 Healing Reference (Rector-Page) on acupuncture 2–3 Guillotin, Josef de 63 on anxiety treatments 7–8 A Practical Guide to Vibrational gunas 50–51 on ascorbic acid flush 10–11 Medicine xviii, 47, 80, 135 Heal Thyself (Bach) 15 Gerson, Charlotte 49 heart chakra 25–26 Gerson, Max 49 H heart disease, coronary, Gerson, Scott 13 meditation and 231–232 Gerson Institute 49, 50 Hahnemann, Samuel C. F. 53, Heat, Empty 38 Gerson therapy 49–50 56 heather 16 ghee 44 on homeopathy 53, 196 heat therapy. See hyperthermia ginger oil 113 on magnets 80 helichrysum oil 113 Ginkgo biloba, NCCAM on 219, on miasms 85 heliotherapy. See solar therapy 220, 221, 234 Haiti, Voodoo in 142, 158 Heller, Joseph 54 ginseng 27, 119 hakomi 53–54 Bodywise 54 glandulars 50 Hakomi Institute 53–54, 184 Hellerwork 54 Gogh, Vincent van 11–12 hands, laying on of 75 Hellerwork International 184 glucosamine, NCCAM on 231 in faith healing 43 hemorrhoids 60 Goldberg, Burton hands-on healing Henkin, William, Bodywise 54 Alternative Medicine xviii in polarity therapy henna oil 113 on acupuncture 3 126–127 Henri, Robert, The Art Spirit 10 on cell therapy 24 scientific studies of 34 herb(s). See also specific herbs on homeopathy 57 in zero balancing 173 list of 207–211 Magnet Therapy 80–81 Happiness Is a Choice (Kaufman) herbal antibiotics 7 goldenrod oil 113 119 herbal douches 34–35 goldenseal, as herbal antibiotic Hartwell, Jonathan, Plants Used herbal extracts 41 7 Against Cancer 58 herbal fomentations 47 The Golden Seven Plus One (West) Harvey, Clare, The Encyclopedia herbalism 54–55 77 of Flower Remedies 46–47 AMA on 191–193 Gonzalez, Nicholas 94 Hatha yoga 164, 165, 168 Chinese 27 Gonzalez Regimen 231 types of 168–172 Native American 99 Goodheart, George, Jr. 71 Hatha Yoga Pradipika herbal poultice 127 Gorakhnath 165 (Svatmarama) 166 herbal tea 149 Goraksa-sataka 165 Hawaii herbal vaginal douche 35 Gordon Research Institute 183 kahuna of 71 herbal vaginal pack 157 gorse 16 Lomi-Lomi massage in 83 herbal wraps 8, 55, 61 Index 265

Herb Research Foundation constitutional remedies in hydrotherapy 58–61, 62 184 30 for balance of humors Hering, Constantine 55 decimal scale in 33 58–59 Hering’s Law of Cure 55 development of 53, 56, hydrothermal therapy 58, 59 Hernandez, Lyla M. 205 196 Hypericum perforatum. See St. Hillman, James 86 fasting in 44 John’s wort Himalayan Institute, Combined febrifuge in 44 hypertension Therapy Program of 17–18 generals in 49 acupuncture for 231 Hinduism Hering’s Law of Cure in transcendental meditation rishis in 139 55 for 153 yoga in 164 mentals in 83 hyperthermia 61–62 hip bath 60 miasm in 85 hypnosis. See hypnotherapy Hippocrates xvii, 55 NCCAM on 227 hypnotherapy 62–63 on aromatherapy 9 nosodes in 104 Ericksonian 102 on eyes 66 particulars in 124 mesmerism and 63, 84 on four humors 58 peculiars in 125 in past-life regression home remedies of 57 principles of 56 therapy 124 on massage 82 remedy pictures in hypoglycemia, in insulin as naturopath 100 138–139 potentiation therapy 65 Hippocratic oath 55 rubefacients in 139 hyssop oil 113 HIV, NCCAM on 232 trauma remedies in 154 Hoffer, Abram 119–120 Homeopathy, a Frontier in Medical Hoffman, Jeff 171–172 Science (Bellavite and I Hohenheim, Philippus Aureolus Signorini) 18–19 Theophrastus Bombast von. homeostasis 121 I Ching 149 See Paracelsus home remedies 57 imagery, guided 50 Holistic Animal Therapy honey 8, 47, 57 Imaginal Therapy 67 Association of Australia 184 honeysuckle 16 immunizations Holistic Dental Association hops oil 113 as homeopathy 56 184 Horatio Alger Association 125 Law of Similars in 75 holistic medicine 55–56 hornbean 16–17 impatiens 17 holly 16 hot packs, in hyperthermia 61 IMSS. See International Holmes, Ernest 56 hot tonics 22, 151 Macrobiotic Shiatsu Society The Science of Mind 43, 56 hot-water bottles, in Inayat Khan, Hazrat 67 Homeopathic Educational hyperthermia 61 Indian. See Native American Services 184 Hoxsey, Harry 57–58 infusion 65 Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the You