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Against Candida Albicans and Trichophyton Rubrum Antifungal activities of Medinilla speciosa Blume fruit extracts against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum Tiana Milanda1*, Wichelia Nisya Fitri1, Melisa Intan Barliana1, Anis Yohanna Chairunnisaa2, Lilis Sugiarti3 1 Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia. 2 Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia.3 STIKES Cendekia Utama, Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia. Correspondence: Tiana Milanda, Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21.5 , West Java, Indonesia 45363. Email : tiana.milanda @ unpad.ac.id ABSTRACT Some antifungal drugs that are used to treat candidiasis and dermatomycosis can change the life cycle and growth patterns of fungi, leading to resistance. To avoid this, alternative medicines such as medicinal plants are needed. Medinilla speciosa Blume is a plant originating from Mount Muria, Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia, which has been used by the community to treat diarrhea, inflammation, and bacterial infections, but there is no information about its antifungal activity. This study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of M. speciosa Blume fruit extracts against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188. This research was performed by plant determination and sample preparation, sample extraction by gradually maceration, phytochemicals screening, TLC profile assay, antifungal activity test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) determination, and comparative antifungal activity study against Ketoconazole. The results showed that all of the extracts indicated no antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 10231, but methanol extract showed the strongest activity against T. rubrum ATCC 28188, followed by ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. MIC and MFC of methanol extract against T. rubrum ATCC 28188 were 391 and 781 ppm, respectively. The comparative antifungal activity value of methanol extract against Ketoconazole was 4621.68 : 1. With regard to the results of phytochemical screening and TLC profile, the antifungal activity of methanol extract may be due to the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, and saponins. Keywords: Medinilla speciosa Blume, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Ketoconazole these diseases has been increased since the 1980s [5]. Candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), a normal Introduction flora in the human body which in certain conditions becomes pathogenic and causes various diseases such as thrush, One of the health problems in Indonesia is fungal infections, vulvanginitis, and even dangerous systemic candidiasis diseases. such as candidiasis and dermatomycosis [1-4]. During the past Generally, candidiasis treatment uses topical therapies, while years, fungal infections have been increased due to the risen systemic treatment is given to patients who experience immunocompromised population (e.g., patients with AIDS or resistance or show less effective response to topical therapies. cancer, and organ transplant recipients). The prevalence of Some antifungal drugs that are used to treat candidiasis include Access this article online the azole group, nystatin, and amphotericin B [6]. Approximately, 69.5% of dermatomycosis in humans is caused Website: www.japer.in E-ISSN: 2249-3379 by Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). This fungus usually infects the tissues containing keratin, such as nails, hair, and stratum corneum in epidermidis layer, which can expand into lesions How to cite this article: Milanda T, Fitri W N, Barliana M I, Chairunnisaa [7]. Some antifungal drugs used to treat dermatomycosis are A Y, Sugiarti L. Antifungal activities of Medinilla speciosa Blume fruit extracts amphotericin B, azole group, alyl amine group, and griseofulvin against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2021;11(3):1-8. https://doi.org/10.51847/XDBIHmqd2P [8, 9]. This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. © 2021 Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research | Published by SPER Publication 1 Milanda et al.: Antifungal Activities of Medinilla speciosa Blume Fruit Extracts Most antifungal drugs can change the life cycle of fungi and Plant Determination and Sample growth patterns of fungi, leading to resistance in certain pathogenic fungi [10]. Therefore, the discovery of novel Preparation antifungal agents becomes a necessity, to widen the spectrum of Leaves, fruits, stems, and roots of this plant were determined at antifungal activity against resistant fungi such as C. albicans and Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of T. rubrum. The effort in exploring antifungal agents could be Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, from conventional antifungal drugs, as well as from medicinal Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. The healthy fresh fruit was plants. Antifungal properties of some medicinal plants have sorted, then washed with running tap water and distilled water been reported based on folklore data, while others are from to remove any adsorbed contaminant from the fruit surface. studies on the inhibitory activity of the plants against some The cleaned sample was dried at room temperature and ground pathogenic fungi. to a coarse powder. Medinilla speciosa (M. speciosa) Blume (Melastomaceae), is a plant originating from Mount Muria, Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia, which has been used by the community to treat diarrhea, Sample Extraction inflammation, and bacterial infections [11]. Methanol, ethanol The sample was extracted by a gradual maceration using three and ethyl acetate extracts of this fruit showed antibacterial types of solvents of polar (methanol), semipolar (ethyl acetate), activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and nonpolar (n-hexane) solvents. The dried fruit powder (182 aureginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA), g) was macerated with 1 L of n-hexane at room temperature for and ESBL E. coli [12]. M. speciosa Blume fruit contains various 24 h. Next, the sample was filtered using filter paper No.1. The secondary metabolites, including terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, extraction process was repeated several times until the last drop saponins, and glycosides. Antifungal activity study from of the extract was colorless. The residual sample was dried. Melastoma malabathricum, in the same family with M. speciosa, The remaining sample was subjected to extraction by revealed that the extract inhibited the growth of Candida maceration using methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. The krusei [13]. Hence, the study on the antifungal activity of M. solvents were removed using a rotary evaporator at 45°C, then speciosa Blume fruit has not been reported yet. Therefore, this concentrated in a 60°C water bath until the solid mass of present study was conducted to determine the antifungal extracts was obtained. The extracts were observed activity of M. speciosa fruit extract against C. albicans ATCC organoleptically and continued by yields determination. 10231 and T. rubrum ATCC 28188. It is expected that the data can be used as evidence of the potential of M. speciosa Blume Phytochemicals Screening fruit to be used as an alternative antifungal agent. Phytochemical compounds of M. speciosa Blume fruit extracts were screened using standard procedures as described by Materials and Methods Fansworth (1966) in the former publication [14]. Materials Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Profile M. speciosa Blume fruit was collected from Mount Muria, Assay Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia. C. albicans ATCC 10231 and T. TLC profile assay of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol rubrum ATCC 28188 were obtained from Hasan Sadikin extract from M. speciosa Blume was carried by using the Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The culture media stationary phase of TLC Silica Gel 60 F245, while the mobile were Potato Dextrose Agar/PDA (Oxoid) and Potato Dextrose phase was determined from the optimization process. The plate Broth/PDB (Oxoid). Ketoconazole, as a reference antibiotic, was observed under visible light, UV light 254, and 366 nm. Rf was obtained from PT. Dexa Medica Indonesia. value was determined for each spot. The other materials used in this study were n-hexane (Merck), ethyl acetate (Merck), methanol (Merck), ammonia (Merck), chloroform (Merck), hydrochloric acid (Merck), Mayer Antifungal Activity Test reagent, Dragendorf reagent, Liebermann-Burchard reagent, Antifungal activity of M. speciosa Blume fruit extracts was tested magnesium powder (Bratachem), amyl alcohol (Merck), against C. albicans ATCC 10231 and T. rubrum ATCC 28188 potassium hydroxide (Merck), iron (III) chloride (Merck), using paper disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer method) [15] with gelatin (Bratachem), ether (Merck), vanillin (Merck), dimethyl some modifications. The extracts stock solutions were prepared sulfoxide/DMSO (Merck), 96% ethanol (Bratachem), normal at a concentration of 50 % w/v in DMSO 2% v/v. The sample saline solution (Otsu-NS), 0.5 McFarland standard solution, solutions were prepared
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