Environmental Assessment (Volume 1)
Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline
APA Group
9 December 2009
Document No. 60102333-EA.1
Environmental Assessment (Volume 1)
Stage 1
9 December 2009 Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline AECOM Environmental Assessment (Volume 1) - Stage 1
Environmental Assessment (Volume 1) Stage 1
Prepared for APA Group
Prepared by
AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Level 2, 60 Marcus Clarke Street, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia T +61 2 6201 3000 F +61 2 6201 3099 www.aecom.com ABN 20 093 846 925
9 December 2009
© AECOM Australia Pty Ltd 2009
The information contained in this document produced by AECOM Australia Pty Ltd is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and AECOM Australia Pty Ltd undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document.
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9 December 2009 Certification
Submission of Environmental Assessment (EA) prepared under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Section 75F EA prepared by Name Dale Newsome Adam Fearnley Qualifications Bachelor of Science BE Environmental Associate Director Associate Director
AECOM AECOM Level 2, 60 Marcus Clarke Address Level 2, 60 Marcus Clarke Street Street Canberra ACT 2600 Canberra ACT 2600 in respect of APA Group – Young to Wagga Wagga Gas Pipeline loop
Project application APA Group Pty Ltd Applicant name Suite 1, 60-62 Gladstone Street Applicant address Fyshwick ACT 2609
Land to be developed The proposed project is to be carried out on land identified in Section 2 lot no., DP/MPS, vol/fol etc of this EA Proposed project
Environmental Assessment an Environmental Assessment (EA) is attached
I certify that I have prepared the contents of this Environmental Assessment and to the best of my knowledge it is true in all material Certification particulars and does not, by its presentation or omission of information, materially mislead.
Signature Signature
Name: Dale Newsome Name: Adam Fearnley
Date Date
A Trusted Global Environmental, Health and Safety Partner Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline AECOM Environmental Assessment (Volume 1) - Stage 1
Quality Information
Document Environmental Assessment (Volume 1)
Ref j:\60102333 - apa ea gas loop environment\8. issued documents\8.1 reports\final 10.12.09 (for issue ) v3.doc
Authorised Revision Revision Details Date Name/Position Signature
Dale Newsome Associate 1 02/11/2009 For Issue Director
Dale Newsome 2 9/12/2009 For Issue Associate Director
Date 9 December 2009
Prepared by David Armstrong, Guillaume Prudent, Rachel Allibone
Reviewed by Dale Newsome/Adam Fearnley
Revision History
9 December 2009 Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline AECOM Environmental Assessment (Volume 1) - Stage 1
Executive Summary i 1.0 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Project overview 1 1.2 Project need 1 1.3 Environment assessment history 1 1.4 Environment assessment process 2 2.0 Project Description 10 2.1 Project specifications 10 2.2 Construction activities 10 2.3 Operational activities 13 3.0 Planning and Legislative Requirements 14 3.1 Overview 14 3.2 Approvals process 14 3.3 Permissibility 18 3.4 Other environmental planning instruments 21 3.5 Other NSW legislation 22 3.6 Commonwealth legislation 22 4.0 Consultation and Issues Identification 23 4.1 NSW formal procedures 23 4.2 Consultation with stakeholders and other relevant authorities 25 5.0 Issues Prioritisation 30 5.1 Issue identification 30 5.2 Prioritisation of issues 30 6.0 Land Use Impacts 34 6.1 Study area 34 6.2 Agricultural land uses 34 6.3 Mineral and extractive resource industries 36 6.4 Land use assessment 36 7.0 Socio Economic Implications 40 7.1 Socio-economic overview of the Study Area 40 7.2 Potential impacts 40 7.3 Possible/proposed mitigation and opportunity strategies 42 8.0 Ecological Impacts 43 8.1 Objectives of the Flora and Flora Assessment 43 8.2 Legislative Requirements 43 8.3 NSW Legislation 43 8.4 Commonwealth Legislation 44
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8.5 Ecological Context 45 8.6 Methodology 45 8.7 Desktop investigation 45 8.8 Flora and Vegetation Field Survey 46 8.9 Flora Survey Locations 46 8.10 Fauna Field Survey 49 8.11 Key Threatening Processes 53 8.12 Critical habitat 56 8.13 Impacts on vegetation and flora species 56 8.14 Impacts on fauna species and habitat 56 8.15 Recommended mitigation measures 57 9.0 Heritage Impacts 64 9.1 Objectives of the Heritage Assessment 64 9.2 Project Team 65 9.3 Limitations 65 9.4 Existing Environment 65 9.5 Archaeological Context 66 9.6 Methodology 71 9.7 Aboriginal Community Consultation 72 9.8 Results 72 9.9 Impact assessment 73 9.10 Mitigation and management of aboriginal cultural heritage values 74 9.11 Management commitments 75 10.0 Human Amenity Impacts 79 10.1 Characterisation of human receptors 79 10.2 Noise and vibration 79 10.3 Air quality 89 11.0 Hazards and Risks Impacts 94 11.1 Methodology and regulation 94 11.2 Scope of the risk and hazard study 94 11.3 Hazard identified 96 11.4 Potentially hazardous situations and their control 99 11.5 Consequences 103 11.6 Frequency 104 11.7 Conclusion 105 12.0 Surface and Groundwater Impacts 106 12.1 Existing environment 107 12.2 Potential impacts 107
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12.3 Proposed mitigation strategies 111 13.0 Traffic and Transport 112 13.1 Traffic generation 112 13.2 Impacts to road infrastructure 112 13.3 Management strategies 115 14.0 Infrastructure 116 14.1 Existing infrastructure 116 14.2 Mitigation strategies 116 15.0 Other Issues 117 15.1 Landscape – visual amenity 117 15.2 Contamination and waste management 120 16.0 Environment Management Strategies 122 16.1 Introduction 122 16.2 Construction environnemental management plan (CEMP) 122 16.3 Operational environmental management plan 130 16.4 Roles and responsibilities 130 16.5 Training and induction 130 16.6 Emergency response plan 130 17.0 Statement of Commitments 132 17.1 Environmental philosophy 132 17.2 Draft statement of commitments 132 18.0 Residual Risk Analysis 137 18.1 Approach 137 18.2 Analysis 138 19.0 Project Justification 139 19.1 Introduction 139 19.2 Justification 139 19.3 Ecological sustainability 140 19.4 Greenhouse gas emissions and climate change 141 19.5 Summary 142 20.0 Conclusion 143 21.0 References 144
9 December 2009 Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline AECOM Environmental Assessment (Volume 1) - Stage 1
Executive Summary East Australian Pipeline Pty Ltd (EAPL) is proposing to loop (duplicate) the existing 12" Young to Wagga Wagga Pipeline with an 18" Pipeline. The new pipeline will be located within the existing easement, approximately 7 metres to the south-east of the existing pipeline, and would be approximately 131 km in length. Construction will be staged (two stages) with the first stage (beginning north of Bethungra and extending south-west to Bomen (Wagga Wagga), a length of 61 km. This report considers the first stage only. The project has been determined to be a Major Project to which Part 3A of the Act applies by the Department of Planning. This Environmental Assessment, in accordance with Part 3A of the Act, has been prepared in response to the requirements outlined by the Director General. Table 1 provides an overview of the project justification and key values identified that will require mitigation.
The pipeline route generally traverses a highly modified agricultural landscape. Natural values are limited in the main to waterway and road crossings, with natural values along the route limited further by previous pipeline and telecommunications installations within the easement. Management actions prioritise avoidance where possible, with rehabilitation of topography, soil and impacted vegetation being standard mitigation responses.
Table 1 Key values, impacts and management strategies Report Value Proposed Mitigation Response Reference Land Use Planning Impacts Crown Lands The predominant land uses along the study area are rural and Mineral leases agricultural related land uses. No significant impacts are anticipated during construction and operation Conservation areas Section 6.0 Agricultural areas Visual amenity Ecological Impacts Mitigation measures identified for impacts on fauna are discussed in Section 7.15 and will be described in and Fauna Section 8.15 Environmental Assessment to be submitted to the Department of Planning for approval and would be detailed in the Vegetation and Fauna Management section of the CEMP. Mitigation measures identified for impacts on flora and vegetation are discussed in Section 7.15 and will be described Flora and Vegetation Section 8.15 in and Environmental Assessment to be submitted to the Department of Planning for approval and would be detailed in the Vegetation and Fauna Management section of the CEMP. Mitigation measures identified for impacts on flora and Weed and pathogens Section 8.15 and vegetation are discussed in Section 8.15 and would be dispersal / management Section 16.0 detailed in the Vegetation and Fauna Management section of the CEMP. Heritage Impacts
There are approximately 33 sites of significance identified within the footprint or adjacent to the project area. Approximately 25 of the sites are within the footprint. The Heritage Section 9.10 management of these sites will be required to conform to the agreed strategies described in the Archaeological and Heritage report.
Human Amenity Impacts There are numerous residential receivers along the route Construction noise will be managed through the Noise and Vibration Section 10.2 implementation of the CEMP and Noise Management Sub plan.
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Report Value Proposed Mitigation Response Reference There are numerous residential receivers along the route Air Quality Section 10.3 construction air quality will be managed through the implementation of the CEMP and Dust Management Sub plan. Construction x Large and mature trees will be preserved where practicable. x Vegetation clearing will be limited to the strict minimum necessary for the construction activities x Vehicles, machinery and plants will travel on the ROW to minimise impacts. Visual Amenity Section 15.1 x Existing roads, tracks and degraded areas will be used as much as possible to minimise disturbances and visual impacts in the area. x The selection of new access roads will include consultation of the relevant stakeholders. Operation x Cleared areas and watercourses to be rehabilitated. A traffic management plan will be developed by the appointed Roads and Traffic Section 13.0 construction contractor. Socio-economic Implications Construction x Where access routes are necessary across private property, these would be decided in negotiation with Privacy and access; landowners to minimise impacts Section 7.3 agricultural impacts Operation x On the rare or infrequent event that access to the pipeline easement involves crossing private property, this would be done in consultation with the landowners Construction x It is anticipated that the contract companies which provide the specialist services will employ general labour locally. There is an opportunity to enhance local employment Local employment Section 7.3 opportunities through strategies such as advertising in local papers, liaising with members of council or chambers of commerce, and working with local indigenous/non-indigenous employment and training organisations Pipeline design, construction and operation to meet relevant Hazards and Risk Impact Section 11.0 standards.
Surface and Groundwater Impacts
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Report Value Proposed Mitigation Response Reference x Watercourses only to be traversed by trenching if the bed is dry. x Work is not to be undertaken in wet weather. x Vehicle access to the river bed is to be confined to the easement. x Trenching of a water course bank is to start at the top of the slope and work downwards. x Temporary bunding, silt fencing and sediment dam Watercourse crossings Section 12.3 installation are to be constructed if required. x Watercourse walls are to be re-established to a stable slope consistent with the ‘natural’ slope. Shaping should remove irregularities that would interfere with flows. x Where the watercourse has a surface layer of coarse material (rocks, pebbles, gravel) care should be taken to restore this surface layer. x Rock armouring of the bed and base of the wall is to be undertaken. x Runoff management measures to be established where the pipeline traverses or is adjacent to a road or track. x Erosion control measures and rehabilitation and landscaping works to be undertaken at above ground facilities. x Clearing and grading activities scheduled to ensure the period of time between the initial clearing and respreading of topsoil (reestablishment) is minimised. Erosion Control Section 12.3 x Grubbing (removal of stumps) is to be minimised and voids left by large stumps are to be backfilled. x Temporary and more permanent erosion control banks, drains and sediment collection devises shall be installed (or re-instated if current) across slopes and in the vicinity of drainage lines as necessary. x Backfilling of the trench is to be higher than the adjacent ground (maximum 10cm crown) to allow for subsequent settlement. Infrastructure Impacts A traffic management plan will be developed by the appointed Roads and Traffic Section 13.0 construction contractor. x All personnel working on the site will be made aware of waste management procedures during site induction. x When feasible maintenance activities involving tyre replacement will not be undertaken on site. In the case of a tyre requiring on-site maintenance, all waste will be removed from site. Waste Management Section 15.2 x Machinery and vehicles will be re-fuelled off site to prevent spills. x Machinery and vehicles will be regularly maintained. x Spill kits will be retained on site to deal with any oil or fuel spill incidents. x All personnel will be provided with instruction on the garbage disposal requirements and facilities. Construction and This CEMP is to be prepared to the satisfaction of the DG prior Environmental Section 16.0 to construction commencing and outline each of the relevant Management Plan mitigation measures outlined in this assessment
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1.0 Introduction and Background
1.1 Project overview East Australian Pipeline Pty Ltd (EAPL) is proposing to loop (duplicate) the existing 12" Young to Wagga Wagga Pipeline with an 18" Pipeline. EAPL is a wholly owned subsidiary of APA Group. APA Group, comprised of Australian Pipeline Trust and APT Investment Trust, is a major ASXlisted energy transmission company in Australia with interests in almost 12,000 km of natural gas pipeline infrastructure, and over 2,300 km of gas distribution networks in Australia. The existing pipeline is licensed by the Department of Water and Energy as Licence 19 and resides within an easement of 20m in width. The new pipeline would be approximately 131 km in length and will have a staged development (two stages), directly relating to the requirements of gas users. The Project is estimated to cost approximately $80 - $90 million and is intended to be laid entirely within the easement of the existing pipeline. As the two stages may be some years apart, the project has been referred for assessment/ approval in stages. The first Stage will extend north-east from Bomen (Wagga Wagga) to north of Bethungra, a length of 61 km as shown in Figure 1 to Figure 6. This Environment Assessment relates to the first stage only.
1.2 Project need The Young to Wagga Wagga Pipeline provides gas supply to the towns in the central south of NSW including the Griffith, Cootamundra, Young and Wagga Wagga. The Pipeline connects to the Moomba to Sydney Pipeline System (MSP) mainline at its north east end at Young NSW. The MSP mainline currently carries gas from the Moomba plant in South Australia, and will in future carry coal seam gas from Queensland. Similarly the Gasnet system in Victoria carries Bass Strait gas from Longford to Culcairn where the Culcairn to Wagga Pipeline connects at the southern end of the Pipeline near Wagga Wagga. The Pipeline operates bi-directionally with a capacity in the region of 72 Tera Joules (TJ) / day to suit the requirements of the NSW and Victorian Shippers, but more recently has also operated as a high pressure storage facility. With a useable capacity in the region of 50TJ the Pipeline enables the supply of natural gas at high peak flow rates as a base fuel to a power station at Uranquinty. To achieve this level of service, the Pipeline is pressurised to 8,500 kilopascal (kPa) to hold the necessary linepack and is drawn down to around 4,500 kPa during the operating day. The Uranquinty Power Station at full power can currently operate for 5 hours with a contract allowing 43 TJ linepack consumption. The new Pipeline would increase the available capacity by approximately 30 TJ, which would enable the power station to operate continuously for approximately 8 hours. The Pipeline is also the first step to increase the capability of the gas supply link between the NSW Pipeline system and the Victorian system. At this stage the pipeline will provide minimal flow benefit, however, once system augmentation works in Victoria are completed and the Pipeline is extended through to Young looping the entire Young to Wagga Wagga Pipeline, the supply systems will both be significantly strengthened, providing greater security of supply to both Sydney and Melbourne. The key objectives of this proposal are therefore to: x Facilitate the increased use of a cleaner burning fuel source for power generation in NSW by increasing the maximum available linepack by approximately 30 TJ x Enhancing the security of gas supply by providing a first stage in strengthening the gas supply link between Victoria and New South Wales
1.3 Environment assessment history The proposed pipeline length represents a part of the pipeline which was assessed in 1975 as the NSW Western Laterals, Moomba to Sydney Natural Gas Pipeline (Young to Lithgow and Young to Wagga Wagga) for the Pipeline Authority. The pipeline was assessed under the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974. Following approval a pipeline easement was created and a single 12” gas pipeline was installed within this easement. The current project was referred to the Department of Planning as a major project on 11 June 2009. The project meets the EP&A Act classification as a major project as its total value exceeds the identified $30 million threshold for petroleum related works. On 4 July 2009, the Director-Generals Environmental Assessment requirements
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were issued for the proposed project, pursuant to Section 75F(2) of the EP&A Act (Appendix A). The requirements (DGRs) are based on the information provided to date, including the Planning Focus Meeting held on 7 April 2009 and through consultation with relevant government agencies. A table cross referencing the DGRs and detailed list of agency submissions and requirements is provided in Chapter 4.0.
1.4 Environment assessment process 1.4.1 EPA Act Part 3A The project was referred to the Department of Planning as a Major Project. Clause 6 of the State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Projects) 2005 (Major Projects SEPP) provides that "... development that, in the opinion of the Minister, is development of a kind: (a) that is described in Schedule 1 or 2,... is declared to be a project to which Part 3A of the Act applies." Schedule 1, Clause 6 (2) (b) of the Major Projects SEPP provides that "Development for the purpose of Petroleum related works that has a capital investment value greater than $A30 million." Part 3A of the EP&A Act consolidates the assessment and approval process for all major development requiring approval of the Minister for Planning. Part 3A provides for an integrated and streamlined assessment and approval process for major infrastructure projects, there are a range of approval types and process under Part 3A and project approval is being sought for this project. 1.4.2 Director General’s requirements The Director-General requirements issued on 4 July 2009, identified the following key issues for consideration and assessment: x Land use planning impacts. x Ecological impacts. x Heritage impacts (Aboriginal heritage). x Human amenity impacts (relating to noise and vibration, air quality and traffic). x Socio-economic implications. x Hazards and risk impacts. x Surface and groundwater impacts. x Infrastructure impacts. x General environmental risk analysis.
The report has been developed to address these requirements and is structured in the following way.
Table 2 Report Structure Chapter Content Chapter 1 Introduces the proponent and provides an overview of the proposal in general, including Introduction and the proposal history and the approach the EA will take. Background Chapter 2 Specific detail in regards to pipeline design and activities related to construction and Project Description operational processes is described within this chapter. This information provides an understanding of all activities that may result in potential impacts to the Project Area. Chapter 3 The Commonwealth and NSW statutory requirements that are potentially relevant to the Planning and proposal are identified within this chapter. It provides a detailed account of the Legislative legislative framework within which the proposal is being assessed, including the Requirements approach taken coordinating the approval processes of both Commonwealth and NSW legislation. Chapter 4 This chapter outlines the history of consultation leading up to DGR release and Consultation and subsequent consultation during the EA development process. Issues Identification Chapter 5 This section outline the initial environment risk assessment and issues prioritisation. Issues Prioritisation Chapter 6 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter addresses planning and land use Land Use Impacts with particular emphasis on potential and actual land use constraints created by the
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Chapter Content proposal. Consideration is also given to the potential for the proposal to negatively impact on agricultural production due to the significance of agricultural and rural lands through which the pipeline runs. Chapter 7 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter addresses the socio-economic Socio-economic impacts of the development and operation of the project. The issue of employment Implications (both direct and indirect) associated with the construction phase and the overall economic impact of the construction activities is assessed Chapter 8 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter outlines the significance of impacts Ecological Impacts on biodiversity features in relation to the construction and operational phases of the proposal. It outlines the methodology chosen to determine relevant impacts and standard mitigation and management measures. It also highlights any areas of concern and any areas that would require further assessment. Chapter 9 Aboriginal heritage is a key issue recognised in the DGRs. The potential impacts Heritage Impacts relating to both Aboriginal and historical heritage have been assessed in two separate technical reports (Aboriginal Heritage Assessment and Historical Heritage Assessment).This chapter summarises the key issues within the archaeological reports relating to potential impacts that may occur in both the construction and operational periods of the proposal and outlines management measures. Chapter 10 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter provides an assessment of the Human Amenity potential impacts and mitigation measures relating to human amenity features Impacts associated with the proposal. It identifies adverse impacts in line with relevant regulatory requirements and industry guidelines, addressing noise and vibration, air quality and traffic issues. Chapter 11 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter provides a summary of the Hazards and Risk preliminary risk assessment report, which is appended to the EA. In accordance with Impacts the Director-General’s requirements, the report includes a hazard identification and risk assessment based on AS2885 and a quantitative risk assessment based on Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No 6. Chapter 12 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter provides an impact assessment on Surface and potential water features that may be affected by the proposal. Potential impacts and Groundwater Impacts mitigation measures have been identified for both the construction and operational phases. Chapter 13 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. This chapter discusses the issues of traffic and Traffic and Transport transport and how the project may impact upon them during construction and operation. Chapter 14 A key issue recognised in the DGRs. Infrastructure potentially impacted by the Infrastructure proposed pipeline includes roads, railway, electricity transmission lines and other pipelines. This chapter details relevant potential impacts in the construction and operational phases and outlines key mitigation and management measures. Chapter 15 This chapter addresses issues not raised in the DGRs but identified during further Other Issues consultation or investigations. Chapter 16 Outlines the proponent’s commitment to the objectives and actions that must be taken Environmental for managing the environmental impacts of the proposal to minimise or avoid adverse Management outcomes. This summary chapter provides the framework for the Construction Strategies Environment Management Chapter 17 This chapter define those commitment made by the proponent to manage the project Statement of and mitigate potential impacts Commitments Chapter 18 Assesses all other environmental issues that have not been explicitly recognised in the Residual Risk DGRs, but are considered relevant to the proposal. It covers landscape, land Assessment rehabilitation, contamination and weeds. Chapter 19 This chapters defines the justification for the project in terms of environmental, social Project Justification and economic values. Chapter 20 This chapter provides a conclusion with respect to the environmental and statutory Conclusions acceptability and justification of the project.
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Figure 1 – Locality of Stage 1 of the Young – Wagga natural gas pipeline
NOTE: Chainages provided by APA and sourced from “As-Built Alignment Drawing No. YW80-0068 through to YW80-007 (See Appendix C)
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Figure 2 – Locality of Stage 1 (Bethungra)
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Figure 3 – Locality of Stage 1 (Illabo)
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Figure 4 – Locality of Stage 1 (Wantiool)
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Figure 5 – Locality of Stage 1 (Harefield)
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Figure 6 - Locality of Stage 1 (Bomen)
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2.0 Project Description
2.1 Project specifications The pipeline will be a buried, class 600 high pressure (10.2MPa) gas transmission pipeline which initially would be operated at 8.5 MPa attached to the existing system. The pipeline would be designed and built to AS2885 Pipelines Gas and Liquid Petroleum. The pipe is expected to be supplied in 18m lengths which will be welded together on site and buried with at least 750mm fill on top depending upon terrain and prevailing land use. The maximum depth of excavation required is estimated at 1.5m. Above ground structures are expected to include four scraper stations at each end with four mainline valves (MLVs), marker posts and cathodic protection inspection points. The cathodic protection test points would most likely coincide with those of the existing pipeline.
2.2 Construction activities Pipeline construction is linear production-line-work with each crew targeting similar daily production rates for their specific activity, which for a Project of this size would be in the order of 2 km per day. Activities are carried out sequentially with each crew typically being separated by approximately 1 week. Examples of pipeline construction activities are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Figure 7 Example of trenching activity
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Figure 8 Example of pipeline lowering activity
Temporary Facilities A range of temporary facilities will be required during pipeline construction. These include work areas for equipment, a dam to store water for hydrostatic testing (hydrotest) and borrow pits to source additional fill material (if required). The location of the temporary facilities will be based upon logistical requirements and land use / environmental facility. x A depot will be established in either Wagga Wagga or Junee. The depot will be established in an existing industrial area / facility or Local Government depot. An offer has been extended from the Shire of Junee to utilise the Waste Water Treatment facility, which provides a fenced enclosure. Junee is the preferred depot option. On the basis that the depot location will not have an environmental impact, the final depot location will be provided in the Construction Management Plan; x Equipment storage – once operational, equipment will remain in the vicinity of works, within the cleared easement / work area; x Hydrostatic testing dam – a dam will be created at the mid point of the gas pipeline to facilitate the testing of the pipeline. The dam will be required to be capable of retaining approximately 7 – 8 MgL of water. The pipeline will be tested in 2 events, each doing approximately half of the pipeline length. Water will be sourced locally, is most likely to be taken from a local groundwater licence on arrangement with a landholder. The dam will be located outside of the easement, in area previously cleared for agriculture. Pipe Haulage Pipes will be transported by truck from Wollongong direct to the ROW. Pipes will be transported on a needs basis and will only be stockpiled at the Office/Yard for HDD/special crossings. Pipe is typically supplied in 18m lengths transported on extended semi-trailers with a capacity to carry around 0.5km of pipe per truck. Therefore 60 km of pipeline could involve approximately 120 loaded truck movements, however due to the linear nature of the development these truck movements would not be likely to all occur in one location. Access During construction, access tracks will be required to areas such as the pipeline easement and work areas. Existing roads, access tracks and disturbed areas will be utilised as far as practicable to minimise disturbance to the surrounding areas. The selection of access track routes will be based on the objectives for the pipeline route selection and subject to the conditions of a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). Workforce Accommodation A workforce of around 50 personnel at peak period would be anticipated for the Project. Pipeline construction activities, as set out below, require a variety of skills sets from general earthworks through to specialised welding techniques. There are a limited number of, companies that can provide the specialised techniques and therefore
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pipeline construction crews travel around the country from project to project and source generalised skills locally where appropriate. Accommodation of construction crews varies depending upon the size and location of the project. It is anticipated, due to the proximity to populated areas, that the construction crew for this Project would be able to be accommodated in existing local accommodation. Clearing An impact width of generally 30 metres will be required for construction through open country. Breaks will be left in stockpiled vegetation to allow continued access for fence lines, tracks, stock and drainage lines. Gates will be installed where fence lines are required to be breached. Large mature trees will be preserved wherever practicable. Grading - Topsoil will be removed, where required, and stockpiled separately for reuse during rehabilitation. Trenching Either a wheel trencher or an excavator will be used to dig the trench in which the pipe will be laid. In rocky terrain rock saws (a type of trenching machine) or excavators using rock picks are likely to be used. Blasting is unlikely to be used. The length of trench left open at any given time will be the minimum practicable dependent on land use and prevailing conditions. Breaks in the trench will be left to facilitate stock and wildlife crossing, and methods will be adopted to prevent fauna entrapment. Stringing Pipe will be transported to site on trucks in 18 metre lengths. The pipe is laid out adjacent to the trench and held off the ground on skids (typically wooden blocks) that protect the pipe coating from damage. Line-Up and Welding Once the pipe has been strung a line-up crew will position the pipe using side boom tractors and internal line-up clamps. Pipes will be welded in several segments, typically into one kilometre lengths called pipe strings. Radiography Each weld will be subjected to a 100 percent non-destructive test (NDT) inspection to check for compliance to the specification, thus ensuring the integrity of each weld. Lowering in and Backfilling If the trench bottom does not contain any rocks or other material that may damage the pipe coating the pipe will be laid directly on the trench bottom. However, if there are rocks or other debris present sandbags or foam pillows will be placed on the trench bottom to support the pipe. Soft material, typically sifted spoil, will be placed around the pipe. The pipe will then be lifted off the skids and lowered into the trench using side-boom tractors. The trench will be backfilled, ensuring that topsoil is replaced last, and soil packed down to minimise the potential for subsidence. Testing The pipeline will be hydrostatically tested (hydrotest) for strength and potential leaks by being filled with water and increasing the pressure to a minimum of 125% of the MAOP. Water resources for hydro testing will be identified during the environmental assessment process. Crossings Several different methods will be used when crossing rivers, roads, and major infrastructure corridors. The method used will be dependent on environmental factors and geotechnical constraints, which will be identified during the environmental studies. Typical methods used include open trenching, boring or directional drilling. Clean up and Restoration Clean up and restoration measures will be applied to the ROW,,work areas and access tracks in consultation with the relevant landholder/owner. Generally clean up and restoration will involve removal of foreign material (construction material and waste), surface contouring, respreading topsoil, respreading vegetation and reseeding/revegetating (typically with native grass or other approved species). Restoration will be undertaken in accordance with the Australian Pipeline Industry Association (APIA) Code of Environmental Practice.
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2.3 Operational activities Given that the pipeline will be buried, land users are encouraged to resume previous land use activities on top of the pipeline, provided that the use does not include excavation activities. Whilst deep-rooted vegetation cannot be re-established directly across the pipeline (due to the potential to damage the pipeline) shallow root cropping and grassland re-establishment is encouraged and no long-term impacts would be expected to such areas. Typical operational activities are: General Operations The routine operation and maintenance program associated with the original pipeline would be expanded to include the looping pipeline. The routine operation and maintenance program includes ground and aerial patrols, repair of equipment, pigging and cleaning of the pipeline, corrosion monitoring and remediation, and easement and lease area maintenance including access roads. Aerial and/or ground inspections will include detection of third party activities on or near the ROW, detection of erosion, monitoring of rehabilitation success and detection and control of weed species. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) The pipeline will be connected to the Young Base SCADA system which will continually monitor pipeline conditions such as pressure, temperature, linepack, valve status, and cathodic protection. The SCADA system enables the Pipeline Controller to remotely open or close valves, alter operating pressures and start or stop equipment as required. Prevention of Pipeline Damage APA will operate the looped pipeline in conjunction with the existing Licence 19 pipeline. Prevention of damage due to third party activity will be achieved through appropriate depth of cover, signposting of the pipeline, one call "Dial Before You Dig" programs, regular inspection of the pipeline ROW to spot any construction or earthmoving activities in the area, and third party education on the potential dangers of carrying out activities in proximity to the pipeline. In some areas such as crossings, marker tape or concrete slabs may be buried above the pipeline to reduce risk of third party interference. Security fencing, gates and locks will be provided around all major above ground facilities (e.g. scraper stations and mainline valves) to inhibit accidental or unauthorised tampering. Cathodic Protection - Pipeline corrosion will be prevented by the protective external coating and cathodic protection systems cross bonded to the existing pipeline. The cathodic protection system will be checked regularly to ensure that the protection voltages are within limits and to monitor any likely areas of corrosion activity. The cathodic protection system and external coating system work independently to protect the pipeline from corrosion. Workforce - It is anticipated that the increase in operational duties will equate to less than 1 man year. This will most likely be absorbed by the existing staff or by an additional employee at the Young Base.
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3.0 Planning and Legislative Requirements
3.1 Overview The following section provides the planning and legislative framework for the proposed APA Pipeline. APA Group seeks project approval under Part 3A, Section 75J of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) to loop the existing 12” Young to Wagga Wagga Pipeline with an 18” Pipeline. The pipeline will run north east from the Bomen Meter and Scraper Station, traversing land used predominantly for cattle grazing and cropping within the local government areas of Wagga Wagga and Junee. The Director-Generals Environmental Assessment Requirements have been issued for the proposed project, pursuant to Section 75F(2) of the EP&A Act. The requirements are based on the information provided to date, including the Planning Focus Meeting held on 11 April 2009 and through consultation with relevant government agencies. The purpose of this section is to outline the approval process and identify the applicable planning controls and legislative requirements that relate to the proposed APA Pipeline. This section identifies the planning framework under which approval for the proposed development must be obtained, specifically State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Development) 2005 and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act). The planning and legislative framework provides the key statutory and strategic considerations relevant to the project.
3.2 Approvals process 3.2.1 State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Development) 2005 State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Development) 2005 (MDSEPP) was gazetted on the 25 May 2005 and duly amended on 1 August 2005. It replaces all previous provisions related to former State significant development in environmental planning instruments, directions and declarations. On 16 April 2009 the Minister for Planning, declared the proposed APA Pipeline works to be a major project, pursuant to the provisions of Clause 6 of MDSEPP. Clause 6 of MDSEPP declares that development of a kind specified in the relevant Schedules of the SEPP are “declared to be a project to which Part 3A of the [EP&A] Act applies”. For the purposes of this environmental assessment, the proposed APA Pipeline works fall within the definition provided under Group 8 of Schedule 1 ‘Pipelines’.
Schedule 1 – Group 8 The proposed APA Pipeline works satisfies the criterion under Group 8 Clause 26A ‘Pipelines’ of Schedule 1, which provides: “Development for the purposes of a pipeline in respect of which: (c) a licence was granted under that Act before the commencement of this clause.
Note. The Pipelines Act 1967 enables a person to apply for and be granted a licence under that Act although a licence is not required by the Act for the pipeline concerned. Also, see Part 3 of Schedule 1 to the Pipelines Act 1967, which affects the operation of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 with respect to pipelines”.
The existing pipeline is subject to a licence issued previously under the Pipelines Act 1967, prior to commencement of the MDSEPP, being Licence 19. In this regard, the proposed development satisfies the requirements to be considered a major development under MDSEPP. The existing pipeline licence requires a variation to address the increase in capacity of the pipeline. Section 1.1.5 provides a discussion on licensing requirements under the Pipelines Act 1967 and details the outcome of initial consultation with NSW Department of Industry and Investment (DII) (previously Department of Water and Energy [DWE] and referred therein as DII), in relation to licensing and the approval process under Part 3A of the EP&A Act.
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Clause 6 Declaration On 16 April 2009, pursuant to Clause 6 of MDSEPP, the Minister for Planning declared the project to be development of a kind that is described in Group 8, Clause 26A of Schedule 1. Accordingly, the proposal will be assessed in accordance with the provisions of Part 3A of the EP&A Act (refer to Appendix B for the Clause 6 Declaration issued by the Department of Planning). 3.2.2 Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Objects of the Act The EP&A Act and the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (EP&A Regulation) provide the framework for environmental planning in NSW and include provisions for the assessment of development proposals in NSW. The objects of the EP&A Act and how the proposal meets these objects are provided in Table 3.
Table 3 Section 5 of the EP&A Act – Objects of the Act Objects of the EP&A Act Comment (a) to encourage: (i) the proper management, development and The proposed project utilises an existing pipeline conservation of natural and artificial resources, easement for the on-going provision of gas to towns in the including agricultural land, natural areas, forests, central south of NSW including the Riverina, and Wagga minerals, water, cities, towns and villages for the Wagga. The proposed works constitute an important link purpose of promoting the social and economic in the NSW gas supply network, which extends through to welfare of the community and a better environment, Victoria. The pipeline enables Moomba gas from South Australia to flow to Victoria and Bass Strait gas from Longford to flow to Sydney. Recently the pipeline has operated as a storage facility to enable the supply of natural gas high peak flow rates as a base fuel to a new power station at Uranquinty. The Project has been planned and designed in consideration of the surrounding environment including natural features, land use, built form and social and economic factors with the aim of minimising potential impacts in accordance with the objects of the EP&A Act. The proposal avoids environmentally sensitive lands and incorporates safeguards and management measures to ensure the protection and conservation of these areas into the future. (ii) the promotion and co-ordination of the orderly The proposed project utilises an existing easement to and economic use and development of land, provide increased capability for the provision of transportation services, including that required by power stations and to facilitate the increased use of cleaner burning fuel source for power generation in NSW. The project will enhance the security of gas supply, by strengthening the link between Victoria and NSW. In this regard, the project proposes appropriate and efficient use of the affected land in accordance with the objects of the EP&A Act. (iii) the protection, provision and co-ordination of The primary purpose of the project is the provision of gas communication and utility services, supply to the central south of NSW, thus representing an important utility service for the State. (iv) the provision of land for public purposes, The proposed works are not anticipated to impact upon the provision of land for public purposes. There may be some minor construction impacts on road reserves and
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Objects of the EP&A Act Comment public land used for agriculture and grazing purposes. However, this these impacts will be temporary and minor and land will be rehabilitated post construction (refer to Section 6.0 for a discussion on Crown land). (v) the provision and co-ordination of community Construction camps will only accommodate a peak services and facilities, and workforce of 50, which will be subject to management as part of the CEMP and so is not anticipated to impact on local facilities. (vi) the protection of the environment, including the The planning and design of the pipeline looping works protection and conservation of native animals and were undertaken in consideration of the surrounding plants, including threatened species, populations natural environment and feasible measures taken to and ecological communities, and their habitats, and minimise impacts upon the environment. Where potential impacts upon native species, populations and ecological communities and their habitats have been identified, safeguards and management measures would be implemented as recommended by this EA to minimise these impacts. (vii) ecologically sustainable development, and Section 19.0 of this EA provides a discussion on the project in relation to the principles of ESD. (viii) the provision and maintenance of affordable Not relevant to the project. housing, and (b) to promote the sharing of the responsibility for Not relevant to the project. environmental planning between the different levels of government in the State, and (c) to provide increased opportunity for public involvement The project is subject to assessment under Part 3A of the and participation in environmental planning and EP&A Act and the public consultation and participation assessment. requirements set out therein. In addition to statutory requirements, the Proponent has informed the community of the proposed works as detailed in Section 4.0 of this EA.
