Perspectives on Information Structure in Austronesian Languages
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Developments of Affectedness Marking
Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea ISSN: 0023-1959 Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 0 Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Vol. 31 No. 1, 2013 ISSN: 0023-1959 Towards a Papuan history of languages MARK DONOHUE Department of Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University [email protected] 1. Introduction and overview In this paper, I raise one simple point that must be taken into account when considering the history of the ‘Papuan’ languages – namely, the scope of the term ‘Papuan’. I shall argue that ‘Papuan’ is a term that logically should include many languages that have generally been discussed as being ‘Austronesian’. While much detailed work has been carried out on a number of ‘Papuan’ language families, the fact that they are separate families, and are not believed to be related to each other (in the sense of the comparative method) any more than they are to the Austronesian languages which largely surround their region, means that they cannot be considered without reference to those Austronesian languages. I will argue that many of the Austronesian languages which surround the Papuan region (see the appendix) can only be considered to be ‘Austronesian’ in a lexical sense. Since historical linguistics puts little value on simple lexical correspondences in the absence of regular sound correspondences, and regularity of sound correspondence is lacking in the Austronesian languages close to New Guinea, we cannot consider these languages to be ‘fully’ Austronesian. We must therefore consider a Papuan history that is much more widespread than usually conceived. -
Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History
Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Jiang Wu Student ID: s1609785 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 10th January, 2017 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of tables ................................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of maps ................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Background literature ................................................................................... 3 2.1. Plural words as nominal plurality marking ....................................................... 3 2.2. Plural words in Austronesian languages .......................................................... -
Reconstructing the Case-Marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian
Streams Converging Into an Ocean, 521-563 2006-8-005-021-000082-1 Reconstructing the Case-marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian Malcolm Ross The Australian National University Since Blust presented his reconstruction of Proto Austronesian and Proto Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns in 1977, more data relevant to their reconstruction have become available. This paper takes account of relevant publications since 1977 and sets out a fresh reconstruction of Proto Austronesian personal pronouns, with supporting data from Formosan languages and interpretive arguments. Since personal pronoun systems in Formosan languages often incorporate the case-markers more generally used in noun phrases, and it is impossible to interpret the histories of the pronouns without taking account of the case-markers, a reconstruction of Proto Austronesian case-markers is also presented here. The goal of Blust’s 1977 paper was to show that all Austronesian languages outside Taiwan are characterized by certain innovations in their personal pronoun system, thus providing evidence for the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian. Blust’s findings are confirmed and augmented in the present paper. Key words: Proto-Austronesian, reconstruction, pronouns, case-markers 1. Introduction Blust (1977) reconstructs the pronoun system of Proto Austronesian (PAn) as part of his account of the internal subgrouping of the Austronesian language family. He describes pronominal innovations that occurred in Proto Malayo-Polynesian (PMP), the ancestor of all non-Formosan Austronesian languages, and that are reflected in its many daughter-languages. In the years since 1977, more data relevant to the reconstruction of PAn pronouns have become available, and in Ross (2002a) I published a revised reconstruction as part of a sketch of PAn morphosyntax. -
Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates. -
Local Languages, Local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia a Case Study from North Maluku