Don’t Have to Die 58 infusodecoction 65 United States (HPUS) 54 Hoxsey therapy 57–58 Ingham, Eunice 137, 173 Homeopathic Remedies for Health HPUS. See Homeopathic Inner Peace Music 184 Professionals and Laypeople Pharmacopoeia of the United Insight Meditation Society (Buegel, Lewis, and Chernin) States 184 22 Hudgings, Carole 198 Instep International 22 homeopathy 56–57 humectant 58 Institute of Medicine (IOM) AMA on 196–197 humor, use of xxi, 58 205–206 centesimal scale in 25 humors, four 58 insulin potentiation therapy combination remedies in Huneke, Ferdinand 102 (IPT) 65 30 Huneke, Walter 102 insurance coverage 198 266 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Integral yoga 168 International Society for Jois, Sir K. Patabhi 168 integrative medicine Molecular Nutrition and Journal of Orthomolecular definition of xi, xviii Therapy (ISMNT) 85–86 Psychiatry 120 NCCAM on 98 International Society for Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine integrative yoga therapy Orthomolecular Medicine 185 36 168–169 intestinal therapy, Mayr 83 Journal of Schizophrenia 119 Interior Realignment 65 intuitive touch 65 journals xxii. See also specific International Academy of Oral inyanga 141 journals Medicine and Toxicology IOM. See Institute of Medicine juices and juice therapy 69–70 184 IPA. See International Primal dosha and 44 International Alliance of Association Juicing for Life (Calbom and Healthcare Education 184 IPT. See insulin potentiation Keane) 69 International Apiary Society 8 therapy Jung, Carl 70 International Association for iridology 65–66 The Psychology of the Colon Hydrotherapy 30 irischromotherapy 66 Unconscious 70 International Association for irritants, in reconstructive juniper oil 113–114 Colon Therapy 184 therapy 136 International Association of ISHTA yoga 169 Professional Natural Islamic Sufi healing practices K Hygienists 184 66–67 International Center for Reiki Zikr in 173 kahuna 71 Training 184 ISMNT. See International Kali Ray TriYoga 169 International Chiropractors Society for Molecular Kalita, Dwight K., Magnet Association 184 Nutrition and Therapy Therapy 80–81 International Clinical Isopogon 12 Kaminski, Patricia, Flower Hyperthermia Society 184 Issels, Josef 67–68 Essence Repertory 46 International College of Issels’s fever therapy 67–68 kapha 34, 71, 146, 154, 156 Advanced Longevity Medicine Iyengar, B. K. S. 168, 169 kappalbhati 161 76, 185 Iyengar yoga 169 Karlekar, R. V. 155 International College of Applied Katz, Richard, Flower Essence Kinesiology 71, 185 Repertory 46 International Institute of J Kaufman, Barry Neil Reflexology 185 118–119 International Integral Qigong Jacobs, Joseph 199–200 Happiness Is a Choice 119 and Tai Chi Training Institute James, William xxii, 69 Kaufman, Samahria 119 185 Janov, Arthur 127 Keane, Maureen, Juicing for Life International Macrobiotic Japan 69 Shiatsu Society (IMSS) 79 shiatsu in 65 Kelder, Peter 171 International Medical and White Light Reiki in 159 Kellogg, John Harvey 29 Dental Hypnotherapy jasmine oil 113 Kenny, Elizabeth 126 Association 185 jihva 151 Kent, James Tyler 53 International Primal Association jing 40, 69 khella oil 114 (IPA) 127, 128 jingluo 69, 83 ki 71. See also qi (ch’i) International Review of jing ye 69 Kilham, Christopher, The Five Chiropractic (journal) 28 Jivamukti yoga 169 Tibetans 171 International Rolf Institute Johns Hopkins University, kinesiology 71–72 185 cancer research at 93–94 in reflex approach 31 Index 267