Part 3A approval process Part 3A of the EP&A Act consolidates the assessment and approval process for all major development requiring approval of the Minister for Planning. Part 3A applies to certain classes of development that in the opinion of the Minister should be subject to assessment as a major development. Such development was previously classified as State significant and any other projects, plans or programs declared by the Minister and previously assessed under Parts 4 and 5 of the EP&A Act. The Part 3A approval process provides a separate streamlined and integrated development assessment and approvals regime for projects of State significance.
Clause 75(B)1 of the EP&A Act refers to Part 3A and provides that: “This part applies to the carrying out of development that is declared under this section to be a project to which this part applies: (a) by a State environmental planning…”
Section 75D, provides that the Minister for Planning is the approval authority for Part 3A projects: “(1) A person is not to carry out development that is a project to which this Part applies unless the Minister has approved of the carrying out of the project under this Part.
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(2) The person is to comply with any conditions to which such an approval is subject”.
Section 75E of the EP&A Act provides that a proponent may apply to the Minister for approval to carry out a major development. This environmental assessment documentation supports APA’s Project Application submitted on 11 June 2009 for the APA Pipeline. Accordingly, the application will be subject to assessment by the Director- General of the Department of Planning and determination by the Minister for Planning in accordance with the EP&A Act. Approval under Part 3A of the EP&A Act excludes the application of various other Acts and subsequently the requirement to obtain approvals under these Acts. Section 75U details the approvals not required under other legislation that would otherwise apply to a project being assessed under Parts 4 and 5 of the EP&A Act. Notwithstanding, Section 75V outlines approvals that are required and legislation that must be applied consistently with an approval under Part 3A. As discussed, a license variation is required under the Pipelines Act 1967 and issuance of such a license cannot be refused if it is necessary for carrying out an approved project (refer to Section 1.1.5 for legislative requirements under the Pipelines Act 1967).
3.2.3 Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 Part 1A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 (EP&A Regulation) relates to Major Projects that are assessed under Part 3A of the EP&A Act. Clause 8F of the EP&A Regulations addresses owner’s consent or notification in relation to Major Projects and states that: The consent of the owner of land on which a project is to be carried out is required for a project application unless: “the application relates to a linear infrastructure project”.
Clause 8F defines ‘linear infrastructure’ project as: “development for the purposes of linear transport or public utility infrastructure”.
The project comprises linear infrastructure (the pipeline), therefore the consent of the owner of land on which the project is to be carried out is not required under the EP&A Regulations. However, Clause 8F states that, if consent is not required, the proponent is required to give notice of the application as follows: “in the case of a linear infrastructure project …….. to the public by advertisement published in a newspaper circulating in the area of the project before the start of the public consultation period for the project”. Notice of the project will be given in accordance with the provisions of Clause 8F through advertisements published in relevant local newspapers prior to commencement of the formal consultation period and exhibition of the EA.
3.2.4 State Environmental Planning Policy (Infrastructure) 2007 State Environmental Planning Policy (Infrastructure) 2007 (ISEPP) came into effect on 1 January 2008 and establishes the planning approvals process for infrastructure. In the event of any inconsistency between MDSEPP and ISEPP, MDSEPP prevails to the extent of the inconsistency. For the purpose of establishing permissibility, the proposed works fall within Division 9 ‘Gas transmission or distribution’. Clause 53 of Subdivision 1 Gas pipelines provides that the following development is permitted without consent: “(1) Development for the purpose of a gas pipeline may be carried out by any person without consent on any land if the pipeline is subject to a licence under the Pipelines Act 1967 or a licence or authorisation under the Gas Supply Act 1996.
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(2) Development for the purpose of a gas pipeline may be carried out by or on behalf of a public authority without consent on any land. (3) However, subclauses (1) and (2) apply with respect to land in Zone E1 National Parks and Nature Reserves or an equivalent land use zone only if the development: (a) is authorised by or under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, or (b) is, or is the subject of, an existing interest within the meaning of section 39 of that Act, or (c) is carried out on land to which that Act applies over which an easement has been granted and is not contrary to the terms or nature of the easement. (4) In this clause, a reference to development for the purpose of a gas pipeline includes a reference to development for any of the following purposes if the development is in connection with a gas pipeline: (a) construction works, (b) emergency works or routine maintenance works”.
The proposed pipeline works as described under Clause 53 of ISEPP are permitted without consent on any land as the pipeline is subject to a license under the Pipelines Act 1967. The existing pipeline is subject to Licence (19), which requires variation to incorporate the works being undertaken to construct the new pipeline. Section 1.1.4 provides a discussion on the requirements under the Pipelines Act 1967.
3.3 Permissibility 3.3.1 Local Environmental Plans The Stage 1 pipeline route traverses land in Wagga Wagga and Junee LGAs. In this regard, the relevant local environmental plans (LEPs) include: x Wagga Wagga Rural Local Environmental Plan 1991 x Junee Local Environmental Plan 1992
In accordance with Section 75R(3) of the EP&A Act, LEPs do not apply to approved projects under Part 3A of that Act. However, a discussion of permissibility and general development control principles imposed under the relevant local environmental plans is provided below.
Land use zoning and permissibility The land traversed by the pipeline route is identified as rural zoning. Under the Wagga Wagga Rural Local Environmental Plan 1991 (LEP 1991) the land use zoning of the study area is identified as No. 1 (Rural) zone. Clause 6 of LEP 1991 adopts the Model Provisions, which defines the proposed works a “public utility undertaking”: “any of the following undertakings carried on or permitted or suffered to be carried on by or by authority of any Government Department or under the authority of or in pursuance of any Commonwealth or State Act: (a) railway, road transport, water transport, air transport, wharf or river undertakings, (b) undertakings for the supply of water, hydraulic power, electricity or gas or the provision of sewerage or drainage services, and a reference to a person carrying on a public utility undertaking shall be construed as including a reference to a council, county council, Government Department, corporation, firm or authority carrying on the undertaking.
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The definition of the pipeline works fall within the meaning of a “public utility undertaking” under the Model Provisions, which is a permissible land use with consent under No. 1 (Rural) zone”. Under the Junee Local Environmental Plan 1992 (LEP 1992) the study area is identified as No. 1(a) (General Rural Zone). Clause 7 of LEP 1992 adopts the Model Provisions, as in Wagga Wagga and therefore adopts the same “public utility undertaking” definition as discussed above. Accordingly, LEP 1991 and LEP 1992, identify the proposed works as permissible with consent under the subject zoning. Notwithstanding, the affect of Clause 53 of ISEPP, provides that pipelines subject to a licence under the Pipelines Act 1967 may be carried out without consent on any land and therefore, permissibility under the relevant land use zones does not apply, with respect to an approved project. Relevant draft environmental planning instrument Wagga Wagga City Council is currently preparing Draft Wagga Wagga Local Environmental Plan 2008 (draft LEP 2008). Under draft LEP 2008, the pipeline route traverses a number of land use zones, including: x IN1 – General Industrial x RE1 – Public Recreation x RU6 – Transition x RU1 – Primary Production
As discussed, LEPs do not apply to approved projects under that Act. Notwithstanding, the proposed works are permissible with consent in each of the applicable zones, under draft LEP 2008. Land Use Zone objectives The rural land use zone objectives are generally consistent between LGAs. The objective of this zone is to promote the proper management and utilisation of resources. A discussion on zone objectives under LEP 1991 and LEP 1992 and how they relate to the proposed works is provided in Table 4. Any variance between zone objectives within each LGA is highlighted.
Table 4 Land use zone objectives
Zone objective Comment
x protecting, enhancing and conserving: The works will not impact on the future efficient and - agricultural land in a manner which effective agricultural production potential by ensuring sustains its efficient and effective land that is currently used for grazing and cropping is agricultural production potential, rehabilitated to enable the continuation of agricultural activities post construction. Land disturbance outside the existing easement is - soil stability by controlling and locating minimal. Construction activities will be carried out in development in accordance with soil / land accordance with the CEMP and land will be capability, rehabilitated post construction.
- forests of existing and potential commercial The proposed works will not impact on existing and/or value for timber production, potential commercial value for timber production.
- valuable deposits of minerals, coal, The pipeline works will not impact on any valuable petroleum and extractive materials by deposits. The pipeline will be constructed within the controlling the location of development for existing pipeline easement and will not sterilise any other purposes in order to ensure the additional land. efficient extraction of those deposits, - trees and other vegetation in environmentally sensitive localities where Ensuring the proposed works do not involve clearing of the conservation of the vegetation is trees or significant vegetation, where practicable. significant to scenic amenity or natural
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wildlife habitat or is likely to control land degradation, The proposed works will not impact on water - water resources for use in the public resources. Creeks within the pipeline footprint will be interest, protected.
- localities of significance for nature conservation, including localities with rare The study area does not contain areas of significant plants, wetlands and significant wildlife nature conservation. habitat, and - places and buildings of archaeological or The identified archaeological sites within the easement heritage significance, including Aboriginal footprint will be subject to the agreed strategies and relics and places, management measures outlined in this report. The pipeline will be located within the existing x preventing the unjustified development of prime easement and any temporary construction impacts that crop and pasture land for purposes other than may occur outside the existing pipeline will be agriculture, managed appropriately rehabilitated post construction. x ensuring that any allotment created for intensive agricultural pursuits is potentially and physically capable, on its own, of sustaining a range of Not relevant to the proposed works. such pursuits or other agricultural purposes as a commercial agricultural operation suitable to the locality, (LEP 1991 Wagga Wagga) x facilitating farm adjustments, Not relevant to the proposed works. x minimising the cost to the community of: - fragmented and isolated development of No further land, other than the land within the existing rural land, and easement, is sterilised as result of the works. - providing, extending and maintaining public Impacts to public amenities and services will be amenities and services, and temporary and associated with the construction phase. x providing land for future urban development, for The project involves essential augmentation works of future rural residential development and for existing infrastructure, as detailed in the project future development for other non-agricultural description and justification, to facilitate the supply of purposes, in accordance with the need for that gas in central south NSW. development, and x providing for the need of farmers and their families to have alternative means of economic Not relevant to the proposed works. benefit and still retain farm holding flexibility, (LEP 1992 Junee) x providing for a range of rural living styles in appropriate locations within the area to which Not relevant to the proposed works. the plan applies, (LEP 1991 Wagga Wagga) and x encouraging the establishment of rural industries Not relevant to the proposed works. within the area to which the plan applies. x providing a means to allow for increasing the population in the rural areas of the Shire of Not relevant to the proposed works. Junee (LEP 1992 Junee)
3.3.2 Pipelines Act 1967 The Pipelines Act 1967 regulates the high pressure transmission pipeline network in NSW. The types of pipelines covered by the Act typically transport large volumes of natural gas at high pressure and/or for long distances, either from a gas producer to the receipt point to a distribution network. The Act provides licensing provisions and an approvals system to facilitate the construction of pipelines within NSW.
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Under the Pipelines Act 1967 authorisations or a License can be applied for by any person proposing to construct and operate a pipeline for the purpose of any substance. The DII are the responsible authority for administering the Act and the Minister for Energy is responsible for granting licenses under the Act. The APA Group sought advice from DII in relation to the proposed works and the relevant approval process. Advice received from DII states that approval for the works must be obtained under Part 3A of the EP&A Act, as the works fall within the meaning of ‘Pipelines’ under Clause 26A of Schedule 1 of MDSEPP. As discussed , on 16 April 2009, the Minister for Planning declared the works a Major Project to which Part 3A applies. Further, Clause 8 of Schedule 1 of the Pipelines Act 1967 relates to deemed EP&A Act approvals and assessment for pipelines for works in relation to a pipeline: (1) This clause applies to a development or an activity in respect of a pipeline that on the commencement of a provision of the amending Act (the commencement) becomes a development or an activity that requires EP&A Act approval (the affected activity). (2) If: (a) before the commencement, a permit is granted with respect to the affected activity, or (b) at any time (including before the commencement), a licence is granted in respect of the affected activity and the licence relates to land in respect of which a permit has been granted, any EP&A Act approval required in respect of the affected activity is taken to have been granted, and all associated assessment is taken to have been carried out, in accordance with the EP&A Act. (3) The EP&A Act approval is taken to be subject to the same conditions as the licence or permit, as the case may be. (4) The provisions of the EP&A Act apply, as appropriate, in respect of EP&A Act approvals that are taken, by subclause (2), to have been granted. (5) This clause applies subject to the regulations. The Pipelines Act 1967 has been amended since the original licence was granted for operation of the pipeline. In this regard, Section 8(1) applies to development in relation to a pipeline that upon commencement of the amended Pipelines Act 1967 requires approval for the proposed works under the EP&A Act. Section 8(1) provides that due to the amendments of the Pipelines Act 1967, development for the purpose of a pipeline now requires approval under the EP&A Act. As the works will be contained wholly within the existing licence area and no additional lands are required that would otherwise necessitate an application for variation under Section 18 of the Act, DII have indicated that an application for variation under Section 30(d) of the Pipelines Act 1967 would be appropriate to cover the proposed works. Section 30 ‘Variation of, and exemption from, licence conditions etc’ provides that the licensee (APA Group) may apply to the Minister for a variation or suspension of, or exemption from compliance with, any of the conditions of the licence. An application under Section 30(d) of the Act is therefore required to be obtained by APA Group. The application is required to provide a description of the amendments to Licence (19), as well as a detailed project description.
3.4 Other environmental planning instruments Under Part 3A, applicability of environmental planning instruments (EPIs) is determined by Section 75J(3) of the EP&A Act: “In deciding whether or not to approve the carrying out of a project, the Minister may (but is not required to) take into account the provisions of any environmental planning instrument that would not (because of section 75R) apply to the project if approved. However, the regulations may preclude approval for the carrying out of a class of project (other than a critical infrastructure project) that such an instrument would otherwise prohibit”.
Based on the Minister’s discretion to consider the provisions of EPIs, a review of potentially relevant EPIs has been undertaken. Accordingly, the following State Environmental Planning Policies may be relevant to the pipeline works: x State Environmental Planning Policy No. 44 Koala Habitat Protection
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x State Environmental Planning Policy (Major Development) 2005 x State Environmental Planning Policy (Infrastructure) 2007
3.5 Other NSW legislation
3.5.1 Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 Under the NSW Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act) it is an offence, for which there are penalties, to cause water, air or noise pollution without authorisation for such under an Environmental Protection Licence (EPL). Additionally, Schedule 1 of the POEO Act identifies certain activities as “scheduled activities” which are required to be licensed by the DECCW. The proposed works do not constitute a “scheduled activity” under Schedule 1 of that Act and therefore an EPL is not required.
3.5.2 Water Management Act 2000 The Water Management Act 2000 (WM Act) aims to ensure the sustainable management of water resources in the State, primarily through the issue of licences and approvals for the extraction and use of water from rivers and groundwater aquifers. The WM Act applies to parts of the State which are subject to Water Sharing Plans. Those areas of the State not covered by such plans are managed in accordance with the Water Act 1912. Section 75U of the EP&A Act exempts Part 3A projects from the need to obtain water use approvals under section 89, water management works approval under section 90 and activity approvals under section 91 of the WM Act. Therefore no such approvals are required for the project.
3.6 Commonwealth legislation 3.6.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) governs the Commonwealth environmental assessment process and aims to streamline the national environmental assessment and approvals process. The EPBC Act provides protection for matters of National Environmental Significance (NES) including: x Nationally threatened species and ecological communities x Australia’s World heritage properties x Ramsar wetlands of international importance x Migratory species listed under the EPBC Act (species protected under international agreements) x Commonwealth marine areas x Nuclear actions, including uranium mining x National heritage.
The EPBC Act defines proposals that are likely to have a significant impact on a matter of NES as a “controlled action”. A proposal that is, or may be, a controlled action is required to be referred to the Commonwealth Minister for the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) for a determination as to whether or not the action is a controlled action. The study area contains a number of matters of NES that may be affected by the proposed pipeline works. However impacts on these species are not likely to be significant and an EPBC referral is not considered necessary. Section 8.0 details the potential impacts on matters of NES.
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4.0 Consultation and Issues Identification
4.1 NSW formal procedures This EA has been prepared in accordance with Part 3A of the EP&A Act and its Regulation. Part 3A of the EP&A Act ensures that the potential environmental effects of a proposal are properly assessed and considered in the decision making process. In preparing this EA, the Director-General’s EARs have been addressed as required by Clause 75F of the EP&A Act. The key matters raised by the Director-General (Ref. S09/00434) for consideration in the EA are outlined in Table 5 below, together with the relevant section of the EA which addresses that matter. A full copy of the Director-General’s EARs for this Project is provided in Appendix A.
Table 5 – Director-General's EARs issued July 2009 Key matters Reference in EA Strategic planning and justification The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 19 x A strategic assessment of the need, scale, scope and for the project, considering the existing Australian pipeline network, the location of gas reserves, areas of gas demand and expected demand growth, and pipeline; x An analysis of the existing gas supplies, and x An analysis of additional known reserve to be connected into the project. Land use planning impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 6 x An assessment of the potential for the project to generate land use conflicts, particularly with respect to Crown land, mineral reserves, conservation areas, land of high agriculture value (agriculture land classes should be shown) and areas of significant scenic or visual value. Ecological impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 8 x A justified and tiered assessment approach for impacts of the project on native vegetation, threatened species, populations, ecological communities and their habitat for each bioregion (including both terrestrial and freshwater ecology); x An identification of bioregions that will or may be impacted by the project; x A demonstration of a design philosophy of impact avoidance on ecological values; x For each identified bioregion, a screening of species, populations, ecological communities and habitat based on their ecological significance and the potential impacts of the project; x When there is high potential for impacts and high ecological significance, sufficient information to demonstrate the impacts (need to be consistent with Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment, DEC & DPI 2005); x For other species, population and ecological communities, a general bioregion based assessment of potential impacts; x A region based ecological outcomes; and x A detailed outline of the measures to avoid or mitigate impacts Heritage impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 9 x An assessment of the likely impacts on Aboriginal heritage values and items; x An outline of the proposed mitigation measures in accordance with the draft Guidelines for Aboriginal Culture Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation, DEC 2005; x A documented consultation with Aboriginal communities for the determination and assessment of impacts, development of options and selection of options and
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Key matters Reference in EA mitigation measures; and x An assessment of impacts on non-indigenous heritage sites. Human amenity impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 10 x A justified and tiered assessment approach for impacts on human amenity, including noise and vibrations, air quality (dust and odour) and traffic impact during construction and operation of the project; x An identification of human receptors that may be impacted; x A characterisation of the human receptors depending on their type and sensitivity x An identification of the receptors and receptors type likely to be significantly impacted by the project; x A framework for the mitigation, management and monitoring of noise and air quality impacts during the construction phase with respect to receptors and receptors type likely to be significantly impacted and specific reference to noise and vibration intensive construction activities. Socio-economic implications The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 7 x An assessment of the potential influence of the project on the socio-economic profile of major centre and regions along the route; x A documentation where relevant of the design philosophy to support the potential for domestic, commercial and industrial connection to gas supplies in major centres where appropriate and feasible in the future. Hazards and risk impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 11 x An assessment of the hazards and risk impacts of the project consistent with the Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No. 6 (DoP 1992) and Multi-level Risk Assessment (DUAP 1997) and with specific reference to Australian standard (including AS2885 – Gas and Liquid Petroleum – Operation and Maintenance); x Consideration for the on-going maintenance and safety management of the project including potential impacts on and from floods and bushfires. Surface and groundwater impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 12 x A justified and tiered assessment approach for impacts on surface water and potential for groundwater interception, including any stream crossing; and x Details on the sources of water and disposal of water (from hydro-testing). Infrastructure impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 14 x A justified and tiered assessment approach for impacts on infrastructure, including roads, rail electricity, gas and water supply infrastructure; and x A description of the mitigation measures put in place to counter or rectify these impacts. Traffic and transport impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 13 x An assessment of the construction and operational traffic impacts of the project including proposed routes, timing and traffic volumes. General environment risks and impacts The Environmental Assessment must include: Chapter 15 x An assessment of the construction and operational environmental impacts of the project in addition to the key assessment requirement identified above; x Proposed mitigation measures to address these risks; and x An evaluation of potential significant residual risks after the application of mitigation
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Key matters Reference in EA measures. Consultation requirements The following parties have to be consulted during the preparation of the Environmental Chapter4 Assessment: x Commonwealth Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts; x NSW Department of Primary Industries; x Relevant Catchment Management Authorities; x NSW Department of Water and Energy; x Country Energy; x Transgrid; x NSW Road and Traffic Authority; x Australian Rail Track Corporation; x NSW Department of Lands; x Relevant Landcare groups and Rural Land Protection Boards x Relevant local aboriginal communities and Local Aboriginal Land Councils; x Local Councils of Young, Harden, Cootamundra, Junee and Wagga Wagga. In addition, appropriate consultation with the community should be undertaken. The Environmental Assessment should clearly document issues raised by stakeholders during the consultation and how these issues were addressed in the Environmental Assessment.
4.2 Consultation with stakeholders and other relevant authorities 4.2.1 Planning Focus Meeting The DoP advised that a Planning Focus Meeting (PFM) would be required in order for the Proponent to formally seek the views of relevant statutory authorities in respect of potential impacts of the proposal and issues to be addressed during preparation of the EA. A PFM was held on 7 April 2009. The PFM provided an opportunity for statutory authorities to establish the requirements for the form and content of the EA. 4.2.2 Statutory and Other Relevant Authorities The Director General has undertaken consultation with key local and State Government agencies. The purpose of this consultation was to provide an overview of the Project and to seek input into matters they would like to see addressed in the EA. In this regard written comments sought from those parties identified in the EARs to assist with the preparation of the EA. Table 6 below summarises the responses received together with the relevant section of the EA which addresses the matter. Copies of the written comments to the Director-General’s for this Project are provided in Appendix A.
Table 6 – Responses to the DG enquiries Comments / EA Institution Matters for Consideration Reference NSW Department of Based on the information provided, the proposed activity is not a None Environment and scheduled activity under the Protection of the Environment Climate Change Operations Act 1997. (DECC) x Impacts on fauna and flora; Chapter8 x Impacts on threatened species, occurring in and around the pipeline easement and any associated track construction; x Proposed rehabilitation of areas temporarily disturbed; Chapter 16 x Assessment of any impacts the project may have on Chapter 9 Aboriginal cultural heritage; and x Actions that will be taken to avoid or mitigate impacts or Chapters 6, 7, 8, compensate to prevent unavoidable impacts identified 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
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Comments / EA Institution Matters for Consideration Reference above. 14, 15 and16 x Environmental impacts need to be identified, quantified and Chapter 15 reported on air quality. x Environmental impacts need to be identified, quantified and Chapter 12 reported on water quality. x Environmental impacts need to be identified, quantified and Chapter 15 reported on noise. x Environmental impacts need to be identified, quantified and Chapter 15 reported in terms of waste. Consideration of the relevant guidelines in assessing impacts in Chapters 6, 7, 8, terms of air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, groundwater, stormwater, waste water, waste, threatened 14, 15 and16 species and aboriginal cultural heritage. NSW Department of DPI has no additional key issues to raise. None Primary Industries (DPI) NSW Department of x Impacts on waterway crossing; Chapter 12 Water and Energy x Impacts on water supply; and (DWE) x Potential for groundwater interception. Cootamundra Shire x Impacts of construction workers and vehicles on Shire Chapter 13 roads; x Preparation of traffic control plans for the gas line crossing roads; and x Preparation of traffic management plans for activity such as delivery of pipes and materials as well as parking of workers along the roads. x Preparation of rehabilitation plans for the all work on road Chapters 8 and 16 reserves or other Councils owned land. x Preparation of waste management plan for disposal of all Chapter 15 waste. Harden Shire x Protection of Council’s infrastructure during construction, in Chapters 14 and particular under boring of roads, disturbance to reticulated 16 water services and access to site from Councils’ roads; x Impacts on areas of historic gold diggings, mine working Chapter 9 and mine workers camps. This should including actual disturbance, visual impacts and security fencing. x Description of camp sites offices and stockpiles. Chapter 2 x Description of waste disposal measures, including any on Chapter 15 site effluent. x Areas where water for testing and dust suppression will be Chapters 12 and drawn, disposal location and potential impacts particularly 16 in relation to soil disturbance and agricultural reuse. x Community notification procedures. Chapter 4 x Impacts of increased traffic. Chapter 13 x Details of revegetation, secerning and landscaping Chapters 8 and 16 activities. Junee Shire x Bushfire prevention measures. Chapter 16 x Erosion control measures. Chapter 16 x Rehabilitation to damage and work outside the easement. Chapter 16
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Comments / EA Institution Matters for Consideration Reference x Water sourcing and possible re-use of water. Chapter 12 x Impacts on existing wildlife. Chapter 8 x Location of a central material depot to allow for better traffic Chapter 2 distribution. Wagga Wagga Shire x Activities outside the easement Chapter 16 x Impacts on council’s infrastructures including road Chapter 14 pavement and drainage infrastructure. x Impacts on remnant vegetation. Chapter 8 x Progressive rehabilitation of all disturbed areas including: Chapters 8, 12, 13 - Temporary access roadways; and 16 - Profile of creeks and drainage lines; - Natural profile of the landscape; and - Vegetation profile. x Minimise the number of required access locations to public Chapter 13 roads x Minimise the potential for entrapment and injury to wildlife Chapter 8 while trenches are open. Young Shire x Location of the easement, old and new pipeline Chapter 2 x Location of any dwell or sensitive land use close to the Chapter 6 pipeline and subsequent risk assessment x Impacts on vegetation especially on road reserves Chapter 8 x Details on road re-instatement where road crossings occur Chapter 13 x Details on temporary vehicle access x Details of permanent vehicle access x Noise impact assessment during the construction phase Chapter 15 x Sedimentation and erosion control measures Chapter 16 Livestock Health and x The pipeline does not run through any of the travelling None Pest Authority stock reserves – it is expected that there will be no impacts from the project.
4.2.3 Stakeholder consultation at EA Stage In September 2009, all stakeholder groups were contacted and a brief overview of the gas pipeline proposal was forwarded to the contact persons identified. Invitations for either face to face meetings or teleconferencing were extended in order to discuss the proposed works and ascertain any concerns. Comments / EA Institution Matter for consideration Reference NSW Department Flora and fauna impacts and indigenous heritage are main concern Chapters 8 and 9 of Environment Indigenous heritage – DECC not aware of/if any records of sites Chapter 9 and Climate destroyed by original pipeline works Change (DECC) After pressure testing the system, undertake sampling of the water Chapter 12 for disposal to ensure no contaminants present Greenhouse gas emissions – will there be any new pump stations or No new pump components? stations will be erected Part 3A developments are exempt from requiring licenses/approvals Chapters 8, 12 at water crossings, however: and 16 Trees around a riparian zone should not be removed as is a key threatening process for threatened species
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Comments / EA Institution Matter for consideration Reference Ensure assessment of impact includes vehicle tracks and camps A Surface Water Management Plan may be required by DoP Open trenching of ephemeral creeks is allowed, however rehabilitation works should be documented NSW Department No comment received None of Primary Industries (DPI) NSW Department Ascertain water supply as a license may be required depending on Chapter 12 of Water and source and volume Energy (DWE) Water supply for workers camps No camps required Have a surface water management plan that identifies potential Chapters 12 and issue of intercepting a shallow groundwater source or spring (in the 16 event, stop work and contact the Office of Water (formerly DWE) NSW Road Traffic Prefer face to face meeting once materials depot decided None Authority (RTA) No further comment received NSW Department Requested information regarding Crown Lands None of Lands (DoL) Australian Rail Ensure the EA covers works in the ARTC corridor Chapter 16 Track Corporation Acknowledgement of ARTC’s EPL (ARTC) Country Energy No comment received None Transgrid No comment received None Young Shire Referred to response to DGRs, no additional comments to be made Young Shire Council Consultation will occur closer to Stage Two works Council Harden Shire Consultation will occur closer to Stage Two works Harden Shire Council Council Cootamundra Consultation will occur closer to Stage Two works Cootamundra Shire Council Shire Council Junee Shire Construction preferable in summer Chapter 13 Council Consider possible road closure and traffic management Address bushfire prevention in EA – community is sensitive to this Chapter 16 issue Include erosion control measures in EA Chapters 9 and 16 Information on web page re high risk areas and rural heritage items are on LEP Re-use the pressure-testing water – possibly discharge to a farm Chapter 12 dam Fauna concerns are more applicable at Bethungra and Wagga Chapter 8 areas Junee is an ideal central location for first stage of works; Chapter 7 and 13 facilities/amenities include potential storage depot, accommodation and road and rail access Wagga Wagga No comment received None Shire Council Lachlan Consultation will occur closer to Stage Two works None Catchment Management Authority (CMA) Murrumbidgee The REF should: Chapters 6, 7 and CMA Consider land zoning in reference to the relevant LEP 8 Include a site plan indicating location of native vegetation for removal, rehabilitation works and proposed mitigation/offset measures Include likely impacts to native vegetation, biodiversity and
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Comments / EA Institution Matter for consideration Reference threatened species/communities Details on purpose of the pipeline, community impact and benefit
Any clearing should be consistent with the Murrumbidgee CMA’s Chapters 8 and 16 Catchment Action Plan Avoid clearing previously over cleared vegetation communities – consider alternate route Consider rehabilitation through revegetation activities that will minimise impact on soil erosion and water quality Consideration should be given to threatened communities and Chapters 8 and 16 threatened species habitat. Avoid EECs such as Yellow Box – White Box – Blakelys Red Gum Woodland Threatened species habitat should be assessed and avoid unnecessary clearing, particularly those listed under Threatened Species Conservation Act (1997) (threatened populations, endangered communities, and threatened species habitat should be assessed using the part eight test under Section 5A of the EP&A Act) Land identified as ‘Sate Forest”, ‘Reserve’ or ‘Crown’ may required Chapters 8 and 16 written consent from Department of Lands or other authorities Undertake an assessment to determine any impact to culturally Chapter 9 significant sites Impact of clearing on land degradation requires an assessment of Chapters 8, 12 land and soil capability and potential for erosion and 16 Assessment should be undertaken to determine if clearing will Chapter 12 impact on salinity of the site Landcare Groups Young and Harden: Consultation will occur closer to Stage Two None works Otherwise, Landcare Groups will be represented under the CMA umbrella Young Livestock Pipeline doesn’t traverse any stock routes so no impact expected None Health and Pest Authority (LHPA) Gundagai LHPA Stock route at Bethungra, inform LHPA in the event of passing Information through a reserve, they will keep stock away transmitted to Otherwise no impact expected APA Wagga Wagga No comment received None LHPA Note: Consultation regarding indigenous matters of concern are covered in Chapter 9.
4.2.4 Landowner Consultation Extensive consultation has been undertaken with landowners potentially affected by the preferred corridor for the pipeline and is outlined below. Several letters have been issued to inform all landowners potentially affected about project’s development. In addition, APA has met with each of the land owners on two occasions to explain the proposal and seeking their consent to the project by way of an Easement Construction Deed. Of the 44 owners, APA has obtained signatures to 41% of these agreements. The balance of these agreements will continue to be progressed prior to construction. APA continues to give priority to this consultation activity.
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5.0 Issues Prioritisation
5.1 Issue identification 5.1.1 Methodology Consultation with the DoP and relevant agencies and authorities (including the PFM held on 7 April 2009 and subsequent DGR’s issued on 4 July 2009) assisted in the identification of issues relating to the project. The Project Application Report provided an outline of information and some background environmental data on the project, sufficient to establish the key environmental issues. This information and the DGR’s were used to identify the level of assessment required for this EA. 5.1.2 The Issues Key environmental issues identified by AECOM through the PEA process and through the DGR’s are as follows: x Land use planning x Ecological x Human amenity x Heritage implication x Socio economic x Hazard and risk; x Ground and surface water x Transport and traffic; x Infrastructure x General environmental risks
5.2 Prioritisation of issues 5.2.1 Approach The prioritisation of issues for the proposed project is based on the need to recognise that the higher the potential severity of adverse environmental effects and the greater the consequence of those unmanaged effects, the higher the degree of environmental assessment required. Where a high potential effect was identified, the attribute or issue was allocated a higher priority for assessment. Table 7 provides the Issues Prioritisation Matrix upon which the ranking of environmental issues has been based. This method assesses priority on the basis of the potential severity of environmental effects and the likely consequences of those potential effects if unmanaged. The potential severity and consequence of the environmental effect are each given a numerical value between 1 and 3. The numbers are added together to provide a result which is then ranked and shaded in the matrix by the level of priority being High, Medium or Low.
Table 7: Issues Prioritisation Matrix
Severity of Perceived Consequence of Unmanaged Effects
Effects 3. High 2. Medium 1. Low
1 Low 4 (Medium) 3 (Low) 2 (Low)
2 Medium 5 (High) 4 (Medium) 3 (Low)
3 High 6 (High) 5 (High) 4 (Medium)
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5.2.2 Prioritisation Assessment The prioritisation of environmental issues related to the proposed project is shown in Table 8. This assessment aims to allow the prioritisation of issues for assessment and does not consider the application of mitigation measures to manage environmental effects. In all cases, appropriate and proven mitigation measures, chosen based upon the experience of regulators and other similar projects would be used to minimise potential impacts. These measures will be discussed in Chapters 6 to 15 of this EA. The allocation of risk is based upon the following considerations:
Severity of Risk
1. Low: Localised implications; imperceptible or short term cumulative impacts.
2. Medium: Regional implications; modest or medium term accumulation of impacts.
3. High: Inter-regional implications; serious or long term cumulative impacts.
Consequences of Unmanaged Effects
1. Low: Minor environmental change; offsets readily available.
2. Medium: Moderate adverse environmental change; offsets available.
3. High: Important adverse environmental change, offsets not readily available.
Table 8 Prioritisation Analysis of Environmental Issues
Severity Consequence Priority Aspect: Air Quality Construction related impacts on air quality. 2 2 4 (Medium) Emissions to the atmosphere with the potential to result in reduction of air quality in the local 1 2 3 (Low) area. Community concern regarding reduction of air 1 2 3 (Low) quality. Regional and inter-regional impacts upon air 1 2 3 (Low) quality. Aspect: Water Degradation of water quality in the local area 2 2 4 (Medium) during construction. Degradation of water quality in the local area 1 2 3 (Low) during operation. Aspect: Visual Impact Change to observed landscape character as a 1 2 3 (Low) result of new buildings. Obstruction of views/vistas. 1 2 3 (Low) Aspect: Soils and Stability Erosion and sedimentation during construction. 1 2 3 Low) Erosion and sedimentation during operation. 1 2 3 Low) Changes to landform. 1 1 2 (Low) Land capability. 1 1 2 (Low)
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Severity Consequence Priority Aspect: Noise and Vibration Temporary noise nuisance to local residents 1 1 2 (Low) during construction.
