DOCSLIB.ORG

465 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXVIII N° 5-6, September-December 2011 466

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
465 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXVIII N° 5-6, September-December 2011 466 465 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXVIII N° 5-6, september-december 2011 466 ACTUEEL originated directly from the Luwian tarwanis, which is cer- tainly attested much before the 7th century BCE.2) According to an alternative (and a somewhat more likely) TITLES OF 7TH CENTURY BCE PHILISTINE explanation, the term trn/seren was in continuous usage by RULERS AND THEIR HISTORICAL-CULTURAL the Philistines since the time of their migration to southern BACKGROUND Canaan from the Aegean cultural realm in the 12th century BCE (as argued by Yasur-Landau 2010: 312). This scenario The starting point of this short study is a recently pub- is lent some (admittedly, indirect) support by the ample lished brief inscription from the Philistine city of Ashkelon archaeological evidence for the Aegean origins of the 12th (Cross 2008: 339, fig. 17.3). The partially preserved ink century BCE Philistine settlers (e.g., Dothan and Zukerman inscription, in Phoenician cursive script, appears on an 2004), as well as by epigraphic data for Indo-European ostracon found in the debris of the 604 BCE destruction names in Philistia from the 10th–early 9th century BCE attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II. According to Cross, the onwards (Maeir et al. 2008, with references).3) Finally, it inscription reads as follows: pstm trn bt m[. Cross restored should be mentioned that biblical writers incorporated ele- the somewhat damaged third letter of the second word as ments of genuine pre-7th century BCE realities into their nun, and translated the inscription as “flax [or linen]: the own narratives (e.g., Maeir 2004; Zorn 2010), and the term tyrant of Bet M[ ]”. seren might be one of them. Given this background, the The use of term trn in the inscription is of considerable understanding of trn/seren as an authentic early Philistine interest for the study of Philistine culture. This term, equiv- term is quite plausible. On the present state of our knowl- alent to Greek tyrannos (tyrant, meaning “ruler”/“lord”/ edge, it is impossible to say any more about the “pre-his- “governor”), is of Luwian origin and is related to tarwanis, tory” of the term trn/seren in Philistia. the common title of Neo-Hittite rulers. From the Luwian/ Many questions concerning cultural realia in Philistia Neo-Hittite cultural realm, this word, in the form of tyran- th before the Assyrian period (ca. 730–630 BCE) can only be nos, entered the Greek language in the 7 century BCE at answered provisionally, but the situation during the 7th cen- the latest (Pintore 1983; Uchitel 2007; Giusfredi 2009). tury BCE is only somewhat clearer. What follows is a discus- The word seren, the biblical title for the rulers of the five sion of an array of problems relating to the question raised major Philistine city-states (Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron by many scholars with the publication of another 7th century and Gath, the so-called Pentapolis), clearly has the same BCE Philistine text, the monumental royal dedicatory inscrip- origin. The two forms (trn and seren) display the tet/samek tion from Ekron (Gitin, Dothan and Naveh 1997): why Akh- alteration (Cross 2008: 339, cf. Garbini 1991: 516), and the ayus, the ruler of Ekron, called himself sar (“ruler” or “gov- version in the Ashkelon inscription is, therefore, closer to ernor”) rather than melek or trn? the original Greek/Anatolian terms. The inscription, there- According to Gitin, Dothan and Naveh (1997: 11), Akh- fore, is clear proof that the form of the biblical term seren ayus did not use the term melek (king) for two possible rea- reflects a vocalization of the Philistine