King, H. Lawrence 127 Lao Tzu Laozi 149 liver disease, NCCAM on 232 Kingsley, Noel 6 larch 17 liver flush 76 Kirlian, Semyon 72 laser therapy, cold 19 living foodists 157 Kirlian, Valentina 72 laughter 58 Lomatium dissectum, as herbal Kirlian photography 72, 126 lavandin oil 114 antibiotic 7 Klinghardt, Dietrich 102 lavender, aromatherapy with 9 Lomi-Lomi massage 83 knee douche 59 lavender oil 114 longevity medicine 76 Kneipp, Sebastian 59 lavender spike oil 114 Lourdes (France), waters of knotweed 139 Law(s) 59 Korngold, Efrem 18 of Contraries 75 lovage oil 115 Between Heaven and Earth of Cure, Hering’s 55 lovage root oil 115 4–5, 18, 133 of Similars 56, 75 Love, Medicine & Miracles (Siegel) Korr, I. M. 120 Lawrence, D. H. xvii 10, 43, 143 Kraftsow, Gary 171 Laya yoga 170 lower trunk douche 59 Krieger, Dolores 72 laying on of hands 75 lymphasizing 77 Accepting Your Power to Heal in faith healing 43 lymph drainage, manual 82 72 lay organizations, contact lymphedema 82 Therapeutic Touch information for 177–187 developed by 72, 73, 150 Lazanoff, Gorgi 145 kripalu yoga 72, 169 learning disabilities, M Krishnamacharya, Tirumalai neurolinguistics for 102 166–167, 168, 171 lemon balm 115 macrobiotics 79–80 Krishnamurti, Jiddu 72, 167 lemongrass oil 114 yin-yang in 163 Kriyananda, Swami 168 lemon oil 114 magnesium therapy, for asthma Kriya yoga 168, 169 lemon verbena oil 114 97 Kroon, Coen van der 155 Le Page, Joseph 169 magnetic field therapy 80–81 ku 72 Lewis, Blair 22 Magnet Therapy (Kalita et al.) Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth 72–73 Homeopathic Remedies for 80–81 and Myss, Caroline 87 Health Professionals and Maharishi Ayur-Veda 151 Kuchler, Henriette 53 Laypeople 22 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 151 kundalini 73 Lewis, Carl 46 majja (nerve) 34 Kundalini yoga 169–170 Life, David 169 malaria 56 Kunz, Dora Van Gelder 72, 73, Life After Life (Moody) 86 malas 81 150 Life Sciences Institute of Mind- mambos 142, 158 Kurtz, Ron 53 Body Health 185 mamsa (muscle) 34 Kushi Institute 79 Light on Yoga (Iyengar) 168 mandarin oil 115 light therapy 75–76 Mandel, Peter 30 and color therapy 30, 75 Manners, Peter 32 solar 144 L mansin 142 Light Therapy Institute 185 mantra 81, 170 labdanum oil 114 Light Years Ahead (Breiling) 22 Mantra yoga 170 labrador tea 114 lime oil 114 manuka oil 115 lactovegetarians 157 linden blossom oil 115 maps Laing, R. D. 10 liniment 76 Bagua 45 Lake, Frank 127 Linn, Denise, Past Lives, Present body 20 Lange, Carl 69 Dreams 65, 124–125 foot 136 lantana oil 114 litsea cubeba oil 115 tongue 151 268 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Marchant, G. 129–130 McFadden, Bernarr xxii The Mind/Body Effect (Benson) Marcus Aurelius 49 McGraw, Phillip C. xix 18 marigold oil 115 Self Matters xix Mind-Body Medical Institute marjoram oil 115 meda (adipose tissue) 34 185 Markov, M. S. 134 medicine men, and sweat minority populations marma 81 lodges 148 CAM use in 97 marma puncture 82 meditation 83 health disparities in martial arts, in t’ai ch’i 149 for coronary heart disease 97–98 Martin, Harvey J., III 130 231–232 mint 54, 57 massage 82–83 mantra in 81 Mithal, C. P. 155 acupressure 1–2, 82 transcendental 151–154 molecular nutrition 85–86 with aromatherapy 83 as yoga 164 monarda oil 115 Aston-Patterning 11 MEDLINE 98 Moody, Raymond 86 chair 82 melatonin 75, 76, 232, 234 Life After Life 86 connective tissue 82 melissa oil 115 Moore, Thomas 86 craniosacral 82 Menn, Lise 102–103 Care of the Soul 46 Deep Tissue 82 mental 83 MORA Concept 86–87 effleurage 37 mental health, NCCAM on Morell, Franz, The MORA Feldenkrais method 44–45, 233 Concept 87 82–83 Mentgen, Janet 150 Moss, Thelma 126 intuitive touch 65 menthe pouliot oil 115 mother tincture 87 Lomi-Lomi 83 Menuhin, Yehudi 168 mouth balancing 19–20 lymph drainage 82 meridians 83–84 moxa 4, 232 neuromuscular 82 in acupressure 1, 2 moxibustion 4, 87 reflexology 50, 82, 84, in acupuncture 2 Mozart Effect Resource Center 136–137, 173 as channels 26 185 Reiki 11, 83, 137–138, 144, Mesmer, Franz Anton 63, 80, Muehsam, David J. 134 159 84 Muehsam, Patricia A. 134 Rolfing 11, 139 mesmerism 84 mugwort 87, 115 shiatsu 2, 65, 79–80, 82, metal, in Five Elements 46 Multiple Sclerosis Society, on 142 Metamorphic Association apitherapy 8 sports 82 84–85 muscle testing, in kinesiology stone 83 Metamorphic Technique 71–72 Swedish 82 84–85 musculoskeletal disorders, Thai 82, 149 miasm 85 NCCAM on 233–234 Therapeutic Touch 72, 73, Mifepristone 1 Museum of Images from the 83, 150 milk 47 Unconscious (Rio de Janeiro) Trager Integration 151 milk secretion, breast 49 10 massoia bark oil 115 Milton H. Erickson Foundation music therapy 87, 144–145 Matrix, Inc. 185 185 mustard 17 Matthews-Simonton, Stephanie mimosa oil 115 myotherapy 87 144 mimulus 17 myrrh oil 115–116 Maury, Marguerite 9 mind, nonlocal 34, 104 myrtle oil 116 Mayr intestinal therapy 83 mind-body connection xviii, Myss, Caroline 87 Mazzara, Ismael 67 85 Anatomy of the Spirit 87 McDowall, Donald, Psychic AMA on 190–191 Why People Don’t Heal and Surgery 129 NCCAM on 227 How They Can 87 Index 269

