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EDITOR é uma revista de Cultura e, domínio do Espírito, é Livre. Avassalada Publisher ao encontro universal das culturas, servente da identidade cultural de INSTITUTO CULTURAL Macau, agente de mais íntima relação entre o Oriente e o Ocidente, do Governo da Região Administrativa particularmente entre a China e Portugal. RC propõe-se publicar todos Especial de Macau os textos interessantes aos objectivos confessados, pelo puro critério da CONSELHO DE DIRECÇÃO qualidade. Assim, as opiniões e as doutrinas, expressas ou professas nos textos Editorial Board assinados, ou implícitas nas imagens de autoria, são da responsabilidade Heidi Ho, Marie MacLeod, dos seus autores, e nem na parte, nem no todo, podem confundir-se com a Luís Ferreira, Charles Lam, orientação da RC. A Direcção da revista reserva-se o direito de não publicar, Wong Io Fong e Paulo Coutinho nem devolver, textos não solicitados. [email protected] é uma revista trimestral, simultaneamente publicada nas versões COORDENADOR Chinesa e Internacional (em Português e Inglês). Buscando o diálogo Co-ordinator e o encontro francos de Culturas, RC tem na limpidez a vocação e na Luís Ferreira [email protected] transparência o seu processo. Edição Internacional / International Edition is a cultural magazine published quarterly in two versions — Chinese EDITOR EXECUTIVO and International (Portuguese/English)—whose purpose is to refl ect the Executive Editor unique identity of Macao. The magazine also seeks to promote freedom of Paulo Coutinho expression and through the articles published we hope to stimulate ideas [email protected] and discussion of topics related to Western/Eastern cultural interchange, especially between China and Portugal. Edição Chinesa / Chinese Edition publishes articles covering an extensive range of topics expressing a EDITOR EXECUTIVO diversity of views. However, RC is not responsible for ideas and opinions Executive Editor voiced in these articles and thus they cannot be taken as editorial opinion. Wong Io Fong In addition, we reserve the right to withhold any unsolicited text from publication and the right not to return any unsolicited text. DIRECTOR GRÁFICO Graphic Director Victor Hugo Marreiros [email protected] CONCEPÇÃO GRÁFICA Graphic Design Grace Lei SEPARAÇÃO DE CORES Color Separation Tipografi a Macau Hung Heng Ltda. [email protected] IMPRESSÃO Printing Tipografi a Macau Hung Heng Ltda. [email protected] TIRAGEM Print Run 2000 REDACÇÃO E SECRETARIADO Publisher’s Offi ce INSTITUTO CULTURAL do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau SEP - Sector de Edições Periódicas Praça do Tap Seac, Edifício do Instituto Cultural, Macau Tel: (853) 8399 6322 Fax: (853) 2836 6806 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.icm.gov.mo 2 Revista de Cultura • 23 • 2007 RevistaAssine a de Cultura Subscribe to Review of Culture Preços / Rates A globalização do conhecimento começou em Macau no século XVI quando os saberes do Oriente e do Ocidente Exemplar Avulso / Single Copy se cruzaram nesta terra singular do Sul da China. Macau MOP 80,00 No século XXI, o intercâmbio cultural entre os dois mundos Ásia / Asia continua a ser a vocação de Macau. via aérea / air mail US$ 23,00 A Revista de Cultura é o veículo dessa vocação. via marítima / surface mail US$ 14,00 Knowledge entered into an age of globalisation in Macao in the 16th century when the wisdoms of East and West met Outros países / Other countries in this unique part of South China. via aérea / air mail US$ 29,00 In the 21st century, Macao remains dedicated to cultural inter- via marítima / surface mail US$ 16,00 change between both worlds in a vocation maintained by Review of Culture. Assinatura / Subscription (4 números / issues) Macau MOP 160,00 Ásia / Asia via aérea / air mail US$ 72,00 Para fazer a assinatura ou para a compra CONTACTOS via marítima / surface mail de números atrasados, s.f.f. preencha e envie o Contacts US$ 36,00 formulário destacável que encontrará Email: [email protected] nas últimas páginas desta edição. Tel: 853-83996322 Outros países / Other countries Fax: 853-28366806 via aérea / air mail US$ 96,00 To subscribe or to purchase back issues, please via marítima / surface mail fi ll in and mail the form available US$ 44,00 at the end of this issue. 