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Anuario Argentino De Derecho Canónico, Vol. 15, 2008

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Anuario Argentino De Derecho Canónico, Vol. 15, 2008 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA ARGENTINA SANTA MARÍA DE LOS BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE DERECHO CANÓNICO SANTO TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO ANUARIO ARGENTINO DE DERECHO CANÓNICO Volumen XV 2008 Editado por la Facultad de Derecho Canónico SANTO TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires Consejo de Redacción Alejandro W. Bunge Director Víctor E. Pinto Ariel D. Busso Nelson Carlos Dellaferrera Con las debidas licencias Queda hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 ISSN: 0328-5049 Editor responsable Editado por la Facultad de Derecho Canónico Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo Dirección y administración Anuario Argentino de Derecho Canónico Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1300 C1107AFD Buenos Aires, Argentina Teléfono (54 11) 4349-0451 - Fax (54 11) 4349-0433 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Suscripción ordinaria en el país: $ 50.— Suscripción ordinaria en el exteriror: U$S 40.— La revista se reserva los derechos de autor y el derecho de reproducir los artículos enteros en otros medios impresos y/o electrónicos Esta revista es indizada en texto completo en la base de datos Fuente Académica, editada por EBSCO Publishing ÍNDICE GENERAL ARTÍCULOS AZNAR GIL, F., La inmadurez psicológica y el consentimiento matrimonial en la jurisprudencia rotal 9 BONET ALCÓN, J. Comentario a la Instrucción Sanctorum Mater 51 BUNGE, A. W., Guía doctrinal para presentar y resolver causas de nulidad matrimonial por el canon 1095, 2° y 3° 77 GIDI, M., El gobierno pastoral del Obispo diocesano como moderador del ministerio de la palabra en la Iglesia particular 109 MELNYK, R. A., Pontifical Legation to the United Nations 149 SCHOCH, N., Presentación de la Ley propia del Supremo Tribunal de la Signatura Apostólica 203 NOTAS BACCIOLI, C. La aplicación de las normas canónicas en la pastoral de los "fieles no practicantes" 231 FRONZA, J., Laicidad positiva: ¿ciencia canónica o sociología de la religión? 249 SCHMOECKEL, M., La tortura y la prueba en ius commune (enfoque en el s. XIII) 265 ACTUALIDAD Crónica de la Facultad (E. GARCíA QUIROGA) 281 Alocución en el acto colación de grados académicos (M. L. OLIVERA) 293 RECENSIONES AA.VV. (A CURA DI E. BAURA), Studi sulla Prelatura dell'Opus Dei. A venticinque anni dalla Costituzione apostolica «Ut sit» (POR A. PERLASCA) 299 AA.VV. (A CURA DI L. OKULIK), Le Chiese sui iuris (Atti del Convegno di Studio svolto a Ko%oice, Slovacchia, 6-7.03.2004) (POR H. A. VON HUSTINOV) 303 DELLAFERRERA, N., Procesos Canónicos. Catálogo 1688-1888. Archivo del Arzobispado de Córdoba (POR H. A. VON HUSTINOV) 307 HERVADA, J., ¿Qué es el derecho? La moderna respuesta del realismo jurídico (POR S. JOFRÉ) 311 HERVADA, J., Pensieri di un canonista nell'ora presente (POR H. A. VON HusTiNov) 314 INGOGLIA, A. Le partecipazione dello Stato alla nomina dei vescovi nei Paesi Ispano-americani (POR J. G. NAVARRO FLORIA) 318 SANTIAGO, A., Religión y Política: Sus relaciones en el actual magisterio de la Iglesia Católica y a través de la historia constitucional argentina (POR J. G. NAVARRO FLORIA) 319 TURCHI, V., l nuovi volti di Antigone: Le obiezioni de coscienza nell'esperienza giuridica contemporanea (POR J. G. NAVARRO FLORIA). 325 AADC 1-15 (1194-2008), ÍNDICES 331 I.- ARTÍCULOS Y NOTAS: ORDEN ALFABÉTICO 335 II.- ARTÍCULOS Y NOTAS: ORDEN TEMÁTICO 345 III.- JURISPRUDENCIA (SENTENCIAS COMENTADAS) 357 IV.- ACTUALIDAD 361 V.- DOCUMENTOS 365 VI.- LEGISLACIÓN PARTICULAR ARGENTINA 367 VII.- RECENSIONES 371 ARTÍCULOS AADC XIV (2008) 9-50 LA INMADUREZ PSICOLÓGICA Y EL CONSENTI- MIENTO MATRIMONIAL EN LA JURISPRUDENCIA ROTAL Federico AZNAR GIL SUMARIO: 1. Introducción. 2. La inmadurez psicológica, fenómeno genera- lizado. 3. La influencia de la inmadurez en la constitución del matri- monio. a) Criterios indicativos de inmadurez. b) La incapacidad con- sensual causada por la inmadurez. c) La capacidad crítica y electiva (c. .1095,2°) y de asumir las obligaciones esenciales conyugales (c. 1095,3°). d) La madurez requerida para consentir válidamente. 4. As- pectos procesales. a) Algunas consideraciones. b) La pericia sobre la inmadurez. c) Las cualidades de los peritos. 5. Conclusiones. Anexo: jurisprudencia rotal reciente sobre la inmadurez. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN "En algunos casos, decía el Romano Pontífice en su discurso de este año al Tribunal de la Rota Romana, se puede advertir aún viva la exigencia de la que hablaba mi venerado Predecesor: la de preservar a la comunidad eclesial del escándalo de ver, en la práctica, destruido el valor del matrimo- nio cristiano por el multiplicarse exagerada y casi automáticamente las de- claraciones de nulidad, en caso del fracaso del matrimonio, bajo el pretexto de una cualquiera inmadurez o debilidad psíquica del contrayente"1 . Y en el mismo discurso se recordaban algunos principios y criterios que, habitual- mente, tienen en cuenta la jurisprudencia y la doctrina canónicas en el tra- tamiento de las causas de nulidad matrimonial: la distinción entre "una ma- l. Benedicto XVI, "Discurso al Tribunal de la Rota Romana", 29 Enero 2009, en: 7 de marzo de 2009, 366-65. 