N National Institute of Ayurvedic neurolinguistics 102–103 Medicine (NIAM) 13 neurological disorders, NCCAM Nadi 131 National Institute of Endocrine on 234 Nakagawa, Kyoichi 81 Research 186 neuromuscular massage 82 narcissus oil 116 National Institute of Nutrition neuropeptides 85 Naropa Institute 185 186 neuroprotective agents 234 nasal douche 35 National Institutes of Health Neurostructural Integration nasya 89 (NIH) Technique (NST) 22 National Academies 205 on acupuncture 3, 4 NH-PAI. See Nurse Healers- National Acupuncture consensus conferences at Professional Associates Detoxification Association 241 International Inc. 186 naturopathy and 101 NIAM. See National Institute of National Association for Holistic new study by 205–206 Ayurvedic Medicine Aromatherapy 185 National Qigong Association Niaouli oil 116 National Cancer Institute (NCI), (NQA) 134, 186 Niehans, Paul 25 on Hoxsey therapy 57–58 National Stress Institute 142 Nightingale, Florence 103–104 National Center for Native American healing on mind-body connection Complementary and practices 99–100 xviii Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) 89–99 sweat lodge in 147–148 Notes on Nursing 103–104 contact information for 92 Natrum mur 24 NIH. See National Institutes of establishment of xx, 214, Natrum muriaticum 24 Health 217 Natural Medicine Clinic 101 Nixon-Levy, Michael 22 events in history of naturopath 100 niyama 164, 165 228–230 naturopathy 100–101 NLP. See Neuro-Linguistic evidence-based reviews in AMA on 197 Programming 240–241 fasting in 44 Nogier, Paul 4 fact sheet on CAM by NCCAM on 227 nonlocal mind 34, 104 89–99 Navarra, Tom 142–144 North American Vegetarian interventions by, NCAHF. See National Council Society 186 mechanisms of 93 against Health Fraud nosode 15, 104 members of 241–244 NCCAM. See National Center Notes on Nursing (Nightingale) objectives of xx–xxi, 89, 93, for Complementary and 103–104 217–218 Alternative Medicine NQA. See National Qigong priorities of 93–98 NCI. See National Cancer Association research centers of 235–238 Institute NST. See Neurostructural strategic plan of, text of near-death experience 86, 101 Integration Technique 213–244 neck douches 60 Nurse Healers-Professional and Therapeutic Touch 150 neck pain, acupuncture for 3 Associates International Inc. National Center for negative energy 101–102 (NH-PAI) 150, 186 Homeopathy 186 Nelson, Mildred 58 nursing National Commission for the Nelson Bach USA 186 holistic 104 Certification of Acupuncturists neroli oil 116 and Nightingale, Florence 186 nervous system 12. See also 103–104 National Council against Health autonomic nervous system nutmeg oil 116 Fraud (NCAHF) 130–131, 186 neural therapy 19, 102 nutrition National Guild of Hypnotists Neuro-Linguistic Programming in ahara rasa 5 186 (NLP) 102 AMA on 191 270 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