2007 • 23 • Review of Culture 3 ATRIUM COLABORARAM NESTE NÚMERO Contributors to this Issue RC, n.° 23, IIIa Série, 3.° Trimestre 2007 RC, no. 23, IIIrd Series, 3rd Quarter 2007 TEXTO Texts Alfredo Gomes Dias António Vasconcelos de Saldanha Christina Miu Bing Cheng David Brookshaw Eduardo Frutuoso James K. Chin Leung Ping-kwan Rogério Miguel Puga Wilhelm Snyman TRADUÇÃO Translation PHILOS - Comunicação Global, Lda. (Português-Inglês e Inglês-Português) REVISÃO Design Victor Hugo Marreiros Proofreading Chao Siu Fu (Chinês), Luís Ferreira (Português), A NOSSA CAPA Cathryn Clayton e T. Rex Wilson (Inglês) Neste número de RC analisamos a forma como o estabelecimento de Hong Kong, a meio da centúria de Oitocentos, foi visto, temido e relatado (a Pequim ou a Lisboa) pela comunidade local. Aos piores AGRADECIMENTOS augúrios dos homens do Senado deram razão os anos seguintes: Macau assistiria à ascensão meteórica Acknowledgements do vizinho “rochedo inóspito” a um dos maiores portos e praças fi nanceiras do planeta, enquanto sentia Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong na pele o declínio da “sua” próspera rota mercantil na Ásia do Sul. Martyn Gregory Gallery, Londres Rivalidades e disputas sociais, políticas e históricas (sentidas ou induzidas), por um lado, e, por outro, complementaridades, intercâmbio. Especifi cidades partilhadas e, semanticamente, um passado e um destino comuns. De tudo um pouco se fez e se faz a história das relações (e das comparações) entre Macau e Hong Kong. Se bem observarmos, veremos uma sociedade (uma identidade?) paralela ou acima da conjuntura político-social que se estende a ambos os lados do delta e se rege por um conjunto único ou muito similar de comportamentos e ambições. Uma comunidade “informal” feita de laços de negócios, de amizades, de sangue, que, historicamente, vai de Macau a Hong Kong, Xangai e aos quatro cantos da diáspora macaense. É, assim, mais curioso olhar para o que une as gentes de Hong Kong e Macau e perscrutar – poeticamente, como Leung Ping-kuan – por entre as multidões de dois dos sítios mais densamente habitados do mundo, essoutra entidade (identidade?) comum: de hábitos, costumes, trocas, gostos, expectativas e fraternidades de graus diversos. OUR COVER This issue of RC looks at how the Macanese community viewed and relayed to both Peking and Lisbon the establishment of Hong Kong in the mid-18th century. The ensuing years vindicated the warnings of the Senate’s good men; from the sidelines Macao watched the meteoric rise of the neighbouring “barren rock” into one of the biggest harbours and fi nancial markets in the world while its own prosperous trading routes in south Asia fell into decline. Social, political and historical rivalries, whether arising naturally or by provocation, were held in check by complementary benefi ts. Shared characteristics and a common past and destiny form the basis for the history of relations and comparisons between Macao and Hong Kong. Close examination reveals a society operating in parallel, or beyond, the socio-political environment on both sides of the Pearl River delta, a society governed by a single set of behaviours and ambitions. The Macanese diaspora, an informal community of business networks, friendships and blood ties spread out from Macao to Hong Kong, Shanghai and across the globe. Through his poetry, Leung Ping-kuan provides an insight into what brings the entities/identities of Hong Kong and Macao together: the habits, tastes, expectations and varying degrees of fraternity between the inhabitants of two of the most densely populated areas in the world. 4 Revista de Cultura • 23 • 2007 ATRIUM SUMÁRIO Index HONG KONG E MACAU. RELAÇÕES HISTÓRICAS E CULTURAIS * HONG KONG AND MACAO. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS 6 PRENÚNCIOS SOMBRIOS. A CONCESSÃO DE HONG KONG EXPOSTA PELOS PORTUGUESES AOS CHINESES COMO FACTOR DE PERTURBAÇÃO DA ORDEM IMPERIAL 陰沉的預兆 － 葡國人向中國人解說香港的出讓問題是擾亂皇家次序的因素 António Vasconcelos de Saldanha 14 DE MACAU PARA HONG KONG. DE HONG KONG PARA O MUNDO 從澳門到香港， 從香港走向世界 Alfredo Gomes Dias 24 A PIONEER FROM MACAO IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. “AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE OF CANDIDO GUTIERREZ (1824-1903)” 從澳門到達美國的先驅者《坎迪多‧古鐵雷斯 (1824-1903) 的自傳及回憶錄》 Rogério Miguel Puga 40 THE JOHN REEVES MEMOIR, THE LONE FLAG. LIFTING THE VEIL ON WARTIME MACAO 揭開澳門戰時的面紗－約翰‧里弗斯論文集《孤獨的旗幟》 Wilhelm Snyman 56 MY POETRY, MACAO AND THE CULTURES OF THE SEA 也斯英文詩集 Leung Ping-kwan 76 MACAO THROUGH THE “NEW POETRY” OF LEUNG PING-KWAN 梁秉鈞筆下有關澳門的新詩和著作 Christina Miu Bing Cheng 85 THE FICTION OF HENRIQUE DE SENNA FERNANDES AND LEUNG PING-KWAN. URBAN SPACE AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN MACAO AND HONG KONG. 