Noise nuisance to local residents during 1 2 3 (Low) operation.
Aspect: Flora and Fauna Loss of habitat due to clearing and development. 2 2 4 (Medium) Reduction in biodiversity due to loss of habitat 2 2 4 (Medium) for native species. Spread of weeds and feral animals. 1 1 2 (Low) Detrimental impact on nearby bushland due to 1 2 3 (Low) edge effects. Impact upon threatened species. 2 2 4 (Medium) Community concern regarding clearing of land. 2 2 4 (Medium) Indirect ecological impacts due to emissions, 1 2 3 (Low) noise and potential water pollution. Impact upon koala habitat. 2 2 4 (Medium) Aspect: Cultural Heritage Damage or removal of Aboriginal artefacts or 2 2 3 (Medium) places. Detrimental impact upon items of non-indigenous 1 1 2 (Low) heritage significance. Aspect: Transport and Traffic Increase in traffic on local road network during 1 2 3 (Low) construction. Increase in traffic on local road network during 1 1 2 (Low) operation. Aspect: Social Impacts upon residential amenity such as noise, 1 2 3 (Low) visual, etc. Impacts upon demand for community resources. 1 2 3 (Low) Aspect: Economic Job creation during construction. 1 1 2 (Low) Job creation during operation. 1 1 2 (Low)
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Table 9 identifies that the prioritisation of environmental issues, and therefore the focus of assessment for the proposed project should be as follows: Table 9: Prioritisation of Issues Low Medium High
Visual Impact Flora and fauna Soils and stability Water Noise and Vibration Cultural heritage Social Air quality Economic Transport and Traffic
The level of information on each issue provided in this EA corresponds to the priority of the issue. The above issues have been addressed in Chapters 6 to 15 of this document.
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6.0 Land Use Impacts The predominant land use along the study area is rural and agricultural related land uses. This section addresses potential land use impacts and provides measures for managing and mitigating against any potential impacts. The potential for the proposal to impact negatively on agricultural production is also considered.
6.1 Study area The Stage 1 pipeline works traverse predominantly rural land within the local government areas (LGAs) of Wagga Wagga and Junee. The study area contains a number of privately and publicly owned landholdings and assets, including, farms, main roads, undeveloped roads and undeveloped road reservations. The City of Wagga Wagga is a regional city located on the eastern side of the Riverina region, 450 km southwest of Sydney. The City of Wagga Wagga contains a well established central business district and an emerging industrial area in the northern extent of the shire in the township of Bomen. The pipeline commences at the Bomen Meter and Scrapper Station in north Wagga Wagga and extends for approximately 20 km within the Wagga Wagga LGA to the Junee Shire boundary. The Shire of Junee is a regional shire located northeast of Wagga Wagga within the Riverina region, 435 km southwest of Sydney. The main centre within the shire is the Junee regional centre. The pipeline works circumvent the town of Junee, passing the southern area of the LGA. The pipeline extends from the Wagga Wagga LGA border for approximately 35 km through the Junee LGA, terminating in Bethungra. The study area is within the Murrumbidgee Catchment, with Wagga Wagga and Junee located within the mid- catchment area. The Murrumbidgee Catchment Action Plan provides that approximately 85% of the catchment area is managed by private landholders, consisting of family managed farms, corporate farms, private enterprise and rural residential blocks. Approximately 15% of the catchment area is managed publicly (Murrumbidgee Catchment Action Plan 2008). The proposal is generally consistent and permitted under the applicable local planning and statutory frameworks, as discussed in Section 3. The land use zoning across the study area is zoned for rural purposes. Accordingly, given proposed works will be constructed within the existing pipeline easement, created when the original pipeline was constructed, it is unlikely for the current project to generate any land use conflicts. In this regard, the pipeline design and methodology for construction has been developed to operate in association with the existing pipeline and to limit and manage potential impacts that may arise during construction and operation.
6.2 Agricultural land uses Land throughout the study area is used predominately for dry-land agricultural industries of livestock grazing and cropping. The NSW DII Primary Industries (previously Department of Primary Industries [DPI]) classifies rural land into five classes according to its suitability for agricultural uses. Classification categories include: x Class 1 – Arable land suitable for intensive cultivation x Class 2 – Arable land suitable for regular, but not continuous cultivation x Class 3 – Grazing land or land well suited to pasture improvement x Class 4 – Land suitable for grazing, but not for cultivation x Class 5 – Land unsuitable for agriculture or at best suitable for occasional light grazing.
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Figure 9– Stage 1: Land capability
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Land capability data has been obtained and assessed in accordance with NSW DII Primary Industries land classification categories. Figure 9identifies the majority of the study area as suitable for regular cultivation and would therefore fall within Class 2. In the Junee Shire, the pipeline traverses land identified as suitable grazing with occasional cultivation, which could be classified as Class 2 or Class 3, as a well as pockets of land that is suitable for grazing, but not for cultivation, which falls within Class 4 (refer to Table 10).
6.3 Mineral and extractive resource industries A review of was undertaken of Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Minerals and Major Deposits Mapping (refer to http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/maps) to identify whether the Stage 1 study area is subject to mineral resources and/or extractive industries. The review provided that the Stage 1 study area does not contain mineral or extractive resources and therefore it is unlikely that there will be any impacts on mineral or extractive industry resources as a result of the pipeline works. It is acknowledged that the hilly topography northeast of the Stage 1 study area may contain mineral or extractive resources. However, this will be addressed as part of the Stage 2 works if required.
6.4 Land use assessment Assessment of land use impacts has identified the key land use constraints within the study area and along the alignment of the pipeline. Impacts are classified as follows: x Significant impact – where the pipeline is likely to have a significant impact during construction or operation phases of the project x Negligible impact – where the proposed pipeline is likely to have a negligible impact during construction or operation phases of the project.
As the pipeline is being constructed within an existing easement, there is no requirement for acquisition of additional land. However it is noted, a temporary construction easement will be required for the length of the pipeline, to enable construction activities to be undertaken. In this regard, the pipeline is not likely to generate any additional long-term land use conflicts. Significant land use impacts will be short-term and limited to the construction phase of the project. On-going consultation with landholders will form a key component of managing potential impacts on specific areas of agricultural production. Negotiation of terms in relation to property access and conditions relating to construction activities on their land and where appropriate, any site specific management or mitigation measures. It is noted that the existing easement is used for grazing and cropping and following construction the study area will be rehabilitated to enable the continuation of existing agricultural activities. Potential land use impacts are identified in the following table and addressed according to the potential degree of impact and anticipated duration of the impact. Where potential land use conflicts are identified, management and mitigation measures are proposed to minimise impacts.
Table 10 Land use impacts and mitigation measures Impact Identified impact Mitigation measures classification Existing infrastructure
Impact during x The Main Southern Railway crossing will require further construction. consultation with ARTC to ensure minimal interruption The alignment of the pipeline of rail traffic as a result of the works in this area. This is follows the Main Southern Negligible impact considered to be a temporary construction impact. Railway and crosses the railway during operation Section 14.0 (Infrastructure) provides measures to south of Bethungra. x (due to minimise impacts on adjacent infrastructure during rehabilitation). construction and operation of the pipeline.
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Impact Identified impact Mitigation measures classification x Traffic management measures would be implemented to ensure appropriate detours are in place at major roads during construction. x Section 13.0 (Traffic and Transport) provides mitigation measures to be employed for works within the road reservations.
Impact during x All landowners impacted by road closures would be construction. notified in advance of any potentially disruptive Works within proximity to road activities. reservations, including a number Negligible impact x Post construction reinstatement of temporary access of road crossings. during operation roadways, pavement and drainage infrastructure will be (due to required. rehabilitation). x Section 8.0 (Ecology) provides mitigation measures for impacts associated with remnant native vegetation, which occurs along within a number of road reservations. x Wagga Wagga and Junee Council’s would be consulted in relation to the requirements for road crossings in the relevant LGA. x Underground and surface utilities and services, including communications, water and wastewater as Potential impacts to utilities and well as irrigation infrastructure will be identified and services during construction and protective measures employed during construction. Negligible impact. operation including pipeline x APA’s existing approach to communication with service maintenance. and utility providers would be adopted, to ensure a consistent and integrated response is in place for routine and emergency maintenance requirements.
Existing rural residential lots x Section 10.0 (Human Amenity) provides mitigation measures to be implemented during construction, to ensure potential impacts associated with dust, noise Impact during and vibration are managed. construction. There is potential for rural x All affected landowners would be notified in advance of residential lots to experience any potentially disruptive activities. Negligible impact impacts associated with x The outcomes of consultation with landholders would during operation construction activities. (due to be taken into account in refinement of construction rehabilitation). scheduling, temporary easement creation and in relation to construction activities on agricultural land. x Construction scheduling will be staged , where practicable, according to seasonal constraints.
Agricultural land use The study area traverses general Impact during x Section 10.0 (Human Amenity) provides mitigation and contiguous agricultural land construction. measures to be implemented during construction, to and comprises land subject to ensure potential impacts associated with dust, noise agricultural activities with a Negligible impact and vibration are managed. classification of between Class 2 during operation and 4 (as shown on Figure 9). x No additional permanent land acquisition is necessary (due to due to the works being in undertaken within the existing rehabilitation). The proposed works may result in easement. Temporary land acquisition will be required
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Impact Identified impact Mitigation measures classification temporary loss of productive for the construction phase. capacity of this agricultural land x Construction scheduling will be staged, where during construction. However, practicable according to seasonal constraints. the works will not change the existing landform or sterilise any x All affected landowners would be notified in advance of further land. any potentially disruptive activities. x The proposed works will be operated in association with existing pipeline infrastructure therefore impacts are considered to be minimal. x Land used as a part of the temporary construction easement will be rehabilitated post construction. x The proposed works are a consistent land use with the existing activity occurring on the land. Impact during construction. x Temporary fencing will be erected where required A number of property dividing during construction and property dividing fencing fences will require demolition to Negligible impact reinstated post construction. facilitate construction activities. during operation x All affected landowners would be notified in advance of (due to any potentially disruptive activities. rehabilitation). Two travelling stock routes are identified along the pipeline route, including one in Wagga Wagga x Temporary stock routes will be negotiated with land area and a further in the northern Impact during owners and advanced notification provided to the extent of the study area, in construction. relevant parties. proximity to the rail line at Bethungra. No direct impacts are expect on these sites. Crown land
x The construction easement will be a temporary Impact during measure to enable access for construction equipment construction. The existing pipeline easement and associated activities. traverses a number of x Land used as a part of the temporary construction landholdings owned and/or Negligible impact easement will be rehabilitated post construction, which managed by the NSW Land and during operation will include reinstatement of creek profiles and other Property Management Authority. (due to drainage lines and ensuring the natural profile of the rehabilitation). landscape and existing vegetation profiles are reinstated. Areas of scenic / visual value and conservation
x The proposed works will not alter the landform beyond the existing easement footprint and therefore will not The existing pipeline easement sterilise any additional land in the long-term. traverses land zoned specifically for rural purposes and is located x Land used as a part of the temporary construction some distance from lands zoned easement will be rehabilitated post construction, which for environmental protection for Impact during will include reinstatement of creek profiles and other their scenic and/or conservation construction. drainage lines and ensuring the natural profile of the value. There is potential for landscape and existing vegetation profiles are temporary visual amenity impacts, reinstated. as a result of construction x Given the temporary nature of construction works and activities. negligible visual impact of the pipeline during operation the project is not anticipated to significantly affect the
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Impact Identified impact Mitigation measures classification visual character of the area. Construction activities
x The construction easement will be a temporary measure to enable access for construction equipment and associated activities. A temporary construction Impact during x Land used as a part of the temporary construction easement is required for the construction. easement will be rehabilitated post construction, which length of the pipeline. will include reinstatement of creek profiles and other drainage lines and ensuring the natural profile of the landscape and existing vegetation profiles are reinstated. x All affected landowners would be notified in advance of Construction camps, equipment any potentially disruptive activities. Temporary and materials storage and impact. x Sites for these areas will be carefully planned to avoid temporary access routes environmentally sensitive areas (as described in Section 8.0). Future land use considerations
The draft Wagga Wagga Local x This area is zoned for future recreational purposes. Environmental Plan 2009, zones APA Group have an existing easement over the subject a portion of land RE1 Recreation Negligible impact land therefore the draft zoning as a recreational area in proximity to the Bomen Meter will not impact on the operation of the easement. Scrapper Station. There is potential for land use x This is considered unlikely. However in the event of a planning conflicts to arise as a potential land use conflicts arising, consultation with result of future re-zonings and/or Negligible impact Council would be required to manage these risks and to gazettal of new Principal Local ensure the integrity of the pipeline is not compromised. Environmental Plans.
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7.0 Socio Economic Implications This section provides a broad overview of the current social and economic aspects of the Study Area, the potential socio-economic impacts of the proposal, and outlines possible mitigation measures where applicable.
7.1 Socio-economic overview of the Study Area The socio-economic assessment of the Study Area is divided into the two local government areas (LGAs) through which the gas pipeline loop passes – Wagga Wagga and Junee. Data in this section is taken from the Australian Bureau of Statistics website (www.abs.gov.au) as well as the local council websites (www.wagga.nsw.gov.au and www.junee.nsw.gov.au). 7.1.1 City of Wagga Wagga The Wagga Wagga Local Government Area covers around 4 900 km2 and consists of rural and urban areas, along with commercial, industrial, and military areas. Rural land is used mainly for wheat-growing, dairy farming, mixed farming and sheep grazing. The population is approximately 62 000 with most of the population located in urban areas. The largest centre is central Wagga Wagga, followed by Kooringal and Lake Albert. Data from the 2006 Census indicate that, of the labour force (persons aged 15 years and over), 94.4% were employed and 5.6% unemployed. The main areas of employment in the Wagga Wagga Local Government Area are: x Retail trade (13.1%) x Health Care and Social Assistance (11.7%) x Public Administration and Safety (10.7%) x Education and Training (10.4%)
7.1.2 Junee Shire The Junee Shire Council area covers approximately 2000 km2 and comprises of rural and urban areas. Rural land is cropped predominantly for cereals and grain, as well as non-cereal broadacre crops. Junee is the largest producer of canola in NSW. Livestock land consists of sheep farming, and some non-dairy cattle farming. The population in the Junee Shire area is approximately 6 000 (including approximately 500 at the Junee Correctional Centre). The 2006 Census states the unemployment rate to be 8.8%. The main occupations of wage and salary earners (statistics are for 2005) in the Junee Shire Council area are: x Labourers and related workers (18.6%) x Intermediate clerical, sales and services staff (18.3%) x Tradespersons and related workers (12.6%) x Professionals (12.2%)
7.2 Potential impacts The potential social and economic impacts are described for the construction and operation phases of the proposal. The greatest level of impact is expected to occur during construction. Specific socio-economic-related impacts during construction and operation phases of the Project, and mitigation measures, are addressed in the specialist chapters of this Environmental Assessment as listed below: x Traffic and transport impacts – the majority of traffic impacts will be associated with delivery of pipe, plant and equipment to site, and be undertaken by road. See Section 0. x Land use impacts – disturbance to land use will be temporary for access and construction works. See Section 6.0.
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x Noise, vibration, and air quality impacts – these impacts may occur during construction, and are addressed in Section 10.0. x Hazard and risks – these are addressed in Section 11.0.
7.2.1 Construction phase The construction phase of the proposal is expected to have the greatest level of social and economic impact to the local communities. However, the pipeline originates in Bomen, an industrial area on the outskirts of Wagga Wagga, and passes through mainly regional areas that have a low population density. The construction impacts to social and economic factors are generally short term impacts, and these include: Social amenity Where the pipeline passes through the individual properties, landowners may be impacted by construction activities through a temporary loss of access to parts of the property and a potential loss of privacy. It is estimated that construction work will cover 2 km per day, and therefore the duration of this potential impact to individual landowners is expected to be short-lived. No residents will be required to be located due to construction activities. Private land The majority of works will take place within the existing pipeline easement. Where the working width must extend beyond the current easement, each landholder will be consulted to identify and discuss site specific issues and requirements. Where disturbance to land use occurs, land will be reinstated. Employment At the peak of works, the Project will have a workforce of approximately 50 personnel. Some of the construction activities require personnel with specialised skills and this part of the workforce will be provided by specialist companies from outside the area. There are, however, opportunities for those with more general skills to be employed on the Project and the specialist companies source these personnel locally where possible. Local economic activity Due to the close proximity of the works to Wagga Wagga and Junee, it is anticipated the proposed works will contribute positively to the local economies during this project’s construction phase. For example, it is anticipated that out-of-town construction crew would be accommodated in existing local accommodation; there will be the procurement of various goods and services, such as food, fuel, and other supplies to support the workers; and the potential for use of local facilities and infrastructure e.g., the use of existing facilities for materials storage, where possible. 7.2.2 Operation phase Other than a number of outside employees working and residing temporarily in the local communities, it is anticipated the operation phase of the proposal will have little significant impact on social factors for Wagga Wagga and Junee. The operation of the Gas Looping pipeline will serve to increase the capacity of gas being transported both regionally and on a broader scale between states. Privacy and access For the most part, inspection will be done remotely or aerially, and will not involve access to private property. Where access is required, for closer inspection or maintenance works, this will be done in consultation with affected landowners. Employment It is anticipated that the increase in operational activities will equate to less than one man per year. This will most likely be absorbed by the existing staff or by an additional employee at the Young Base. Future land use As the pipeline will be buried, it is anticipated that previous land use activities will be resumed, provided that the use does not include excavation activities. Shallow root cropping and re-establishment of grassland e.g. for grazing, is entirely compatible on the pipeline easement. Certain activities are not suitable such as excavation (e.g. for ponds or farm dams), installation of permanent structures, or establishing deep-rooted vegetation, due to the potential for damage to the pipeline.
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Local and regional economic development The looping pipeline will: x Increase the existing pipeline’s capacity to supply gas to the domestic, industrial, and commercial users in the central south NSW towns which include Griffith, Cootamundra, Young, and Wagga Wagga x Increase the existing pipeline’s capacity to transport Moomba gas from South Australia to Victoria and Bass Strait gas from Longford to Sydney x Increase the existing pipeline’s contribution to the operation of the new power station at Uranquinty Local and regional social impacts During operation, the looping pipeline is unlikely to lead to demographic change or impact the need for social infrastructure and services in the central south NSW area.
7.3 Possible/proposed mitigation and opportunity strategies On the whole, the socio-economic impacts of the proposed works are expected to be positive. During construction, there will be employment opportunities for local residents, while it is expected that the operation phase will bring an increase in the potential for capital investment and local and regional economic development. Table 11 outlines the impacts covered in this section and comments on possible mitigation measures or strategies to enhance opportunity.
Table 11 Potential socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures/strategies for opportunity Potential impact Phase Mitigation measures/opportunity strategies Where access routes are necessary across private property, these Privacy and Construction would be decided in negotiation with landowners to minimise impacts access; On the rare or infrequent event that access to the pipeline easement agricultural Operation involves crossing private property, this would be done in consultation impacts with the landowners It is anticipated that the contract companies which provide the specialist services will employ general labour locally. There is an opportunity to Local enhance local employment opportunities through strategies such as Construction employment advertising in local papers, liaising with members of council or chambers of commerce, and working with local indigenous/non- indigenous employment and training organisations
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8.0 Ecological Impacts An assessment of the potential ecological impacts was undertaken by AECOM specialists. The assessment has quantified the potential impacts and recommended mitigation responses where appropriate. The assessment has been undertaken in line with State ecological assessment guidelines and commensurate with the assessed potential impact posed by the development to ecological values. The complete Ecological (Flora and Fauna) assessment report is provided at Appendix D.
8.1 Objectives of the Flora and Flora Assessment The objectives of the assessment are to: x Identify the flora and fauna species present or potentially present within the study area, x Determine if any species, population or ecological community would be significantly affected by the project, x Recommend measures to minimise impacts on flora and fauna during construction and operation of the pipeline, x Assess residual impacts on flora and fauna, x Recommend measures to compensate for residual impacts on flora and fauna, and x Recommend any additional assessment that may be required.
8.2 Legislative Requirements The EP&A Act and EP&A Regulation 2000 provide the statutory context for assessment of the proposed works. The proposal is to be assessed under the provisions of Part 3A of the EP&A Act with the APA Group the proponent and the Department of Planning the consent authority. The EP&A Act is supplemented by a number of Environmental Planning Instrument’s (EPIs) including: x State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs) x Regional Environmental Plans (REPs) x Local Environmental Plans (LEPs) x Other planning policies and guidance statements.
Relevant legislation that applies to the project is described in the following sections.
8.3 NSW Legislation 8.3.1 Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 The Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) outlines the protection of threatened species, communities and critical habitat in NSW. The Act is administered by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW). Section 91 of the TSC Act requires that a license be obtained should a development result in one or more of the following: x Harm to any animal that is of, or is part of, a threatened species, population or ecological community x The picking of any plant that is of, or is part of, a threatened species, population or ecological community x Damage to critical habitat x Damage to habitat of a threatened species, population or ecological community.
8.3.2 Native Vegetation Act 2003 The Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NV Act) regulates the clearing of all native vegetation on land in NSW except land listed under Schedule 1 of the Act. The objects of this NV Act are: x to provide for, encourage and promote the management of native vegetation on a regional basis in the social, economic and environmental interests of the State, and
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x to prevent broadscale clearing unless it improves or maintains environmental outcomes, and x to protect native vegetation of high conservation value having regard to its contribution to such matters as water quality, biodiversity, or the prevention of salinity or land degradation, and x to improve the condition of existing native vegetation, particularly where it has high conservation value, and x to encourage the revegetation of land, and the rehabilitation of land, with appropriate native vegetation, in accordance with the principles of ecologically sustainable development.
8.3.3 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act) provides a framework to conserve native terrestrial flora and fauna species and manage areas of conservation value such as Nature Reserves. Under this act, it is an offence to harm, trade, possess or damage critical habitat or the habitat of any threatened species without obtaining a Section 120 licence. 8.3.4 Noxious Weeds Act 1993 The Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (NW Act) establishes a system for the identification and control of noxious weeds in NSW. The Act divides noxious weeds into four categories which determine the level of control required. Responsibility for the control of noxious weeds lies with the owner and/or occupier of private land and Crown land, local councils and other public authorities on land they occupy. Under the NW Act, the Minister for Primary Industries may declare a plant to be a noxious weed. Control notices can be issued by the Minister and local control authorities to ensure obligations are met. 8.3.5 State Environmental Planning Policy No. 44 – Koala Habitat Protection SEPP 44 encourages the conservation and management of natural vegetation areas that provide habitat for koalas to ensure permanent free-living populations will be maintained over their present range. The policy applies to 107 local government areas. Local councils cannot approve development in an area affected by the policy without an investigation of core koala habitat. The policy provides the state-wide approach needed to enable appropriate development to continue, while ensuring there is ongoing protection of koalas and their habitat. The aim of SEPP 44 is to “encourage the proper conservation and management of areas of natural vegetation that provide habitat for koalas to ensure a permanent free-living population over their present range and reverse the current trend of koala population decline”. SEPP 44 applies to local government areas (LGAs) listed in Schedule 1. Of the LGAs within which the study area is located, only Wagga Wagga LGA is listed in Schedule 1. No stands of native vegetation exist within the section of the study area within Wagga Wagga LGA and hence the provisions of SEPP 44 do not apply to the project.
8.4 Commonwealth Legislation 8.4.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) governs the Commonwealth Environmental Assessment process and provides protection for matters of National Environmental Significance (NES), which include: x Nationally threatened species and ecological communities x Australia’s World heritage properties x Ramsar wetlands of international importance x Migratory species listed under the EPBC Act (species protected under international agreements) x Commonwealth marine areas x Nuclear actions, including uranium mining x National heritage.
The EPBC Act is separate from other approvals (such as those under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995).
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8.5 Ecological Context The study area is located within the Upper Slopes subregion of the Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority (CMA) region. The Upper Slopes subregion is within the NSW South-western Slopes Bioregion. This bioregion has been subject to extensive clearing for agricultural activity which has left very little of the original woodland vegetation intact. Over 80% of the native vegetation in the region has been cleared making it the most cleared and fragmented of bioregion in NSW (Benson, 2008). Outside conservation reserves, state forests, roadsides and travelling stock reserves, exotic plant species dominate the ground cover and native understorey shrub species and canopy regrowth are sparse or absent. At present less than 2% of the bioregion is protected in conservation reserves and only 28 of the 135 plant communities were assessed to be adequately protected in reserves (Benson, 2008). Due to the small extent and fragmentation of native vegetation in the region, all areas of native vegetation which retain a substantial native species component in the groundcover and understorey layers are likely to have high conservation value, especially as habitat for fauna species. More disturbed habitats such as paddock trees and bands of trees along waterways may also have high conservation value where these are in close proximity to or connect more intact areas of vegetation.
8.6 Methodology The assessment was undertaken in three (3) stages: x Desktop investigation; x Preliminary field reconnaissance; and x Field survey.
Field surveys were undertaken in spring, between the 29th of September and the 1st October 2009. An additional survey was undertaken on the 12th of November to assess an addition 6km of pipeline
8.7 Desktop investigation In order to identify all potential impacts of the project on flora and fauna, a review of existing information was conducted. This review included: x searches of relevant biodiversity databases (DEC threatened species website, Atlas of NSW Wildlife, Bionet database & EPBC Protected Matters Search Tool), x examination of available vegetation mapping (Keith Mapping (seek additional mapping for TSRs, PMPs, CMAs), x examination of recent aerial photography, x mapping of threatened species records for the study area, and x research of literature of relevance to the key potential impacts
The results of this examination were used to categorise the different forms of habitat that appear to be present within the study area according to a number of variables including vegetation communities, vegetation condition, patch size, topography, and the presence of specific habitat features.
The DECCW threatened species profile of each locally recorded species was reviewed in order to determine which of these species have the potential to occur on the site based on habitat attributes present. Through this process a list of key threatened flora and fauna species and ecological communities has been identified for more detailed study. Preliminary mapping of habitat features, vegetation and species records was used to guide the initial field reconnaissance and plan more detailed studies.
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Based on the findings of the preliminary investigation, the following flora and fauna field survey effort was identified as necessary to inform the assessment of impacts on flora and fauna and to comply with the Director General’s requirements for the Environmental Assessment. 8.7.1 Preliminary field reconnaissance A preliminary site visit was conducted over a two day period. The preliminary reconnaissance was undertaken on sites selected during the desktop assessment that presented some potential to retain natural flora and fauna values. The preliminary reconnaissance to assess the habitat values of the area including the structure, condition and composition of vegetation communities present. The preliminary reconnaissance identified areas requiring detailed survey and targeted search for threatened flora species.
8.8 Flora and Vegetation Field Survey 8.8.1 Flora Survey Methodology Detailed field surveys include identification of all plant species within 20m x 20m flora survey plots and a 1 person hour random meander search for threatened flora species in the surrounding vegetation. The location of the survey sites and flora survey plots can be seen in Figure 10 through to with photographs and site detail shown in Appendix D. For each survey plot, an estimate of the abundance of plant each species was recorded in order to describe the floristic structure, composition and condition of vegetation communities. A total of 24 person hours was spent on flora field surveys. Plant species were identified with reference to Harden (1990-2000) and Botanic Gardens Trust (2009).
8.9 Flora Survey Locations Given the limited extent of native vegetation apparent within the subject site and the limited extent of the proposed activities, a detailed field survey of flora species was considered necessary only in the select locations identified during the desktop assessment and preliminary reconnaissance. These locations are those in which native vegetation is retained in near-natural structure and composition such that a functioning vegetation community is present that is capable of supporting a moderate to high diversity of native plant species. Within the study area such habitat is chiefly found within rarely grazed road reserves. Some native vegetation also remains in grazed land, of steeper terrain where the landform and rocky soils have discouraged vegetation clearing, cropping and pasture improvement,. One creek within the study area (Billabung Creek) also retains a moderate to high density tree canopy, though the understorey and ground layer vegetation in this location is absent. No standing water or aquatic vegetation is also apparent within the study area. Eight survey sites were identified for more detailed assessment. 8.9.1 Results - Vegetation of the Survey Sites A total of 68 plant species were recorded during flora surveys including 43 native species and 25 introduced species. The vegetation composition at survey locations is shown Appendix D. Aerial and on ground photographs of these sites are also included in Appendix D. 8.9.2 Threatened Flora Searches of the NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife and EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool were conducted to determine if any threatened plant species listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act are likely to occur in the vicinity. The database revealed that there are a number threatened species recorded in the vicinity of the site. An assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of these species based on previous records and habitat attributes is included in Appendix D. No threatened species were recorded during the field survey and based on a comparison of the known distribution and habitat characteristics of these species and the location and vegetation composition and condition of the study area, none of these species is considered to have a high likelihood of occurrence. Two species have been identified as having a low to moderate potential to occur within the study area however these species are considered to have a low likelihood of occurrence within the areas directly impacted by the proposed works.
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No population of any threatened plant species is considered likely to be affected by the proposed works.
Table 12 Threatened flora species recorded with likelihood of occurrence within the study area
Species Name Status Likelihood of Occurrence
Yass Daisy Vulnerable (EPBC) Low to Moderate Ammobium craspedioides Vulnerable (TSC)
Austral Pillwort Endangered (TSC) Low Pilularia novae-hollandiae
Small Scurf-pea Endangered (TSC) Low Cullen parvum
Mueller's Eyebright Endangered (TSC) Low Euphrasia collina subsp. muelleri Endangered (EPBC)
Woolly Ragwort Vulnerable (TSC) Low Vulnerable (EPBC) Senecio garlandii
Silky Swainson-pea Vulnerable (TSC) Low to Moderate Swainsona sericea
Crimson Spider Orchid Endangered (TSC) Low Caladenia concolor Endangered (EPBC)
Pine Donkey Orchid Vulnerable (TSC) Low Diuris tricolour Vulnerable (EPBC)
Tarengo Leek Orchid Endangered (TSC) Low Prasophyllum petilum Endangered (EPBC)
Tumut Grevillea Endangered (TSC) Low Grevillea wilkinsonii Endangered (EPBC)
Cotoneaster Pomaderris Endangered (TSC) Low Pomaderris cotoneaster Endangered (EPBC)
Dwarf Bush Pea Vulnerable (TSC) Low to Moderate Pultenaea humilis
8.9.3 Threatened Ecological Communities Searches of the DECCW threatened species website and EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool were conducted to determine if any threatened ecological communities listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act are likely to occur in the vicinity. The database revealed that there are a number threatened ecological communities known from the region. An assessment of the presence of these species within the study area based on the plant
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species composition recorded during the flora survey is included in Appendix D. A summary of this assessment is shown in Table 13.
Table 13 Threatened Ecological Communities in the study area
Community Name Status Likelihood of Occurrence Low This community chiefly occurs Inland Grey Box Woodland in the west of the study area. Riverina; NSW South Western A similar community recorded in Slopes; Cobar Peneplain; Endangered (TSC Act) the vicinity of the Bethungra Line Nandewar and Brigalow Belt South Valve however this vegetation Bioregions appears to be a variant (ID 267, Benson 2008) of Box Gum Woodland. Low Habitat for the community Natural Temperate Grassland of restricted to Southern Tablelands Not listed (TSC Act) the Southern Tablelands (NSW section of the Upper slopes Endangered (EPBC Act) and ACT) subregion. Vegetation community not recorded during site survey. High White Box Yellow Box Blakely's Endangered (TSC Act) Vegetation community recorded at Red Gum Woodland Critically Endangered (EPBC Act) Site 2,3, 5, 6 and 7 in road reserves within the study area.
8.9.4 Noxious and Environmental Weeds Four weed species that are declared as noxious weeds in the relevant weed control areas under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 were recorded in the study area. These species and the relevant control requirements are shown in Table 14 below.
Table 14 Noxious Weeds
Species Name Control Class Control Requirements
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled Horehound 4 according to the measures specified in a management Marrubium vulgare plan published by the local control authority
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled Paterson's Curse 4 according to the measures specified in a management Echium plantagineum plan published by the local control authority
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled Black Berry 4 according to the measures specified in a management Rubus fruticosus plan published by the local control authority
The growth and spread of the plant must be controlled African Boxthorn 4 according to the measures specified in a management Lycium ferocissimum plan published by the local control authority
A variety of environmental weeds that are not listed as noxious but contribute substantially to the degradation of native vegetation and threatened species habitat occur in the study area. The most prominent of these are the invasive pasture grass species, such as fescues Festuca spp. and barley grasses Hordeum spp. These species dominate disturbed ground and invade adjacent vegetation displacing native understorey vegetation and suppressing the germination of native plants
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8.10 Fauna Field Survey 8.10.1 Fauna Survey Methodology During field reconnaissance, the study area was assessed as potential habitat for threatened fauna through observation and recording of key habitat features and characteristics including: x preferred food plants, x vegetation structure, x mature, potentially hollow-bearing trees, x fallen trees, x rock outcrops, x termite mounds, and x water bodies
A conservative approach was taken in the assessment of the potential of habitat for threatened fauna species and the results were used to determine which fauna survey techniques to utilise at specific locations within the study area. 8.10.2 Fauna Survey Locations Given the limited extent of habitat available within the subject site and the extent of the proposed activities, a detailed field survey of fauna species was considered necessary only in select locations. These locations are those in which native vegetation is retained in near-natural structure and composition such that a structurally complex habitat remains that is capable of supporting a moderate to high diversity of native fauna species. These locations were the same as identified for the flora survey in Table 2 of Appendix D. 8.10.3 Fauna Habitat Characteristics of the Study Area Potential habitat for a variety of fauna species exists within the remnant woodlands and rural landscape of the study area. The woodland of the study area provides a potential food source in the form of leaves, sap, nectar, pollen and seed for a number of bird, mammal and insect species. Threatened species which may use these resources include a variety of insectivorous woodland birds, nectar-feeding species such as the Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor and Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia, the Squirrel Gilder Petaurus norfocensis and seed-eating birds such as the Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii.
Potential foraging habitat for a number of insectivorous bats (microbats) exists in the air spaces within and around the woodland areas.
Threatened predatory birds such as Ninox connivens (Barking Owl) and the Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides may hunt in the woodland of the study area and nearby areas. Most of the vegetation of the study area has been subject to previous clearing. The occasional mature trees within the study area may provide potential nest and roost sites for species of threatened hollow-dependent fauna which are capable of persisting in fragmented environments. The vegetation of the road corridors and Billabung Creek may also act as movement corridors enabling fauna to move between populations located in larger areas of habitat within the region. The specific habitat characteristics of the survey sites are shown in Appendix D. 8.10.4 Fauna Recorded During Field Surveys Fauna species recorded during the field survey comprised the following: x 46 bird species (3 introduced) x 6 terrestrial and arboreal mammal species (3 introduced, excluding domestic animals) x 7 microchiropteran bat species (microbats) x 6 reptile species (lizards), and x 2 frog species.
