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New Perspectives on Aramic Epigraphy in Mesopotamia Orientalische Religionen in der Antike Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient Oriental Religions in Antiquity Egypt, Israel, Ancient Near East (ORA) Herausgegeben von / Edited by Angelika Berlejung (Leipzig) Nils P. Heeßel (Marburg) Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Beirat / Advisory Board Uri Gabbay (Jerusalem) Michael Blömer (Aarhus) Christopher Rollston (Washington, D.C.) Rita Lucarelli (Berkeley) 40 New Perspectives on Aramaic Epigraphy in Mesopotamia, Qumran, Egypt, and Idumea Proceedings of the Joint RIAB Minerva Center and the Jeselsohn Epigraphic Center of Jewish History Conference Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times II Edited by Aren M. Maeir, Angelika Berlejung, Esther Eshel, and Takayoshi M. Oshima Mohr Siebeck AREN M. MAEIR is a full professor of archaeology at the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. ANGELIKA BERLEJUNG is a professor for Old Testament Studies at the University of Leipzig, Germany, and professor extraordinaire for Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. ESTHER ESHEL is an associate professor of Bible and Epigraphy at the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology and the Department of Bible, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. TAKAYOSHI M. OSHIMA is a privatdozent at the Altorientalisches Institut, the Faculty of History, Art, and Area Stuides, of the University of Leipzig, Germany. ISBN 978-3-16-159894-4 / eISBN 978-3-16-159895-1 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-159895-1 ISSN 1869-0513 / eISSN 2568-7492 (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Gulde Druck in Tübingen, and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Table of Contents ANGELIKA BERLEJUNG and AREN MAEIR Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. New Perspectives on Aramaic Epigraphy in Mesopotamia, Qumran, and Egypt ............................................................ 3 FREDERICK MARIO FALES Aramaic Epigraphy from Assyria: New Data and Old Issues ...................................... 5 YUVAL LEVAVI The Interaction Between Eanna and the Sealand in the Neo-Babylonian Period ....... 17 RAN ZADOK On the Arameans and the Indigenous Population in Babylonia from the Period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire down to the End of the Sasanian Period .................. 34 DANIEL MACHIELA The Aramaic Qumran Literature in Its Socio-Historical Setting ............................... 70 TAWNY L. HOLM Nanay(a) Among the Arameans: New Light from Papyrus Amherst 63 ..................... 92 BEZALEL PORTEN Papyrus Amherst 63: Rumination ............................................................................ 117 II. Idumean Ostraca ............................................................................................ 137 ANDRÉ LEMAIRE The Fourth-Century BCE Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea: Problems and Tentative Solutions .................................................................................................................. 139 ANDREW D. GROSS Alexander of the Idumean Ostraca: Alexander III or Alexander IV? ...................... 165 RAN ZADOK On the Documentary Framework, Terminology, and Onomasticon of the Ostraca from Idumea ............................................................................................................ 179 VI Table of Contents Index of Quoted Ancient Texts ............................................................................... 315 Index of Personal Names ......................................................................................... 317 Index of Divine Names ............................................................................................ 332 Index of Geographical Names ................................................................................. 333 Subject Index ........................................................................................................... 336 Index of Ancient Terms ........................................................................................... 341 Index of Modern Scholars ....................................................................................... 344 Introduction Angelika Berlejung and Aren M. Maeir The volume presented here is the second in the series, “Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times” (RIAB), in which research, conferences, and other activities of the “Minerva Center for the Relations between Israel and Aram in Biblical Times” (ara- misrael.org) are published. As in all activities of the RIAB Center, an attempt is made to focus on research and perspectives that provide insights on understanding the rela- tions between the cultures of ancient Israel and Aram, and in particular, the question of the interdependence and/or autonomy of these two important cultures. No less signifi- cant are the ramifications of this for a broader view of the interactions and influences between various cultures in the ancient Near East, above and beyond those of Israel and Aram. In each of our conferences and workshops, we try to highlight a particular aspect of the topic. Since our historical research depends mainly on written sources, we orga- nized two events in 2017 and 2018, which were dedicated to the special character of epigraphic sources that bear witness to the Arameans or to the Aramaic language and/or scripts. It is generally known that these sources are very diverse in terms of their temporal and spatial location as well as their social setting. For this reason, our first event, in Israel, was primarily concerned with taking this diversity into account and exploring it. It quickly became clear that the Aramaic texts known from Idumaea are so special and so extensive, that they required a separate workshop, which was then held in Leipzig the following year. Thus, the current volume includes papers presented at these two different events. The first event was a joint conference of the “Minerva Center for the Relations be- tween Israel and Aram in Biblical Times” and the “Jeselsohn Epigraphic Center for Jewish History,” of Bar-Ilan University (then directed by E. Eshel), which was held at Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, and the Israel Institute of Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, on March 1–3, 2017. Among the papers delivered at this joint conference, six are published in the first section of this volume. The paper by Frederick Mario Fales discusses the fascinating issue of Aramaic inscriptions from Iron Age Assyria, most importantly including new, recently published material. The second contribution, by Yuval Levavi, concentrates on the complex relationship, offi- cial and personal, between officials of the Bīt-Yakīn tribes of the “Sealand” region of southern Babylonia, and officials of the Temple of Eanna in Uruk. Ran Zadok’s paper in this section (he has a second contribution in the second section of this volume) dis- cusses and provides extensive name lists of the Aramean and indigenous populations, shedding light on their ongoing relations from the time of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the late Iron Age until the end of the Sasanian Empire in late Antiquity. Daniel 2 Angelika Berlejung and Aren M. Maeir Machiela discusses the socio-historical settings of the Aramaic literature from Qumran and places these Aramaic texts within the context of the use of Aramaic in general in the region, more specifically in Jewish communities during the “Second Temple Peri- od.” The important Mesopotamian deity Nanāy(a) is discussed by Tawny L. Holm. She attempts to define this goddess, who appears in Papyrus Amherst 63 from Egypt, in an unusual linguistic as well as socio-historical context. The final paper in this sec- tion, by Bezalel Porten, discusses various aspects of this enigmatic Papyrus Amherst 63, including the history of its research, and whether or not the deity Bethel was ven- erated by the Jews of Elephantine. The last three articles of the volume include papers delivered at the workshop in Leipzig, organized by Bezalel Porten, on the hundreds of unprovenanced Aramaic ostraca from Idumea (southern Judah), dating to the late Persian and early Hellenistic periods. This workshop was held on May 14, 2018 at the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, right before the beginning of the Third Annual Conference of the “Minerva Center for the Relations between Israel and Aram in Biblical Times” that was also held in Leipzig. In the first paper, André Lemaire discusses various in- troductory issues relating to these ostraca. Andrew D. Gross’ paper focuses on a very special problem: identifying which King Alexander is mentioned in the ostraca, whether Alexander III or Alexander IV. The final paper, by Ran Zadok, provides an in-depth discussion of various terms and the onomastics of the Idumean ostraca. All told, the papers in this volume are a first attempt to provide a survey on the epi- graphical dimensions covered by the research and activities of the “Minerva
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