in green superfoods 50 osteoarthritis, NCCAM on 96 parasympathetic nervous molecular 85–86 osteopathy 120–121, 146 system 12 nutritional therapy 104–105 AMA on 193 Parkinson’s disease 234 Gerson therapy 49–50 Our NET Effect (ONE) parsley 57 juice therapy 69–70 Foundation 186 parsley seed oil 116 out-of-body experience 86. See particulars 124 also near-death experience passive volition 19 O overheating therapy. See Pasteur, Louis 80 hyperthermia; Issels’s fever past-life regression therapy oak 17 therapy 124–125 OAM. See Office of Alternative ovolactovegetarians 157 Past Lives, Present Dreams (Linn) Medicine Oxford Health Plan 198 65, 124–125 obeah 107 oxidative cell injury 233 Patanjali 164, 166, 168 Office of Alternative Medicine patchouli oil 116 (OAM) 197–198. See also Pauling, Linus 119, 120 National Center for P PDR Family Guide to Natural Complementary and Medicines & Healing Therapies, Alternative Medicine pacemakers, Reiki and 138 on apitherapy 8 office yoga 170 Pacific Institute of Peale, Norman Vincent 125 Offner, Yonah 170 Aromatherapy 186 The Power of Positive Thinking oils, essential 107–118 packs 125 aromatherapy with 9–10 herbal vaginal 157 Peale, Ruth Stafford 125 oja 118 hot 61 peculiars 125 olive 17 pain Peczeley, Ignatz von 66 omega-3 fatty acids 233 acupuncture for 3, 4, 232, penicillamine 26 Omura, Y. 129 233 Pennsylvania, University of, The One Spirit Encyclopedia of back 234 cancer research at 93–94 Complementary Health 2 Bonnie Prudden The People’s Repertory (De Options Institute 118–119 Myotherapy for 21 Schepper) 56 O’Quinn, John F. 155 dental 232 pepper, black 109 oral acupuncture 19 neck 3 peppermint oil 116–117 orange oil 116 transcutaneous electrical peridot 32 oranges 47 nerve stimulation for 39 Perls, Fritz 102 oregano oil 116 palmarosa oil 116 personality profiles 35 organizations, contact Palmer, Bartlett J. 123 Personality Profiles of the Major information for 177–187 Palmer, Daniel David 27, 28, Constitutional Remedies (Baily) Organon (Hahnemann) 53 123–124 17 organ remedies 119 palmistry 124 Pert, Candace 85 Orloff, Judith 119 panchakarma 124 pet(s). See also animal(s) Ornish, Dean 119 papaya 47 naturopathy for 101 on vegetarianism 157 Paracelsus 124 therapy for 125–126 orris root oil 116 on magnets 80 petitgrain oil 117 orthomolecular medicine and organ remedies 119 Pew, J. Howard 125 119–120 paraffin wax, in hyperthermia Philippine Medical Association osha, as herbal antibiotic 7 61–62 (PMA) 129–130 Osler, William xiii Paramananda, Swami 165, Philippines, psychic surgery in osmanthus oil 116 166 128–131 Index 271

Philpott, William H., Magnet The Power to Heal: Ancient Arts & pulse analysis 131 Therapy 80–81 Modern Medicine xxi, xxii Punctoscope 4 phlegm, as humor 58 on art therapy 10 purvakarma 131 Phoenix Rising yoga 170 Power yoga 170 Pyrifer 67 photography, Kirlian 72, 126 A Practical Guide to Vibrational physical therapy 126 Medicine (Gerber) xviii, 47 physicians. See also specific types on magnetism 80 Q botanic 21 on radionics 135 conventional pragmatism 69 qi (ch’i) 133 as triage officer xx prakruti 127 in acupressure 1, 2 views on alternative pranayama 127, 164, 166 in acupuncture 2–3 medicine 200 pranic bath 161 qigong 133–134 phytotherapy 126. See also pranic healing 127 internal 133 herbalism pratyahara 164 medical 133 Pilates 126 prayer, power of 34, 127 Qigong Institute 134, 186 Pilates, Joseph H. 126 pregnancy, depression during, qi ni 134 Pilla, Arthur A. 134 acupuncture for 235 qi xian 134 pine 17 Prescription for Nutritional Healing qi zhi 134 pine oil 117 (Balch and Balch) 17 Quackwatch 146 pitta 34, 126, 154 Preventive Medicine Research quartz 32 refrigerants for 137 Institute (PMRI) 119 in urine therapy 155–156 Priessnitz, Vincenz 59 placebo 126 primal integration 127–128 R placebo effect 126 primal scream therapy 127–128 NCCAM on 95–96 primitive medicine 245 radical healing xviii, 135 spontaneous healing as 146 professional organizations, Radical Healing (Ballentine) placebo surgery 130 contact information for xviii, 135 plant-spirit healing 126 177–187 on allopathy 6 Plants Used Against Cancer prostatic hyperplasia, benign on flower remedies 15–16 (Hartwell) 58 (BPH) 234–235 on Hering’s Law of Cure 55 PMA. See Philippine Medical protease 40 on sweat lodges 147–148 Association Prudden, Bonnie 21 radiesthesia, medical 35 PMRI. See Preventive Medicine psoric miasm 85 radionics 135–136 Research Institute psychiatry, consultation-liaison Raj, Maharishi Ayur-Veda polarity therapy 126–127 35, 36 Health Institute 186 polypeptides 38 psychic surgery 128–131 rajas 50, 136 pools, heated, in