word by Hebrew- sons: 1) the ruler of Ekron, being an Assyrian vassal, speakers.1) th expressed his loyalty to his overlord by downgrading himself The ostracon is dated to the 7 century BCE, raising the to a more modest rank (from melek to sar); or 2) the two question if trn/seren is a traditional Philistine term, rooted in th terms have the same meaning, and are interchangeable. In my the Indo-European background of the 12 century BCE set- view, the first option is preferable. In the Kingdom of Judah, tlers, or a new word that was introduced to Philistia only sar was a local official/governor, as indicated by the biblical during the late Iron Age. One opinion is that the biblical 4 th usage of the term and by extrabiblical epigraphic evidence. ) seren is a 7 century phenomenon, resulting from cultural For example, the title sar ha‘îr (“city governor”) is attested contacts between Greece/Anatolia and Philistia much after both in the Bible and in two Hebrew seal impressions (Avigad the initial phase of the Philistine settlement (Finkelstein 1976; Avigad and Sass 1997: 171, cat. no. 402A-B).5) In 2002: 136-137). According to this view, the term in question was transferred to Philistia by Ionian and Carian mercenaries who served in the Egyptian army during the reign of Psam- 2) This would support the theory of the western Anatolian origin of the Philistines (Singer 1988). Due to the fact that the earliest Philistine material metichus I. Indeed, possible epigraphic evidence exists for culture does not include any clear features of indigenous Anatolian tradi- new immigrants from Anatolia, Greece, or Cyprus to Philis- tion, it can be hypothesized that some of the migrants could have come tia in the 7th century BCE (Kempinski 1987; but see Byrne from the southwestern regions of Anatolia and from the nearby islands. 2002: 10-11). This view also fits the above-mentioned fact During the 12th century BCE these areas were, for all intents and purposes, part of the Aegean cultural sphere (e.g., Mountjoy 1998: 52-63). that the Greek tyrannos is first attested precisely during that 3) It should be also noted that the ostracon from Ashkelon invalidates period. However, although tyranny as a social phenomenon Sasson’s (1997: 635) suggestion that Akhauys of Ekron did not use the title emerged in Greece only in the 7th century BCE, it is possible seren because it “ceased to be current after centuries of Philistine accul- that the title tyrannos, with a slightly different meaning, was turation on Canaanite soil”. 4) In Judg. 9, the verb yasar, which has the same root as sar, refers to used in earlier periods as well (note, though, that this word Abimelech who is indeed explicitly mentioned as a king (melek). However, is unattested in Linear B and Homeric texts). Moreover, it is there is no indication that yasar meant “reigned” rather than simply unclear why the term trn/seren had to reach Philistia through “ruled”. The use of yasar (instead of the regular malak) in relation to Greek mediation, as it is at least equally plausible that it Abimelech perhaps suggests that, according to the biblical writer, his rule was not a full-fledged reign of a true and legitimate king. 5) Although the comparative material examined here comes from Judah and not from Philistia, it can be assumed that during the Assyrian period 1) The question of how the original Philistine word was vocalized is the usage of the term sar in both regions was broadly similar. The Philis- outside the scope of this study, and it is left here in its transcribed version. tine city-states and Judah maintained close economic and cultural contacts, For additional loanwords of Philistine/Indo-European origin in the Bible, and all of them were vassals of the Assyrian empire. The monumental see Machinist 2000: 63-64. inscription from Ekron and the sar ha‘îr seal impressions from Judah had 995014_Bior_2011_5-6_01.indd5014_Bior_2011_5-6_01.indd 