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Birds constituted the vast majority of the species recorded. Due to their mobility and ability to cope with habitat fragmentation, highly mobile native and introduced bird species typical of open environments and woodland clearings appear to dominate the feeding, nesting and roosting opportunities that exist within these habitats. Native bird species which appear to dominate in these areas include species such as the Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita, Galah Eolophus roseicapilla Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen and Australian Raven Corvus coronoides. Several of these bird species are believed to have increased markedly in their abundance as a result of human- induced changes to the environment and have been implicated in declines in species that are less tolerant of disturbed environments. Despite the condition of the habitats in the study area a moderate diversity of woodland bird species remain apparent and several species of conservation significance were recorded. Bird species of conservation significance recorded during the field survey include: x White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus (preliminary determination to list as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) at Site 7. x Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii (Listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act and EPBC Act) at Sites 4 and 5. x Brown Treecreeper (Listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) at Site 2 & 4. x Barking Owl Ninox connivens (# plus possible birdcall recordings) (Listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) at Site 2 (# Site 1 & 5).
Four native flightless mammal species, the Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus, Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula, Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus and Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps were identified during the field survey. All of these species are capable of inhabiting moderately to highly disturbed environments. Brushtail and Common Ringtail Possums were abundant throughout Site 2 whilst Brushtail Possums are extremely abundant along Billabung Creek (Site 4) and the Common Ringtail Possum was abundant at Site 7. Sugar Gliders were observed in low numbers at Sites 4 and 7. These species are regarded as potential prey for the Barking Owl, which was observed at Site 2 and possibly heard at Site 1 & 7. Seven species of microbats were observed. Two of these species, the Little Pied Bat Chalinolobus picatus and the Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii are listed as threatened species under the TSC Act. A species of large-eared bat (Nyctophilus spp.) was recorded. However, identification to species level was unable to be made as the calls of all three Nyctophilus species that occur in the bioregion overlap almost entirely in most characteristics. Five reptile species (all lizards), Lace Monitor Varanus varius, South-eastern Morethia Skin Morethia boulengeri, Spiny-palmed snake-eyed skink Cryptoblepharus carnabyi , Eastern Striped Skink Ctenotus robustus and Olive Snake-lizard Delma inornata were observed. Two frog species, Spotted Marsh Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis and Beeping Froglet Crinia parinsignifera were heard calling from farm dams close to the study area. The total list of fauna species recorded during the site visit is shown in Appendix D. 8.10.5 Threatened Fauna Searches of the NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife and EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool were conducted to determine if any threatened fauna species listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act are likely to occur in the vicinity. The database revealed that there were a number of threatened species recorded in the vicinity of the site. The likelihood of occurrence in the ecology study area of these species based on previous records and habitat attributes is summarised in Appendix D. The species which are considered to have a moderate to high likelihood of utilising the habitats of the ecology study area are shown in Appendix D. A summary of this assessment is shown in Table 15.
Table 15 - Threatened Fauna Species in the study area
Species Name Status Likelihood
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Species Name Status Likelihood
Moderate to High Recorded at Site 2 and possibly Barking Owl Vulnerable (TSC Act) heard at site 1. May breed, forage Ninox connivens and shelter around the Bethungra Hills and Billabung Creek areas High Brown Treecreeper (eastern Recorded on site in highly subspecies) Vulnerable (TSC Act) disturbed River Red Gum forest Climacteris picumnus victoriae along Site 2 and 4
Diamond Firetail Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Stagonopleura guttata
Eastern Bentwing-bat High Miniopterus schreibersii Vulnerable (TSC Act) Recorded in study area oceanensis
Flame Robin Vulnerable (TSC Act – preliminary Moderate Petroica phoenicea determination)
Gang-gang Cockatoo Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Callocephalon fimbriatum
Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis
Little Eagle Vulnerable (TSC Act - preliminary High Hieraaetus morphnoides determination)
Little Lorikeet Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate to High Glossopsitta pusilla
Little Pied Bat High Vulnerable (TSC Act) Chalinolobus picatus Recorded in study area
Regent Honeyeater Endangered (TSC Act) High to Moderate Xanthomyza phrygia Endangered (EPBC Act)
Scarlet Robin Vulnerable (TSC Act - preliminary Moderate Petroica multicolor determination)
Spotted Harrier Vulnerable (TSC Act - preliminary Moderate Circus assimilis determination
Square-tailed Kite Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Lophoictinia isura
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Species Name Status Likelihood
Squirrel Glider Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Petaurus norfolcensis
Striped Legless Lizard Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Delma impar Vulnerable (EPBC Act)
High Recorded at Site 4 (Billabung Superb Parrot Vulnerable (TSC Act) Creek) and Site 5 (Illabo) where Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable (TSC Act) feeding and breeding may occur in hollow bearing trees
Swift Parrot Endangered (TSC Act) Moderate to High Lathamus discolor Endangered (EPBC Act)
Turquoise Parrot Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Neophema pulchella
Varied Sitella Vulnerable (TSC Act - preliminary Moderate Daphoenositta chrysoptera determination
White-browed Woodswallow Vulnerable (TSC Act - preliminary High Artamus superciliosus determination) Recorded on Site 7
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Vulnerable (TSC Act) Moderate Saccolaimus flaviventris
Four threatened fauna species were recorded in the study area during the site visit. The fauna species recorded during the site visit are shown in Appendix D of this report. 8.10.6 Migratory Fauna Listed Under Commonwealth Legislation The EPBC Act search showed that 14 migratory terrestrial, wetland and marine species protected under the Act are likely to occur in the area. Of these, only the following terrestrial species are considered to have potential to occur on the site due to the lack of aquatic habitat present: x Hirundapus caudacutus (White-throated Needletail) x Merops ornatus (Rainbow Bee-eater) x Lathamus discolor (Swift Parrot) x Xanthomyza phrygia (Regent Honeyeater)
The Swift Parrot is only known to breed in Tasmania and the Regent Honeyeater is a nomadic species which is only known to breed in two areas within NSW (DECCW 2009). Potential breeding habitat for this species is absent from the study area. Rainbow Bee-eaters nest in earth banks with southern populations tending to move north to breed (Australian Museum and Birds Australia 2007). White-throated Needletails are non-breeding migrants in Australia with breeding occuring in northern Asia (Australian Museum and Birds Australia 2007). Due to the lack of suitable breeding habitat, none of these species are considered likely to breed in the study area, however, they may forage within the habitats found on a sporadic or regular seasonal basis.
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8.11 Key Threatening Processes The following TSC Act listed key threatening processes are likely to affect the flora and fauna of the locality: x Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses x Competition and grazing by the feral European rabbit x Competition from feral honeybees x Predation by feral cats x Predation by the European Red Fox x Clearing of native vegetation x Loss of Hollow-bearing Trees - key threatening process x Removal of dead wood and dead trees x Infection by Psittacine circoviral (beak & feather) disease affecting endangered psittacine species
The potential effect of the proposal on these processes is described in Table 16.
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Table 16 – Key threatening processes
Key Threatening Relevance to Study Area Potential Impact of Project Mitigation Processes The native plant communities The project has potential to create that exist in the road reserves Rehabilitation of disturbed areas within road reserves (those containing Invasion of native plant favorable conditions for the of the study area are native vegetation communities) would be undertaken using native communities by exotic proliferation of exotic plant species moderately to heavily affect by groundcover species to maintain or improve the current condition of perennial grasses through disturbance of groundcover invading exotic perennial vegetation in these locations. vegetation and soil disturbance. pasture grasses. The feral European rabbit is Competition and abundant within the study area The project is unlikely to have any Measures will be required to protect re-establishing ground layer grazing by the feral and is likely to be contributing impact on the abundance or impact vegetation from excessive rabbit damage. European rabbit to the degradation of native of the feral European rabbit. vegetation communities. The pipeline installation is unlikely Feral honeybees are likely to to have any impact on the Competition from feral compete with native fauna for abundance or impact of feral Any nest boxes installed as part of the project will be designed to honeybees hollows, nectar and pollen honeybees. Any nest boxes minimize the likelihood of their use by feral honeybees. resources. installed may be attractive to feral honeybees. Feral cats may be present The project is unlikely to have any within the study area and may Predation by feral cats impact on the abundance or impact none have contributed to impacts on of feral cats. small native fauna species. The European Red Fox is present within the study area The project is unlikely to have any Predation by the and is likely to have impact on the abundance or impact none European Red Fox contributed to local extinction of The European Red Fox. of small native fauna species. Road reserve native vegetation - The proposed works would require The minimum practicable clearing of native vegetation would be The study area is largely the clearing of approximately 0.6 conducted for the construction and operation of the works. Native Clearing of native cleared with native vegetation hectares of native vegetation within groundcover vegetation would be re-established where the route crosses vegetation communities only persisting road reserves and the removal of road reserves containing native vegetation communities. within road reserves. approximately 50 isolated paddock Planting of native tree and shrub species would also be conducted in trees. nearby open areas within the road reserves to replace those removed.
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Key Threatening Relevance to Study Area Potential Impact of Project Mitigation Processes Hollow-bearing trees are likely to be a resource that limits the population of hollow- The proposed works will involve the The minimum practicable clearing of mature and hollow-bearing trees dependent fauna species in removal of two hollow-bearing trees Loss of Hollow-bearing would be conducted for the construction and operation of the works. The the study area due to: within road reserves and the Trees - key threatening hollows would be removed within the road reserves would be attached to the largely cleared landscape , removal of approximately 50 process healthy, mature trees (Eucalyptus spp.) nearby within the road reserve the lack of on farm isolated paddock trees some of under the direction of an ecologist. regeneration to replace which may be hollow-bearing. ongoing losses of due to tree senescence and dieback The removal of dead wood The proposed works will involve the Under the direction of an ecologist, dead woody debris cleared for the and dead trees (firewood Removal of dead wood removal of fallen timber and several works and larger branches and root balls from living felled trees would be collection) is evident within the and dead trees dead standing trees within road relocated to open areas within native vegetation communities in road road reserves of the study reserves and grazing lands. reservations to provide habitat for native fauna. area. Infection by Psittacine This naturally occurring circoviral (beak & disease is likely to exist within The project is unlikely to have any feather) disease the study area and may affect impact on the occurrence or impact none affecting endangered the breeding success of the of this disease. psittacine species threatened Superb Parrot.
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8.12 Critical habitat No critical habitat listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act for any species, populating or ecological community exists within or adjacent to the study area. No impacts on critical habitat are anticipated.
8.13 Impacts on vegetation and flora species Impacts on native vegetation communities are restricted to passing through the area of remnant woodland at Site 1 – Bethungra Mountain and the crossing of Site 4 - Billiabung Creek identified in Appendix D. An area of approximately 2.0 hectares of Mugga Iron Bark Inland Grey Box tall woodland (ID 217 in Benson 2008) which contains several mature eucalypts as well as a considerable understorey and ground storey is proposed to be removed at the Bethungra Mountain site. An area of less than 0.01 hectares of highly disturbed riparian River Red Gum Woodland/Forest (ID 79 in Benson 2008) which is devoid of native understorey or groundcover is proposed to be removed at Billiabung Creek. A total of approximately 50 isolated remnant paddock trees and planted trees along fencelines and tracks throughout the length of the pipeline may also be removed. Vegetation consistent with the definition of the threatened White Box Yellow Box Blakely's Red Gum Woodland (Box Gum Woodland) ecological community (ID 266, Benson 2008) would be disturbed at five (5) road crossing sites resulting in a total area of approximately 4.0 hectares of this community being affected. Clearing within the Box Gum Woodland community would include the removal of approximately twenty semi-mature to mature trees. A more detailed assessment of impacts on this community is provided in Appendix D. The impact to mature trees on Site 3, 5, 6 & 7 will be avoided by the amendment of the construction method at these crossings to thrust boring rather than open trench. Due to the considerable extent of the area of Box Gum woodland located at Site 2, particularly in the southern quarter near the old Sydney Road, these construction methods are not likely to be feasible. However, there is an extremely large, hollow-bearing River Red Gum tree located directly in line with the proposed pipeline alongside Ulandra Creek (See Appendix D), which may be able to be avoided through suitable construction techniques. The understorey and groundcover of the Box Gum Woodland within the road reserves is moderately disturbed consisting of a mosaic of areas dominated by native grasses, herbs and low shrub species and areas dominated by exotic pasture grasses and herbaceous annual and perennial weeds. Much of the ground layer of the Box Gum Woodland at the road crossings that would be affected by the new pipeline is dominated by exotic species, likely due to the disturbance created during the installation of the existing pipeline. No threatened flora species were recorded within the study area and none were considered likely to occur here due to a lack of suitable habitat and no impacts on any threatened flora species are considered likely to occur.
8.14 Impacts on fauna species and habitat Impacts on native fauna habitat would be almost entirely restricted to the road crossings identified in Appendix D and the crossing of Ulandra and Billabung Creeks. Mature trees that may form habitat for highly mobile and disturbance-tolerant native fauna species (e.g. some bat and bird species) is also likely to be affected in the cleared farmland within the study area. Where these trees are located within several hundred metres of woodland patches, they may be utilised by some less disturbance tolerant threatened fauna species such as the Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii and hollow-dependent bat species such as the Little Pied Bat Chalinolobus picatus. The Box Gum Woodland that would be removed at the road crossings, as well as the larger area located near Old Sydney Road within Site 2, is also habitat for these species and may also provide habitat for fauna species which require greater tree cover and understorey vegetation including a number of threatened and migratory woodland birds and mammals such as the Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus victoriae, Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella and Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis. The NSW Scientific Committee has recently made preliminary determinations to list a number of additional woodland bird species as threatened species under the TSC Act. The Box Gum Woodland of the study area is also potential habitat for these species.
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The vegetation removal on the site is not considered likely to significantly affect the value of this habitat as a foraging resource for any threatened fauna species due to the: x small amount of vegetation removed in each crossing location, x naturally open structure of the woodland, x proposed replanting of groundcover vegetation, and x proposed relocation of woody debris and felled trees to nearby locations within the road reserve.
The gaps created in the vegetation at the crossings are not considered to be wide enough to significantly impede the movement of native fauna or to substantially increase habitat fragmentation. Opportunities for nesting within the understorey of the Box Gum Woodland may be temporarily reduced, however the extent of understorey removal is small and the proposed planting of understorey vegetation in adjacent areas will supplement the remaining habitat. Tree hollows chiefly form in mature trees which are in excess of 150 years old (NSW Scientific Committee 2007) and hence take a long time to be replaced once lost. In the highly cleared landscape within which the study area is located, mature trees are relatively scarce and competition from increasingly abundant native hollow-dependent species (e.g. Galahs) and introduced species (e.g. European Starling and feral European honeybees) for nesting opportunities is likely to be intense. The scarcity of tree hollows may limit the breeding success of several threatened fauna species. The removal of hollow-bearing trees and mature to semi-mature trees (potential future hollow-bearing trees) within road reservations would have the most impact on fauna species of any aspect of the works. The two hollow-bearing trees within the road reserve at Site 5 which would be removed showed signs of utilisation by parrots and appear to be of a size and in a location that may make them suitable as nesting site for the Superb Parrot. A detailed assessment of impacts on threatened and migratory fauna species likely to utilise the habitats within the study area is provided in Appendix D.
8.15 Recommended mitigation measures The following mitigation measures are described in the Environmental Assessment to be submitted to the Department of Planning for approval and would be detailed in the Vegetation and Fauna Management section of the CEMP: x The minimum practicable clearing of native vegetation to be conducted for the construction and operation of the works. x Temporary fencing to be placed between areas containing native vegetation to be retained to exclude earthworks x Rehabilitation of disturbed areas within road reserves (those containing native vegetation communities) to be undertaken by suitably qualified and experienced staff using local provenance plant species indigenous to the vegetation communities of the study area to maintain or improve the current condition of vegetation in these locations. Within the easement, rehabilitation would be restricted to the installation of weed-free mulch and the planting of native grasses and other native groundcover vegetation. Planting of native tree and shrub species would also be conducted in nearby open areas within the road reserves to replace those removed. x Compensatory tree planting at Billabung Creek and Bucks Creek would be conducted in consultation with landowners to replace the trees lost in these locations. x Replanted native vegetation to be protected from excessive rabbit damage and other herbivores using temporary fencing, tree guards or other suitable techniques. x Removal of the hollow-bearing trees located within the Old Sydney Road to Ulandra Creek area (76722 – 77944km) as well as within the road reserve near Illabo meter station (91634.1 km) to be avoided if practicable. If the trees need to be removed, all of the hollows within the trees are to be removed and attached to healthy, mature trees (Eucalyptus spp.) nearby within the road reserve under the direction of an ecologist. If relocation of hollows is not feasible or hollows are damaged during tree felling, nest boxes suitable for nesting by the Superb Parrot would be installed to replace these hollows. x The banks of the dry waterways crossed by the works would be stabilized to prevent erosion. x All trees in excess of 150 mm diameter requiring removal are to be placed with regard to the existing vegetation to nearby areas within road reserves or riparian areas to provide habitat for native fauna. Woody debris cleared for the works would also be relocated.
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x Saplings and shrubs to be mulched for use in revegetation and soil stabilisation during rehabilitation. x Earth-working equipment would be cleaned of excess soil by brushing or hosing prior to arrival and departure from each of the road reserves containing Box Gum Woodland to minimise the likelihood of the spread of weed seeds and plant pathogens. x If the pipeline is to be constructed during Spring or Summer (which are likely to be the peak breeding periods of threatened bird and bat species), any trees which would not require immediate removal for construction (yet would need to be removed to prevent future damage due to root growth) would be removed during Autumn. x All trees requiring removal for the works should be felled at least 48 hours prior to their removal from the pipeline easement to allow and fauna utilising these trees to relocate.
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Figure 10 – Stage 1: Survey sites and flora and fauna records (Bethungra) (NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for ‘corresponding table’.)
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Figure 11 - Stage 1: Survey sites and flora and fauna records (Illabo) (NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for ‘corresponding table’.)
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Figure 12 -Stage 1: Survey sites and flora and fauna records (Wantiool) (NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for ‘corresponding table’.)
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Figure 13 - Stage 1: Survey sites and flora and fauna records (Harefield) (NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for ‘corresponding table’.)
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Figure 14 - Stage 1: Survey sites and flora and fauna records (Bomen) (NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for ‘corresponding table’.)
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9.0 Heritage Impacts An assessment of Aboriginal and historic heritage was conducted to inform the EA. This chapter provide an overview of the results of the Aboriginal and historic heritage assessment for Stage 1 of the pipeline project from Wagga Wagga to Bethungra (The full Stage 1 Heritage Assessment is provided at Appendix E). The heritage assessment involved the survey and inspection of lands directly impacted by the project, that is, lands within the existing 20 m-wide pipeline easement. Lands outside the pipeline easement were generally not assessed, except along major creeklines where both banks were surveyed to a distance of 100 m either side of the pipeline easement. Relevant legislation includes: x the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979, x Heritage Act 1977 and the x National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974.
Relevant guidelines include: x the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage: Standards & Guidelines Kit (NPWS 1997), x draft Part 3A EP&A Act Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (DEC/DoP 2007), x the Heritage Manual (NSW Heritage Office) and the x Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 1999).
The Aboriginal consultation process for this project followed the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water’s (DECCW) Interim Community Consultation Requirements for Applicants (DEC 2004). Director General’s Requirements (DGRs) have been issued for the project and, for the heritage assessment, require sufficient information to demonstrate: x the likely impacts to Aboriginal heritage values/items; x an outline of proposed mitigation measures; x effective consultation with Aboriginal communities; and x any impacts to non-indigenous heritage sites should they occur along the pipeline route.
9.1 Objectives of the Heritage Assessment The overall aim of this assessment was to identify the Aboriginal and historic heritage values of the project land, identify potential development impacts on those values and provide suitable management commitments. To achieve these aims the following objectives were established: x to consult with the relevant local Aboriginal community groups regarding the specific social value of land in the study area; x to understand the regional research context of any Aboriginal sites or objects, and any historic sites or items, in the study area. x to identify documented Aboriginal heritage sites/objects and/or historic heritage sites within the study area; x to identify and record any undocumented Aboriginal sites and objects, and any historic sites or items within the study area; x to assess the cultural significance of Aboriginal sites and objects in the study area in consultation with the Aboriginal stakeholders; x to assess the cultural significance of historic heritage sites and items in the study area; and x to prepare recommendations and commitments on the management of Aboriginal and historic heritage values within the study area, when compared with the proposed development footprint.
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9.2 Project Team The Project Team consists of archaeologists and other specialists from AECOM, and representatives of the local Aboriginal community. Rick Bullers (AECOM Professional Archaeologist) managed the project, conducted the fieldwork and co-wrote this report. Peter Howard (AECOM Archaeologist assisted with field survey and co-wrote the report. Neville Baker (AECOM Associate Director Archaeologist) provided technical and QA review of this report. Lee-Anne Bishop and Tim Osborne provided administrative and drafting support. Prakash Mehta, Manager Projects NSW, was the client’s representative.
9.3 Limitations Predictions have been made about the probability of subsurface archaeological materials occurring within the study area. It is possible that materials may occur in any landscape context, and the assessment of subsurface materials refers to the likelihood of occurrence based on surface indications and environmental context. AECOM has undertaken a search of the Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) held by DECCW. The search results are provided in Error! Reference source not found. Register searches are constrained by the amount of data in the register and the quality of that data (for example grid references can be inaccurate). Large areas of NSW may not have been systematically searched and may contain Aboriginal objects and other heritage values not recorded on AHIMS. Additionally, the AHIMS reports database can only be searched by the title of the report, which may not indicate the geographical location of the area covered. This means that it is possible that some known sites and some reports may have been omitted from this study. Sites and reports are regularly added and removed from AHIMS and therefore the accuracy of information provided from AHIMS is only valid on the day the register is searched. It should be noted that legislation, regulations and guidelines change over time, and users of the report should satisfy themselves that the statutory requirements have not changed since the report was written.
9.4 Existing Environment Investigations of the distribution of archaeological objects and places include an analysis of information on the natural resources available in a region to gain an understanding of the range of cultural remains that can be expected. For example, ecological and hydrological resources can give an insight into the range of available life support resources available to Aboriginal hunter-gatherers in antiquity. Geological resources may constrain the types of Aboriginal site that can be expected and soil types may inform an assessment of the current physical context of an Aboriginal site. Water availability is a major influence on the intensity of Aboriginal occupation and evidence, usually in the form of flaked stone artefacts, is often associated with permanent or semi-permanent water sources. Soil types are influential as accumulating sediments can cover cultural remains while areas of sediment removal through erosion can either uncover buried archaeological material or transport small items away from the original depositional context. Soil analysis has important ramifications for archaeological research through the potential impact of different soils on human activity (such as agricultural exploitation) and the impact of the soils on archaeological evidence (such as post-depositional movement). The soils known to occur throughout the study area are identified here in order to delineate their nature and impact on the survival and location of archaeological material. A detailed description of archaeological evidence is also presented below to further analyse and interpret the spatial distribution and likelihood of archaeological material occurring within the study area. Information on the geology, soil landscapes and topography was used in the analysis of archaeological potential for the study area and subsequent heritage constraints map. 9.4.1 Summary of Environmental Conditions While the climatic records indicate that the general vicinity of Wagga Wagga provided numerous resources for Aboriginal people in the past, most notably water from the Snowy Mountains, the specific location of the study area is unlikely to be particularly conducive to settlement or use based on the information above. It seems likely that Aboriginal people would have predominantly utilised and settled adjacent both main creek lines, and more often, smaller adjoining tributaries nearby. The study area runs across gently undulating plain and crosses many drainage lines and some more substantial creeks, but none of these waterways hold permanent water.
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While there are several dams in and near the study area, these are often completely artificial and do not relate to any form of historic waterway. The removal of the vegetation and modification of the soils through agricultural activities also reduces the potential for any archaeological remains to survive. The undulating slopes of the study area further permit erosion and removal of the soil profile where farming has not completely intermixed it with the subsoils below. Based on aerial photographs, the potential for scarred/carved trees is also low due to the historic removal of most of the trees in this area. The geology of the study area retains both quartz and quartzite, both of which are raw materials for artefact production. However, these raw materials are also located across much of this region, and therefore do not highlight this area as of particular importance in relation to these materials.
9.5 Archaeological Context The archaeological context section outlines the known Aboriginal sites in the region and provides a review of previous studies undertaken in the area. This section will provide a synthesis, which was used in subsequent site prediction methods. 9.5.1 Review of Previous Archaeological Studies A review of previous archaeological studies conducted in the region provides a basis for determining the types and extent of archaeological resources that may be impacted by the proposal. While the number of surveys have been relatively limited, and constrained to areas that have been the subject of development, the information is useful in identifying a regional pattern of site location that guides predictive modelling of site types and likely location in the area of this development. Of most relevance to this development are the archaeological surveys carried out on the route of the existing 12- inch natural gas pipeline (Willliams Brothers-CMPS Engineers 1975; Pipeline Authority n.d.; Witter 1980). Neither the Environmental Impact statement (EIS) for the Western Lateral natural gas pipeline (Williams Brothers-CMPS Engineers 1975: 24) or for the Cootamundra to Wagga Wagga section of the pipeline (Pipeline Authority n.d.: 13), which briefly described searches on creek and river crossings along the route, identified any known historic or Aboriginal sites. However the latter EIS advised that further searches would be carried out by National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). A subsequent survey of the gas pipeline route (Witter 1980) identified a total of 14 open camp sites (stone artefacts scatters), 21 isolated finds (single stone artefacts), a scarred tree and a possible Aboriginal rock well. Sites identified by Witter almost always occurred in association with creeks or small ephemeral water courses, but in a range of landform contexts including alluvial flats, low ridges and gentle slopes. Sites most frequently occurred on slopes and spurs associated with those water courses. Witter (1980) recommended excavation of some of these sites if they could not be avoided. One site (AHIMS #50- 5-0009) was subsequently excavated and partially salvaged (Kelly 1980). This site, was originally described by Witter (1980) as an artefact scatter measuring some 850 m along the southern bank of Bucks Creek, and was typical of the sites recorded along the pipeline route. Kelly (1980) collected all surface artefacts in Zone A irrespective of whether they were in the pipeline easement or not. A total of 310 stone artefacts were collected from Zone A, most of which (90%) were quartz and less than 30 mm in length. Formal artefact types were uncommon, with debitage or waste material forming the highest percentage of the assemblage. In addition to Witter’s (1980) pipeline survey, several surveys have been conducted in the Junee area including Packard and Hughes (1983), Bonhomme (1986, 1987), Stone (1986) and Nicholson (1990). Nicholson (1990) conducted as assessment of the route of a natural gas pipeline feeding to Junee from the existing Young to Wagga Wagga gas pipeline. The six kilometre route followed similar terrain to the terrain in parts of the current study area. Nicholson (1990: 5) did not identify any new Aboriginal sites and concluded that: The type of landscape through which the pipeline runs is not likely to contain archaeological sites. Sites in this area have been found to be located on rises adjacent to water courses rather than on undulating country away from water sources such as that through which the proposed pipeline will pass. The absence of archaeological sites along the pipeline route is therefore not unexpected. This premise may be generally correct, but Witter (1980), and subsequently Kelton (2006) adding information to the same site, found evidence of Aboriginal occupation in an ephemeral drainage line 1 km south of Nicholson’s study area. This site consisted of possible water holes and a quartz fragment scatter.
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The nearest reliable water source is Wantiool Creek some 2 km north (and north of Nicholson’s study area). This shows that evidence of occupation may not necessarily be restricted to the vicinity of major water courses. On the contrary, Witter’s landuse model suggests that in times of good rainfall, the headwaters of drainage lines become a more viable area of occupation. However, it is also likely that any evidence of occupation in these landforms are likely to be of a minor nature such as very low density stone artefact scatters or isolated finds. Bonhomme (1987) conducted a similar natural gas pipeline survey to the north of Junee and recorded a total of 18 sites including seven artefact scatters, eight isolated finds and three scarred trees. Six of the seven artefact scatters were located on hill slopes within 100 m of a permanent or semi-permanent watercourse, with the majority within 50 m. Only one site was recorded away from a water course. Witter and Hughes (1983) conducted a survey of the routes of proposed transmission lines in the Murrumburrah area. They identified two major ‘land systems’ in this area: x Plateau; and x Major stream valleys
During the survey they recorded a total of 18 Aboriginal sites, including four open camp sites (artefact scatters), 13 isolated finds and one scarred tree. They concluded that the low number of open camp sites found was probably due to the poor ground surface visibility and that there was likely to be more sites that were undetected. However, they maintain that the ratio of sites found in the stream valleys to those found on the plateau were likely to remain consistent, that is 2:1. In other words, Aboriginal site patterning in the region is dominated by site clustering in the valleys of water courses with the open, undulating plateau containing a much lower density of sites. They also concluded that their study area falls within a quartz belt where a specialised quartz technology for stone tools is to be expected, although there was insufficient material to be able to clearly identify different aspects of the quartz industry. They suggest that the presence of unusual quartz cores may indicate the presence of a culturally distinctive zone. Near Bethungra, an archaeological survey by Paton and Hughes (1985) of the Ullandra Nature Reserve, 6 km south east of the pipeline, identified seven open camp sites and 15 isolated finds, as well as another two isolated finds that had previously been removed by NPWS officers. The stone artefact scatters ranged in artefact numbers from as few as nine artefacts to as many as 67. All sites occurred on low rises associated with creeklines. Two sites were located 100 m from a creek, one was located 70 m from a creek and the remaining four sites were all around 30 m from a creek. Paton and Hughes classed sites with two artefacts as isolated finds. The reserve was divided into four environmental zones and the results of the survey showed that terrain with wide valleys and low relief (Zone 3) held the highest level of archaeological significance. Raw material used included quartz (the majority), silcrete and single occurrences of basalt and quartzite. The environmental zones identified in this study are relevant to parts of the pipeline corridor in the Bethungra area. Ulandra nature reserve has also been the subject of other archaeological surveys, notably in association with the development and/or upgrade of transmission line infrastructure. Dearling and Grinbergs (2002) conducted a preliminary survey along the TransGrid access tracks and identified 28 Aboriginal sites, as well as another outside their study area on neighbouring private property. A subsequent survey (Dearling 2004) identified a total of 146 stone artefacts within seven artefact scatters and three isolated finds. All 10 sites were located on low gradient spurs or locally elevated locations and most were associated with water courses. One site contained 105 artefacts, 72% of the entire assemblage recorded during the survey. Kelton (1995a) conducted a survey of the optic fibre cable rout between Cootamundra and Bethungra and found one open camp site on the eastern bank of Ironbong Creek (an extension of Billabong Creek). The site covered some 70 x 40 m and consisted of an estimated 50 stone artefacts including quartz debitage (the majority), flaked pieces and small numbers of cores, scrapers, backed blades and manuport material. A survey of the optic fibre cable route between Bethunra and Illabo (Kelton 1995b) failed to identify any Aboriginal sites despite passing through two areas of Aboriginal ‘sensitivity’. A survey of several proposed optic fibre cable routes in the area north west of Young (Hamm 1994) identified a total of three Aboriginal sites including an artefact scatter, an isolated find and a scarred tree. In comparison to the stone artefacts in Witter’s (1980) survey, the stone artefacts Hamm found were formed almost exclusively from mudstone and silcrete, with only minor occurrences of quartz in the assemblage. Both the artefact scatter and scarred tree for located on flat alluvial creek floodplains.
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Silcox (1987) conducted test excavations at two sites on Cunningham Creek near Murrumburrah, to the south of Young and the current study area. A total of 95 artefacts were recorded from limited excavations undertaken at site JK2. The artefacts occurred at low density averaging 7 artefacts/m2. The artefacts at JK2 consisted predominantly of small (1-3 cm) quartz pieces, with a high incidence of bipolar artefacts on quartz, and a lack of backed pieces. On the basis of previous studies Silcox (1987: 21) has dated these to the late Holocene period. A similar assemblage and time period was recorded at site JK1 where 60 artefacts were recorded from two surface sites. The generally high proportion of quartz artefacts compared to other raw materials, was found to be consistent with other surveys and excavations in the general region of the study area (except for Hamm’s (1994) findings to the north east of the study area). Further east, between Goulburn and Yass, silcrete raw material was found to become more predominant and quartz less so. Silcox (1987: 21-22) speculated that this may be the result of either variations in available raw material sources or the result of the use of different technologies. 9.5.2 Local Context A search for previously recorded Aboriginal sites within the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water’s (DECCW) Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) database, was conducted on 2 September 2009. The AHIMS search was conducted for the entire pipeline route from Young to Wagga Wagga and identified 27 registered Aboriginal sites within the 331 km² search area of the pipeline corridor. The search area included a 1 km wide buffer zone of 500 m either side of the pipeline route). Within the current study area (Stage 1), 20 sites are located either within the 1 km wide buffer zone (Table 2-1). A careful review of the sites identified in the buffer zone (Table 2-2) shows that although 20 individual sites are recorded, two (AHIMS # 50-5-0078 and 50-5-0083) are subsequent additions to previously recorded sites (AHIMS # 50-5-0004 and 50-5-0003 respectively). For all intents and purposes, these are the same sites, giving a total of 18 recorded sites in the study area. These sites were plotted onto a map of the study area (Figure F3 in the Heritage Assessment), revealing that out of the 20 registered sites, there were 13 sites of interest within a 100 m wide buffer corridor of the pipeline (i.e. potentially within the path of the proposed construction), and were re-inspected during the current survey. Seven sites were not investigated because they were not within the pipeline easement and of a sufficient distance from the easement to indicate they would not be affected by the proposal.
Table 17 Summary of AHIMS Registered Sites within the Search Area Site Type* Number of Sites Isolated Find 2 Open Camp Site 14 Scarred Tree 1 Stone Quarry 1 Water Hole 1 Water Hole: Open Camp site 1 Total 20
* The search was conducted through the DECCW GIS system within a shape file of a 1km buffer along the pipeline. Such searches, although obtaining AHIMS data, do not provide site types for individual sites. The site types shown here are based on the information provided on individual site cards. Where a site card does not explicitly state the site type, it was determined by AECOM from the site features described on the site card. Therefore in a few cases, the site type shown here may not mach exactly the site type shown in AHIMS. The results of the AHIMS search show that open camp sites, consisting of either artefact scatters or isolated finds (stone tool artefacts) are, by far, the most common site type currently known within the study area, accounting for 16 (80%) of recorded sites. The AHIMS results also show that there is one scarred tree, two water hole sites and a stone quarry site (a source of raw material for manufacturing stone tools). All previously recorded sites that occur within the pipeline easement have been heavily disturbed by both the 1980 pipeline construction and/or the later 2006 optical fibre cable installation. However inspection of the sites indicated that there was still artefactual evidence remaining within the easement at these locations.