aquasonics 8 Psychic Surgery (McDowall) 129 rajasic 136 positive thinking 125 psychoimmunology xxii Raja yoga 164 posture training. See Alexander The Psychology of the Unconscious rakta (blood) 34 Technique (Jung) 70 rakta moksha 136 potassium chloride 24 psychosomatic disease 131 Ramakrishna Order 166 potassium phosphate 24 psychosomatic medicine Ramakrishna Paramhansa 165, potassium sulfate 24 and behavioral medicine 166 poultice, herbal 127 18 Ramdas, Papa 167 PowerBreathing 170 definition of 18 rapeseed oil 109 The Power of Positive Thinking Dunbar’s work in 35, 36 rasa (plasma) 34, 136 (Peale) 125 PubMed 90, 98 rasayana 136 272 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Rauch, Erich, Health Through restorative 139 Sacro-Occipital Technique Inner Body Cleansing 83 rice 47 (S.O.T.) 31 Ravensara anisata 117 Rich, Tracey 171 SAD. See seasonal affective Ravensara aromatica 117 Rickey, Branch 125 disorder Ray, Kali 169 Rig-Veda 165 Sagan, Carl 201 rebirthing 136 Rimland, Bernard 120 sage oil 117 reconstructive therapy 136 Rio de Janeiro, Museum of St. John, Robert 84 rectal. See colonic irrigation Images from the Unconscious St. John’s wort Rector-Page, Linda G., Healthy in 10 AMA on 192 Healing Rishis 139 as essential oil 117–118 on anxiety treatments 7–8 Ritacco, Barbara 46 NCCAM on 96, 217f, 233 on ascorbic acid flush 10–11 rituals, Native American 99 Saint-Pierre, Gaston 84 red chestnut 17 rock rose 17 salve 141 reflex approach 31 rock water 17 samadhi 164 reflexology 82, 136–137, 173 Rolf, Ida P. 139 samagni 141 Grinberg Method of 50 Rolfing 139 Sama-Veda 165 in Metamorphic Technique Aston-Patterning and 11 Samkara 165 84 root (sexual) chakra 25, 139, Samkhya philosophy 50–51 refrigerant 137 142 SAMONAS. See Spectral regression therapy, past-life rose Activated Music of Optimal 124–125 rock 17 Natural Structure Reich, Wilhelm 137 Sturt Desert 12 Sampson, Wallace 200–201 Reichian therapy 137 wild 17 sandalwood oil 117 Reichmanis, Maria 3 rosemary oil 117 sangomas 141 Reiki 83, 137–138 Rosen, Marion 139 Sanskrit 164 attunement (initiation) in 11 Rosen method 139, 187 Satchidananda, Sri Swami 168 solar plexus in 144 rose oil 117 Satir, Virginia 102 White Light 138, 159 rosewood oil 117 satva 50 Reinventing Medicine (Dossey) Rovesti, Paolo 9 saunas 40, 104, 133–134 Rowan, John 127–128 in hydrotherapy 60 rejuvenation therapy 138 Roy, Ram Mohun 165 sweat lodges as 147–148 relaxant 138 royal jelly 8 savoy cabbage 47 relaxation 138 RU486 1 saw palmetto 7, 234–235 autogenic training for 12–13 rubefacient 139 scent. See aromatherapy biofeedback for 19 Rubenfeld, Ilana 139 Scheel, John 197 breathing techniques for 22 Rubenfeld Synergy Center 139, Schizophrenia (journal) 120 floatation therapy for 46 187 Schuessler, W. H. 21, 24 Relaxation Response 138 Rubenfeld Synergy Method An Abridged Therapy Manual remedy picture 138–139 139–140 for the Biochemical Treatment remission 139 of Disease 24 spontaneous 139, 145–146 Schultz, Johannes H. 12 Siegel on 143 S Schweitzer, Albert 49 ren 139 The Science of Mind (Holmes) 43, Renner, John 190, 194 Sacred Plant Medicine (Buhner) 56 rennin 39 22 scleranthus 17 Rescue Remedy 17 Sacro-Occipital Research Society scream therapy, primal Reston, James 216 International 187 127–128 Index 273 scutellaria 27 Siegel, Bernie S. xviii, SomatoEmotional Release seasonal affective disorder 142–144 (SER) 31 (SAD) 75–76, 144 interview with 142–144 S.O.T. See Sacro-Occipital The Seat of the Soul (Zukav) Love, Medicine & Miracles 10, Technique 173 43, 143 soul therapy. See flower Self Matters: Creating Your Life Siegler Center for Integrative remedies from the Inside Out (McGraw) Medicine xi Sound, Listening and Learning xix Sieglinger, Frank 33 Center 187 Selye, Hans 141–142 Signorini, Andrea 18–19 Sound Healers Association 187 Semicarpus anacardium 13 Homeopathy, a Frontier in Sound Health Research Institute Senate, U.S., hearing on Medical Science 18–19 187 alternative medicine in xviii silicic acid 24 sound therapy 144–145 