464464 116/02/126/02/12 112:412:41 467 ACTUEEL — TITLES OF 7TH CENTURY BCE PHILISTINE RULERS 468 Gen. (21:32; 26:26) and 1 Sam. (18:30; 29:3-4), the title sar tions is also exhibited by Hadad-Yith‘i in the 9th century is an appelation of high-ranking Philistine military command- BCE bilingual text on a statue from Tell Fekheriye in north- ers. As far as the biblical evidence for the relationship between ern Syria (Millard 1983: 105-106; Bunnens 2006: 98-99). seren and melek is concerned, Achish of Gath is the only In the Assyrian version, addressed to the representatives of named Philistine ruler who is described as a king (melek), the dominant political power, he denotes himself “gover- apparently in order to emphasize his leading political role nor” (saknu or sakin mati), while in the Aramaic version, among the other s¢ranîm (Rainey 1998: 243; Machinist 2000: intended for the local population, Hadad-Yith‘i calls himself 58). In the Ashkelon ostracon, the trn in question is described king (mlk). as a governor of a (perhaps minor) place called Bet M[ ]. It An interesting illustration of the political significance of seems, therefore, that in Philistia the meaning of trn was a the title sar is supplied by epigraphic evidence from the generic term for ruler/military leader, rather than the title Kingdom of Judah. The above-mentioned sar ha‘îr seal exclusively reserved for the governors of the Pentapolis cities impressions (on bullae) stand out in the entire corpus of West (as can be deduced from the biblical texts mentioning Semitic stamp seals in their unique Assyrianizing iconogra- s¢ranîm). In this respect, it is interesting to note that, although phy: an armed human figure, probably a king, faces another the Luwian title tarwanis had several meanings, some Neo- (smaller and unarmed) man, apparently a courtier, who Hittite governors who bore the title tarwanis were subordinate stands on the oval frame containing the inscription (Barkay to higher-ranking rulers (e.g., Uchitel 2007: 16-26), hinting 1977; Sass 1993: 237-238; Avigad and Sass 1997: 29).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Syria , Recensions 2
    Syria Archéologie, art et histoire Recensions | 2019 Book reviews Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/syria/8045 DOI : 10.4000/syria.8045 ISSN : 2076-8435 Éditeur IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient Référence électronique Recensions, 2019, Syria [En ligne], consulté le 25 septembre 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/syria/8045 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/syria.8045 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 25 septembre 2020. © Presses IFPO 1 SOMMAIRE Olivier CALLOT, Déhès II : Les pressoirs Dimitri Van Limbergen Jean-Marc HOFMAN & Emmanuel PÉNICAUT (dir.), Le Crac des Chevaliers. Chroniques d’un rêve de pierre Jean-Louis Huot René LEBRUN, Julien DE VOS & Étienne VAN QUICKELBERGHE (éd.), Deus Unicus. Actes du colloque « Aux origines du monothéisme et du scepticisme religieux » Stéphanie Anthonioz Annie CAUBET (éd.), Idols. The power of Images Hélène Le Meaux Johann TISCHLER, Hethitische Texte in Transkription KUB 56 und KUB 57 Alice Mouton Peter RICHARDSON & Amy Marie FISHER, Herod. King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans Maurice Sartre Pierre-Louis GATIER, Julien ALIQUOT & Lévon NORDIGUIAN (éd.), Sources de l’histoire de Tyr. II. Textes et images de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge Annie Sartre-Fauriat Győző VÖRÖS (éd.), Machaerus III. The Golden Jubilee of the Archaeological Excavations. Final Report on the Herodian Citadel, 1968-2018 Maurice Sartre Leah DI SEGNI et Yoram TSAFRIR, avec Judith GREEN (éd.), The Onomasticon of Iudaea- Palaestina and Arabia in the Greek and Latin sources : Vol. I. Introduction, sources, major texts ; vol. II.1. Aalac Mons-Arabia, chapter 4 ; vol. II.2. Arabia, chapter 5- Azzeira.