PB Wacana Vol. 14 No. 2 (October 2012) JOHN BOWDENWacana, Local Vol. 14languages, No. 2 (October local Malay, 2012): and 313–332 Bahasa Indonesia 313 Local languages, local Malay, and Bahasa Indonesia A case study from North Maluku JOHN BOWDEN Abstract Many small languages from eastern Indonesia are threatened with extinction. While it is often assumed that ‘Indonesian’ is replacing the lost languages, in reality, local languages are being replaced by local Malay. In this paper I review some of the reasons for this in North Maluku. I review the directional system in North Maluku Malay and argue that features like the directionals allow those giving up local languages to retain a sense of local linguistic identity. Retaining such an identity makes it easier to abandon local languages than would be the case if people were switching to ‘standard’ Indonesian. Keywords Local Malay, language endangerment, directionals, space, linguistic identity. 1 Introduction Maluku Utara is one of Indonesia’s newest and least known provinces, centred on the island of Halmahera and located between North Sulawesi and West Papua provinces. The area is rich in linguistic diversity. According to Ethnologue (Lewis 2009), the Halmahera region is home to seven Austronesian languages, 17 non-Austronesian languages and two distinct varieties of Malay. Although Maluku Utara is something of a sleepy backwater today, it was once one of the most fabled and important parts of the Indonesian archipelago and it became the source of enormous treasure for outsiders. Its indigenous clove crop was one of the inspirations for the great European age of discovery which propelled navigators such as Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan to set forth on their epic journeys across the globe. -
Information Structure in Sembiran Balinese I Wayan Arka Australian National University / Universitas Udayana I Nyoman Sedeng Universitas Udayana
Chapter 5 Information structure in Sembiran Balinese I Wayan Arka Australian National University / Universitas Udayana I Nyoman Sedeng Universitas Udayana This paper discusses the information structure in Sembiran Balinese, an endangered, con- servative mountain dialect of Balinese. It presents the first detailed description of the ways topic, focus and frame setter in this language interact with each other and with other ele- ments in grammar. It is demonstrated that Sembiran Balinese employs combined strategies that exploit structural positions, morpho-lexical and syntactic resources in grammar. The description is based on a well-defined set of categories of information structure using three semantic-discourse/pragmatic features of [+/−salient], [+/−given] and [+/−contrast]. This novel approach allows for the in-depth exploration of the information structure space in Sembiran Balinese. The paper also highlights the empirical-theoretical contributions ofthe findings in terms of the significance of local socio-cultural context, and the conception of information structural prominence in grammatical theory. 1 Introduction Sembiran Balinese is one of the endangered conservative dialects of Balinese (i.e. Bali Aga, or Mountain Balinese). It is spoken by around 4,500 speakers in the mountainous village of Sembiran in northern Bali.1 Sembiran Balinese has a similar morphosyntax to Plains, or Dataran Balinese, but it is different in that it lacks the speech level system characteristics of Plains Balinese.2 The noticeable difference is therefore related tothe lexical stock, including the pronominal system, which is discussed in §2. 1SBD should be distinguished from the Plains Balinese dialect, which lexically has been influenced by many other languages, namely, Javanese, Sanskrit, English, Arabic and Indonesian. -
Manado Malay: Features, Contact, and Contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected]
Manado Malay: features, contact, and contrasts. Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Second International Workshop on Malay varieties: ILCAA (TUFS) 13th-14th October 2018 Timothy Brickell: [email protected] Introduction / Acknowledgments: ● Timothy Brickell – B.A (Hons.): Monash University 2007-2011. ● PhD: La Trobe University 2011-2015. Part of ARC DP 110100662 (CI Jukes) and ARC DECRA 120102017 (CI Schnell). ● 2016 – 2018: University of Melbourne - CI for Endangered Languages Documentation Programme/SOAS IPF 0246. ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language (CoEDL) affiliate. ● Fieldwork: 11 months between 2011-2014 in Tondano speech community. 8 months between 2015-2018 in Tonsawang speech community. ● October 2018 - :Endeavour Research Fellowship # 6289 (thank you to Assoc. Prof. Shiohara and ILCAA at TUFS for hosting me). Copyrighted materials of the author PRESENTATION OVERVIEW: ● Background: brief outline of linguistic ecology of North Sulawesi. Background information on Manado Malay. ● Outline of various features of MM: phonology, lexicon, some phonological changes, personal pronouns, ordering of elements within NPs, posessession, morphology, and causatives. ● Compare MM features with those of two indigenous with which have been in close contact with MM for at least 300 years - Tondano and Tonsawang. ● Primary questions: Has long-term contact with indigneous languages resulted in any shared features? Does MM demonstrate structural featues (Adelaar & Prentice 1996; Adelaar 2005) considered characteristic of contact Malay varities? Background:Geography ● Minahasan peninsula: northern tip of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Background: Indigenous language groups ● Ten indigenous language micro-groups of Sulawesi (Mead 2013:141). Approx. 114 languages in total (Simons & Fennings 2018) North Sulawesi indigenous language/ethnic groups: Languages spoken in North Sulawesi: Manado Malay (ISO 639-3: xmm) and nine languages from three microgroups - Minahasan (five), Sangiric (three), Gorontalo-Mongondow (one). -