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9.5.3 Land-Use and Occupation Model A land-use model was developed by Witter (1980a, b, cited in Witter and Hughes 1983) which proposed a number of stages of land use for the western slopes of the Dividing Range depending on the timing, intensity and duration of rainfall. The drainage pattern is essentially dendritic, with water courses crossing the slopes of the Dividing Range joining to form larger water courses flowing across the plains to the west. Most of the headwater streams are ephemeral and only the larger trunk water courses contain permanent or semi-permanent water. Witter’s model suggests that occupation was economically oriented toward the major stream valleys with perhaps occasional forays into the drier uplands. Movement over the area was triggered by rainfall events. Consequently during dry periods, occupation was confined to the major water course valleys, whilst in wetter periods Aboriginal people were able to move along the temporarily watered headwaters of minor water courses and onto the plateau areas. When conditions became dry again, people retreated back to the wetter valleys. Witter suggests that in times of extreme drought, people may have retreated downstream as far as the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan Rivers. The archaeological work conducted in the region to date indicates that occupation sites were certainly more frequent in higher-order water course valleys. As Witter and Hughes (1983: 12) suggest, the archaeological results do not necessarily confirm Witter’s land-use model, but they do not contradict it either. Witter and Hughes (1983: 12-13) also propose another factor in site location – that of cold air drainage. According to this hypothesis, on the plains Aboriginal sites are found adjacent to drainage channels partly because of proximity to fuel, and partly because the denser vegetation is where bodies of warm air still develop in the morning. In hilly country, sites will more often occur on low ridges or benches overlooking water courses that are away from the cold night air flowing into the valleys. As topography increases, sites tend to be above the cold air drainage but below the cloudy inversion layer. Consequently a north east aspect becomes important. Witter and Hughes’ (1983) survey results supported this concept. 9.5.4 Predictive Model of Site Location Material evidence of Aboriginal occupation is one indicator of the significance of an area to the Aboriginal community, and is the principle evidence used by archaeologists. Physical signs of Aboriginal occupation vary in type, location and extent. However, from current knowledge of the Aboriginal occupation in the South West Slopes and Plains, it is possible to draw predictions regarding the likelihood of finding sites in the study area. The predictive modelling in this project is based on associations between environmental features and Aboriginal site types established in local and regional studies. This was followed by a physical inspection of the study area to verify those sites and to locate and record any new sites. There are several factors that can affect or constrain where Aboriginal people are most likely to have been, where they have left evidence of their activities and/or the degree to which that evidence might be observable in the present material record. Such constraints for Aboriginal people are largely environmental factors such as availability of permanent or ephemeral water, availability of food resources, availability of material resources (e.g. suitable rock sources) and shelter from sun, wind or rain. However, appropriate geomorphological attributes also contribute to site preservation. The interplay of these factors allows certain types of material culture evidence to be retained in the environment. The potential for finding Aboriginal sites in the study area can be summarised as follows: Stone artefacts: stone artefact sites may occur as either single artefacts (or ‘isolated finds’) or as ‘artefact scatters,’ which are generally defined as two or more artefacts within 50 m of each other, or a concentration of artefacts at a higher density than the surrounding ‘background scatter.’ Artefact scatters can represent evidence of camp sites, hunting or gathering events, event sites (such as stone tool manufacture) or as transitory movement through the landscape. An artefact scatter may consist only of material on the ground surface, which has been exposed by erosion forces, or it may be indicative of a sub- surface deposit. However surface evidence (or the lack of surface evidence) does not necessarily indicate the potential, nature or density of sub-surface material. Extensive excavations have shown that areas with no surface evidence often contain sub-surface deposits buried beneath current ground surfaces.
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Stone artefacts, whether isolated finds or artefact scatters, are likely to occur in the study area along gentle to very gentle gradient spurs, along ridge crests or along the simple slopes that characterise much of the study area. It is predicted that higher entities of stone artefacts are likely to occur within close proximity to higher stream order watercourses. It is these areas that are considered likely to have evidence of repeated occupation. Away from these higher order watercourses, including along low order watercourses, evidence may still be found but is likely to be the result of periodic low frequency occupational activity or travel. Scarred Trees: scarred trees are commonly found in NSW and many are recorded in the South West Slopes and Plains region; however they are more commonly found in the northern part of the region. Scarred trees can be either culturally, naturally or accidentally produced. Cultural scars can be either Aboriginal or European in origin. Scars may be formed accidentally by passage of farm machinery or some other form of impact. Scars can also occur naturally as a result of trauma, storm activity (e.g. lightning strikes), fire, fauna activity (e.g. insects, termites, birds and stock), impact and abrasion, ringbarking and other farmland or woodland management activities. Aboriginal scarred trees occur in many environmental contexts and their presence or absence cannot be reliably predicted. While only a low proportion of mature trees (older than 220 years) bear scars that can reliably be identified as Aboriginal in origin, the actual proportion has not been quantified and cannot be accurately predicted. The study area has been largely cleared of its native vegetation in the past century and there is a lack of mature trees in the area. This means that scarred tree occurrence is highly unlikely, although it is possible that mature trees do still occur in some parts of the study area, particularly along the margins of watercourses (third-order creeks or larger) where native riparian vegetation has been retained. Quarry Sites: a lithic quarry is the location where a source of raw stone material is exploited (Hiscock and Mitchell 1993: 32). Quarry sites will only occur where there are exposures of a stone type suitable for manufacture of stone implements. Lithic quarries are only likely to exist in the study area where outcrops of a suitable raw material exist. Considering the underlying geology of the region, the potential for lithic quarry sites to occur in the study area is considered to be low. Grinding Grooves/Engraving Sites: Grinding grooves are elongated narrow depressions, usually formed in soft sedimentary rocks (e.g. sandstone), and generally associated with water courses. Grinding grooves are usually formed by the shaping and sharpening of ground-edge axes. Occurrence of these types of sites relies on the presence of outcrops of sedimentary bedrock. The underlying bedrock, consisting of large expanses of coarse granite, suggests that there is a low potential for such sites to occur in the study area. Stone Arrangements: These sites include mounds, circles, lines or other patterns of stone arranged by Aboriginal people for cultural purposes. Some were associated with ceremonial sites and others were associated with mythological or sacred sites. Hill tops, ridge crests and valley flats that contain outcrops of stone or surface stone, and have been subjected minimal impacts from recent land-use practices, are potential locations for this type of site. Given that the study area has been subjected to severe surface disturbance for the construction of the existing pipeline and optical fibre cable, the potential for such sites to remain in the pipeline easement is considered to be low. Bora Grounds: These sites are generally large circles of raised earth of varying diameters used for ceremonial purposes. The soil was scraped to form a ring. Typically, the Bora ground consisted of a pair of earth circles, the large circle being associated with a smaller circle situated perhaps 300 m away. The two circles were joined by a pathway. The smaller circle sometimes contained an inner circle formed from trees stood upside down with their roots intact. The earth circles were often accompanied by carved trees and/or ground carvings. Given that the study area has been subjected to severe surface disturbance for the construction of the existing pipeline and optical fibre cable, the potential for such sites to remain in the pipeline easement is considered to be low. Mythological/Traditional Sites: mythological sites may occur anywhere in the landscape, although such sites are often located at natural landscape features. Other sites of contemporary significance include massacre sites (locations of violent clashes between early settlers and Aboriginal people), traditional camp sites and contact sites. Consultation with the local Aboriginal community is required to identify these types of site. Burials: Aboriginal people tended to place human remains in hollow trees, caves or sand deposits. Burials are usually only detected when eroding out of creek banks or sand deposits or when disturbed by development. The
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likelihood of detecting burial sites during archaeological survey is very low. Although the potential for burial sites to occur in the study area is considered to be low, their presence cannot be discounted. A review of previous archaeological work in the region can be used to develop an understanding of Aboriginal site patterning. Aboriginal sites can be found in any landform context, but a predictive model seeks to identify landforms that provide the most likely locations where Aboriginal artefacts may be found. These include: x the banks of major rivers; x the banks and floodplains of major and minor water courses; x areas of lower, mid and upper slopes where these slopes are in close proximity to water courses; x the crests of low ridges or spurs in close proximity to water courses; and x elevated areas adjacent to natural water bodies (e.g. swamps, billabongs and water holes).
9.6 Methodology AECOM undertook a two-part investigation of the study area in accordance with the DECCW’s Draft Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (DEC 2005). The assessment was also conducted in accordance with appropriate State legislation, namely the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 and Heritage Act 1977, and relevant guidelines, specifically the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Standards and Guidelines Kit (NPWS 1997), the Interim Community Consultation Requirements for Applicants (DEC 2004) and the Heritage Manual (Heritage Office 1996). 9.6.1 Initial Investigation The first stage consisted of a preliminary (desktop) assessment to identify whether any Aboriginal and/or historic heritage values are associated with the study area. As per the DECC (2007) guidelines, AECOM also undertook consultation with relevant Aboriginal stakeholders during this phase. AECOM undertook the following tasks during the initial investigation: x consultation with relevant Aboriginal stakeholders in accordance with the Interim Community Consultation Requirement for Applicants (DEC 2004); x an Aboriginal site and report keyword search of DECCW’s AHIMS database for the study area and surrounding environment; x a search of the Register of National Estate (RNE) and the State Heritage Register (SHR) and Inventory (SHI); x a search of relevant local planning instruments for listed items of heritage significance; x a review of existing Aboriginal and historic heritage assessments and documents for the study area and nearby region to provide a regional and local picture on the heritage issues likely to occur in this area; and x preparation of a predictive model of Aboriginal site location; x Under the Part 3A heritage assessment guidelines (DECC/DoP 2007) if no Aboriginal heritage constraints are identified at this stage then no further assessment is required. However the initial investigation identified that Aboriginal heritage constraints existed including a number of previously recorded Aboriginal sites in the path of the development. Therefore a more detailed Aboriginal heritage assessment was warranted. 9.6.2 Full Assessment The second part of consisted of a more detailed Aboriginal and/or historic heritage assessment, including detailed background research, field investigation, significance assessment, impact assessment and identification of mitigation options as a result of the constraints identified as part of the initial investigation. Field Survey The method used for the field survey included identifying areas of heritage constraint based on the presence of appropriate landforms including water courses, alluvial terraces and flats, and ridgelines, spurs and elevated areas associated with, or in close proximity to, water courses. A series of transects were devised that sampled a range of landforms within the study area. A total of 18 transects were surveyed during the Stage 1 assessment. The transects were selected using Witter’s (1980) land use model together with the predictive model to identify areas where archaeological evidence is most likely to be found.
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The transects were designed to sample a range of landforms including a range of water courses (of varying stream order classes) and associated alluvial flats and terraces, slopes, ridge crests and or hill tops. It was not the intention of this assessment to survey the entire study area. Rather, a sampling strategy was devised that investigated a range of different landforms in order to obtain data that would be used to identify the patterning of Aboriginal activity across the landscape. Although a 100% coverage of the pipeline route was not considered warranted, 100% survey coverage of the pipeline easement was achieved within the 18 transects surveyed. However it should be noted that effective coverage of 100% was not achieved due to visibility issues. While survey effort was concentrated within the pipeline easement, survey was also conducted along the banks of larger water courses to a distance of 100 m either side of the easement boundary. This was conducted to identify any Aboriginal sites that may occur outside the easement but may be affected by construction activities within the easement, and was particularly relevant where previously recorded Aboriginal sites (AHIMS-listed) covered large spatial extents. Transects were walked on foot with archaeologists and Aboriginal stakeholders walking in line-abreast at 5 m intervals across the pipeline easement (for specific methodologies on engaging Aboriginal stakeholders, At creek crossings, participants traversed up one creek bank and down the other before continuing on along the pipeline easement. All Aboriginal stakeholders carried pin flags which were used to mark any artefacts that were found. Archaeologists then followed up with assessment and recording of all identified artefacts. Stone artefacts were identified on the basis of known diagnostic attributes (Holdaway and Stern 2004). Notes on landform, soils and surface exposure were recorded. Records consisted of descriptive notes, Global Positioning System (GPS) positions (MGA format), and photographs. Where artefact scatters were recorded, the spatial extent of visible artefact material was identified and recorded in descriptive notes, and a central GPS coordinate taken to locate the site for site card purposes. A survey methodology statement was devised and sent to all registered Aboriginal stakeholders prior to the survey commencing.
9.7 Aboriginal Community Consultation Aboriginal community consultation was undertaken in accordance with the ICCRs and DECCW’s Draft Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (DEC 2005). These guidelines outline a process of inviting Aboriginal groups to register their interest in being party to consultation (including local newspaper advertising), seeking responses on proposed assessment methodology, and seeking comment on proposed assessments and recommendations. The guidelines require proponents to allow ten working days for Aboriginal groups to respond to invitations to register, and then 21 days for registered Aboriginal parties to respond to a proposed assessment methodology. Details of the aboriginal communication consultation program can be found at Appendix E.
9.8 Results The following results are summarised for reporting purposes. It is recommended that Appendix E – Heritage Assessment is referenced. A total of 36 Aboriginal sites with artefactual evidence were located in the course of the survey. The sites consist of low density artefact scatters (n=30) and isolated finds (n=6). A total of 24 previously unidentified Aboriginal sites were identified within the field area and along the 61 km of the pipeline route covered by this survey. The Aboriginal sites were predominantly artefact scatters (n=30) with the remainder being isolated finds (n=6). In order to discuss the distribution of sites found along the route, a number of analyses were undertaken to explore the factors affecting site location. Ground visibility, existing land-use impacts, taphonomic factors, stream order and distance to water were analysed in terms of site type and the size of artefact scatters. These analyses were based on the data derived from the site and sample area recordings. The results of these analyses are summarised as follows: x of all the sites recorded, relatively few (n=5, 14%) were found in close proximity to a reliable water source with stream order ranking of 4 or higher (Billabung Creek); x eighteen sites (50%) were located in the vicinity of an ephemeral water course (i.e. stream orders with a ranking of 3 or lower. By far the majority of sites are associated in close proximity to an ephemeral water source.
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x the majority of sites consisting of a single stone artefact (isolated finds) were associated with ephemeral, low order water courses, or far enough away from any watercourse to be unrelated. Most artefact scatter sites were associated with a stream of some nature, generally a lower order one; x of the sites identified in the survey, the highest proportion were “artefact scatters” (n=26), 72% while “isolated finds” made up the remainder of the sites (n=6; 28%). However, in all four cases the “artefact scatters” consisted only of a maximum of two artefacts, suggesting that artefact densities in the study area are x generally low; x in relation to distance from a water source, over two thirds (n=23; 70%) were found within 50 m of a water source. The remainder (n=11; 30%) were found further than 50m from the nearest water source; x visibility throughout the study area caused a general limitation on the potential for site discovery. The sample area data, being based on a random selection of landscape contexts, provides the best indications for overall visibility along the route. From this, it is clear that visibility along the route was generally very poor, with 96% of transects having less than 10% visibility; x no part of the proposed route could be described as ‘undisturbed’. Levels of disturbance along the route varied, but most sites were located in highly disturbed contexts, which were only associated with vegetation clearance and minor pastoral/agricultural infrastructure works. Those in the pipeline easement had been subject to disturbance in various forms from previous pipeline construction; x in areas where the soil is bare but not heavily eroded, surface evidence (or lack thereof) can sometimes be an unreliable guide to subsurface archaeological content. The lack of surface lithic material evident in the many surface exposures of the study area does not necessarily mean that there are no sub-surface artefacts. 9.8.1 Unsurveyed Areas A number of sections of the proposed pipeline easement could not be included in the heritage assessment because the land to be surveyed was under crop and therefore unable to be surveyed. These sites are marked as to be revisited in Figure F4 to Figure F11 (Appendix E).
9.9 Impact assessment This section provides an assessment of the impacts of the development on the cultural heritage values of the study area. Throughout the pipeline survey archaeological sites were identified and recorded with their position relative to the pipeline route. The nature of the impact of the proposed development on heritage sites has been assessed on this basis. The areas sampled were targeted with the entire width of the pipeline easement and an additional 15 m either side being covered, as well as an additional 100 m along areas where the easement crosses streams. All sites identified in the study area were visited in the company of members of the local Aboriginal community. In the initial round of fieldwork, the Wagga Wagga Local Aboriginal Land Council were unable to attend, but were subsequently present in the second round of fieldwork conducted on the 12th of November. Open Sites All sites encountered during the surveys were low density open stone artefact sites. The presence of Aboriginal artefacts on the surface does not necessarily equate to the presence of sub-surface artefacts. However, previous archaeological excavations indicate that artefacts are likely to occur in greater density within the subsoil. Relatively speaking the archaeological footprint of the study area is low, and it is not considered likely that the excavations associated with the pipeline construction will be detrimental to the scientific value Aboriginal heritage, although the surface sites recorded during the survey will certainly be impacted. As the study area has already been subject to substantial scraping and clearing associated with the initial 1980 pipeline installation any artefacts on the surface could not be considered to have remained in context. This discontinuous nature of the soil profile means the surface gives little indication as to what subsurface deposits may entail, however the potential for archaeological remains is considered to be low. Thirteen of the existing AHIMS registered sites occur within the pipeline easement. Of these sites, those sites recorded by Witter (1980) have either been subject to surface collection or salvage, and those which haven’t would have been subjected to substantial impact as a result of the initial pipeline construction. The exception to this is site 50-5-0003 (waterhole – see Appendix E – Heritage Assessment), which was revisited by Kelton in 2006 (50-5-0083). This site was identified as a possibly culturally significant site in Witter’s (1980) study. As such the
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pipeline route avoided any direct impact on the areas identified as potentially significant, although blasting to locate the route has occurred in the immediate vicinity. Sites recorded by Kelton in 2006 are mostly additional information for sites previously recorded by Witter (1980). An additional site was also recorded at 50-5-0079 consisting of three artefacts over a total distance of approximately 500 m. The site card contains photographs of a test excavation using an auger holes, which appears to have come from a report. However the report could not be found within the DECCW reports library. Archaeological sites are likely to occur in the study area near streams and drainage lines, although the density of the scatters in the study area has been consistently low. However, it is considered that the scatters are likely to occur with subsurface deposit. Other Stone-based Sites No other stone based sites such as engravings, grinding grooves or rock art were identified in the course of the surveys. As the survey was undertaken using a targeted approach there is a possibility that such sites exist in the study area, although the types of areas where these sites are likely occur, rocky outcrops, were surveyed as part of the sampling strategy. Ceremonial/Mythological Sites No evidence of ceremonial or mythological sites was observed during the course of the survey, and the community members consulted were not able to identify whether any such sites exist in the area. 9.9.1 Historic Heritage No existing historic sites were identified within the study area, and no sites were encountered in the course of the surveys. Due to the targeted nature of the survey it is possible that places of historic may occur in the study area which were not identified, however the pipeline route was likely sited to avoid such impacts initially, and as the route traverses open pastoral country the likelihood for historic sites to occur is considered low. A remote survey of the whole pipeline route using Google Earth indicated that there are unlikely to be any historic heritage items within the path of the pipeline construction.
9.10 Mitigation and management of aboriginal cultural heritage values This section provides a strategy for managing the Aboriginal heritage values of the study area. The findings of this assessment can be summarised as: x a review of the AHIMS database administered by DECCW suggest there are 13 previously recorded Aboriginal sites within the impact zone of the pipeline easement. Some of these sites are recorded twice, providing updated and augmented information; x a total of 36 Aboriginal sites including most of the AHIMS sites were identified during the field survey all of which consisted of stone artefact sites. Of these, 27 were low-density artefact scatters, and six were isolated finds. A total of 29 of these sites will be impacted by pipeline construction; x alternative routes are not possible to avoid these sites as the new pipe must be laid within the pipeline easement; x there are no indications at present that there are significant Aboriginal heritage values that would be affected by the development. Sites which will be impacted have already been subject to substantial disturbance associated with the initial pipeline construction; and x on the basis of this assessment, it is considered the proposed development will encounter surface and possibly subsurface Aboriginal objects.
9.10.1 Mitigation and Management Options The management options discussed in this section are presented to inform a management strategy that recognises the Aboriginal cultural heritage values of sites within pipeline easement. The management commitments strategy outlined in Section 7.11 are based on the assessed heritage significance of the study area as outlined in the Burra Charter. The range of options potentially available is presented below. Each option is discussed and will be applied to individual sites in Section 7.11. The assessment has shown that the new pipeline construction will impact a total of 19 sites.
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Unmitigated Destruction One option is to destroy any known Aboriginal sites or objects. This strategy is typically suitable when the heritage values are of low scientific significance, the relevant Aboriginal stakeholders have no objection, and/or other strategies are not feasible. The sites in the study area are heavily disturbed and out of context, and are regarded as having low scientific value. Mitigated Destruction (Salvage) Another option is to destroy Aboriginal sites following collection of surface artefacts and/or systematic excavation of deposits. This option is usually considered where: x sites are assessed as having moderate or high significance; x sites have potential to yield information that is not available from other sources; and x the potential for conservation is limited.
Aboriginal stakeholders tend to regard all Aboriginal sites as being culturally significant, making this option the minimum acceptable strategy. Site Conservation This option refers to the conservation of all or a selected number (representative sample) of Aboriginal sites within the study area. This may be achieved through either: x in situ management of sites, e.g. retention of sites within their current context with appropriate management measures implemented, which may include fencing and/or suitable signage; and/or x the creation of appropriate conservation areas as offsets for the loss of medium to highly significant archaeological and Aboriginal cultural heritage sites and values within the study area.
The in situ management strategy is effective for sites that occur in areas that will not be impacted by ground disturbance. The conservation area strategy is suitable where sufficiently large enough areas of land are available to conserve a representative sample of both site and terrain unit types. Conservation is not a realistic option for this project, as the construction must take place within the pipeline easement, and diversions of the pipeline are not possible within this constraint. Monitoring This option is usually taken to mean the observation of initial ground surface disturbance during the early stages of a development to monitor for potential artefact deposits, including the presence of human skeletal remains. Monitoring is often recommended as a management strategy by Aboriginal stakeholders. However, there is little data to suggest that this strategy is effective in conserving artefact deposits. Monitoring may be a feasible option for sites APA 20 and APA 36 (Appendix E – Heritage Assessment) due to their potential significance to the Aboriginal community.
9.11 Management commitments The following heritage management commitments are made regarding the project. These are made on the basis of: x the findings of the field survey and previous work done in the study area; x the assessed heritage significance of the archaeological sites; x the stated interests of the Aboriginal community; and x the likely impacts resulting from the various components of the proposed development.
The heritage management commitments are provided in two levels: x general commitments that are applicable to all sites and the study area as a whole; and x specific commitments for Aboriginal sites.
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9.11.1 General Heritage Management Commitments The following general heritage management commitments are made: x All standing structures (buildings) will be avoided by the pipeline construction footprint. x Should Aboriginal skeletal material be encountered during the excavation process, then work will cease at that location and the Police, DECCW and the relevant Aboriginal stakeholders notified. x Construction crews will be made aware of the potential for cultural heritage items to occur outside the study area (easement). Ground impacts outside the easement, particularly within 50 m of watercourses will be avoided. Training and induction will be provided and reinforced during regular toolbox talks.
9.11.2 Aboriginal Heritage Management Table 18 details management requirements for Aboriginal sites identified in the study area. This includes the ultimate impact and management requirements for each site.
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Table 18 - Management requirements for Aboriginal sites identified in the study area Site ID Within Study Area? Final Impact? Final Management Requirement APA 1 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage. APA 2 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 3 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Site is only partially impacted where transect runs through it. Destroy affected APA 4 Yes Partial section without salvage Site has been previously excavated. Artefacts encountered are heavily disturbed. APA 5 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage. APA 6 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 7 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 8 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage. APA 9 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 10 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 11 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has APA 12 Yes Yes already been disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. APA 13 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has APA 14 Yes Yes already been disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. APA 15 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 16 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 17 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 18 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 19 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Pipeline easement passes through area of possible cultural significance, but has already been extensively disturbed by previous pipeline and fibre optic cable APA 20 Yes Partial construction. The water holes should be fenced off to further mitigate against impact. APA 21 No No Outside Study area. No management required. Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has APA 22 Yes Yes already been disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage.
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Site ID Within Study Area? Final Impact? Final Management Requirement APA 23 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 24 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 25 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 26 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has APA 27 Yes Yes already been disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has APA 28 Yes Yes already been disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. Site is more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has already been disturbed will be redisturbed. APA 29 Yes Yes Site was subject to surface salvage in 1980. Destroy affected section without salvage. APA 30 No No Outside Study area. No management required. APA 31 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 32 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 33 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 34 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage APA 35 Yes Yes Destroy without salvage Site has been identified as being of possible cultural significance by Aboriginal APA 36 Yes Yes stakeholders based on its outlook. The new pipeline trench should converge as close as possible to the existing pipeline to minimise any spread of impacts.
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10.0 Human Amenity Impacts
10.1 Characterisation of human receptors 10.1.1 Data analysis A GIS analysis was undertaken, to determine human receptors along the Study Area. The Murray-Murrumbidgee topographic data set was sourced in October 2009 from the Land and Property Information (part of the NSW Department of Land). The geodata is based on a topographic map and is a digital representation of features on the earth’s surface. Features include buildings, roads and lakes and are spatially represented as points, lines or polygons, and attributes. 10.1.2 Data limitations Some limitations from the data analysis include the fact that a building point may not be a sensitive receptor type. For example, hangar and sheds on rural properties were identified as a building point but obviously do not represent a human receptor.
10.2 Noise and vibration 10.2.1 Assessment Methodology Noise, vibration and blasting impacts were assessed using a quantitative approach based on a tiered impacts assessment to determine construction and operation’s activities generating noises, noise off-set distances, possible mitigation measures and potential sensitive noise receptors within the area of interest. The quantitative noise and vibration assessment was undertaken through the following steps: x Review of the proposed construction and operation activities (e.g. clearing, trenching, drilling) to identify those which are likely to generate significant noise and vibration. The parameters taken into account include proposed techniques and equipments, hours of operation and duration of each phase. x Assessment of the potential noise and vibration impacts as a consequence of the identified construction and operation activities. x Development of off-set distances for the proposed construction and operation activities using criteria outlined in DECC publications and other standards (e.g. Interim Construction Noise Guideline, 2009). x Identification of sensitive receptors, such as residences and residential zones within off-set distances that could experience noises and vibrations exceeding the defined thresholds. x Evaluation of feasible and reasonable noises and vibrations mitigation measures.
Note that the construction activities should not require usage of explosives and it has been assumed that were will no blasts or blasting effects as a result of construction and operation of the gas pipeline. 10.2.2 Existing Environment The vast majority of the pipeline route is located in open countryside where noise Rating Background Level is considered to be at 30 dB. This Rating Background Level has also been used for the urban area as no direct monitoring of noise background level has been undertaken. A RBL of 30 dB is very conservative for an urban environment. 10.2.3 Noise Criteria The NSW DECC (2009) Interim Construction Noise Guideline provides criteria for consideration in assessing noise impacts for a project in terms of recommended hours for construction work (Table 19) and noise level for different types of receptors.
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Table 19 – Recommended Standard Hours for Construction Work (DECC 2009)
Work Type Recommended Standard Hours of Work Monday to Friday 7 am to 6 pm Normal Construction Saturday 8 am to 1 pm No work on Sundays or public holidays Monday to Friday 9 am to 5 pm Blasting Saturday 9 am to 1 pm No blasting on Sundays or public holidays
Table 20 – Noise level thresholds for different human receptors (DECC 2009) Receptors Management level LAeq (15 min) Residence / Standard Noise affected / RBL + 10 dB hours Highly noise affected / 75 dB(A) Classrooms at schools and other educational 45 dB(A) institutions Internal noise level Hospital wards and 45 dB(A) operating theatres Places of worship 45 dB(A) Active recreation areas 65 dB(A)
Modelling of noise level and off set distances have been calculated for the noisiest equipment (side boom) to be used on site and for other equipments to be used on site. This modelling does not integrate meteorological enhancement such as wind speed and direction (resulting in hundred of potential combinations) or temperature inversion (as it only affects noise propagation during nigh time).
Table 21 – Modelled offset distances (AECOM 2009)
Side Boom (112 dB for SWL) Number of plant in use 1 1 1 1 SWL – dB 112 112 112 112 SPL (Criteria) – dB 75 65 45 40 r (distance) – m 28 89 891 1585 Other equipment (92 dB for SWL) Number of plant in use 1 2 4 SWL – dB 112 108 112 SPL (Criteria) – dB 75 65 45 r (distance) – m 28 56 891
10.2.4 Potential Impacts – Noise Noise – Construction Noise from pre-construction studies have been considered negligible as it will involved a small number of vehicles and no equipment likely to generate noise. The construction activities will be undertaken during daytime and be consistent with the recommended standard hours for construction work (see Table 19). To assess potential impacts, maps representing receptors and offset distances have been generated (Figure 15 to Figure 19). While there are a significant number of receptors within distance of perception (“noise affected”), there is no receptor located within the “highly noise affected” offset distance. Furthermore, none of the specific receptors (e.g. classroom and places of worship) will experience the management levels outlined in the Interim Construction Noise Guideline, 2009.
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Receptors Off-set criteria Details Noise affected / 40 dB 54 Residences Highly noise affected / 75 dB None Sensitive receptors 45 dB/65 dB None
Noise – Operation The only sections were noise impacts associated with the pipeline might be significant are where the pipeline is above the ground (valves). The valves put in place for the duplication of the pipeline are safety valves only and will generate noise during maintenance procedures (once every six month for one hour) and during emergency procedures. Furthermore, the additional valves will be located next to the existing valves and will not represent a new source of noise. The noise associated with operation of the pipeline can be considered as marginal and is unlikely to affect significantly any receiver.
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Figure 15 – Stage 1: Construction noise contours and receptor locations (Bethungra)
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Figure 16 - Stage 1: Construction noise contours and receptor locations (Illabo)
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Figure 17 - Stage 1: Construction noise contours and receptor locations (Wantiool)
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Figure 18 - Stage 1: Construction noise contours and receptor locations (Harefield)
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Figure 19 - Stage 1: Construction noise contours and receptor locations (Bomem)
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10.2.5 Vibration Criteria Vibration can be defined as regularly repeated movement of a physical object about a fixed point. The parameter normally used to assess ground vibrations is the peak particle velocity (ppv) expressed in millimetres per second (mm/s). The usual thresholds for visibly detect movements of susceptible moving parts is around 0.5 mm/s and the audible rattling of non secured objects usually occurs when level of 0.9mm/s are reached. Typical construction work and traffic has a frequency range between 8 Hz to 100 Hz. Some typical ground vibration level associated with construction activities are shown in Table 22 and perception level for human are shown in Table 23.
Table 22 – Typical ground vibration level associated with construction activities Construction Activity Typical Ground Vibration Level Vibratory roller Up to 1.5mms @ 25m – higher levels can occur but no damages are expected for building at distance greater than 12m. Hydraulic rock breakers (typical 4.5 mm/s @ 5m level for a large rock breaker 1.3 mm/s @ 10m operating in hard sandstone) 0.4 mm/s @ 20m 0.1 mm/s @ 50m Compactor 20 mm/s @ 5m 2 mm/s @ 15m <0.3mm/s @30m Bulldozer 1-2 mm/s @ 5m 0.1 @ 50m Truck traffic (smooth surface) <0.2 mm/s @ 20m Truck traffic (rough surface) <2 mm/s @ 20m
Table 23 – Human perception of vibrations Vibration level Degree of perception 0.10 Not felt 0.15 Threshold of perception 0.35 Barely noticeable 1.0 Noticeable 2.2 Easily noticeable 6.0 Strongly noticeable
10.2.6 Potential Impacts – Vibration Vibration – Construction Typical ground vibration levels from construction activities could be up to 20mm/s at a distance of approximately 5m. At distances greater than 20m, vibration levels would usually be around 0.4mm/s. Because of safety criteria for pipelines there are no receptors within 5m of the pipeline. Therefore, the expected vibration levels from normal construction activities would not cause structural damage to buildings. Using the maps from the noise section with the 65 dB offset distance (§ 60m), no receptor reach the “barely noticeable” degree of perception for vibrations. However, if blasting was to occur, vibration levels may be higher but would not result in damages to any building. Vibration – Operation No significant vibrations are expected to be generated as a result of the pipeline’s operation.
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10.2.7 Proposed mitigation and management measures – Noise and Vibrations
Table 24 Construction Potential Impacts Mitigation measures x Site induction will include measures to raise awareness on noise and vibration impacts. x Machinery will be regularly serviced and maintained to optimum working conditions to minimise potential noise and vibration impacts. All x A complaints response fact sheet will be prepared and potential receivers will be provided with a point of contact accessible during working hours. x Complaints relating to noise and vibration from construction activities will be promptly investigated and where required, additional controls implemented.
Blasting activities have to be undertaken – x Prior to any blasting, all potentially affected receivers will be provided with a minimum of a two days notice of the resulting in blasting impacts blasting time, likely impacts associated with blasting activities and a point of contact accessible during working hours.
Table 25 Operation Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Noise impacts from operation of above ground x All above ground structure detailed design will meet the requirement of the NSW Industrial Noise Policy 2000. structure x Machinery will be regularly serviced and maintained to optimum working conditions to minimise potential noise and vibration impacts. Noise impacts from maintenance activities x The complaints response fact sheet prepared for the construction phase potential receivers will be used if complaints are received as a result of maintenance activities. x Where practicable, maintenance activities will be undertaken during standard hours of work when possible.
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10.3 Air quality 10.3.1 Assessment Methodology 10.3.2 Existing Environment Climatic Conditions Meteorological conditions are important in the transmission of atmospheric emissions. Of the meteorological parameters, wind speed and direction are among the most important. A basic review of predominant conditions provides an indication of likely emissions behaviour. The Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) monitoring stations used for this study are: x Wagga Wagga (35.16 °S; 147.46 °E / 212 metres) x Young (34.25 °S; 148.25 °E / 380 metres)
The monitoring station located at Junee (34.85 °S; 147.57 °E / 280 metres) does not record wind data and could not be used for the study.
Figure 20 – Map of the BoM stations
Young
Junee Wagga Wagga
Source: http://www.bom.gov.au (06/10/2009) High winds tend to disperse the airborne material more effectively than low winds, which can result in minimal mixing and dispersion. Therefore, low winds are likely to result in greater impacts downwind of the source. Overall the wind speed recorded at Wagga Wagga and Young (no data available for Junee) are relatively low at 9 am and slightly higher at 3 pm, see Table 26.
Table 26 – Mean maximum and minimum wind speeds Location Mean maximum wind speed Mean minimum wind speed 13 km/h (December – 9 am) 6.5 km/h (June – 9 am) Wagga Wagga 17.7 km/h (December – 3 pm) 10.7 km/h (June – 3 pm) Junee Not available Not available 14.5 km/h (December – 9 am) 7.4 km/h (July – 9 am) Young 17.3 km/h (December – 3 pm) 13.4 km/h (May – 3 pm) Source: http://www.bom.gov.au (06/10/2009) Turbulence can also increase dispersion and dilute airborne material within the atmosphere. Low turbulence which is often combined with a stable atmosphere (increasing atmospheric temperature with height above the ground) also reduces the potential for mixing and dispersion. These periods tend to occur during the night and early morning periods, particularly during clear still nights.
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Wind direction is an important consideration for dispersion of pollutants. A review of the wind roses demonstrates morning winds are typically easterly (with wind speeds between 10 and 40 km/h) and westerly in the afternoon (with wind speeds between 10 and more than 40 km/h) at Wagga Wagga. At Young, morning winds are fairly variables – north, east, south-east and south – with wind speeds between 10 and 40 km/h; afternoon winds are typically westerly in the afternoon with wind speeds between 10 and 40 km/h.
Figure 21: BoM Wagga Wagga and Young Wind Roses – Annual
Wagga Wagga
9am Annual – 23% calm 3pm Annual – 11% calm Young
9am Annual – 13% calm 3pm Annual – 1% calm
Source: http://www.bom.gov.au (06/10/2009)
During the morning there is greater likelihood of calms, with the winds becoming stronger during the day. Calms are an efficient transporter of pollutants at higher concentrations because dilution in the surrounding air is reduced with less turbulent mixing. Rainfall will also affect the dispersion of air pollutants. Rainfall will reduce the dispersion of dust and fumes through the air, but may result in more dust entering waterways. Humidity can also affect pollutant dispersion by dissolving pollutants, and this can have a negative impact, affecting the quality of rainfall and water entering streams. The effects of rain and humidity are not possible to quantify with regards to the scope of work due to the high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation.