    [Show full text]
  • Here, I Will Argue That the of Neo-Assyrian Success Reach Back
    7 ûsslriolagiqueinternationøle,Miünchen,zg.Juni bisj.J:ulirgTo,ed.DierzO.Edzard, zo9-t6. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akadamie der \ffissenschaft. Zaccagnini, Carlo. 1989. "Asiatic Mode of Production and Ancient Near East: Notes towards a Discussion."In Production and Consumption in the AncientNear Eøst,ed. Carlo Zaccagnini, r-126. Budapest: University of Budapest. Zadok Ran. 1995. "The Ethno-Linguistic Character of the Jezireh and Adjacent Regions in the 9th7th Centuries (Assyria Proper vs. Periphery)." In Me o-,l.ssyrian Geography, ed. Mario Liverani, zt7-8z.Rome: IJniversità di Roma "LaSapienza.,' 2 Zeh.nder, Markus. zoo5. Umgang mit Fremden in Israel und Assyrien: Ein Beitrag zur Anthropologie des "F¡emden" im Licht antiker Q¡ellen. Stuttgart: arglrably the first world- Åt the Root of the Møtter Kohlhammer. The Neo-Assyrian Empire, often presented by scholars as a fundamen- Zehnder,Markus. zoo7."Die Aramaisierung'Assyriens als Folge der Expansion des empire, is phenornenon. Here, I will argue that the The Middle Assyrian assyrischen Reiches." In In . der seine Lust hat øm Wort des flerrn! FætscÌrift tally new of Neo-Assyrian success reach back in Prelude ta Ernpire fiir ErnstJenni zum 8o: Geùartstag, ed.Jürg Luchsinger, F{ans-Peter Mathys, and foundations preceding Middle Assyrian Markus Saur,417-39. Münster, Germany: Ugarit Vedag. D^rt iîto the short-lived state. This continuity can be seen in a range Zimansl<y, Paul E. 1995. "fhe Kingdom of Urartu in Ðastern Anatolia."In CANE, imperi^l and in a Brpoa S. DünrNc n35-46. of imperial practices in conquered territories the Late Btonze (Lnroar Uurvnnsrrv) "ôulture of empire" that has its roots in Age.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Aramic Epigraphy in Mesopotamia
    Orientalische Religionen in der Antike Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient Oriental Religions in Antiquity Egypt, Israel, Ancient Near East (ORA) Herausgegeben von / Edited by Angelika Berlejung (Leipzig) Nils P. Heeßel (Marburg) Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Beirat / Advisory Board Uri Gabbay (Jerusalem) Michael Blömer (Aarhus) Christopher Rollston (Washington, D.C.) Rita Lucarelli (Berkeley) 40 New Perspectives on Aramaic Epigraphy in Mesopotamia, Qumran, Egypt, and Idumea Proceedings of the Joint RIAB Minerva Center and the Jeselsohn Epigraphic Center of Jewish History Conference Research on Israel and Aram in Biblical Times II Edited by Aren M. Maeir, Angelika Berlejung, Esther Eshel, and Takayoshi M. Oshima Mohr Siebeck AREN M. MAEIR is a full professor of archaeology at the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. ANGELIKA BERLEJUNG is a professor for Old Testament Studies at the University of Leipzig, Germany, and professor extraordinaire for Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. ESTHER ESHEL is an associate professor of Bible and Epigraphy at the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology and the Department of Bible, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. TAKAYOSHI M. OSHIMA is a privatdozent at the Altorientalisches Institut, the Faculty of History, Art, and Area Stuides, of the University of Leipzig, Germany. ISBN 978-3-16-159894-4 / eISBN 978-3-16-159895-1 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-159895-1 ISSN 1869-0513 / eISSN 2568-7492 (Orientalische Religionen in der Antike) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Explorations in Syria 2000-2011 Proceedings of ISCACH-Beirut 2015
    Archaeological Explorations in Syria 2000-2011 Proceedings of ISCACH-Beirut 2015 edited by Jeanine Abdul Massih Shinichi Nishiyama in collaboration with Hanan Charaf and Ahmad Deb Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 947 4 ISBN 978 1 78491 948 1 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Tribute to Khaled Al-Assaad, Giro Orita, and Antoine Suleiman The Japanese Society for West Asian Archaeology and the Lebanese University Archaeological Mission of Cyrrhus-Syria International Syrian Congress on Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (ISCACH): Results of 2000-2011 December 3-6, 2015 Beirut, Lebanon Organizing Committee Prof. Dr Jeanine Abdul Massih (Director of the Archaeological Mission to Cyrrhus), Lebanese University, Lebanon Prof. Kiyohide Saito (Director of the Archaeological Mission to Palmyra), President, the Japanese Society for West Asian Archaeology, Japan Prof. Dr Akira Tsuneki (Director of the Archaeological Mission to Tell El-Kerkh), University of Tsukuba, Japan Dr Shinichi Nishiyama, Chubu University, Japan Dr Ahmad Deb (Director of Ain Al-Arab Mission), DGAM, Syria All