Understanding Traditional Healing Practices and the Categories of Practices from Fijian Itaukei's Perspectives
sustainability Article Understanding Traditional Healing Practices and the Categories of Practices from Fijian iTaukei’s Perspectives Dan Frederick Orcherton 1 , Maria Orcherton 2 and Matthew Kensen 3,* 1 School of Environment and Climate Change, The PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment, Keravat J2X5+QMF, East New Britain 613, Papua New Guinea; [email protected] 2 McCleod Lake Indian Band, McCleod Lake B.C, McLeod Lake, BC V0J 2G0, Canada; [email protected] 3 Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study takes an in-depth look at how traditional healing practices (THPs) are perceived by the iTaukei people living in villages and periurban areas in Fiji Islands. The research used both qualitative and quantitative knowledge/data gathered from six villages in Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, to determine, first, the perception(s) of THPs among the iTaukei; second, what THPs successfully survive and are still important to the iTaukei way of life; and third, what factors influence the iTaukei’s health-seeking behavior or choices between Western and traditional medical systems in their villages. Results confirm that the knowledge healers used to hold to cure common illnesses is now more dispersed and shared with community members; healers/elders’ roles in iTaukei villages are important for cultural–spiritual–social causes of illnesses, and for more complex cases, there are specialized iTaukei healers. Recommendations in the form of categories of practices are offered for Citation: Orcherton, D.F.; Orcherton, M.; Kensen, M. Understanding practitioners to work more effectively and affectively with the iTaukei. -
Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage
Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage Multilingual Websites and Thesauri “It is time to think multilingual” 1 Multilingual Access to the European Cultural Heritage Multilingual Websites and Thesauri General co-ordination Rossella Caffo (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Project Manager) Antonella Fresa (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Technical Coordinator) Pier Giacomo Sola (MINERVA and MINERVA Plus Organisation Manager) Secretariat Marzia Piccininno (Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali, Italy) Web version Maria Teresa Natale and Andrea Tempera http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/multilingualismand thesaurus.htm © 2006 MINERVA Plus Project 2 Editorial Committee Stephan Conrad (Germany) Christophe Dessaux (France), Kate Fernie (United Kingdom), Antonella Fresa (Italy), Allison Kupietzky (Israel), Marzia Piccininno (Italy), Martina Rozman Salobir (Slovenia), Gabriella Szalóki (Hungary) Contributors (alphabetic order by countries) Jitka Zamrzlová (Czeck Republik) Marju Reismaa (Estonia) Minna Kaukonen (Finland) Véronique Prouvost (France) Dimitrios A. Koutsomitropoulos (Greece) Astrid Müller (Germany) Giuliana De Francesco (Italy) Domitilla Fagan (Ireland) Laila Valdovska (Latvia) Guy Frank (Luxembourg) Pierre Sammut (Malta) Jos Taekema (The Netherlands) Lars Egeland (Norway) Piotr Ryszewski (Poland) Maria Sliwinska (Poland) Ana Alvarez Lacambra (Spain) Martina Roznan Salobir (Slovenia) Elena Kuzmina (Russian Federation) Martin Katuscak (Slovak Republik) 3 Acknowledgements We dedicate this report to the memory of the late Stephen Conrad From February 2004 ten new member states (plus Russia and Israel) have been participating in the joint European initiative of MINERVA Plus working with MINERVA to coordinate digitization efforts and activities. Since then MINERVA Plus supplementary working groups (SWG) started operation and Hungary became the coordinator of SWG Multilingual thesauri. The issue of multilingualism is becoming more and more important in making the digital cultural heritage of Europe available. -
Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Dictyopharidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species