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10.3.3 Air Quality Criteria Typically dust nuisance is a subjective matter however a typical standard for dust deposition is 4g/m2/month. This criterion relates to the insoluble portion of dust deposited on a surface over the course of 1 month averaged annually. The annual average is used as persistent elevated dust levels that are of greatest concern, rather than short term infrequent events. Air borne particulates are also of concern as the smaller particulates i.e. the PM10 and PM2.5 can cause irritation to the respiratory system and even serious health effects with prolonged exposure. The predominant source of such pollutants is through the combustion of fuels and in particular within diesel vehicles. The NSW DECC use an ambient air quality criterion for PM10 of 50ug/m3 over 24 hrs, no PM2.5 criteria has currently been set. 10.3.4 Potential Impacts Construction The greatest potential for air quality impact will occur during the construction phase of the project. Potential sources of air pollutants associated with the proposed construction works include: x Vehicle movements during construction; x Machinery emissions during construction; and x Fugitive dust emission during trench digging and other construction activities.
The generation of wind blown dust during construction activities is the result of loose particulate matter being mobilised from an exposed surface (excavated ground or material stockpiles) and suspended in the atmosphere. The suspension of dust particles is determined by a range of parameters such as the shape and size of the particle, soil properties, prevailing weather conditions, area of exposed ground, moisture content, and the type of activity being carried out. Studies have indicated that the majority of particulate matter returns to the surface within 60 to 90 metres of the emission source. However, the fine fraction of dust particles, when mobilised, may travel up to 250 metres from the source before returning to the surface. Due to the very low density of development in the vicinity, and as residences are generally greater than 250 metres from works the potential for significant impacts are reduced. Within the region, particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in the regions have regularly exceeded the standard over the past years, see Figure 22.
Figure 22 – South West Slopes Region, Annual Exceedences of goals set by the National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) and DECC
The overall increase in vehicle movements as a result of the proposed project is not expected to have a significant impact on air quality regionally. The small contribution of PM10 to the atmosphere is unlikely to make any substantial difference. The main source of PM10 in the region is motor vehicles, and the scale of the project is not large enough to have a significant impact. Emissions would be further minimised through efficient use of vehicles to limit PM10 and Greenhouse Gases emissions where practicable.
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Operation The air quality impacts will be marginal during operation as the pipeline is buried and maintenance activities are limited. The ROW will be rehabilitated after completion of the work to minimise the potential for dust generation. Dust generated by maintenance vehicles can be considered as negligible due to the limited quantity of dust generated and short duration of maintenance activities. Air emissions that may have a long term or permanent adverse impact on air quality in the region include: x Fugitive gas emissions during maintenance activities (e.g. pipeline purging) x Gas venting during emergency situation. This type of event is likely to impact air quality for a short period of time and at specific locations.
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10.3.5 Proposed mitigation and management measures – Air Quality
Table 27 Construction Potential Impacts Mitigation measures x Inclusion of air quality/dust management in the staff general induction. x Preparation of a complaints response fact sheet and assignment of complaints contact point accessible during working hours All x Complaints relating to air emissions from construction activities will be promptly investigated and where required, additional controls implemented. x All emission controls used on vehicles and construction equipment will comply with relevant standards. x Vehicles will be regularly serviced and maintained to optimum working conditions to minimise potential emissions. Vehicle Movement x When appropriate, the use of locally based employees and car pooling will be considered to minimise the overall increase in vehicle kilometres. Machinery emissions x Machinery will be regularly serviced and maintained to optimum working conditions to minimise potential emissions. x Vegetation will only be removed where necessary. x Restrict vehicles to stabilised areas as far as practicable to reduce dust generation and sediment tracking onto local roads. x Appropriate onsite vehicle speed limits will be established and enforced. These will be reviewed depending on meteorological conditions or Fugitive dust emission safety requirements. x Dust suppression using non-potable water for ground watering, will be used when necessary and possible. x Stabilise temporary tracks with crushed concrete or gravel where extended use is required and when possible. x Cleared area will be rehabilitated as best as possible to limit wind erosion and dust generation after completion of the construction work.
Table 28 Operation Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Fugitive gas emissions during maintenance x Maintenance activities undertaken regularly (bi-annually) and in accordance with the industry standards (AS2885.3) activities x Planned gas venting is unlikely as it is costly to the pipeline operator. Gas venting x The safety benefices of emergency gas venting outweigh largely any impacts on local air quality.
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11.0 Hazards and Risks Impacts A Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of the natural gas delivery pipeline between Young and Bowen has been prepared for the APA Group by Planager Pty Ltd. This section is presenting the methodology and key findings of this analysis. A copy of the report can be found in Appendix F.
11.1 Methodology and regulation Due to the potentially hazardous nature of natural gas, the pipeline is classified as potentially hazardous as per the definition by the NSW Department of Planning. As one element of the planning approval process, the NSW Department of Planning requires a PHA to be prepared in accordance with the requirements of Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper (HIPAP) No. 6: Guidelines for Hazard Analysis and for the risk to be evaluated and compared with their risk criteria, as specified in their HIPAP No. 4: Risk Criteria for Land use Planning. The methodology for the PHA is well established in NSW. The assessment has been carried as per the Hazardous Industry Advisory Paper (HIPAP) No 4, Risk Criteria for Land Use Planning and in accordance with HIPAP No 6, Guidelines for Hazard Analysis. These documents describe the methodology and the criteria to be used in PHAs as currently required by Planning NSW for major potentially hazardous development. The risk assessment includes five stages: x Stage 1 – Hazard identification x Stage 2 – Consequences and effects analysis x Stage 3 – Frequency analysis x Stage 4 – Quantitative risk analysis x Stage 5 – Risk reduction
11.2 Scope of the risk and hazard study The aim of the PHA is to ensure that there are no constraints, from a risk point of view, to the location of the proposed new main gas line between Young and Bomen. The objective of the PHA is to present the hazards and risks associated with the natural gas pipeline from the Bomen Meter Station up to the entrance to the Young Compressor Station. Through the evaluation of likelihood and consequence of the major hazards, the risks to the community associated with proposed gas pipeline may be estimated and compared to Department of Planning risk criteria. The pipeline included in the PHA includes all pipe and associated features: x From the point where the pipeline leaves the compressor station at Young; x Up to the point where the pipeline enters the metering station at Bowmen.
The PHA does not assess the risk associated with any pipe downstream of the meter station or the meter station itself at Bowmen, nor does it include the Young compressor station or any pipe upstream of the compressor station. The scope of the PHA includes the following: x Systematic identification and documentation of the major hazards, based on the information supplied and relevant experience with similar pipelines. x Establishment of the consequence of each identified hazard and determination as to their offsite effects. This process is generally qualitative, with relevant quantitative calculations/modelling being completed where necessary. x The frequency of occurrence is estimated based on historical data. If such data is unavailable, assumptions and qualitative discussions are presented. x Determination of the acceptability (or otherwise) risk by comparison of the qualitative or quantitative assessment of the identified risks with the criteria specified in the NSW Department of Planning HIPAP No. 4. x Identification of risk reduction measures as deemed necessary.
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At the time this PHA was conducted, design of the gas pipeline was in its preliminary stages. Detailed information was therefore not available for review. In situations where such information could impact on the PHA, assumptions have been made. These assumptions are intentionally conservative and the results of the PHA are also inherently conservative and this should be noted in their interpretation and application beyond the scope of this work. The assumptions as to the technical details made for the pipeline in this PHA are given in Table 29, and further in the listing below the table.
Table 29 – Assumptions on the pipeline design for the purpose of the PHA Item Pipeline Design All data used in the risk assessment are for a pipeline pressurised Percent operational 100% of the time. Pipe Diameter 450 mm NB (nominal bore) Pipe Length 130 km Maximum Allowable Operating 10.2 MPa, ANSI Class 600 Pressure (MAOP) Actual operating pressure 8.5 MPa Temperature 25°C R1 (broadly rural) with 40 Ha blocks with some R2 (rural residential) Class Location to AS2885 as per AS2885 definitions. Pipe Thickness 6.8 mm to 9.7 mm Depth of Cover At least 900mm (or 450mm in rock if encountered) 5 flange joints per mainline valve (MLV) with four MLVs along the Number of flanges pipeline Features Pressure indication and Actuator Line Break (ALB) on each MLV. Design Standard As per AS2885 requirements
Additionally the following assumptions have been made: x The ALB feature is associated with emergency isolation of the pipeline. x All MLVs are fitted with ALBs. x The ALB allows a drop in line pressure to be quickly ascertained. x Closure of the MLV using ALB system in case of a major leak is assumed to be able to be triggered automatically by a sudden drop of pressure or manually by the operator in the control room. x The SCADA system, which includes telemetered data from the valve stations instrumentation, would give the operator sufficient details upon which to make a decision to close the valve. x The gas pipeline would be pressurised 100% of the time. x The gas pipeline would be buried. x MLVs along the pipeline would be surrounded by security fence. x Any buildings associated with MLVs would have intruder detection fitted on the doors which would be telemetered to the Young Control Room.
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11.3 Hazard identified A total of 10 potentially hazardous scenarios were identified for the gas pipeline. Table 30 details these hazards, their potential initiating events as well as their proposed controls.
Table 30 – Hazard Identification Event Cause/Comments Possible Consequences Prevention/ Protection 1. Mechanical 3rd party involvement Massive release of natural gas x Buried pipeline to AS2885 requirements. impact on the e.g. digging or trenching, (NG). If ignition, then possibility x Rural zoning. Mainly large farming developments with some smaller lots. pipeline causes or other earth work. of flash or jet fire. Physical x Signage along pipe route, including Dial-Before-You-Dig information. Drawings available to leak of natural 1st party involvement. explosion from the pressure of Dial-Before-You-Dig. Pipeline route within easement. gas from the Non through wall the pipeline creates projectiles x Resistance of pipelines to penetration through use of pipe thickness and adequate design pipeline. damage, i.e. part wall or (earth, sand, stones). Injury and factor as per AS2885. delayed failure damage. property damage. x MLV stations will be clearly marked and surrounded by security fencing. All pipes and valves are of robust design and construction. x Automatic shut down through automatic line break detection and valve closure if large hole in pipe. Manual shut down by Network Controller in Control Centre in Young if pressure drop. x NG disperses readily upwards, minimising chances of ignition. Explosion not credible in unconfined situation. 2. Corrosion Damage of pipeline Release of gas. If ignition, a jet x Cathodic protection for external corrosion. Internal corrosion virtually absent with clean leads to leak of coating due to fire is possible. Injury and hydrocarbon. natural gas from excavation inspection property damage. x Coating on external surfaces of pipelines. the gas pipeline. damage leads to x Routine inspection of pipeline (including regular patrol and pigging). Visual and sound corrosion. indications if leak. x Pipeline to be constructed to facilitate internal (pigging) inspection (minimise dips). Construction damage or coating flaw or faulty x Cathodic protection. Inductive current and fault levels to be managed as per AS2885 and AS4853 and other specific standards requirements for pipelines in the vicinity of high materials voltage transmission lines. x NG disperses readily upwards, minimising chances of ignition. x Gas is odourised, allowing for detection and subsequent response in case of a small leak before it can develop into a larger leak. x QA during production and installation, construction DCVG.
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Event Cause/Comments Possible Consequences Prevention/ Protection 3. Nearby Incident (wear and tear, Possible damage to gas x Internal risk management procedures / systems by gas pipeline operator. explosion at mechanical impact, pipeline with release of natural x Pipeline integrity plan (incl. protection, pigging etc. to monitor integrity of pipeline and neighbouring lightning strike etc. etc.) gas (NG). If ignition, then coating inspection). natural gas at the parallel natural possibility of flash or jet fire. x 24 hour monitoring of natural gas pipelines. pipeline or tie- gas pipeline. Injury and property damage. x Dial-Before-You-Dig and signposting. offs. x NG disperses readily upwards, minimising chances of ignition. Explosion not credible in unconfined situation. x Buried pipelines. x Thickness and grade of pipelines. x The pipelines are separated by at least 7 meters from each other. Further, the existing pipeline is buried at 750mm depth while the new pipeline will be buried at 900mm depth. It is unlikely that an explosion in one pipeline would expose the other pipeline and in which case research has shown that the adjacent pipeline cannot be damaged by the radiative heating (Holmes 2009). 4. Pressure Operational error Overpressuring the gas pipeline x Pipelines constructed and hydrotested to AS2885 requirements. excursion leads upstream or causing failures, leaks and x The gas pipeline can operate against closed head (i.e. the main valve at the entrance to to failure of the downstream facility. release of natural gas. If the site may be closed). pipeline. ignition, then possibility of fire. x Continuous observation of pressure of pipeline from Control Centre at Young (NSW). Lack Injury and property damage. of control for several hours required before pressure could exceed critical levels. x High-pressure trip and automatic line-break protection isolating flow of natural gas. x Mechanical over pressure protection & controls at compressor stations. 5. Spontaneous Construction defect or Massive release of natural gas. x X-raying of welds as required. loss of integrity of operational error If ignition, then possibility of x 100% UT of ERW seam weld. pipe (repeated). flash or jet fire. Injury and x Cathodic protection. property damage. x Design for pipelines to limit crack propagation to about two pipe lengths. x Pipeline complying with AS2885 and other specific standards. x Pipeline has integrity management plan. x Pipeline subject to CP monitoring, ILI and DCVG at regular intervals.
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Event Cause/Comments Possible Consequences Prevention/ Protection 6. Erosion results Flooding Potential for flood waters to x Control of erosion through regular and periodic patrols and inspections (aerial patrols, in damage to wash away soil cover. May ground patrols after heavy rain/flooding, landowner liaison). piping and cause pipeline to be exposed. x Repair to soil cover if erosion. equipment. Possibility of damage to coating and subsequent corrosion issues. If not corrected may eventually lead to failure of pipeline. 7. Land Mining activities in area Failure of pipeline resulting in x Site is not affected by mine subsidence. subsidence or earthquake creates. potential for rupture or massive x Pipe to be designed to AS2885 requirements in terms of strength of material and design. results in pipeline leak. Release of natural gas. If damage. ignition, then possibility of flash or jet fire. Injury and property damage. 8. Aircraft, train Aircraft crash. Potential damage to pipeline x Buried pipeline unlikely to be susceptible to aircraft, train or heavy vehicle crash. or heavy vehicle Heavy vehicle crash. resulting in hazardous releases, x MLVs will be located safely away from potential road or train crash locations. crash result in fire / explosion. x MLVs will be surrounded by security fencing which will assist in containing a vehicle. damage to pipeline resulting x Automatic line break isolation valves minimises amount of gas released if gas pipe is damaged. Possibility of remote activation of isolation valves by Young Controller. in hazardous releases. x Aviation safety standards to apply. 9. Damage to Malicious damage. Massive release of natural gas. x Buried pipeline. pipeline through If ignition, then possibility of x MLVs surrounded by security fence. terrorism / flash or jet fire. x Any building doors will be fitted with intruder alarms. vandalism. 10. Neighbouring Bush / brush fire. Possible heat radiation at x Control of vegetation in easement. fire. pipeline. If damage to pipe and x Buried pipeline is unlikely to be affected by heat radiation. equipment then possibility of x Above ground valves are fire safe. release of hazardous material and fire risk.
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11.4 Potentially hazardous situations and their control Safety management systems allow the risk from potentially hazardous installations to be minimised by a combination of hardware and software factors. Safety features of particular interest to this pipeline project are detailed below. 11.4.1 Software Safeguards The APA Group has a commitment to Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) and has numerous policies and procedures to achieve a safe workplace. Written safety procedures are established and reviewed periodically. The pipeline will need to comply with all codes and statutory requirements. In addition, special precautions are observed as required by the site conditions, in particular, standards and requirement on the handling of pressurised, flammable gases. All personnel required to work on gas pipelines are trained in their safe use and handling, and are provided with the relevant safety equipment. The APA Group would have the responsibility of managing the gas pipeline and ensuring that experienced personnel are appropriately trained. A defined Maintenance Management system, setting out requirements for tests, inspections and repairs. A Permit to Work system (including Hot Work Permit) and Control of Modification systems is in use to control work on pipelines and to control pipeline and structure from substandard and potentially hazardous modifications. Injury and incident management is proceduralised and people are trained in how to report incidents. There is an established incident reporting and response, providing 24 hour coverage. Protective Systems would be tested to ensure they are in a good state of repair and function reliably when required to do so. This would include scheduled testing of trips, alarms, gas detectors, relief devices and fire protection systems. 11.4.2 Hardware safeguards, General All systems handling dangerous goods will need to comply with the following Acts, Regulations and Codes in their latest edition. Below are listed some of the most relevant: x AS 2885 for high pressure pipeline; x AS 4041 - 2006 Pressure Piping x AS 1074 - Steel Tubes & Tubulars; x AS 1836 - Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure Purposes; x AS 1210 - Unfired Pressure Vessel Code; x AS 2919, AS 3765.1 or AS 3765.2 - Protective clothing; and x AS1345 - Identification of the Contents of Pipes, Conduits and Ducts.
Pipe fittings, supports, and all other ancillary items will also need to comply with appropriate Australian Standards whether referenced above or not. 11.4.3 Hardware safeguards, Specific Australian Standard AS2885 sets the minimum standard for high-pressure pipelines in Australia. This code gives detailed requirements for the design, construction and operation of gas and liquid petroleum pipelines. The pipeline will run in areas classified as Class R1 - Broadly Rural for most part of the length of the run (as per the AS2885.1 so called primary location classes). Some areas are or are expected in the near future to be classified as R2 – Rural Residential. The so called secondary location class will be defined during the AS2885.1 risk assessment (not part of the scope for this assessment). Allowance is made in AS2885 for the improvement in safety performance possible through the use of thick walled pipe with a low design factor. AS2885 also mandates that the integrity of the pipeline be maintained throughout the pipeline operating life. The proposed safeguards for the pipeline are detailed below. The safeguards have been grouped together under the potential hazardous events associated with the pipeline (as detailed in Table 30). These incidents have been collated by a group of six European gas transmission companies, based on pipeline incidents relevant to pipeline design and operation in Europe (Pipes & Pipelines International 1988). Experience within Australia (EAPL, AGL etc.) indicates that the learning from these incidents can be directly translated to the Australian conditions. Table 31 details the hazardous situation and the control measures.
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Table 31 – Hazardous situation and control measures Hazardous situation Control measures x This potential is minimised in the present development through the fact that AS2885 requires the pipeline to be buried to 750mm (or 450mm in rock). The new proposed pipeline will be buried at 900mm depth while the existing pipeline is buried at 750mm depth. x Signage will be provided along the pipe route, including Dial Before You Dig information. x The pipeline presents a certain resistance to penetration through use of appropriate pipe thickness (6.8 to 9.7 mm) and adequate design factor as per AS2885. External interference is historically by x In the very unlikely event of damage to the pipeline, which causes a major leak, a sudden pressure drop would result in alarm initiation in the Control Room in Young allowing automatic or remote activated closing of the mainline valves of either side of the far the main cause of loss of gas and leak thus minimising the amount of gas that could be released into the atmosphere. accounts for about 40% of all incidents leading to a release of gas x Natural gas disperses readily upwards, reducing chances of ignition and explosion is not credible in an unconfined situation. x Valve stations are potentially more at risk of a loss of containment due to the presence of small bore attached piping, which is required for pressure tapings. These small-bore pipes are historically known to be more vulnerable to failure. The major mitigating features at the valve station are firstly the fact that the valve site is conspicuous and therefore reduces significantly the accidental mechanical interference for which a buried pipe is vulnerable. Secondly, the instrumentation off-take line would most likely be installed with a restriction orifice, which would severely restrict the potential outflow caused by damage to the instrumentation. Thirdly, the layout and siting of the valve stations will be subjected to a rigorous Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), which will result in improvements to the design to limit their hazard potential. x The Australian Pipelines Code (AS2885) will be adopted as a minimum requirement for the design and construction. Construction defect / material failure x The pipeline would be constructed of ERW piping of 457 mm diameter (NB). is a known cause of failure of x The pipe seam weld will be 100% examined ultrasonically and the circumferential butt welds will be 100% radiographed. pipelines and accounts for x The pipeline will also be also subject to 1.25 x hydro test minimum. approximately 15% of all incidents. x Inherent design safeguards will be provided by ensuring that the piping is manufactured from high tensile steel of known quality, and subject to quality control inspections to ensure high standard. x The pipeline will be coated with fusion bond epoxy (FBE) and be cathodically protected. x Regular pipeline patrols will be undertaken. x A corrosion protection team will survey the pipeline each year to identify any areas where cathodic protection has become Corrosion accounts for approximately ineffective. Potential corrosion leaks will be detected by in-line inspection and protected against by cathodic protection systems. 15% of all historical incidents. The x Gas is odourised, improving likelihood of detection and response to a pinhole leak before it develops into a larger leak. A number result of the corrosion is mainly of corrosion detection techniques, including ILI, DCVG & CP surveys. pinholes and cracks x Internal corrosion is virtually absent with clean hydrocarbon. x In the unlikely event of a corrosion leak, it can be detected through the fact that the vegetation is browning off around ground leak (lack of oxygen) and that a small hole will be sonic – possible detection through high pitched sound. Hot-tapping or hot tapping by error x This situation is prevented through the fact that hot tapping is a highly specialised field in Australia and only very few, highly (i.e. hot-tapping the wrong pipeline) is trained, groups can perform this task.
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Hazardous situation Control measures possible and has occurred in the past x The neighbouring pipeline is much smaller diameter (12 inch (or 305mm) compared with the 18 inch (or 457mm) of the new in the world (approximately 15% of all pipeline) making it even more unlikely that a specialised crew would mistake one pipeline for the other incidents). Earthquakes account for about 5% of all historical incidents could potentially x Earthquakes are not particularly common in this area and steel pipelines have been shown to be very resistant to failure in these cause a failure of a pipeline due to the circumstances. high forces involved. x A geotechnical study was completed for the existing pipeline. The information in this study will be used also for the new pipeline. Flooding x The pipeline route will be subject to routine inspections and, if required, to maintenance and repair of cover as required (e.g. if erosion is identified). x The site is not affected by mine subsidence. The information from the geo technical study performed for the existing pipeline will Land subsidence or mining activity: be used also for this new pipeline. x The gas pipeline, being buried, is unlikely to be damaged in case of an aircraft, train or truck crash. x There will be no above ground facilities adjacent to train crossings. Aircraft, train or truck crash x Few facilities are closer to road and all will be fenced and appropriate barrier will be installed. x The preventative and protective features of this site makes the risk of such crashes negligible. This scenario, while theoretically possible, does not appear credible for the present development at this stage of the development. Damage to pipe through terrorism / x The pipe will be buried for the most part. Further, where above ground structures (i.e. at the valve stations), the site would be vandalism / unlawful entry to site / fenced with access control. sabotage: x A bush fire is highly unlikely to affect a buried gas pipeline. The bush fires that have burned over for example the main Moomba to Wilton natural gas pipeline have not damaged the gas pipeline or any of its above ground facilities. A bush /grass fire asset Bush / grass fire: protection zone will be decided in consultation with rural fire services. Clearance zone will be provided at the off-take compound with control of vegetation. The risk of damage to the pipeline from a bush fire or grass fire to the pipeline or above ground facilities is very low if not negligible. Rare or unknown causes form about 10% of all historical incidents. They are mainly of the pinhole crack category. The following potential incidents have been canvassed for the present development: x The pipeline is designed with the minimum number of flanges and welded connections are used wherever possible. x Periodic surveillance will be carried out of the pipe and valve points. Valve gland nut leak or flange leak or x All valves will be exercised periodically. All above ground valve sites are fenced and secured to exclude the public. Icing up at maintenance failure at valves and leak point improves detection. scraper stations x Gas is odourised which would improve the likelihood of a small leak and subsequent response, before it develops into a larger leak. x The potential for a domino incident due to an incident at the gas mainline was canvassed. The preventative features for this type of Nearby explosion. incident include internal risk management procedures / systems in use by the APA Group managing both pipelines; the pipeline integrity plans (incl. systems in use to monitor integrity of pipeline and coating inspection); their thickness and grade; and the 24
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Hazardous situation Control measures hour monitoring of natural gas and pipeline. x Natural gas disperses readily upwards, minimising chances of ignition and making explosion not credible in unconfined situation; and the fact that all pipelines are buried at a depth of at least 750mm (450mm in rock). x The Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to assess available validated models to assist gas companies in determining the minimum spacing between adjacent pipelines to help ensure safe and reliable operation in the event of a rupture. The research showed that for the rupture of a pipeline to cause damage to an adjacent pipeline the sequence of events expected is: x Loss of integrity of the initiating pipeline leads to formation of a crater. x The escaping gas is ignited and forms a sustained flame. x The flame heats the uncovered adjacent pipeline. x It showed that if the crater does not expose the adjacent pipeline, then it cannot be damaged by radiative heating. The report by Battelle discusses the development and application of a pair of models that may be used to assess appropriate pipeline spacing. The first can be termed the “crater” model and the second the “radiative” model. The “crater” model estimates the size of the crater produced by the initial rupture. In the report the crater width versus depth of cover were estimated. For the 900mm cover proposed for the Young Wagga Loop the crater diameter is estimated to be about 7m maybe as big as 9m (4.5m radius). From observations of such craters they are reasonably symmetric about the pipeline. Therefore, there should be at least 2m of soil remaining to protect the adjacent pipeline from radiative heating. In such a case there is no need for the second “radiative” model and the adjacent pipeline is considered safe from such an event Operational error causes pressure x The pipeline is to be hydrotested at a minimum of 1.38 times the MAOP (maximum allowable operating pressure) and can operate excursion leading to failure of the against closed head. pipeline. The potential for a gas release is extremely small. The proposed development does not increase in any significant way the risk of a bush fire in the forested areas through which the pipeline travels. As a consequence, local fire brigades will not have any significant demand on their resources.
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11.5 Consequences As natural gas is non toxic, the evaluation of consequences requires only the determination of fire radiation and explosion overpressure. For both fires and explosions, it is necessary to determine the leak rate and duration for each incident. Radiation effects are then determined using the point source method while overpressure effects are determined using the TNT equivalent model in SHE Pacific 1999. For more details on the methodology used and assumptions, please see Appendix F. Table 32 provides details on the release rate used for the radiation and overpressure sections.
Table 32 – Release rate Small leak Intermediate leak Massive leak Full bore (5mm) (25 mm) (100 mm) (guillotine) 2.4 tonnes/s 0.29 kg/s 7.2 kg/s 115 kg/s (first few seconds) 11.5.1 Radiation The effect or impact of heat radiation on people is shown in Table 33.
Table 33 – Effect or impacts of heat radiation Radiant Heat Level Physical effects (depends on exposure duration) (kW/m2) 1.2 Received from the sun at noon in summer 2.1 Minimum to cause pain after 1 minute 4.7 Will cause pain in 15-20 seconds and injury after 30 seconds’ exposure Significant chance of fatality for extended exposure 12.6 High chance of injury Likely fatality for extended exposure and chance of fatality for instantaneous (short) 23 exposure 35 Significant chance of fatality for people exposed instantaneously
The distance from the source of the fire to the specified heat radiation for jet fire scenarios is listed in Table 34.
Table 34 – Heat Radiation Distances from Jet Fires Distance to Heat radiation (metres) Hole size 4.7kW/m2 12.5kW/m2 23.5kW/m2 Small leak (5mm) 6 4 3 Intermediate leak (25 mm) 30 18 14 Massive leak (100 mm) 120 74 55 Full bore (guillotine)1 525 310 240
The distance from the source to the envelope of the flash fire is presented in Table 35.
Table 35 – Flash Fire Consequence Distances
Distance to Heat radiation (metres) Hole size 4.7kW/m2 12.5kW/m2 23.5kW/m2 Small leak (5mm) 25 15 12 Intermediate leak (25 mm) 40 35 30 Massive leak (100 mm) 150 80 70
1 The event resulting from a full bore rupture is more likely to result in a short flash fire of great intensity followed by a longer duration jet fire of les intensity as the pipeline depressurises through the rupture.
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Distance to Heat radiation (metres) Hole size 4.7kW/m2 12.5kW/m2 23.5kW/m2 Full bore (guillotine)2 350 315 250 11.5.2 Overpressure The effect overpressure on people is shown in Table 36.
Table 36 – Effect of overpressure
Overpressure (kPa) Physical Effect
90% glass breakage. 3.5 No fatality, very low probability of injury Damage to internal partitions & joinery 7 10% probability of injury, no fatality 14 Houses uninhabitable and badly cracked Reinforced structures distort, storage tanks fail 21 20% chance of fatality to person in building Houses uninhabitable, rail wagons & Facility items overturned. 35 Threshold of eardrum damage, 50% chance of fatality for a person in a building, 15% in the open Complete demolition of houses 70 Threshold of lung damage, 100% chance of fatality for a person in a building or in the open
The distance from the source of the release to the specified overpressure for explosion scenarios is listed in Table 37.
Table 37 – Overpressure Distances from Explosions Distance to Explosion Overpressure (metres) Hole size 7 kPa 14 kPa 70 kPa Small leak (5mm) 30 25 15 Intermediate leak (25 mm) 120 75 40 Massive leak (100 mm) 300 200 75 Full bore (guillotine) 450 380 220
11.6 Frequency 11.6.1 General equipment failure Two different wall thicknesses will be used depending on the location of the pipeline. In general, the pipeline will be constructed in 6.8mm thick pipe. Where the pipeline goes under roads or railways or where it passes major centres it will be constructed in thicker pipe (9.7mm wall thickness). The failure frequencies for 6.5mm and 9.7mm thick pipelines as per Dawson 1994 and Fearnehough, 1992 are listed in Table 38.
Table 38 – Equipment Failures and Associated Frequencies Type of Failure Failure Rate (pmpy) Gas Pipelines (>100mm NB; 6.8 mm pipe thickness) <20 mm hole – steel pipeline 0.055/ m <80 mm hole – steel pipeline 0.138 / m Guillotine fracture (full bore) – steel pipeline 0.0015 / m Gas Pipelines (>100mm NB; 9.7 mm pipe thickness)
2 The event resulting from a full bore rupture is more likely to result in a short flash fire of great intensity followed by a longer duration jet fire of les intensity as the pipeline depressurises through the rupture.
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Type of Failure Failure Rate (pmpy) Gas Pipelines (>100mm NB; 6.8 mm pipe thickness) <20 mm hole – steel pipeline 0.027/ m <80 mm hole – steel pipeline 0.076 / m Guillotine fracture (full bore) – steel pipeline 0.0007 / m
11.6.2 Probability of flammable outcomes The probabilities of ignition if leak occurs were based on Cox, Lees and Ang 1992, see Table 39.
Table 39 – Ignition Probability Leak size (mm) Probability of ignition
<20mm 0.027 20 to 100 mm 0.019 >100 mm 0.235
11.7 Conclusion
11.7.1 Overview The main hazard associated with the proposed gas pipeline is associated with the handling of natural gas (predominantly composed of methane gas), which is a flammable gas held under pressure. The predominant mode in which a hazardous incident may be generated is associated with a rupture or leak. A leak would generally only have the potential to cause injury or damage if there was ignition, which resulted in a fire or explosion incident. The factors involved are: x Failure must occur causing a release. There are several possible causes of failure, with the main ones being corrosion and damage to the equipment by external agencies. x The released material must come into contact with a source of ignition. In some cases this may be heat or sparks generated by mechanical damage while in others, the possible ignition source could include non- flame proof equipment, vehicles, or flames some distance from the release. x Depending on the release conditions, including the mass of material involved and how rapidly it is ignited, the results may be a localised fire (for example a so called jet fire) or a flash fire. As the pipeline runs through open areas, an explosion of the vapour cloud formed through the release is considered highly unlikely. x Finally, for there to be a risk, people must be present within the harmful range (consequence distance) of the fire or explosion. How close the people are will determine whether any injuries or fatalities result.
11.7.2 Summary of Risk Results Even though many of the assumptions in this PHA are conservative, the results show that the risk associated with the gas pipeline is very low. The most stringent risk criteria, as required by the NSW Department of Planning, are adhered to.
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12.0 Surface and Groundwater Impacts The project area is entirely situated in the Murrumbidgee catchment, the natural drainage basin of the Murrumbidgee River (Figure 23). The Murrumbidgee River is the main stream within the Murrumbidgee catchment. It starts in the Kosciuszko National Park on the Long Plain and flows 1,600 kilometres westward to its confluence with the Murray River near Balranald. It has average annual flows of around 4.4 million megalitres and is the third largest river in the Murray–Darling Basin. Major streams in the Murrumbidgee catchment are:
x Bredbo River, Numeralla River, Goodradigbee River, Cotter River, Goobarragandra River, Tumut River and Yass River – in the upper catchment; x Tarcutta Creek and Jugiong Creek – in the mid catchment x Old Man Creek, Mirrool Creek, Yanco Creek and Colombo Creek – in the lower catchment.
The Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority has an overarching role in the management of the health of the catchment’s environmental and agricultural resources. The Murrumbidgee Catchment Action Plan, 2008 identifies the assets of the Murrumbidgee Catchment and identifies priorities for action to repair and/or maintain critical assets. Assets identified include community assets, water assets, biodiversity assets and land assets. The assets identified in the Murrumbidgee Catchment Action Plan have been referenced in the development of the management actions that support the project.
Figure 23 – Murrumbidgee Catchment
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12.1 Existing environment 12.1.1 Surface Water The majority of the study area consists of cleared arable farmland. Surface water within the area comprises both on farm dams and small drainage lines and ephemeral creeks. The numerous small dams, have been constructed to support agricultural operations. These dams are a vital component of on-going farming operations. The cumulative impact of farm dams is a diminution of run-off reaching the drainage lines, creeks and rivers. The small drainage lines and ephemeral creeks located throughout the study area generally only retain water for a short amount of time immediately following rainfall events. With the exception of Billabung Creek (see image in Appendix F of the Flora and Fauna Report), the watercourses are generally devoid of vegetation. Bucks Creek (Figure 17) and Ulandra Creek (Figure 7) also support very limited vegetation. 12.1.2 Groundwater The study area occurs within the eastern highland region of the Murray Darling Basin. The majority of the study area has been identified as containing local groundwater flow units (MDBA, 2004) with flow responding to the general shape of the landscape. These local units act as recharge zones, where groundwater ultimately leaves the system and flows into lowland regional aquifers. Groundwater flow within these units responds to surface water infiltration. This is likely to be limited due to recent reduced recharge events and a modified landscape however the unit has the potential to respond quickly to recharge events. According to the MDBA groundwater status report, a study bore (ID 031285) located to the east of Junee identified the groundwater at approximately 6 metres below the surface. The broad plain surrounding Billabung Creek, located in the north of the study area, has been identified as an alluvial aquifer associated with the major drainage systems from the eastern highlands into the lowland Murray Basin regional aquifer. Groundwater flow within these units is thought to respond to surface water infiltration from surrounding local groundwater flow units and direct surface water infiltration. This is likely to be limited due to recent reduced recharge events in the immediate and surrounding areas however the unit has the potential to respond quickly to recharge events. No data was available for bores within this area.
12.2 Potential impacts As described in Section 3, the construction activities are limited to an anticipated maximum depth of 1.5m below the natural surface. The construction of the pipeline is also having a minimal impact on native vegetation, with the majority of native vegetation being located at road and creek crossings and being avoided by way of thrust boring or directional drilling construction technique. These crossings are identified in Figure 24 & Table 40. On the basis of this depth and the nature of the pipeline, construction and operation of the pipeline is not expected to represent any potential impacts on groundwater, however, a number of mitigation measures are identified in Section 10.3 that will contribute to mitigating any residual impacts. The potential impacts are therefore expected to be limited to surface water, mainly at the intersection of the pipeline with waterways and a general risk of erosion as a result of the exposed soil. These risks are discussed in 10.2.1 and mitigation measures are summarised Section 10.3. An additional potential impact is associated with the use of water in the hydrostatic testing of the pipeline. This is discussed in Section 10.2.2. 12.2.1 Surface Water Localised impacts are potentially associated with the construction of the pipeline. In the event of rainfall during construction, the open trench and stockpiled soil may act to limit runoff into farm dams and waterways and localised erosion may scour soils and decrease water quality in local water ways. This impact is anticipated to be minor given that the pipeline is to be constructed in lengths, meaning that only a minimal length of trench and stockpile will be in place at any one time. Under normal working conditions, each section will only be active for approximately one week The Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority has indicated that the works has the potential to increase localised salinity, however, as described in Section 6, there is only a minor amount of vegetation to be cleared along the pipeline route and therefore the ability for the work to contribute to salinity is minor. .
