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The Prefix *Si- in Western Indonesian, Sulawesi, and Philippine Languages

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The Prefix *Si- in Western Indonesian, Sulawesi, and Philippine Languages The prefix *si- in Western Indonesian, Sulawesi, and Philippine languages Inaugural dissertation to complete the doctorate from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Cologne in General Linguistics presented by Yuko Kitada born on 26 July 1983 in Tokorozawa (Saitama Prefecture, Japan) Cologne, April 2021 Table of Contents Abbreviations......................................................................................................................................iv 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Methodology.............................................................................................................................2 1.2 Previous studies........................................................................................................................7 1.3 Languages considered in this study..........................................................................................8 1.4 Lexical classes, inflectional paradigms, and case-marking systems in WISP languages.......11 1.4.1 Lexical classes.................................................................................................................11 1.4.2 Inflectional paradigms in WISP languages.....................................................................12 1.4.2.1 Voices......................................................................................................................13 1.4.2.2 Applicatives.............................................................................................................17 1.4.2.3 Moods and aspects...................................................................................................19 1.4.3 Case-marking systems.....................................................................................................23 1.5 Conventions............................................................................................................................29 1.6 Organization of the remainder of the current study................................................................31 2 Situation types and their constructions...........................................................................................32 2.1 Reciprocal situations and constructions..................................................................................34 2.2 Actor plural and undergoer plural situations and constructions..............................................38 2.3 Reflexive situations and constructions...................................................................................40 2.4 Comitative constructions........................................................................................................41 2.5 Polysemies of reciprocal constructions...................................................................................42 2.6 Other categories relevant to this study....................................................................................44 2.6.1 Nominal duality...............................................................................................................44 2.6.2 Nominal plurality............................................................................................................45 2.6.3 Converse kinship pairs....................................................................................................45 2.6.4 Associative......................................................................................................................47 2.6.5 Symmetrical locational relationship................................................................................48 3 The prefix *si- in WISP languages with action-denoting roots......................................................49 3.1 Reconstructing *si- formations with action-denoting roots....................................................49 3.2 Formations with *maR-si- with action-denoting roots in actor voice constructions..............55 3.2.1 Common features in *maR-si- across languages............................................................56 3.2.1.1 Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme *R in *maR-.........................57 3.2.1.2 Loss of the initial *m...............................................................................................60 3.2.1.3 Vowel changes.........................................................................................................60 3.2.1.4 Phonological change of /m/ to /b/ in *maR-............................................................62 3.2.1.5 Additional prefix-final consonants after *si-...........................................................62 3.2.1.6 Omission of *maR- in *maR-si-.............................................................................62 3.2.2 Other forms and developments in *maR-si- formations.................................................65 3.2.3 Additional morphemes....................................................................................................66 3.2.3.1 Action-denoting lexical class prefixes with *maR-si-.............................................66 3.2.3.2 The event plural suffixes *-an and *-ay..................................................................69 3.2.3.3 Reduplication...........................................................................................................71 3.2.4 Functional variations of *maR-si- with action-denoting roots.......................................73 3.2.4.1 Actor plural constructions in actor voice.................................................................74 3.2.4.2 Reciprocal constructions.........................................................................................78 3.2.4.3 Reflexive constructions...........................................................................................83 3.2.4.4 Comitative actor constructions in actor voice.........................................................84 3.2.4.5 Number distinction with additional morphemes.....................................................86 3.2.4.5.1 Participant number...........................................................................................86 i 3.2.4.5.2 Event number...................................................................................................87 3.2.4.6 Functional patterns of *maR-si- in actor voice.......................................................87 3.3 Formations with *paR-si- with action-denoting roots in undergoer voice constructions.......91 3.3.1 Common features in *paR-si- across languages.............................................................91 3.3.1.1 Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme *R in *paR-..........................91 3.3.1.2 Vowel changes.........................................................................................................92 3.3.2 Other forms and developments in *paR-si- formations..................................................92 3.3.3 Functional variations of *paR-si- formations with action-denoting roots......................92 3.3.3.1 Undergoer plural constructions in undergoer voice................................................92 3.3.3.2 Actor plural constructions in undergoer voice.........................................................93 3.3.3.3 Comitative undergoer constructions in undergoer voice.........................................94 3.3.3.4 Functional patterns of *paR-si- in undergoer voice................................................95 3.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................96 4 Possible uses of *si- with other types of roots and words in WISP languages..............................98 4.1 With quality-denoting roots....................................................................................................98 4.2 With object-denoting roots....................................................................................................102 4.3 With kinship terms................................................................................................................105 4.4 With location words..............................................................................................................110 4.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................................110 5 Possible attestations of *si- formations in Formosan and Oceanic languages.............................114 5.1 Formosan...............................................................................................................................114 5.1.1 Kavalan sim-..................................................................................................................114 5.1.2 Other possible cognates.................................................................................................116 5.1.3 Discussion.....................................................................................................................117 5.2 Oceanic *paRi-......................................................................................................................117 5.2.1 With other types of roots and words.............................................................................120 5.2.1.1 With quality-denoting roots...................................................................................121
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