Zoosyst. Evol. 94 (2) 2018, 369–391 | DOI 10.3897/zse.94.26895 Taxonomic review of the planthopper genus Orthopagus (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Dictyopharidae), with descriptions of two new species Zhi-Shun Song1,2, Igor Malenovský3, Jian-Qin Chen1, Jürgen Deckert4, Ai-Ping Liang5,6 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecules, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210013, China 2 Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar 3 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic 4 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin 10115, Germany 5 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 6 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China http://zoobank.org/C354D7DF-198F-4D4F-A2A8-F763FD03018D Corresponding authors: Igor Malenovský ([email protected]); Ai-Ping Liang ([email protected]) Abstract Received 25 May 2018 The Oriental and eastern Palaearctic planthopper genus Orthopagus Uhler, 1897 (He- Accepted 16 July 2018 miptera, Fulgoromorpha, Dictyopharidae, Dictyopharinae, Orthopagini) is revised. Six Published 6 August 2018 species are included: O. bartletti Song, Malenovský & Deckert, sp. n. (described from India), O. exoletus (Melichar, 1903), comb. n., stat. rev. (material studied from India and Academic editor: Sri Lanka), O. hainanensis Song, Chen & Liang, sp. n. (described from China: Hainan Martin Husemann island), O. lunulifer Uhler, 1897 (the type species of the genus; confirmed from Japan, China, Vietnam, Laos, India, and Nepal), O. -
The Position of Enggano Within Austronesian
7KH3RVLWLRQRI(QJJDQRZLWKLQ$XVWURQHVLDQ 2ZHQ(GZDUGV Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 54, Number 1, June 2015, pp. 54-109 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDL L3UHVV For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ol/summary/v054/54.1.edwards.html Access provided by Australian National University (24 Jul 2015 10:27 GMT) The Position of Enggano within Austronesian Owen Edwards AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Questions have been raised about the precise genetic affiliation of the Enggano language of the Barrier Islands, Sumatra. Such questions have been largely based on Enggano’s lexicon, which shows little trace of an Austronesian heritage. In this paper, I examine a wider range of evidence and show that Enggano is clearly an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian (MP) subgroup. This is achieved through the establishment of regular sound correspondences between Enggano and Proto‒Malayo-Polynesian reconstructions in both the bound morphology and lexicon. I conclude by examining the possible relations of Enggano within MP and show that there is no good evidence of innovations shared between Enggano and any other MP language or subgroup. In the absence of such shared innovations, Enggano should be considered one of several primary branches of MP. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 Enggano is an Austronesian language spoken on the southernmost of the Barrier Islands off the west coast of the island of Sumatra in Indo- nesia; its location is marked by an arrow on map 1. The genetic position of Enggano has remained controversial and unresolved to this day. Two proposals regarding the genetic classification of Enggano have been made: 1. -
Review of the Biogeography of the Genus Artemia (Crustacea
Journal o f Biogeography ( 1998) 25,213-226 Review of the biogeography of the genusArtemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) G eo rg e V. Triantaphyllidis*!, Theodore J. A b a tz o p o u lo sJ and P a tr ic k Sorgeloos* * Laboratory of Aquaculture Artemia& Reference Center, University o f Ghent, Rosier 44, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium J Faculty and o f Sciences, School o f Biology, Department o f Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University o f Thessaloniki, GR-540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece A bstract. In this study, we report on the known Artem ia populations are discussed. In view of the great importance habitats worldwide. Recent literature information is o f Artem ia as part of the live food chain for the culture of incorporated about the taxonomic status of the various fish and shellfish larvae and the present cyst shortage from populations studied. The genus is composed of di-, tri-, the market, the need for commercial exploitation and tetra- and pentaploid parthenogenetic populations and of development of new Artem ia sources is now, more than the following bisexual species: A. franciscana franciscana, ever, necessary. A. franciscana monica, A. franciscana sp., A. persimilis, A. salina, A. urmiana, A. sinica and A. sp. from Kazakhstan. The problems of characterizing new brine shrimp Key words. Artem ia, biogeography, brine shrimp. Resum en. En este estudio presentamos Ios diferentes relacionados con la caracterización de nuevas poblaciones. habitats de A rtem ia en todo el mundo. Se incluye En vista de la gran importancia que tiene Artem ia, como información literaria reciente sobre la posición taxonómica parte de la cadena alimenticia en el cultivo larvario de peces de las distintas poblaciones estudiadas.