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Dja'de El-Mughara (Aleppo)
    A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites edited by Access Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Open Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 381 6 ISBN 978 1 78491 382 3 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover Illustration: View of the excavation at Hummal site © The Syro-Swiss mission on the Palaeolithic of the El Kowm Area Open All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, Archaeopresswithout the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Chapter 1: Prehistory 1� El Kowm Oasis (Homs) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer 2� Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
    [Show full text]
  • PLAIN of ANTIOCH III Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu EXCAVATIONS IN THE PLAIN OF ANTIOCH III oi.uchicago.edu Back cover: View of Chatal Höyük from the northeast. Photo taken by Claude Prost, probably in the summer of 1932 oi.uchicago.edu iii EXCAVATIONS IN THE PLAIN OF ANTIOCH III STRATIGRAPHY, POTTERY, AND SMALL FINDS FROM CHATAL HÖYÜK IN THE AMUQ PLAIN MARINA PUCCI with appendices from J. A. BRINKMAN, E. GÖTTING, and G. HÖLBL THIS RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT THANKS TO THE FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE SHELBY WHITE-LEON LEVY FOUNDATION PART 1 | TEXT O R I E N TA L INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS • VOLUME 143 THE O R I E N TA L INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO oi.uchicago.edu iv LCCN: 2019930795 ISBN-13: 978-1-61491-046-6 ISSN: 0069-3367 The Oriental Institute, Chicago ©2019 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2019. Printed in the United States of America. Oriental Institute Publications 143 Series Editors Charissa Johnson and Thomas G. Urban with the assistance of Rebecca Cain, Alexandra Cornacchia, Jaslyn Ramos, Emily Smith, and Steven Townshend Cover Illustration Painted potstand, Iron Age I (A26946, cat. no. 134). Illustration by Angela Altenhofen, coloring by Tiziana d’Este. Spine Illustration Scene incised on ostracon (A17370, cat. no. 1110). Illustration by Angela Altenhofen. Printed by Marquis Book Printing in Montmagny, Québec Canada through Four Colour Print Group. This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) oi.uchicago.edu v Table of Contents List of Tables .............................................................................. xiii List of Figures ..............................................................................xv Preface (James F. Osborne) ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeopress Open Access
    A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites edited by Access Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Open Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 381 6 ISBN 978 1 78491 382 3 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover Illustration: View of the excavation at Hummal site © The Syro-Swiss mission on the Palaeolithic of the El Kowm Area Open All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, Archaeopresswithout the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Chapter 1: Prehistory 1� El Kowm Oasis (Homs) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer 2� Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
    [Show full text]
  • Guzana/Tell Halaf
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Kutlu Aslihan Yener (Hrsg.), Across the border: Late Bronze–Iron Age relations between Syria and Anatolia (Ancient Near Eastern Studies : Supplement 42), Leuven 2013, S. 293-309 CHAPTER 12 BETWEEN THE MUSKU AND THE ARAMAEANS THE EARLY HISTORY OF GUZANA/TELL HALAF Mirko NOVAK Universitat Bern Institut fur Archaologische Wissenschaften Abteilung fur Vorderasiatische Archaologie Langgassstrasse 10 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Abstract One of the main goals of the renewed Syro-German excavations in Tell Halaf is the reconstruction of its history during the Iron Age. According to the ceramics discovered in the earliest Iron Age levels, the predecessor settlement of the Aramaean town of Gozan/ Guzana was founded by immigrants from Eastern Anatolia. Probably they were settled outside the gates of the Middle Assyrian provincial town of Assukanni, modern Tell Fekheriye, by the Assyrian government in the early 11th century. After the occupation by Aramaean tribes and its reconquering by the Assyrians the town underwent major recon­ structions and changes in its layout) Thus, several breaks can be traced in the material culture of the site, each time followed by distinguished acculturations. Introduction In 2006 a Syro-German mission started new excavations at Tell Halaf in northeast­ ern Syria, precisely 77 years after the end of the large-sized explorations of Max von Oppenheim at this site. It revealed both a prehistoric settlement with a characteristic type of painted pottery and the capital of an Aramaean principality with a previously unknown monumental art dating to the early Iron Age. The new project is conducted by the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums in Damascus and the Museum 1 The project is co-directed by Abdel Mesih Baghdo (Damascus/Hassake), Lutz Martin (Berlin) and the present author.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Style Guide