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Minor drainage lines that are to be traversed by way of open cut trenching have the potential to be subject to erosion when flows return. Post work management actions will be implemented to limit any impacts. 12.2.2 Hydrostatic Testing A dam will be created at the midpoint of the gas pipeline to facilitate the testing of the pipeline. The dam will be required to be capable of retaining approximately 7 – 8 MgL of water. The pipeline will be tested in 2 events, each testing approximately half of the pipeline length. Water will be sourced locall and is most likely to be taken from a local groundwater licence on arrangement with a landholder. The dam will be located outside of the easement, in an area previously cleared for agriculture Water will be released from the dam on agreement with the landholder on whose land the dam is constructed. The dam will be restored to the pre-development surface levels, or to a scenario suitable to the landholder. It is proposed that the water be disposed to land and not to a local water course. 12.2.3 Groundwater Impacts to groundwater are identified as being minimal. The pipeline is not traversing any areas where the groundwater table is anticipated to be intersected by construction works. Impacts are therefore anticipated to be limited to localised impacts on groundwater recharge. Modification of soil structure and hence groundwater flow paths may increase or divert localised recharge.
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Figure 24 – Water course crossing locations and crossing methods
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Table 40 – Water course crossing ID and crossing methods
ID Name Chainage # Shire Watercourse Type Width of Crossing Crossing Type 1 WATERCOURSE 70149.6 COOTAMUNDRA SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 60 Open cut 2 WATERCOURSE 70711.7 COOTAMUNDRA SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing Open cut 163 3 WATERCOURSE 70846.7 COOTAMUNDRA SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing Open cut 4 WATERCOURSE 71368.2 COOTAMUNDRA SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 66.3 Open cut 5 WATERCOURSE 74411.4 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 45.5 Open cut 6 WATERCOURSE 74636.3 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 25 Open cut 7 WATERCOURSE 75113.4 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 10 Open cut 8 ULANDRA CREEK 76962.1 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK 15 Open cut 9 WATERCOURSE 77098.7 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 68.7 Open cut 10 WATERCOURSE 84995.6 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 20 Open cut 11 BILLABUNG CREEK 86040.8 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK 77.3 DIRECTIONAL DRILL 12 Billabung Creek South 87181 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK Open Cut 13 GULLY 88191.4 JUNEE SHIRE GULLY XING - Open cut 14 WATERCOURSE 94234.7 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 48 Open cut 15 WATERCOURSE 98636 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing - Open cut 16 WANTIOOL CREEK 101200.8 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK 20 Open cut 17 WATERCOURSE 104350.1 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 27 Open cut 18 WATERCOURSE 104745.1 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 29 Open cut 19 WATERCOURSE 105626.6 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 18 Open cut 20 ROCKY CREEK 107701.3 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK 52 Open cut 21 WATERCOURSE 108348 JUNEE SHIRE Minor Watercourse xing 25 Open cut 22 BUCKS CREEK 112183.3 JUNEE SHIRE CREEK 50.3 DIRECTIONAL DRILL 23 DRAINAGE CHANNEL 113384.2 JUNEE SHIRE DRAINAGE CHANNEL 12 Thrust Boring 24 WATERCOURSE 115122.2 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA Minor Watercourse xing 70.2 Open cut 25 REEDY CREEK 115537.1 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA CREEK 70 Open cut 26 WATERCOURSE 119042.6 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA Minor Watercourse xing 31.3 Open cut 27 WATERCOURSE 121017.5 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA Minor Watercourse xing 18 Open cut 28 WATERCOURSE 126931.2 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA Minor Watercourse xing 15 Open cut 29 WATERCOURSE 129136.6 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA Minor Watercourse xing 15 Open cut
# Chainages provided by APA and sourced from “As-Built Alignment Drawing No. YW80-0068 through to YW80-0074
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12.3 Proposed mitigation strategies The following mitigation strategies will be articulated in the Construction Environmental Management Plan and will form part of the contractors contract. Aspect Mitigation Runoff management measures to be established where the pipeline traverses or is adjacent to a road or track. Erosion control measures and rehabilitation and landscaping works to be undertaken at above ground facilities. Clearing and grading activities scheduled to ensure the period of time between the initial clearing and respreading of topsoil (reestablishment) is minimised. Erosion Control Grubbing (removal of stumps) is to be minimised and voids left by large stumps are to be backfilled. Temporary and more permanent erosion control banks, drains and sediment collection devises shall be installed (or re-instated if current) across slopes and in the vicinity of drainage lines as necessary. Backfilling of the trench is to be higher than the adjacent ground (maximum 10cm crown) to allow for subsequent settlement. Watercourses only to be traversed by trenching if the bed is dry. Work is not to be undertaken in wet weather. Vehicle access to the river bed is to be confined to the easement. Trenching of a water course bank is to start at the top of the slope and work downwards. Temporary bunding, silt fencing and sediment dam installation are to be Watercourse crossings constructed if required. Watercourse walls are to be re-established to a stable slope consistent with the ‘natural’ slope. Shaping should remove irregularities that would interfere with flows. Where the watercourse has a surface layer of coarse material (rocks, pebbles, gravel) care should be taken to restore this surface layer. Rock armouring of the bed and base of the wall is to be undertaken.
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13.0 Traffic and Transport
13.1 Traffic generation Construction The potential for impact is driven by both the volume of movements required and the type of movements that may impact efficiency of the road such as during heavy vehicle deliveries. The construction site is expected to produce relatively low numbers of traffic. Staff numbers will peak at 50 and as they will be utilising common accommodation at a nearby regional centre such as Junee, car pooling or dedicated bus transportation will be utilised.
Traffic type Average daily trips Maximum expected daily trips Construction work employees 12 25 Heavy vehicle deliveries 3 6
Roads in the study area that will be utilised for access and deliveries vary significantly in standard and usage from major rural highway to minor unsealed rural roads. The major thoroughfares affected by the proposal will be: x Olympic Way x Old Sydney Road
Based on the predicted traffic volumes and the nature of surrounding road the potential for significant impact on traffic and transport are considered negligible. Operations During operation the traffic generation would be consistent with the current regime required for the operation and maintenance of the existing pipeline.
13.2 Impacts to road infrastructure There are several road crossings to be undertaken during the construction of this pipeline. All sealed roads will be bored to minimise disruption to traffic. This will mean that in general there will be only a reduced speed limit and a short road works zone with appropriate signage applying whilst the boring work takes place. The boring work will only be undertaken during day light hours. Each bored road crossing is anticipated to be completed within a few days. Unsealed road crossings will be constructed by excavating a trench, laying the pipe before backfilling the trench and subsequently reconstructing the road pavement. Where reasonable alternate routes are available, traffic detours will be put in place for the duration of the construction of the road crossing, typically only a day or two. In other cases, the crossing will be constructed in a similar manner, half of the road at a time. Where there is sufficient appropriate space, a temporary two way bypass with a reduced speed will be constructed whilst the first half of the pie crossing is laid. On completion, the bypass will be swapped to the other side. If there is not sufficient appropriate space for a two way temporary bypass, a single lane of the road will remain open and appropriate traffic measures will be put in place. These would be flag people controlled where adequate visibility is not available through the work zone or one sided give way controls where adequate visibility is available. If the situation so warrants, portable temporary traffic lights will be employed. All signage will be retro- reflective to allow for night operation if required. Where the pipeline is constructed along the road corridor and in the road verge, linear separation from the through traffic will be provided by water filled barriers. Continuity of at least two traffic lanes will be maintained. A road work zone with appropriate speed reduction and signage will be established. Where only one traffic lane can be maintained, traffic control measures shall be installed. These will typically be temporary traffic lights or traffic flag people, unless adequate visibility allows the operation of a give way controlled situation.
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Figure 25 - Road crossing locations and crossing methods
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Table 41 - Road crossing ID and crossing methods (Source: APA) Width of ID Name Chainage # Shire Road Type Crossing Type Trench/Boring 1 DIRT ROAD 76725.7 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 22 Open cut 2 OLD SYDNEY ROAD 77235.8 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 79.8 Thrust Boring 3 DIRT ROAD 77922.9 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 39.5 Open cut 4 LOVERS LANE 78130.7 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 35.1 Open cut 5 MAIN SOUTHERN RAILWAY 80710.5 JUNEE SHIRE RAILWAY XING 22.2 Thrust Boring 6 OLYMPIC WAY 80747.7 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 11.1 Thrust Boring 7 FORMED TRACK 80795 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 9.4 Open cut 8 WALBRIDGE LANE 83531.5 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 41.6 Open cut 9 ALLAWAH ROAD 88128.4 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 26.8 Thrust Boring 10 FORMED TRACK 88637.3 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 7.7 Open cut 11 Illabo to Wantabadgery 91634.1 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 116.4 Thrust Boring 12 Minor Road 95312.9 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 62.2 Open cut 13 Minor Road 99298.9 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 13.2 Open cut 14 Minor Road 100586.4 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 118.5 Open cut 15 MAIN ROAD No. 243 101520.9 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 62.5 Thrust Boring 16 Minor Road 104926.9 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 25 Open cut 17 BURNT CREEK LANE 106442.1 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING 21.3 Open cut Dirt Road – (only access point to 18 106855 JUNEE SHIRE DIRT RD XING Open cut house) 19 PATTERSONS RD 112728.3 JUNEE SHIRE BITUMEN ROAD 28.5 Thrust Boring 20 FORMED TRACK 115628.4 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA DIRT RD XING 4.8 Open cut 21 HOLLOWAYS RD 119698.8 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA DIRT RD XING 25.4 Open cut 22 Minor Road 122872.1 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA DIRT RD XING 42.7 Open cut 23 Minor Road 124037.8 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA DIRT RD XING 11.6 Open cut 24 Bitumen Rd 128770 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA BITUMEN ROAD Thrust Boring 25 Minor Road 129136.6 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA DIRT RD XING 26 Open cut 26 Bitumen Rd 130958 CITY OF WAGGA WAGGA BITUMEN ROAD Thrust Boring
# Chainages provided by APA and sourced from “As-Built Alignment Drawing No. YW80-0068 through to YW80-007
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13.3 Management strategies x A Transport Code of Conduct which would outline and manage the transportation routes to the sites for heavy vehicles and provide guidance for: - Heavy vehicle access to the various laydown areas and construction sites; - Deliveries, dispatch and heavy vehicle parking during construction; - Internal speed limits and use of truck turnaround areas; - Details of road/intersection upgrades; x Heavy vehicle movements would be timed wherever possible to avoid or minimise localised impacts such as avoiding peak traffic zones and school zones between the hours of 7am - 9am and 2pm - 4pm; x Where oversized vehicles are used, suitable controls and management would be put into place and heavy vehicle permits would be obtained as required; x Oversized loads would be transported in accordance with relevant RTA guidelines; x Consultation to be undertaken with potentially affected landowners and relevant road authorities with regard to the timing of plant and equipment delivery campaigns and potential localised impacts on the road network; x Traffic direction control would be used where appropriate for open trenching of road crossings. Available measures would be taken to minimise disruption during open trench crossings to no more than one to two days; x Multi-passenger vehicles and car pooling would be used wherever possible for the transportation of construction personnel to the construction site/s in order to minimise the number of vehicle movements; x APA would prepare pre and post dilapidation reports for major access roads affected by the Project. Impacts considered being attributable to the Project, as determined by the dilapidation reports, following the construction phase of the Project would be remediated by APA. x Vehicle movements would be minimised wherever possible; x Materials would be sourced from local suppliers where possible; x Nominated transport routes would be clearly identified in the TMP and contractors would be made aware of the requirements to use these routes when travelling to and from the Project Area; and x Access to residential and farming properties would be kept maintained where possible. x Preventing the transportation of mud and dirt onto sealed roads
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14.0 Infrastructure
14.1 Existing infrastructure The range of infrastructure potentially affected by the proposal is significantly reduced by the fact the easement has been established for the existing pipeline. This has limited the potential for impacts. The most frequent intersection with infrastructure is the transport network such as road and rail. Impacts to road infrastructure are addressed in 13.0.The non road infrastructure adjacent to or within the easement that may be affected by the proposal and the design response is outlined in Table 42.
Table 42 Infrastructure types and crossings Infrastructure type Number of interactions with Design Response proposed pipeline Main Western Rail line 1 At the point of intersection with the MWR will under bore the to prevent any impact or disruption to the MWR service. Telecommunications – optic fibre 2 Temporary protection during construction – reinstatement (no service interruption) Power Numerous overhead lines No design response required – construction liaison and safety management procedures required. Water 5 Temporary protection and reinstatement – no service interruption expected.
14.2 Mitigation strategies Prior to construction a detailed dial before you dig and site investigation regime will occur to define exact locations of services. In conjunction with this further liaison on site with service providers will occur to agree any potential protective measures. Searching for services will be conducted by hand or through the use of service location device. Once services are located they will be flagged with signage or coloured tape to ensure they are easily identified for the duration of works in that area. In the event of any unforseen service discovery, the appropriate utility provider will be contacted and appropriate remedial actions taken.
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15.0 Other Issues
15.1 Landscape – visual amenity This section presents the existing landscape and visual characteristic of the region and the potential impacts on visual amenity as a consequence of the pipeline construction and operation. 15.1.1 Existing landscape ensembles Due to the short distance covered by the pipeline, the landscape ensembles of the studied region are not highly variables. Most of the pipeline route is located in agriculture land characterised by open pastures and crops landscape with patches of native trees along with isolated residences, rural roads and small rural town centres. The area surrounding the Bomen Meter station presents a slightly different landscape with an urban environment with light industrial and residential properties and urban roads. Examples of landscape features are shown in Figure 26. 15.1.2 Potential impacts Construction The main visual impacts associated with the pipeline construction activities include: x Construction activities within the pipeline easement – There will be temporary and short term visual impacts as a result of the vegetation clearing for the pipeline easement and access roads. The presence of trucks, workers, light construction structures, machinery and equipment will have a short visual impact. x Construction camps – There will be temporary and short term visual impacts resulting from the construction camps (e.g. temporary structures, vehicles and temporary car park). The visual impacts during the construction phase are not expected to be significantly different between the open country and the light urban landscape. Operation The visual impacts of the pipeline operations are expected to be minimal as the pipeline will be buried following the construction and rehabilitation activities. These impacts include: x Construction of above ground structure such as the meter stations, safety valves, fencing and security measures associated with these structures. x Placement of markers signs at roads, crossing, fences and at all necessary locations. x Changes in the landscape as a result of the vegetation clearing and vegetation maintenance within the pipeline easement for construction and maintenance operations. It should be noted that these visual impacts will occur in the close vicinity of the existing pipeline as the two pipelines will generally be only 7 metres apart.
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Figure 26 – Landscape features
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15.1.3 Proposed mitigation and management measures – Visual amenity
Table 43 Construction Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Vegetation clearing x Large and mature trees will be preserved where practicable. within the pipeline x Vegetation clearing will be limited to the strict minimum necessary for the construction activities. easement and ROW x Vehicles, machinery and plants will travel on the ROW to minimise impacts. x Existing roads, tracks and degraded areas will be used as much as possible to minimise disturbances and visual impacts in the area. Construction activities x The selection of new access roads will include consultation of the relevant stakeholders. x There will be no construction activities at night, limiting visual impacts. Construction camps x Machinery will be regularly serviced and maintained to optimum working conditions to minimise potential emissions.
Table 44 Operation Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Fugitive gas emissions during maintenance x Maintenance activities undertaken regularly (bi-annually) and in accordance with the industry standards (AS2885.3) activities x Planned gas venting is unlikely as it is costly to the pipeline operator. Gas venting x The safety benefices of emergency gas venting outweigh largely any impacts on local air quality.
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15.2 Contamination and waste management The following section provides information on waste management for the Young to Wagga Wagga Looping Pipeline and associated works project. This contamination and waste assessment considers the following: x the materials which will be used during the project, x the wastes generated from construction and operation, and x the different reuse, recycling and disposal options which will be employed.
The objectives of establishing sound waste management are to: x Encourage best practice solid waste management design, minimise waste generation and maximise reuse and recycling of materials during construction; and x Participate to the objectives outlined in various NSW DECC documents (such as NSW Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Strategy 2007).
The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (PoEO Act) is the key legislation coming in force when an activity has been identified as a “Scheduled Activity”. No scheduled activities for the construction and operation of the pipeline have been identified in relation to waste generating activities.
In order to assist with achieving the objectives outlined in the PoEO Act, the Waste Avoidance and Recovery Act 2001 (WARR Act) has been established. Under this WARR Act, the NSW Government has established the following steps with the preferred approach listed in order: 1) Avoidance 2) Re-use 3) Recycle (resource recovery) 4) Disposal
The Waste Classification Guidelines (DECC, 2008) provide specific guidance on classification of wastes as follow: x Special waste x Liquid waste x Hazardous waste x Restricted solid waste x General solid waste (putrescibles) x General solid waste (non-putrescibles)
The construction Contractor retains overall responsibility for reducing the production of waste materials. No raw materials will be processed during the project, and hence process wastes do not need to be considered. Emissions associated with waste will relate to transport. The closest waste recycling and disposal facilities will be used to ensure transport emissions are minimised. 15.2.1 Waste Classification Special Waste DECC 2008 describes three classes of “special waste”: clinical and related waste, asbestos waste and waste tyres. The project will not generate the two first classes of “special waste” listed above but might eventually generate some waste tyres. Waste tyres3 means used, rejected or unwanted tyres, including shredded tyres or
3 Note: Waste tyres must be tracked when transported interstate but not when transported within NSW.
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tyre pieces. The generation of waste tyres could occur if a tyre is puncture or damaged during construction and operation activities. Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment will not be undertaken on site. Liquid waste Some wastewater will result from project works, as a waste product from cleaning and watering stockpiles. A significant source of wastewater is likely to be generated during the hydrostatic test of the pipeline. The origins and quantities of waste water will be determined after detailed design. There is low capacity for wastes to generate acid, saline or sodic wastewater. Some liquid wastes are likely to be generated as a result of human waste storage facilities (up to 50 personnel at peak period). There is also some potential for oil and other liquid (e.g. engine coolant) runoff with vehicles working on site. No other liquid wastes are expected from the works. Hazardous waste Some hazardous materials could be generated during the operation of the temporary facilities; pipe stringing and bending, pipe welding and inspection; and construction of ancillary pipeline facilities. Some of these hazardous wastes include lead-based paint waste, batteries, cutting lubricant, cleaning agents, etc. Restricted solid waste At the date of the latest update (July 2009) of the DECC (2008), no waste have been pre-classified by the EPA as “restricted solid waste”. The step 5 of the DECC publication details the thresholds for various chemicals that could result in materials being classified as “restricted solid waste”. Based on the current description of the construction and operation activities, it is unlikely that materials will be classified as “restricted solid waste”. General solid waste (putrescibles) Trees and vegetation removed from construction footprint General solid waste (non putrescibles) During construction and operation of the pipeline general waste such as packaging of signs and materials (plastic and cardboard) or waste generated by worker on site (e.g. lunch package, drink bottles and cigarette butts).
15.2.2 Proposed mitigation and management measures
Table 45 Waste and contamination management Potential Impacts Mitigation measures x All personnel working on the site will be made aware of waste management All procedures during site induction; x When feasible maintenance activities involving tyre replacement will not be undertaken on site. Special Waste x In the case of a tyre requiring on-site maintenance, all waste will be removed from site. x Machinery and vehicles will be re-fuelled off site to prevent spills; Toxic and hazardous x Machinery and vehicles will be regularly maintained; and waste x Spill kits will be retained on site to deal with any oil or fuel spill incidents. x Machinery and vehicles will be re-fuelled off site to prevent spills; Liquid waste x Machinery and vehicles will be regularly maintained; and Spill kits will be retained on site to deal with any oil or fuel spill incidents. Green matter x See Biodiversity section General Waste x All personnel will be reminded of the garbage disposal
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16.0 Environment Management Strategies
16.1 Introduction Subject to the granting of Concept Plan and Project Approval, the proposed development would be implemented as described in this EA and in accordance with relevant legislative and regulatory requirements and guidelines including the Australian Pipeline Industry Association Code of Environmental Practice for the Onshore Pipelines (APIA Code) and the conditions of the Concept Plan and Project Approval. A Statement of Commitments (SoC) has been prepared for the components of the Project in accordance with the EARs (refer to Chapter 17.0), however a more detailed account of the environmental management measures to be undertaken in respect of the Project would be incorporated into the Proponent’s Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and the Operational Environmental Management Plan (OEMP). The CEMP would incorporate the following sub-plans: x Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP); x Soil and Water Management Plan (SWMP); x Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP); x Flora and Fauna Management Plan (FFMP); x Noise Management Plan (NMP); x Traffic Management Plan (TMP); x Aboriginal Heritage Management Plan (AHMP); x Landscape and Rehabilitation Management Plan (LRMP); x Weed Management Plan (WMP); x Groundwater Management Plan (GMP); and x Emergency Response Plan (ERP). x Waste Management Plan (WMP); Management functions are outlined in Section 16.4in respect of the roles and responsibilities for implementing the various components of the CEMP and OEMP. Details on the training and induction, inspection, monitoring and auditing of procedures and the Emergency Response Plan are outlined in Section 16.6.
16.2 Construction environnemental management plan (CEMP) The CEMP should detail specific management strategies to be implemented during the construction phase of the Project, including strategies and protocols relating to soil and water management, protection of vegetation to be retained, fauna protection, rehabilitation strategies, containment of waste, and an emergency response program for accidental spills and other emergencies. The Proponent should develop an induction program for the CEMP and induct site workers involved in construction activities (whether directly or indirectly) into the CEMP program prior to their commencement of duties. A number of management sub-plans would form part of the CEMP. The CEMP would be prepared in consideration of the relevant legislation and guidelines. The management sub-plans are outlined below. 16.2.1 Air quality management plan An Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) would be prepared and implemented as part of the CEMP outlining all activities required to minimise air emissions (including dust and vehicle emissions) within relevant air quality criteria and guidelines, during the construction of the pipeline. Mitigation measures for construction would include: x Dust control measures for traffic including: - Control of access via sealed roadways where possible; and - Vehicle speed limits on site. x Dust suppression with water sprays or other media during windy periods (as required); x Minimisation of areas of vegetation clearing and disturbed soils during construction;
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x Stockpiling of soils on site should be kept to a minimum; x Excavation with limited soil free fall; x Progressive rehabilitation of disturbed areas wherever feasible; x Construction equipment idling time and engine tuning to minimise exhaust emissions; x Visual assessment of air emissions on a routine basis; x Procedures to address any complaints received; and x Contingency measures.
16.2.2 Soil and water management plan / erosion and sediment control plan Prior to commencement of construction, a Soil and Water Management Plan (SWMP) as well as an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) would be prepared as part of the CEMP. These plans would detail specific management and mitigation to minimise potential impacts to surface water, including measures to address erosion and sedimentation controls, water flows, runoff and drainage. They would also provide measures to ameliorate potential impacts to the soils and geology of the Project Area, including measures to manage stockpiling activities. Management measures would include: x The installation of surface water diversion berms or equivalent in steep sloping areas and areas where natural drainages have been altered to assist in diverting ‘clean’ water runoff away from the pipeline ROW, the construction camp and other work areas where required; x Installation and maintenance of silt fences and other sediment control devices on the downslope of stockpiles and between construction areas and watercourses to minimise sedimentation, particularly if heavy rainfall are forecasted; x All stockpiles (e.g. bed material, bank material, top and sub soil, vegetation) would be kept separate and appropriately managed with erosion and sediment control measures; x Stockpiles shall not impede surface drainage as far as practicable; x Clearing of vegetation and the exposure of bare sediment would be minimised as much as practicable to minimise erosion; x Vehicles should utilise access tracks and designated roadways where possible to minimise erosion and sedimentation; x Construction vehicles should be kept well maintained and personnel would be trained and provided with spill response kits; x Clear identification of drill locations, with works undertaken according to the Project CEMP and standard operating procedures. Should soil limitations (such as waterlogged soils) require relocation of any individual site, additional investigation would be required to determine the suitability of the new location; x Disturbed areas would be rehabilitated as soon as practical after construction; x Soil and water management measures to be protective of flora and fauna species and preventative of direct and indirect downstream impacts as they pertain to: - soil handling and stockpile management; and - erosion and sediment controls and water crossings.
Safeguards would be implemented throughout the construction of the pipeline to minimise / avoid impacts to surface water. These would be incorporated into the CEMP and would include preparation of a SWMP which would adhere to the APIA Code of Environmental Practice – Onshore Pipelines (APIA, 2005) as well as relevant sections of Landcom’s Managing Urban Stormwater: Soils and Construction (Landcom, 2004) prior to construction. Mitigation measures relating to surface water may include a reduced pipeline ROW in areas consisting of sensitive vegetation or riparian vegetation to minimise impacts.
Safeguards specific to watercourses may include: x Avoiding impacts to hydrological flow regimes at crossings of 3rd order streams with variable flows. Utilise open trench construction techniques when water flows are not present or very low. Implement open trench
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with flow diversions and environmental management measures when water flows are increased (e.g. >1000 L/s); x Minimise clearing of native riparian vegetation at other watercourses by utilising existing clearings (where present) or utilising a reduced ROW width. A wider ROW would be required at watercourse crossings with steep banks to allow for the temporary opening up of the bank to construct the pipeline. Such works would be undertaken in accordance with a SWMP to minimise impacts to surface water quality; x Site-specific geotechnical investigations would be undertaken prior to HDD to identify the geology, potential issues and to select appropriate drill equipment; x The construction of watercourse crossings would be done as rapidly as possible with the open trench across the watercourse crossing being open for the minimal amount of time to minimise the potential for erosion and turbidity; and x Watercourses and banks would be rehabilitated after construction.
16.2.3 Flora and fauna management plan A Flora and Fauna Management Plan (FFMP) would detail a number of management strategies to be implemented during the construction phase of the proposed development, including: x Site induction and training with respect to flora and fauna issues; x Wildlife-clearance surveys would therefore be required by appropriately qualified persons immediately ahead of vegetation clearing operations to avoid disturbance to threatened fauna species; x Plant pathogen management strategy; and x Develop and implement offset strategies for residual biodiversity impacts.
The CEMP would also provide general safeguards in order to: x Measures to minimise clearing of native vegetation for all components of the Project; x Measures to minimise impacts from removal of large hollow-bearing trees, dead trees and fallen timber and surface rock; x Measures to minimise disturbance to watercourse crossings and their associated vegetation; and x Minimisation of earthworks to avoid impacts on threatened fauna species.
Management strategy Mitigations would include: x Minimising clearing of native riparian vegetation at other watercourses by utilising existing clearings (where present) and reducing the width of the ROW. x When transecting native vegetation, utilising existing cleared areas and reduce the width of the ROW wherever feasible. x Conducting pre-clearing surveys just prior to construction to identify minor route refinements that reduce clearing of native vegetation. The following general measures are recommended to minimise impacts on native fauna and flora: x Retaining and protecting hollow-bearing trees wherever possible. x Locating site compounds and parking areas, site-offices, stockpiles and other ancillary works areas in existing cleared areas, away from waterways or other sensitive areas. x Restricting access from the construction area into adjacent areas of native vegetation and waterways. x Providing clear instructions regarding the limits of vegetation clearing to all workers and contractors. x Minimising the amount of native vegetation (timber) to be cleared by employing the minimum construction footprint in timbered habitats. x Avoiding removal of large paddock trees wherever feasible. x Ensuring fire extinguishers and personnel trained in fire fighting are on-hand during welding operations to minimise damage caused by accidental fires.
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x Replanted native vegetation to be protected from excessive rabbit damage and other herbivores using temporary fencing, tree guards or other suitable techniques. x Rehabilitation of disturbed areas within road reserves (those containing native vegetation communities) to be undertaken by suitably qualified and experienced staff using local provenance plant species indigenous to the vegetation communities of the study area to maintain or improve the current condition of vegetation in these locations. Within the easement, rehabilitation would be restricted to the installation of weed-free mulch and the planting of native grasses and other native groundcover vegetation. Planting of native tree and shrub species would also be conducted in nearby open areas within the road reserves to replace those removed. x All trees in excess of 150 mm diameter requiring removal are to be placed with regard to the existing vegetation to nearby areas within road reserves or riparian areas to provide habitat for native fauna. Woody debris cleared for the works would also be relocated. x If the pipeline is to be constructed during Spring or Summer (which are likely to be the peak breeding periods of threatened bird and bat species), any trees which would not require immediate removal for construction (yet would need to be removed to prevent future damage due to root growth) would be removed during Autumn. x All trees requiring removal for the works should be felled at least 48 hours prior to their removal from the pipeline easement to allow and fauna utilising these trees to relocate. Management of specific issues x Removal of the hollow-bearing trees located within the Old Sydney Road to Ulandra Creek area (76722 – 77944km) as well as within the road reserve near Illabo meter station (91634.1 km) to be avoided if practicable. If the trees need to be removed, all of the hollows within the trees are to be removed and attached to healthy, mature trees (Eucalyptus spp.) nearby within the road reserve under the direction of an ecologist. If relocation of hollows is not feasible or hollows are damaged during tree felling, nest boxes suitable for nesting by the Superb Parrot would be installed to replace these hollows. x Compensatory tree planting at Billabung Creek and Bucks Creek would be conducted in consultation with landowners to replace the trees lost in these locations. x Earth-working equipment would be cleaned of excess soil by brushing or hosing prior to arrival and departure from each of the road reserves containing Box Gum Woodland to minimise the likelihood of the spread of weed seeds and plant pathogens. 16.2.4 Noise management plan A Noise Management Plan (NMP) would be prepared as part of the CEMP to address construction noise and vibration, and methods to minimise impacts. The NMP would be prepared in consultation with relevant authorities such as the DECCW and construction contractors. As part of the NMP, the following would be addressed: x Site noise and vibration training and awareness program for all staff and contractors engaged during construction; x Construction activities are to be undertaken when feasible to daytime hours; x Work practices to minimise potential noise and vibration impacts; x Establishment of procedures to address noise and vibration complaints received from the public during the construction period; x Advanced notification of commencement of construction works to be provided to potentially affected landowners (generally those within 2 km of the pipeline construction works) indicating the length of time during which impacts may be experienced, the nature of potential impacts and a contact number for complaints to be recorded and responded to; x Prior to any blasting, all potentially affected receivers will be provided with a minimum of a two days notice of the blasting time, likely impacts associated with blasting activities and a point of contact accessible during working hours; x Noise and vibration monitoring shall be conducted in response to community complaints and at the request of the DECCW. Reports of investigations shall be provided to the DECCW upon request.
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16.2.5 Traffic management plan A Traffic Management Plan would be prepared as part of the CEMP for the Project and would include detail on the following in order to minimise potential impacts to traffic / transport and the surrounding road network: x A Transport Code of Conduct which would outline and manage the transportation routes to the sites for heavy vehicles and provide guidance for: - Heavy vehicle access to the various laydown areas and construction sites; - Deliveries, dispatch and heavy vehicle parking during construction; - Internal speed limits and use of truck turnaround areas; - Details of road/intersection upgrades; x Heavy vehicle movements would be timed wherever possible to avoid or minimise localised impacts such as avoiding peak traffic zones and school zones between the hours of 7am - 9am and 2pm - 4pm; x Where oversized vehicles are used, suitable controls and management would be put into place and heavy vehicle permits would be obtained as required; x Oversized loads would be transported in accordance with relevant RTA guidelines; x Consultation to be undertaken with potentially affected landowners and relevant road authorities with regard to the timing of plant and equipment delivery campaigns and potential localised impacts on the road network; x Traffic direction control would be used where appropriate for open trenching of road crossings. Available measures would be taken to minimise disruption during open trench crossings to no more than one to two days; x Multi-passenger vehicles and car pooling would be used wherever possible for the transportation of construction personnel to the construction site/s in order to minimise the number of vehicle movements; x Once the location of laydown areas has been established, the potential impacts of vehicle movements would be more accurately assessed and appropriate mitigation measures developed as part of the TMP; x APA would prepare pre and post dilapidation reports for major access roads affected by the Project. Impacts considered being attributable to the Project, as determined by the dilapidation reports, following the construction phase of the Project would be remediated by APA. x Vehicle movements would be minimised wherever possible; x Materials would be sourced from local suppliers where possible; x Nominated transport routes would be clearly identified in the TMP and contractors would be made aware of the requirements to use these routes when travelling to and from the Project Area; and x Access to residential and farming properties would be kept maintained where possible. 16.2.6 Aboriginal heritage management plan An Aboriginal Heritage Management Plan (AHMP) would detail procedures for the management of existing Aboriginal heritage sites and procedures for management of objects that are encountered during the construction phase of the development (e.g. procedures for construction in the vicinity of known sites and PADs, procedures for the discovery of skeletal remains, procedures for the discovery of unrecorded Aboriginal objects). The following management issues have been identified:
Site ID Final Management Requirement APA 1 Destroy without salvage. APA 2 Destroy without salvage APA 3 Destroy without salvage Site is only partially impacted where transect runs through it. Destroy affected section without APA 4 salvage Site has been previously excavated. Artefacts encountered are heavily disturbed. Destroy APA 5 without salvage. APA 6 Destroy without salvage
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Site ID Final Management Requirement APA 7 Outside Study area. No management required. APA 8 Destroy without salvage. APA 9 Destroy without salvage APA 10 Outside Study area. No management required. APA 11 Destroy without salvage Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has already been APA 12 disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. APA 13 Destroy without salvage Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has already been APA 14 disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage. APA 15 Outside Study area. No management required. APA 16 Outside Study area. No management required. APA 17 Outside Study area. No management required. APA 18 Destroy without salvage APA 19 Destroy without salvage Pipeline easement passes through area of possible cultural significance, but has already been APA 20 extensively disturbed by previous pipeline and fibre optic cable construction. The water holes should be fenced off to further mitigate against impact. APA 21 Outside Study area. No management required. Site is far more extensive than the easement. Only a small percentage which has already been APA 22 disturbed will be redisturbed. Destroy affected section without salvage.