SER. See SomatoEmotional silver 32 cymatics 32 Release Similars, Law of 56, 75 aquasonics in 8, 32 sexual (root) chakra 25, 139, Simonton, O. Carl 144 music in 87, 144–145 142 guided imagery used by Southwest, curanderismo in 32 shad rasa 142 50 soy supplements 96–97 shaking 147 Simonton Cancer Center 187 spearmint oil 117 shaman(s) 99, 142 Sinatra, Frank xviii specificity hypothesis 35–36 psychic surgery by sitz bath 60 Spectral Activated Music of 128–131 Sivananda, Swami 167–168, Optimal Natural Structure sangoma 141 170 (SAMONAS) 145 women as 142 Sivananda yoga 170 spikenard oil 117 Shamanism 142 six stage patterns 144 spinal manipulation, NCCAM Shankara 165 The Skeptic’s Dictionary (Carroll) on 95 shark cartilage 94, 231 81 spinal reflexes, in Metamorphic Sharp Institute for Human skin, applications applied to 8 Technique 84 Potential and Mind-Body sleep disorders 76, 234 Spinifex 12 Medicine 187 Smallwood, William L., The West spiritual healing. See faith Shealy, C. Norman 142 Point Candidate Book xix healing American Holistic Medical smartweed 139 spirulina 50 Association founded by smell. See aromatherapy spontaneous healing xxi, 142 Smith, Fritz 173 (remission) 139, 143, on triage by physicians xx smoking cessation, for anxiety 8 145–146 Shealy Institute 142 smudging 99 sports massage 82 Sheddon, Peter 120–121 Soaring Crane qigong 133 Srinivasan 171 shen 142 Society for Light Treatment and star of bethlehem 17 Shen, Ronger 133–134 Biological Rhythms 187 Stead, Eugene A., Jr. xx Shen Nung 27 Society for Orthomolecular steam baths, in hydrotherapy She Oak 12 Health Medicine 187 60 shiatsu 65, 82, 142 sodium chloride 24 Steinbach, Ingo 145 macrobiotic 79–80 sodium phosphate 24 Steiner, Rudolf 21, 146 vs. acupressure 2 sodium sulfate 24 Still, Andrew Taylor 120, 121, Shiva (Hindu god) 155, 165 solar plexus 144 146, 193 shivananda yoga 142 as third chakra 25, 144 Stillpoint Publishing Company shukra (reproductive tissue) solar therapy 144. See also light 87 34 therapy stimulant 146 274 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine stomach wash 146 symptoms Thornburg, Raymond 125 Stone, Randolph 127 in remedy picture 138–139 throat chakra 26 stone massage 83 subclinical 147 thrombin 39 Straus, Stephen E. 214, 230 Synergy Method, Rubenfeld thyme oil 118 stress 146–147 139–140 Tibb medicine 66 reduction of, Alexander syphilitic miasm 85 Tibetan yoga 171 Technique for 5–6 Timeless Healing: The Power and Selye’s theory of (general Biology of Belief (Benson) xx adaptation syndrome) T on acupuncture 4 141–142 on faith healing 43 stressors 147 Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical tinctures 151 Stress Reduction and Relaxation Dictionary xvii, 6 flower 15 Program 187 t’ai ch’i (t’ai ch’i chuan) 149 mother 87 structural integration. See Trager yin-yang in 163 tissue remedies. See cell salts Integration tamas 50 tissue salts. See cell salts Study of Women’s Health tangerine oil 118 TM. See transcendental Across the Nation (SWAN) Tantra yoga 171 meditation 235 Tantric tradition, Five Elements Toffler, Alvin 141 Sturt Desert Pea 12 in 46 Tomatis, Alfred A. 144 Sturt Desert Rose 12 Taoism 149 tongue analysis 151 styrax 118 Tao Te Ching 149 tongue maps 20 subclinical symptoms 147 tarragon oil 118 tonics succussion 147 taste blood 20 Sufi Healing Order 66–67 in Ayurveda 46, 136, 142 hot 22, 151 Sufi healing practices, Islamic in Chinese medicine 161 purpose of 22 66–67 taste testing 46 tonification 151 Zikr in 173 tea toning 145 superfoods, green 50 herbal 149 touch surgery as infusion 65 Healing 150 placebo 130 tea tree oil 118 intuitive 65 psychic 128–131 TENS. See transcutaneous Therapeutic 72, 73, 83, Sutherland, William Garner electrical nerve stimulation 150 31 Textbook of Dr. Vodder’s Manual tourmaline, clear 32 Sutra 164 Lymph Drainage (Wittlinger toxins, as ama 6 Svaroopa yoga 170–171 and Wittlinger) 77 Trager, Milton 151 Svatmarama, Yogindra 166 Thacher, C. J. 80 Trager Institute 187 SWAN. See Study of Women’s Thai massage 82, 149 