    OUTLINE I. General Information II. Punctuation A. Numbered Lists B. Lists without Numbers C. Quotations D. Exclamations E. Questions F. Commas and Semicolons G. Slash/Solidus H. Punctuation of Biblical References I. Italics III. Divine References A. Names for God B. Pronouns for Deity IV. Gender References/Inclusive Language V. Citations and References VI. General Style Issues A. Outline Format B. Numbers C. Dates D. Bible Book Names E. Phrases and Expressions to Be Avoided If Possible F. Perspective VII. Abbreviations A. Bible Books B. Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books C. Bible Translations D. Other General Abbreviations VIII. References to Hebrew, Greek, etc. ACADEMIC TRANSLITERATION LIST IX. Capitalization and Spelling A. General Rules B. Headings C. Possessives D. Miscellaneous E. Images & Videos CAPITALIZATION/SPELLING LIST I. GENERAL INFORMATION A. Manuscript Submission 1. Submit in electronic form as an email attachment (.docx Word file) 2. Use SBL for Greek and Hebrew fonts (download the fonts here: https://www.sbl- site.org/educational/biblicalfonts.aspx) 3. Double spaced, 12 point Times New Roman, one space between sentences 4. Manuscripts should be unjustified without hyphenization. 5. Use a tab to indent paragraphs. 6. Do not use automatic numbering anywhere in the document (except footnotes). 7. Use footnotes rather than endnotes. 8. The preferred Bible translation (usually CSB) should be agreed on with the editor before proceeding. B. General Style Issues Some of these guidelines are negotiable on a project-by-project basis, but deviations must be agreed on between author and editor at the beginning of the project. It may be necessary to produce a style sheet specific to the project.
    [Show full text]
  • NEO-LITHICS 1/07 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents
    Field Reports Haïdar-Boustani, Ibáñez, Al-Maqdissi, Armendáriz, González Urquijo & Teira, Homs Gap SAPPO, Tell Halula, Tell Amarna, and Chagar Bazar Hansen, Mirtskhulava & Bastert-Lamprichs, Aruchlo Fujii, Wadi Badda Gebel & Kinzel, Ba‘ja 2007 Contributions Borrell, Chipped Stone Industries, Middle Euphrates Valley Müller-Neuhof, Tell Fakhariyah Statuettes Museum Report Stordeur & Abbès, National Museum of Damascus Workshops New Publications and Theses NEO-LITHICS 1/07 The Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents Field Reports Maya Haïdar-Boustani, Juan José Ibáñez, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Angel Armendáriz, Jesús González Urquijo and Luis Teira New Data on the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic of the Homs Gap: Three Campaigns of Archaeological Survey (2004-2006) 3 SAPPO Sixteen Years of Archaeological Investigations in the Euphrates Valley and the Djezireh: Tell Halula, Tell Amarna, and Chagar Bazar 9 Svend Hansen, Guram Mirtskhulava and Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs Aruchlo: A Neolithics Settlement Mound in the Caucasus 13 Sumio Fujii Wadi Badda: A PPNB Settlement below Fjaje Escarpment near Shawbak 19 Hans Georg K. Gebel and Moritz Kinzel Ba‘ja 2007: Crawl Spaces, Rich Room Dumps, and High Energy Events. Results of the 7th Season of Excavations 24 Contributions Ferran Borrell From PPNB to PN: Chipped Stone Industries of the Middle Euphrates Valley. New Data, New Interpretations 33 Bernd Müller-Neuhof Anthropomorphic Statuettes from Tell Fakhariyah: Arguments for Their Possible PPNB Origin 37 Museum Report Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès From the First Villages to the First Cities: A Permanent Exhibition at the National Museum of Damascus 43 Workshops Landscapes in Transition, Jordan, March 2007 47 Invitation for STEPS (PPN6), Manchester, March 2008, First Circular 48 New Publications and Ongoing PhD Research 50 New Websites 51 Editorial The cancellation of the 6th Conference of PPN Chipped Neo-Lithics is planning to have two future dialogue/forum and Ground Stone Industries, originally scheduled for issues on the topics organized by guest editors.