16.2.7 Landscape and rehabilitation management plan The Landscape and Rehabilitation Management Plan (LMRP) would detail landscaping and rehabilitation to be undertaken along the pipeline route at the initial and final stages of rehabilitation. This plan would be prepared with reference to Rehabilitation Security Deposits for Mining and Petroleum Titles (DPI, 2006) and other relevant guidelines with respect to completion criteria. The LRMP would include the following management measures: x Ground disturbance during rehabilitation shall be minimised as far as practicable; x Installation and maintenance of sediment and erosion control measures, such as silt fencing surrounding exposed areas and stockpiles; x Soil and mulched vegetation would be stockpiled during the construction period where possible to be reused during the initial rehabilitation phase. Topsoil and subsoil would be kept separated and replaced in an appropriate order; x Surfaces would be re-contoured to match the surrounding land and natural drainage lines would be re- instated; x Where surrounding land use is agricultural, consultation would be undertaken with the land owner to determine the appropriate level of crop cover for the rehabilitated area; x Appropriate weed control measures shall be implemented during rehabilitation works in consultation with relevant land owners and regulatory authorities, and weed monitoring shall be undertaken regularly on rehabilitated sites; x Regular maintenance and monitoring would be carried out upon completion of the rehabilitation works to identify the presence of weeds, erosion and scour, and failure of plantings during the rehabilitation process; x The success / completion of the rehabilitation at the initial and final stages would be determined according to success / completion criteria which would be detailed in the LRMP. Success / completion criteria may include: - Species cover and abundance; - Presence of weeds; - Presence of rock and soil inversion; - Presence of erosion;
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x Rehabilitated areas would be fenced with stock proof fencing where required to minimise access and maximise success of rehabilitation works. Ecological safeguards within the LRMP would include: x Obtaining local provenance native seeds, either from commercial seed suppliers or collection by qualified bush regenerators prior to clearing, for use in the revegetation of disturbed areas; x Stockpiling topsoil that is excavated from areas of native vegetation for application to rehabilitation areas in the ROW, to retain the natural seed bank from the site and assist in the regeneration of local flora; x Progressive rehabilitation as construction proceeds, to reduce exposure of unstabilised surfaces and minimise opportunities for weed establishment; x Rehabilitating with site-specific species compositions to match the characteristics of the local endemic communities; and x Revegetating (using local native species) as soon as possible, wherever further fragmentation of existing native vegetation cannot be avoided, in order to minimise edge effects. 16.2.8 Services and infrastructure The landscaping and rehabilitation plan should aim to reconnect any patches of native vegetation isolated or fragmented by the proposed development, to improve connectivity for wildlife and reduce edge effects. Prior to construction a detailed dial before you dig and site investigation regime will occur to define exact locations of services. In conjunction with this further liaison on site with service providers will occur to agree any potential protective measures. Searching for services will be conducted by hand or through the use of service location device. Once services are located they will be flagged with signage or coloured tape to ensure they are easily identified for the duration of works in that area. In the event of any unforseen service discovery, the appropriate utility provider will be contacted and appropriate remedial actions taken. 16.2.9 Weed management plan A Weed Management Plan (WMP) would be prepared and implemented as part of the CEMP. This would include measures to control the spread of weeds into adjacent native vegetation. Weed control measures would be particularly important where the proposed development traverses large, intact stands of vegetation, in riparian areas, and around freshwater wetlands. The WMP would include the following measures: x Remove existing noxious weeds within the Project construction footprint and destroy weed material removed from construction sites; x Develop weed quarantine zones along the proposed pipeline route based on weed distribution and sub- catchments, for application of weed hygiene activities; x Wash down vehicles, machinery and equipment moving between weed quarantine zones, especially after clearing activities and earthworks in weed infested areas; x Implement a certification process to ensure that all vehicles and plant are weed-free whenever entering or leaving the site and whenever moving between weed quarantine zones within the site; x Minimise the potential for the transport of weeds in soil, by not transporting excavated soil further than the nearest stockpile locations; x Use shredded native plant material (uncontaminated by weeds) removed from the site as a mulch and groundcover on disturbed soil surfaces to reduce the potential for weed establishment; x Use sediment control fencing to prevent soil contaminated with weed seeds from washing into waterways; x Conduct weed management works and monitor for at least two years following construction. 16.2.10 Emergency response plan The CEMP would incorporate an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) detailing response measures for spills and leaks of fuels and other chemicals to be used during the construction process. This would include: x Drilling fluid and produced water spill prevention and response procedures would be put in place; x Spill response kits and trained personnel would be present at each worksite and along the ROW;
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x Prohibition of vehicle maintenance or refuelling within a designated distance of any surface water body; x Chemical storage sites would be contained within bounded area to catch any accidental spills and would not be located proximate to waterways and drainage lines as far as practicable; and x The management of hydrostatic test water (including flush water) would form part of the CEMP as the Proponent is yet to finalise the logistics regarding hydrostatic testing. Precautions would be taken to avoid spills / leaks of the hydrostatic water. 16.2.11 Waste management plan A Waste Management Plan would be prepared and implemented prior to the commencement of construction activities as part of the CEMP for the Project and would include the following management measures: x Procedures to classify wastes in accordance with the Waste Guidelines and NSW legislative requirements; x Mitigations to be implemented to avoid waste generation, reuse, recycle and dispose of wastes; x Details of how waste would be quantified, stored, treated (on site) and disposed; and x Reporting and recording procedures to track wastes in accordance with regulations. General safeguards throughout the Project would include: x Reuse and / or recycling of generated wastes would be undertaken where possible. x Waste materials from the pipeline construction would be recycled and re-used where appropriate; x Wastes which are not suitable for reuse or recycling would be disposed of at an appropriately licensed facility and no wastes would be discarded at sites; x Waste management at construction workforce camps would include segregation and recycling of domestic wastes; x Appropriate spill, incident management and response procedures would be implemented as part of the CEMP including measures to avoid spillages of chemicals, liquids and other wastes; x Resource recovery and reuse strategies would be implemented for each type of waste material where applicable; x Licensed and approved removal of aboveground infrastructure at decommissioning stage in accordance with best practices at the time; x Work sites would be cleaned up and rehabilitated following works. Safeguards for special wastes would include: x Waste tyres would be disposed of at a licensed waste facility and would need to be tracked if transported interstate; x Contaminated waste and oils would be removed from site for disposal by a licensed contractor. Safeguards for liquid wastes would include: x Liquid hydrocarbons would be removed by a licensed contractor to be disposed appropriately; x Portable toilet facilities would be installed in construction areas during the construction period and maintained by a waste contractor. Safeguards for hazardous wastes would include: x Handling, storage, transport and tracking of hazardous materials and waste would be in accordance with the National Code of Practice and the relevant safety data sheet for the product; x Hazardous wastes would be transported by an authorised contractor and disposed of appropriately according to regulations at a licensed waste facility. Safeguards for general solid wastes (putrescibles) would include: x Domestic wastes would be placed in dedicated covered rubbish bins for removal off site; x Bins / rubbish bags containing putrescibles would be kept away from surface water drains and would be regularly removed and disposed of at an approved waste facility; x General waste generated during operations would be collected on site and removed to licensed facilities for disposal. Safeguards for general solid wastes (non-putrescibles) would include:
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x Excavated topsoil would be stockpiled and appropriately maintained onsite for reuse during backfill and / or initial rehabilitation of construction areas; x Vegetation cleared from construction areas would be stockpiled (mulched when excess vegetation is present) onsite and maintained appropriately. Mulch would be respread during initial rehabilitation to minimise erosion and promote revegetation. x Excess mulched organic material would be removed from the site and disposed of at a licensed waste facility as appropriate.
16.3 Operational environmental management plan The operation and maintenance of the gas pipeline loop would be in accordance with the management systems applied to the existing pipeline. This includes strategies and protocols relating to soil and water management, protection of retained vegetation and rehabilitation areas, fauna protection, site closure and rehabilitation strategies, containment of waste, an emergency response program for accidental spills and other emergencies, and monitoring / auditing protocols.
16.4 Roles and responsibilities Implementation of the CEMP and OEMP is the ultimate responsibility of APA. Internally, the requirements of both the CEMP and OEMP would be monitored, audited and approved in the first instance by the Environmental Manager, and subsequently by the Approvals Manager and if required by an independent Environmental Consultant. The Construction Contractor appointed for the construction phase of the Project would designate a Project Manager to be responsible for all aspects of compliance with these documents. The Construction Contractors Project Manager (CCPM) would review the CEMP and prepare their own working document in respect of management plan objectives, policies and requirements. This document (Contractors CEMP or CCEMP) would be practical, workable and able to be implemented on site, by relevant contractors, site engineers and personnel. The APA Environmental Manager and Approvals Manager would be responsible for the ongoing auditing, monitoring and management of the CEMP and OEMP to ensure compliance with both construction and operational management plan requirements as set out in the Environmental Assessment.
16.5 Training and induction Construction and operations personnel would be required to attend an induction prior to the commencement of activities for the construction and operation of the Project and its components. The induction would ensure that all personnel are fully aware of their OH&S and environmental responsibilities and gain the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil their responsibilities. Inductions and / or training required for specific sites would be conducted for personnel prior to the start of work at that site. Induction would address general environmental and OH&S management issues identified in this EA, including any specific issues which would be identified in the appropriate management plans. It would be the responsibility of all Contractors to prepare and implement an induction and job specific training program appropriate to their methods of work. Approval from the Proponent would be required prior to implementation.
16.6 Emergency response plan An Emergency Response Plan (ERP) would be prepared prior to the commencement of construction and operational activities associated with the Project. The ERP would be updated during the life of the Project in consultation with relevant emergency authorities, where necessary. The ERP would describe the procedures and reporting requirements to be carried out in the event of a situation that requires urgent action in order to prevent harm to personnel, property and the work area. The ERP would include the following information: x Contact details for emergency services in the area and directions to the nearest medical facility; x The contact details (including before and after hours) of relevant APA, contractor and government department personnel;
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x First aid procedures; x Fire fighting procedures; x Bushfire Management; x Gas Gathering System control procedures (including shut-in procedures); x Details of the procedures to be carried out in an emergency situation by the responsible persons, x Details of the environmental emergency procedures for general and specific emergency situations that may arise; and x Reporting requirements for all incidents that are considered dangerous or potentially dangerous or where damage has been caused. The Proponent would ensure and that all personnel are well informed through training on the required procedures in the event of an emergency and that the ERP is readily accessible for personnel.
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17.0 Statement of Commitments
17.1 Environmental philosophy APA is governed by its policies which cover a range of areas of relevance to the Project such as: x Health, Safety and Environment (HSE); x Environmental Principles; and x Risk Management. Of particular relevance to the Project is the APA Code of Conduct and the Health Safety and Environment Committee which states that APA is committed to the protection of the environment and the safety of the community. More details about APA Code of Conduct and the Health Safety and Environment Committee Charter can be found on APA website: http://www.apa.com.au/about-apa/corporate-governance.aspx
17.2 Draft statement of commitments The following Statement of Commitments (SoC) is provided in accordance with the EARs issued under Part 3A of the EP&A Act. The SoC outlines environmental management, mitigation and monitoring which would be undertaken as part of the Project to ensure that the potential impacts identified in this EA are adequately managed. The Proponent is committed to ensuring the preparation and implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plans, further investigations and studies and environmental mitigation measures detailed in the SoCs for the proposed Concept and concurrent Project approvals. The table below outlines the issues and corresponding draft commitments. Issue Commitment General 1. The Proponent shall undertake the activities subject of the Project application in accordance with the general descriptions and details provided in this EA, including the mitigation and management measures recommended by this EA. 2. The Proponent will gain all necessary approvals and permits supporting both construction and operation. 3. The Proponent will prepare and implement the following management plans for the Project: x A Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP); and x An Operation Environmental Management Plan (OEMP). 4. The Proponent will ensure that the location of compound sites and other ancillary facilities are selected generally in line with the following : x In existing disturbed areas wherever possible; x Avoiding vegetation and riparian areas where possible; x Minimum of 40 m from a major watercourse and 20 m from a minor watercourse; x Avoiding Indigenous and European heritage places or items x Utilising existing access tracks where practicable; x Avoiding impacts on existing infrastructure x On relatively flat ground where possible; x Considering visual effects and opportunistic use of natural screening such as vegetation; x In consultation with landowners. 5. The Proponent shall ensure that the pipeline is provided with marker tape at all sections of pipeline located within 35 m of residential development (as measured from the pipeline centreline). 6. Pipeline works, including construction, operation and maintenance would be undertaken in accordance with the recommendations in The Australian Pipeline Industry
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Issue Commitment Association Limited – Code of Environmental Practice – Onshore Pipeline (2005) and AS 2885. Further Studies 7. The Proponent shall prepare and implement the following studies, to the satisfaction of the Director General prior to the commencement of construction: x A Hazard and Operability Study; x A Final Hazard Analysis (update of the PHA); x A Fire Safety Study; x An Emergency Response Plan; and x A Construction Safety Study. 8. The Proponent shall prepare/undertake the following to the satisfaction of the Director General prior to the commencement of operation of the Project: x A Safety Management System; and x An Independent Hazard Audit. 9. The Proponent shall prepare a Petroleum Production Operations Plan in accordance with DPI requirements. Air Quality 10. An Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) will be prepared for inclusion in the CEMP. The Proponent will ensure that the AQMP outlines all activities required to minimise dust and vehicle emissions during the construction of the pipeline. 11. The Proponent will ensure that the OEMP includes measures regarding assessing and if required monitoring and rectifying any air quality issues associated with the operation of the pipeline. Ecology 12. The Proponent shall ensure that all practicable measures are implemented to minimise the potential impacts on flora and fauna. 13. The Proponent shall manage the potential ecological impacts of the construction of the proposed project in accordance with the Flora and Fauna Management Plan which is to form part of the CEMP for the Project, as detailed in Chapter 16 of this EA. 14. The Proponent shall manage the potential ecological impacts of the operation of the proposed project in accordance with the OEMP for the Project as detailed in Chapter 16 of this EA. 15. Rehabilitation shall be undertaken in areas disturbed by the Project in accordance with a Landscape and Rehabilitation Management Plan (LRMP) as detailed in Chapter 16 of this EA to ensure that the site is restored to existing or better conditions. Land Use 16. The Proponent will ensure that ongoing consultation is undertaken with affected landowners throughout the detailed design phase of the Project and prior to and during the construction and operation phases of the Project. 17. The Proponent will adopt locational principles for siting of the construction workforce camps and proximate to the pipeline. 18. The Proponent will implement acoustic attenuation and mitigation where necessary as recommended by the Project noise assessment to ensure impacts upon surrounding land uses (particularly residential land) are minimised. 19. The Proponent will provide landscape screening to ensure visual impacts are minimised. 20. The Proponent will negotiate access arrangements during construction and operation with relevant landholders and stakeholders in advance of commencement of works. 21. The Proponent will undertake rehabilitation as soon as practical upon completion of construction works to allow normal farming practices to resume. 22. The Proponent will ensure that access to properties and farming land is maintained during works. Should the works require closure of access, a detailed consultation program would be undertaken with affected stakeholders and landholders. 23. The Proponent will ensure that upon completion of construction activities, disturbed
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Issue Commitment areas would be rehabilitated to restore the areas to their original land use. 24. The Proponent will ensure that upon completion of the Project, the entire site would be rehabilitated, including restoration of the area to its original land use. 25. The Proponent will ensure that where possible, the pipeline route remains within existing infrastructure easements. 26. The Proponent will ensure that the proposed pipeline is buried underground in accordance with AS2885 and protected by easements. 27. The Proponent will ensure that future landowners and other stakeholders are aware of the location of the pipeline and any restrictions on the use of land within the easement. Water 28. The Proponent shall implement all practicable measures to minimise soil erosion and discharge of sediments from the various project sites. 29. The Proponent shall prepare and implement the following management plans as part of the CEMP for the Project prior to commencement of construction, as detailed in Chapter 16: x Construction Soil and Water Management Plan; x Erosion and Sediment Control Plan; x Emergency Response Plan. 30. The Proponent shall prepare and implement the following management plans as part of the OEMP for the Project, as detailed in Chapter 16: x Soil and Water Management Plan; x Emergency Response Plan. Noise and 31. Construction works would typically occur between 7.00am to 6.00pm, five days per Vibration week. Blasting would typically occur between 9.00am to 5.00pm Monday to Friday, if blasting is required. 32. The Proponent shall ensure that works requiring the use of rock hammers do not occur within 20 m of a residence. 33. The Proponent shall ensure that works requiring blasting do not occur within 200 m of a residence. 34. A Noise Management Plan (NMP) would be prepared as part of the CEMP to address construction noise and vibration, and methods to minimise impacts. 35. A NMP would also be prepared as part of the OEMP to address operation noise and vibration. Hazard and Risks 36. The pipeline is to be provided with marker tape at all sections that would be located within a 35 m distance of residential development (as measured from the pipeline centreline) and or additional depth of cover in these areas. 37. Appropriate safety measures to be designed and adopted for sections of the pipeline which are in close proximity to 132 and 330 kV power lines to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. These measures may include: x Selective earthing at certain positions along the pipeline; x Installation of zinc ribbon in the pipeline trench; x Installation of inline isolation in the pipeline; x Restriction of access to the pipeline and its facilities; x Use of equi-potential grids or other similar safety equipment during maintenance of the pipeline; and x Use of lockable test points for the cathodic protection system. 38. The Proponent shall undertake the following specific mitigation measures: x Security fencing would be installed around infrastructure as appropriate, including installation of a security fence outside the hazardous area classified by AS 2430 to minimise risk of ignition sources;
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Issue Commitment x Vehicle barriers would be installed around infrastructure where appropriate; x A regular program of maintenance/inspection of infrastructure would be adopted in accordance with the Proponent’s standard procedure; x Gravel or hardstand area to be constructed inside the fenced site around gas filled equipment to minimise risk of grass fires; x Lightning protection to be fitted as appropriate; x Adoption of the Proponent’s standard operating procedures in respect of the proposed facilities; x Monitoring of pressure via SCADA system. x Use of remotely operated ESD valves; and x Ignition control as per AS2430 Hazardous Area requirements. 39. Pipeline to be designed and operated in accordance with AS 2885-2007. Pipeline design to meet the requirements for T1 locations, being rural areas developed for residential, commercial or industrial use, where allotments are less than 1 hectare in area and buildings do not exceed four floors. 40. Regular maintenance/inspection of pipeline in accordance with the Proponent’s standard procedures. 41. Relieving of stress where ground movement stresses pipework. 42. Installation of marker signs and marker tape along the length of the pipeline to alert people to the presence and location of the pipeline. Signage to include details of ‘One- Call’/’Dial before-you-dig’ services. 43. External surfaces of pipeline to be coated to protect against corrosion. Testing of the integrity of the coating (‘Holiday’ detection) to be carried out prior to burial of the pipeline. 44. Use of sacrificial anode cathodic protection system to provide further protection against corrosion. 45. Gas quality to be such that corrosion enhancing components are minimised. 46. Intelligent pigging of the pipeline to be carried out to assess pipeline condition every 5-10 years. 47. Regular patrolling of pipeline by the Proponent to assess for damage or activities which have the potential to cause damage to the pipeline. Patrols would also facilitate detection of ground movement or land subsidence. Where significant ground movement is detected and stresses are determined to be high, the ground around the pipeline/gathering line would be dug up to relieve stresses. 48. Pipeline design to make provision for current subsidence parameters for the location (as provided by the Mine Subsidence Board), where required. 49. Liaison with Mine Subsidence Board to determine the location and details of likely future mining activity in the vicinity of the pipeline. Traffic and 50. The Proponent shall ensure that construction and operational traffic is managed in Transportation accordance with a Traffic Management Plan prepared and implemented as part of the CEMP and OEMP for the Project. Geology and Soils 51. The Proponent shall prepare and implement a Construction Soil and Water Management Plan as part of the CEMP for the Project prior to commencement of construction, as detailed in Chapter 16: Visual 52. The Proponent shall ensure that directional lighting is employed during construction, to minimise light spill from construction footprints. 53. The Proponent shall prepare and implement a Landscape and Rehabilitation Management Plan as part of the OEMP for the Project, to minimise potential visual impacts during operations. Heritage 54. The Proponent shall prepare and implement a Heritage Management Plan as part of the CEMP for the Project, to minimise potential impacts on Aboriginal and/or historic heritage during operations.
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Issue Commitment Socio Economic 55. The Proponent shall prepare and implant a site specific Construction Workforce Management Plan (CWMP) as part of the CEMP for the Project, as detailed in Chapter 16. Rehabilitation 56. The Proponent shall prepare a Landscape and Rehabilitation Management Plan as part of the CEMP for the Project, as detailed in Chapter 16. Waste 57. The Proponent shall prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan as part of the CEMP for the Project, as detailed in Chapter 16.
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18.0 Residual Risk Analysis
18.1 Approach The Residual Environmental Risk Analysis for the proposed Project is based on a process adapted from Australian Standard AS 4360:2004 Risk Management. The process is qualitative and is based on the Residual Risk Matrix shown below. Residual Environmental Risk is assessed on the basis of the significance of environmental effects of the proposed project and the ability to confidently manage those effects to minimise harm to the environment. The significance of environmental effects is given a numerical value between 1 and 5 based on the receiving environment, the level of understanding of the type and extent of impacts and community response to the environmental consequences of the project. This enables both the actual and perceived impacts to be considered. The manageability of environmental effects is similarly given a numerical value between 1 and 5 based on the complexity of mitigation measures, the known level of performance of the safeguards proposed and the opportunity for adaptive management. The numerical value allocated for each issue is based upon the following considerations.
Significance of effects 5. Extreme Undisturbed receiving environment; type or extent of impacts unknown; substantial community concern. 4. High Sensitive receiving environment; type or extent of impacts not well understood; high level of community concern. 3. Moderate Resilient receiving environment; type and extent of impacts understood; community interest. 2. Minor Disturbed receiving environment; type and extent of impacts well understood; some local community interest. 1. Low Degraded receiving environment; type and extent of impacts fully understood; uncontroversial project.
Manageability of effects 5. Complex Complicated array of mitigation measures required; safeguards or technology are unproven; adaptive management inappropriate. 4. Substantial Significant mix of mitigation measures required; limited evidence of effectiveness of safeguards; adaptive management feasible. 3.Straight forward Straightforward range of mitigation measures required; past performance of safeguards is understood; adaptive management easily applied. 2. Standard Simple suite of mitigation measures required; substantial track record of effectiveness of safeguards; adaptive management unlikely to be required. 1. Minimal Little or no mitigation measures required; safeguards are standard practice; adaptive management not required The significance and manageability numbers are added together to provide a result which provides a ranking of potential residual effects of the project when the safeguards identified in this EA are implemented. Refer to the Residual Risk Matrix (Table 46).
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Table 46 Residual Risk Matrix
Significance Manageability of Effects
of 5 4 3 2 1 Effects Complex Substantial Straightforward Standard Minimal
1 6 5 4 3 2 Low (Medium) (Low/Medium) (Low/Medium) (Low) (Low)
2 7 6 5 4 3 Minor (High/Medium) (Medium) (Low/Medium) (Low/Medium) (Low)
3 8 7 6 5 4 Moderate (High/Medium) (High/Medium) (Medium) (Low/Medium) (Low/Medium)
4 9 8 7 6 5 High (High) (High/Medium) (High/Medium) (Medium) (Low/Medium)
5 10 9 8 7 6 Extreme (High) (High) (High/Medium) (High/Medium) (Medium)
18.2 Analysis The analysis of residual environmental risk for issues related to the proposed Project is shown in Table 47 This analysis indicates the environmental risk profile for the proposed project based on the assessment of environmental effects, the identification of appropriate safeguards, and the SoC included in this EA.
Table 47 Risk Profile
Issue Significance Manageability Residual Risk
Air Quality 1 2 3 (Low/Medium)
Surface Water 2 3 5 (Low/Medium)
Soils and Land Capability 2 3 5 (Low/Medium)
Groundwater 1 2 3 (Low/Medium)
Noise and Vibration 2 2 4 (Low/Medium)
Flora and Fauna / EPBC 3 2 5 (Low/Medium)
Heritage 3 2 5 (Low/Medium)
Socio Economic 2 2 4 (Low/Medium)
Visual 1 1 2 (Low)
Hazard and Risk 2 2 4 (Low/Medium)
Traffic and Transport 2 3 5 (Low/Medium)
Waste 2 2 4 (Low/Medium)
The above residual risk analysis indicates that the proposal presents an overall low to medium risk in relation to each of the identified environmental issues, provided that the recommended mitigation, management and monitoring measures are implemented.
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19.0 Project Justification Schedule 2 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000 sets out the matters which an environmental impact statement must consider and includes a requirement for consideration of the justification for the proposal having regard to biophysical, economic and social considerations, including the principles of ESD. This requirement is reiterated in respect of the proposed project in the EARs issued by the Director General. This chapter provides a justification for the Project in line with the requirements of the EP&A Regulation and the Director General’s EARs for the Project.
19.1 Introduction The Project, which involves the construction, operation and rehabilitation of the Stage 1 Young to Wagga Wagga pipeline loop would provide numerous benefits associated with the provision of an essential and valuable energy resource to NSW. Substantial benefits would result from the Project, including environmental benefits associated with the extended provision of an alternative and less carbon intensive fuel to that of coal and the provision of an important energy resource for commercial and industrial users. The Proposal would therefore have resultant benefits for the local and wider community and the environment, as well as for present and future generations. The pipeline will be contained within the existing pipeline easement – containing predominantly disturbed land - to minimise environmental impacts and ensure landuse compatibility. The preliminary design of the Project and the assessment of potential impacts presented in this EA show that the Project is able to be constructed and operated in a manner which is compatible with existing and future land uses.
19.2 Justification The Director-General’s EARs issued for this Project require justification for the Project to be provided, having regard to environmental, social and economic considerations, suitability of the site and the public interest. The environmental impact assessment of the proposal undertaken in this EA has addressed the relevant biophysical, economic and social considerations which are summarised below. 19.2.1 Biophysical Potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed Project have been assessed in Chapters 6, 8 and 12 of this EA. The assessment of the biophysical environment has included individual assessments of: x Ecology; x Surface and Ground Water management; and x Land use.
Each of the abovementioned studies concluded that the implementation of a range of environmental safeguards and measures as recommended throughout this EA would mitigate potential impacts, and that the proposal would not have a significant adverse impact on the biophysical environment. As required by the Director General’s EARs for the Project, environmental mitigation, management and monitoring requirements have been compiled and summarised in the Statement of Commitments, which is provided as Chapter 17.0 of this EA. The project is justifiable taking into account potential residual biophysical impacts on the environment. 19.2.2 Economic The economic impacts of the proposal are assessed in Chapter 7.0 and are largely related to the indirect benefits of the Project for the local and regional economy in terms of an injection of spending into local economies during the construction period and the extended provision of a valuable, indigenous energy resource to supply the growing NSW economy. The Project would require approximately 50 personnel throughout the construction phase of the Project with minimal additional staff required during operation. The importance of improving the security and extending he provision of an indigenous, cost-effective energy supply, with lower greenhouse emissions is considered vital to the social and economic growth of the region and
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the State. The Project represents a significant investment in the region and a positive impact. Given the economic benefits, the proposal is justifiable taking into account potential economic impacts. 19.2.3 Socio-cultural The potential socio-cultural impacts of the proposal have been assessed in Chapters 7, 9, 10, 11 and 15 of this EA, and included consideration of: x Hazards and risk; x Aboriginal and historic heritage; x Land use; x Traffic and transport; x Visual amenity; x Socio-economic environments; x Human amenity The abovementioned assessments presented in this EA indicate that provided appropriate mitigation and management measures as outlined in the Statement of Commitments are implemented, the Project would have a minimal and acceptable impact on socio-cultural issues. The project is justifiable taking into account potential socio-cultural impacts.
19.3 Ecological sustainability Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) is a concept firmly enshrined in New South Wales environmental legislation and government policy. Schedule 2 of the EP&A Regulation establishes four guiding principles to assist in achieving ESD, as follows: x The precautionary principle – namely, that if there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. x Inter-generational equity – namely, that the present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations. x Conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity – namely, that conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity should be a fundamental consideration. x Improved valuation and pricing of environmental resources - namely, that environmental factors should be included in the valuation of assets and services, such as polluter pays, full life cycle costing, and utilising incentive structures/market mechanisms to meet environmental goals. The EPBC Act also identifies a fifth principle for consideration in environmental impact, namely: ‘Decision making processes should effectively integrate both long term and short term economic, environmental, social and equitable considerations.’ These five principles are interrelated and need to be considered both individually and collectively as part of determining whether or not a project would be consistent with the principles of ESD in Australia. 19.3.1 The precautionary principle The IGAE states that the precautionary principle is to be a guiding principle for informed policy making and program implementation by all levels of government in Australia. In this manner, it is to guide both the public and private sector in its decision making and assessment of different options, particularly when decisions are being made in the face of uncertainty. In doing so, it requires avoidance of serious or irreversible damage to the environment, whenever practicable. The Project has taken on board the precautionary principle by carrying out detailed environmental investigations in order to gain as much knowledge about the environmental characteristics of a locality and the processes and interactions of various components of the environment as reasonably as possible. This knowledge has been used to inform project design and the selection of alternatives, identify the potential environmental impacts of the proposal and develop specific environmental management practices and safeguards for the proposed works which aim to avoid significant environmental impacts and manage or minimise residual impacts.
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Environmental monitoring would be undertaken throughout the construction, operation and rehabilitation phases of the Project to assess the adequacy of the precautions and safeguards used to minimise environmental impacts. This approach is consistent with the precautionary principle. 19.3.2 Inter-generational equity The various components of the Project have been designed to minimise environmental impacts and to ensure that the proposed works do not further degrade the environment. Mitigation strategies have been developed as part of the Project in accordance with current best management practice for CSG well drilling programs and pipeline construction and recognising the requirement to achieve, where possible, a neutral or beneficial effect on the environment. The project would not result in the sterilisation of land or other resources and would return the land to as close as possible to its pre-development state following construction. With the implementation of the identified environmental safeguards and mitigation measures, the proposal would result in the extended provision of a valuable indigenous NSW gas resource without causing significant or irreversible environmental harm. 19.3.3 Biological diversity and ecological integrity This principle requires the conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity to be a fundamental consideration of all development projects. Detailed assessments in relation to the Stage 1 Young to Wagga Wagga pipeline loop concluded that the proposal can be conducted without significant impact on the biological diversity and ecological integrity of the locality. An ecological assessment was undertaken to consider the impacts of the works proposed as part of the Project. The assessment found that the proposal would have no significant impact upon threatened species, populations or ecological communities or their habitats as long as the proposed mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring would be undertaken to ensure that environmental control measures are operating effectively. Provided the mitigation measures recommended in this EA are implemented, the proposed Project is not expected to present a significant risk to the biological diversity and ecological integrity of the region. 19.3.4 Improved valuation and pricing of environmental resources The IGAE and POEO Act require improved valuation, pricing and incentive mechanisms to be included in policy making and program implementation. In the context of environmental assessment and management, this would translate to environmental factors being considered in the valuation of assets and services. Integration of environmental and economic goals is a key principle of ESD, which can be measured undertaking a cost-benefit analysis, that is, by measuring the costs of proceeding with a project against the benefits arising from the Project. Given the different values placed on different elements of the environment, and the various components of the environment, it is difficult to assign a monetary value against the environmental costs and benefits associated with a project. In recognition of this, the approach adopted for this project is the management of environmental impacts through appropriate safeguards, and to include the cost of implementing recommended safeguards in the total cost of the Project. The value of the environment is also managed through the legislative process by imposing financial penalties or requirements to rehabilitate on persons responsible for polluting the environment. The project design and approach to valuation and pricing of environmental resources allows for improved delivery of this valuable and constrained resource, while still allowing for future active use of the land consistent with current usage. 19.3.5 Decision making process The proposed Project requires approval under Part 3A of the EP&A Act 1979. An assessment of the short, medium and long term impacts of the proposed activity, taking into account the principles of ESD is described in this EA. The SoC provided in Chapter 26 forms the environmental mitigation, management and monitoring requirements for the proposed works. The Project Approval process prescribed under Part 3A of the EP&A Act and subsequent environmental management frameworks ensure that decision making and monitoring of the Project would be undertaken in an integrated manner.
19.4 Greenhouse gas emissions and climate change Maintenance of the earth’s climate involves certain gases, known as greenhouse gases, capturing heat radiated from the earth and re-radiating heat back to the earth. Scientific consensus indicates this thermal balance is being
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influenced by the steadily increasing concentrations of certain greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2), and other greenhouse gases such as methane, ozone (O3), NOx and Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs). Natural gas produces around half the greenhouse gas emissions per gigajoule of energy relative to coal (including carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds), making it a considerable lower emission-intensive fossil fuel. Gas typically costs more per gigajoule than coal, but it is a more efficient fuel and a competitively priced gas supply would assist in reducing local reliance on more emissions-intensive fuels. The proposed Project would provide for increased gas supply to the NSW market, meeting future projected demand and reducing the need for consumers to use alternative and typically higher emissions-intensive fuel sources such as energy produced through the burning of coal. Additionally, growing national and international commitments to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions increase the importance of natural gas, as a transitionary fuel in generating electricity and other energy applications. The proposed Project would result in the generation of greenhouse gases during the construction and operation phases, but also would result in savings in greenhouse gas emissions due to the long term increased downstream use of natural gas in place of other fossil fuels for power generation. The overall impact in terms of climate change and greenhouse gases is therefore expected to be beneficial when considered in the context of the wider energy market.
19.5 Summary Undertaking the proposal in the manner proposed is justifiable taking into consideration potential environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts. Additionally, the proposal accords with the principles of ESD. Consideration of the proposal against a wide range of criteria demonstrates that the Project is environmentally sustainable and justifiable.
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20.0 Conclusion The Project Application the construction and operation of a gas transmission pipeline loop from the Bowen station at Wagga Wagga to Young (Stage 1 Bowen – Bethungra). This EA has been prepared in accordance with the Director-General’s Requirements (see Chapter 4) and addresses each of these requirements, with the environmental impacts of the Project detailed in Chapters 6 to 15 and further discussed in Chapter 19. Additionally, this EA demonstrates the environmental acceptability of the Project Application, provided the recommended safeguards are implemented, and that Project Application would have significant environmental, economic and social benefits. This EA satisfies all requisite statutory requirements regarding Project Applications. It is considered that the construction and operation of the Project is justified taking into account biophysical, socio-cultural and economic considerations and is in accordance with the principles of sustainability.
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21.0 References x Australian Standard AS2885.1-2001 and 2007 as relevant, Pipelines – Gas and liquid petroleum, Parts 1, 2 and 3 x Cox A, Lees F. P., Ang M/ L, Classification of Hazardous Locations, IChemE, Rugby, England, 1992 x Dawson F. J., Gas Pipeline Incidents, EIPIDG – European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group, as presented at the International Gas Union Conference, Milan, Italy, June 1994 x Fearnehough, G. D. Pipeline Safety, Pipeline Technology Conference, Royal Flemish Society of Engineers, Oostende, Belgium, 1990; and Fearnehough, G. D. & Corder, I, Application of Risk Analysis Techniques to the Assessment of Pipeline Routeing and Designs Criteria, International Conference on Pipeline Reliability, Calgary, Canada, 1992. x Gas pipeline incidents, A report of the European gas pipeline incident group, Pipes & Pipelines International, July – August 1988 x Hazard Analysis Course Notes, Risk Management Group, SHE Pacific, 1999 x Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No. 4 (HIPAP No. 4): Risk Criteria for Landuse Planning, NSW Department of Planning x Hazardous Industry Planning Advisory Paper No. 6 (HIPAP No. 6): Guidelines for Hazard Analysis, NSW Department of Planning x Holmes B, Young Wagga Looping – Parallel Pipeline Spacing, (note reviewing the research document by Leis, B. N., Pimputkar, S. M. & Ghadiali, N. D., “Line Rupture and the Spacing of Parallel Lines”, PRCI Catalog No L51861, April 2002), 9 October 2009 x Ife, D. & Skelt, K. 2004 Murray-Darling Basin Groundwater Status 1990-2000: Summary Report, Murray Darling Basin Commission, Canberra x Murrumbidgee Catchment Action Plan, New South Wales Government, Wagga Wagga www.murrumbidgee.cma.nsw.gov.au 2008 x Department of Primary Industries (DPI), New South Wales www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/resources/maps
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