Trager Integration 151 Health Across the Nation theophylline 27 Transcendental Meditation Swartley, Bill 127 Therapeutic Astrology (Bogart) (TM) 151–154 sweat lodge 147–148 21 transcutaneous electrical nerve Swedish massage 82 Therapeutic Touch (TT) 83, stimulation (TENS) 39 sweet birch 108 150 trauma remedies 154 sweet chestnut 17 development of 72, 73, 150 tribal healing practices. See sweet flag 109 thiamine 157 Native American healing sycotic miasm 85 thigh douche 59 practices sympathetic nervous system Thomson, Samuel 21, tridoshas 34, 154. See also doshas 12 150–151 trigger points. See acupoints Index 275 trunk douche 59–60 vegetarianism 157 water TT. See Therapeutic Touch in macrobiotic diet 79–80 in Five Elements 46 tui na 2 Verus, Lucius Aurelius 49 in flotation therapy 46 turquoise 32 vervain 17 in hydrotherapy 58–61 The Twelve Healers and Other veterinary medicine. See pet(s) watercress 47 Remedies (Bach) 15 vetivert oil 118 water violet 17 The Twelve Tissue Remedies of vibrational medicine 157. See wax, paraffin, in hyperthermia Schuessler (Boericke and also specific types 61–62 Dewey) 21 definition of xviii Weil, Andrew 159, 201 effects of depression in 33–34 wei qi 133 Gerber on xviii Weiss, Brian L. 124, 159 U radionics in 135–136 West, C. Samuel, The Golden Vilayat Khan, Pir 67 Seven Plus One 77 ulcers, Chinese herbs for 27 vine 17 The West Point Candidate Book ultrasound, hyperthermia with Viniyoga 171 (Smallwood) xix 61, 62 violet wheat grass 50 Upanishads 165 Fringed 12 White, Ganga 171 Upledger, John E. 31 water 17 White, Ian 12 upper trunk douche 59–60 violet leaf oil 118 white birch 109 urinalysis 155 Vishnu (Hindu god) 139 white chestnut 17 urinary tract infections 97 Vishnu-devananda, Swami 170 White Light Reiki 138, 159 urine therapy 155–156 vision, Bates Method for White Lotus yoga 171 urological disorders, NCCAM on Improving 18 WHO. See World Health 234–235 visualization Organization usnea 7 in guided imagery 50 Wholeness and the Implicate Order Usui, Mikao 137, 159 in Imaginal Therapy 67 (Bohm) 21 vital force 157 Why People Don’t Heal and How vitalism 157 They Can (Myss) 87 V vitamin(s) 157–158 Wilde, Stuart, Affirmations 5 vitamin A 157 wild oat 17 Vacaspati Mishra 164 vitamin B 158 wild rose 17 vaccines vitamin B1 157 willow 17, 148 as homeopathy 56 vitamin C 119, 158 wintergreen oil 118 Law of Similars in 75 vitamin D 158 Wittlinger, H. and G., Textbook of vaginal douche, herbal 35 vitamin E 231 Dr. Vodder’s Manual Lymph vaginal pack, herbal 157 vitamin K 157 Drainage 77 vaginitis 157 Vithoulkas, George 57 women’s health, NCCAM on Valnet, Jean 9 Vivekananda, Swami 165–166 235 vaman 146 voice, in sound therapy 145 Woods, Bobby 148 vamankarm 146 vomiting, therapeutic 146 World Chiropractic Alliance vanilla oil 118 Voodoo (Vodun) 142, 158 187 vata 34, 154, 155, 157 World Health Organization Vedanta 165, 166 (WHO) Vedas 13, 165 W on acupuncture 3 veganism 157 Constitution of, on health Vegetarian Education Network walnut 17 xvii 187 Walters, J. Donald 168 on homeopathy 57 276 The Encyclopedia of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Worrall, Olga 126 yarrow oil 118 yogi 164 wraps yeast infections 157 yogurt 47 herbal 8, 55, 61 yellow bile 58 You Don’t Have to Die (Hoxsey) in hydrotherapy 60–61 yellow fever 57 58 Wright, Carol 130 yin 163 Wright, Donald F. 130 yin-yang 163 Yi Wu 133–134 Z ylang ylang oil 118 X yoga 164–172. See also specific Zak, Victor 23–24 types zanfu zhi qi 173 xenobiotics 161 branches of 168–172 zang 163 xian 161 definition of 164 zang fu 173 xin 161 history of 164–165 zanthoxylum oil 118 X rays, chiropractic 161 important figures in zero balancing 173 xu 161 164–168 zheng qi 133, 173 writings on 164–165 Zikr 173 YogaDance 171–172 zone therapy 173. See also Y Yoga Makarandam reflexology (Krishnamacharya) 167 zong qi 133, 173 Yajur-Veda 165 Yogananda, Paramhansa 167, Zukav, Gary 173 yama 164, 165 168, 169 Zulu culture 141 Yamamoto, Shizuko 79 Yoga-Sutra 164, 165, 166 yang 163 Yoga Zone Studios 169