    [Show full text]
  • Umm El-Marra and the Westward Expansion of the Mittani Empire
    UMM EL-MARRA AND THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF THE MITTANI EMPIRE IN NORTHWESTERN SYRIA by Adam Sebastian Maskevich A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland March, 2014 © 2014 Adam Sebastian Maskevich All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Bronze Age occupation of Umm el-Marra, a medium-sized regional center in western Syria, lasted, with varying degrees of intensity, for more than a millennium. During this time, the communities who inhabited the site and the political regimes that ruled them left their unique marks on the built environment and material culture. This dissertation studies these phenomena during the Late Bronze Age occupation of Umm el-Marra in the mid-second millennium through a synthesis of the excavation records of the site, archaeological comparanda, textual evidence, ethnoarchaeology, and applicable theory. The Mittani Empire was the dominant power in northern Syria during the Late Bronze occupation of Umm el-Marra. Most of what is known about Mittani comes from external sources, many of whom were antagonistic and, thus, provide a biased view of the empire and its inhabitants. Through analysis of the Late Bronze Age levels at Umm el-Marra, this work provides an evaluation and exploration of the nature of everyday life in the Mittani empire. As such, it offers a new resource for understanding Mittani, in particular, and the functioning of imperial regimes in general, from the perspective of daily lived existence in households, neighborhoods, and a specific community. As communities and their constituent families change over time, they have different needs of the dwellings and landscapes they inhabit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arameans in Ancient Syria (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section I, Ancient Near East 106; Leiden: Brill 2014)
    BibAn 9/4 (2019) 767-770 767 Herbert Niehr (ed.), The Arameans in Ancient Syria (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section I, Ancient Near East 106; Leiden: Brill 2014). Pp. xxiv, 462, pls. xlv. $ 145.24. ISBN 978-90-04-22845-0 HENRYK DRAWNEL Institute of Biblical Studies John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin email: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-4425-315X Being a comprehensive introduction to the current research on the history and culture of the Aramaeans in Syria, the volume edited by Herbert Niehr contains a wealth of information organized into ten chapters written by an internation- al team of specialists. The handbook mostly concentrates on the early Aramaic culture, beginning with the twelfth c. BC and extending the presentation to the defeat of the last Aramaic insurrection against the Assyrian power in 720 BC. The geographic area under investigation includes the territory of central Syria with the exclusion of the Phoenician and Punic cultures, the Luwians and Ugarit. In this monograph, both the indicated time frame and geographic boundaries are rather tentative as the contacts of the Aramaeans with the neighbouring cultures were very rich and productive. Thus, the overview of the Aramaic presence in chapter 9 includes most of the ancient Near East region. In a short introductory essay (pp. 1-9), Herbert Niehr reviews the sources, chronology, geography, and the state of research in the field of Aramaic studies. The territory of ancient Syria taken in consideration in the present volume ex- tends from the Jazirah region in the east to the Mediterranean in the west, and from the southern Anatolia in the north to Damascus in the south.
    [Show full text]