10 AADC XIV (2008) 9-50 durez psíquica que sería el punto de llegada del desarrollo humano" y "la madurez canónica que es, a su vez, el punto mínimo de partida para la vali- dez del matrimonio"; entre incapacidad y dificultad, ya que sólo la incapa- cidad, y no ya la dificultad, para prestar el consentimiento y para realizar una verdadera comunidad de vida y de amor, hace nulo el matrimonio; en- tre la dimensión canónica de la normalidad, que inspirándose en la visión integral de la persona humana, también comprende moderadas formas de di- ficultad psicológica, y la dimensión clínica que excluye del concepto de la misma toda limitación de madurez y toda forma de psicopatología; entre la capacidad mínima, suficiente para un válido consentimiento, y la capacidad idealizada de una plena madurez en orden a una vida conyugal feliz. Son, como decimos, principios y criterios que informan la jurispru- dencia y la doctrina canónicas en el tratamiento de las causas de nulidad ma- trimonial, y que han sido recordados en el discurso citado del Romano Pon- tífice ante el alto número de causas de nulidad matrimonial presentadas y tramitadas en los tribunales eclesiásticos, alegándose que las partes pade- cían alguna forma de anomalía psíquica en el momento de prestar el con- sentimiento matrimonial, incapacitándolo a tenor del c.1095, lo que llevó a algún autor a preguntarse, ya hace unos arios, si a lo largo de tantos siglos habrá habido tantos matrimonios inválidos como los que oficialmente se de- claran ahora, si es tan difícil llenar las condiciones que hagan válido el con- sentimiento matrimonial...2 Y entre las anomalías o causas de naturaleza psíquica más frecuentemente alegadas en la actualidad para solicitar la de- claración de nulidad del matrimonio se encuentra la denominada "inmadu- rez psicológica", entendida no como un síntoma propio de la edad infantil- juvenil o de algún trastorno específico de la personalidad, sino como un es- tado global de la persona que, a pesar de tener ya una edad cronológica su- ficiente, no ha alcanzado la madurez en su desarrollo psíquico, prolongán- dose lo que se ha venido a llamar la post-adolescencia hasta los 30-40 años, es decir las denominadas "adolescencias interminables"3. 2. Cfr. R.Burke, "The aplication of Canon 1095 and sacramental-pastoral activity con- cerning marriage", in: Ius in vita et in missione Ecclesiae, Cittá del Vaticano 1994, 1097-102. 3. Es evidente que la palabra "inmadurez" es un término muy difuso: aunque a lo lar- go de este artículo iremos delimitando su concepto y contenidos, bástenos por ahora decir que la inmadurez psicológica de la que estamos hablando suele manifestarse a través de fi- jaciones, regresiones, inestabilidad y dependencia afectiva, narcisismo, egoísmo/egocentris- mo, estado de inseguridad, falta de responsabilidad, deficiente control emotivo, etc., deno- minándose en la jurisprudencia rotal como "inmadurez", "inmadurez psíquica o psicológi- AADC XIV (2008) 9-50 11 Nuestra finalidad principal en este artículo es analizar la considera- ción canónica de la repercusión que la denominada inmadurez psicológica o inmadurez psico-afectiva tiene en la válida constitución del matrimonio, fijándonos principalmente en las aportaciones de la jurisprudencia rotal re- ciente. 2. LA INMADUREZ PSICOLÓGICA, FENÓMENO GENERALIZADO La Iglesia, desde hace ya bastantes años, viene reconociendo que las ciencias psicológicas y psiquiátricas, al ofrecer un conocimiento más pro- fundo del ser humano, "pueden contribuir en gran medida a la comprensión de las condiciones que en él se requieren para que sea capaz de contraer el vínculo conyugal. Los Pontífices Romanos... al tiempo que advierten de los peligros que se corren si, en esta materia, se asumen como datos científicos ciertas meras hipótesis no confirmadas científicamente, siempre han alenta- do y exhortado a los estudiosos del derecho matrimonial canónico y a los jueces eclesiásticos a no temer hacer propias, en beneficio de su disciplina, las conclusiones ciertas, basadas en la sana filosofía y en la antropología cristiana, que aquellas ciencias les han ido brindando con el paso del tiem- po"4, Y así, en una c.Huber del 5 de marzo de 1999, se afirma que "quién está familiarizado con la jurisprudencia de nuestro Tribunal, sabe que los jueces, en tiempos recientes, han completado la antropología recibida de los anteriores con el estudio de la vida afectiva"5. Estas ciencias, indudable- mente, ayudan a comprender mejor los procesos de toma de decisiones de la persona humana, que, si ya de por sí son complejos, mucho más lo son en la constitución del matrimonio (c.1057, que es una relación interpersonal, única, compleja... (c.1055: de aquí que se haya establecido que, en las cau- ca", inmadurez psico-afectiva" que es lo más usual... Como se dice en una c.Huber, del 5 de marzo de 1999, n.4, las sentencias rotales que tratan sobre la inmadurez afectiva se refieren, por lo general, a la influencia que ésta tiene en la esfera de los afectos, emociones y senti- mientos.
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