澳門和香港的都市空間與社會變化：飛歷奇和梁秉鈞的小說 David Brookshaw HISTÓRIA * HISTORY 89 HOKKIEN MERCHANTS IN MARITIME ASIA PRIOR TO 1683. BRIDGING THE EAST OCEAN AND THE WEST OCEAN 東西洋之橋樑：一六八三年前在亞洲沿海的福建商人 James K. Chin 117 MACAU E MANILA NO ARBITRISMO IBÉRICO 在伊比利亞仲裁主義中的澳門和馬尼拉 Eduardo Frutuoso 145 RESUMOS 147 ABSTRACTS 2007 • 23 • Review of Culture 5 HONG KONG E MACAU. RELAÇÕES HISTÓRICAS E CULTURAIS Pórtico principal do Templo de Lianfeng. 6 Revista de Cultura • 23 • 2007 HONG KONG AND MACAO. HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS Prenúncios Sombrios A Concessão de Hong Kong Exposta pelos Portugueses aos Chineses como Factor de Perturbação da Ordem Imperial ANTÓNIO VASCONCELOS DE SALDANHA* As relações entre as antigas colónias portuguesa forças imperiais que tinham levado os primeiros até às de Macau e inglesa de Hong Kong foram pontuadas portas de Tianjin, o vice-rei de Sichuan, Qi Shan 琦善, ao longo da sua história por frequentes rivalidades um alto dignitário manchu da confi ança do imperador suscitadas pelo papel que uma e outra desempenharam Daoguang 道光, lograria persuadir os Ingleses a deixar ou pretenderam desempenhar no contexto político e o Norte da China e a regressar a Cantão onde seriam comercial regional.
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    Report Title - p. 1 of 707 Report Title Zabel, Eugen (Königsberg, Ostpreussen 1851-1924 Berlin) : Schriftsteller, Redakteur, Philologe Bibliographie : Autor 1904 Zabel, Eugen. Auf der sibirischen Bahn nach China. (Berlin : Allgemeiner Verein für Deutsche Literatur, 1904). https://archive.org/stream/aufdersibirisch00zabegoog#page/n9/mode/2up. [WC] Zabel, Rudolf = Zabel, Carl Hugo Rudolf (Wollin, Sachsen 1876-1939 Berlin) : Journalist Vossische Zeitung, Ostaiatischer Lloy Shanghai, Schriftsteller, Forschungsreisender Bibliographie : Autor 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Deutschland in China. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902). [WC] 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Die deutsche China-Expedition von 1897. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902) = (Bremen : Europäischer Hochschul-Verlag, 2011). [WC] 1902 Zabel, Rudolf. Durch die Mandschurei und Sibirien : Reisen und Studien. Mit 146 Abbildungen, zumeist nach photographischen Aufnahmen des Verfassers, teilweise gezeichnet von C. Arriens, und dem Portät des Verfassers. (Leipzig : G. Wigand, 1902). Zach, Erwin von = Zach, Erwin Ritter von (Wien 1872-1942 westlich von Sumatra, auf dem Weg nach Ceylon, als das Schiff durch Japan torpediert wird) : Diplomat, Sinologe Biographie 1890-1895 Erwin von Zach studiert Medizin und Naturwissenschaften an der Universität Wien. Nebenbei beschäftigt er sich mit Mathematik und Chinesisch. [Umas,Wal 8] 1895-1897 Erwin von Zach studiert Chinesisch, Tibetisch und Mandschu an der Universität Leiden. [Umas] 1897 Erwin von Zach geht nach London um das Qualifikations-Examen für den Dienst der Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs in Beijing zu erlangen. [Leh,Umas] 1897-1900 Erwin von Zach ist im Dienst der Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs, zuerst in Beijing dann in Shantou (Jiangxi). [Leh,Wal 8] 1900-1902 Erwin von Zach ist Dolmetscher am österreichisch-ungarischen Konsulat in Beijing. [Hof,Wal 8] 1902 Erwin von Zach wird Konsularattaché am österreichisch-ungarischen Konsulat in Beijing.
  • Communication, Empire, and Authority in the Qing Gazette

    Communication, Empire, and Authority in the Qing Gazette

    COMMUNICATION, EMPIRE, AND AUTHORITY IN THE QING GAZETTE by Emily Carr Mokros A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2016 © 2016 Emily Carr Mokros All rights Reserved Abstract This dissertation studies the political and cultural roles of official information and political news in late imperial China. Using a wide-ranging selection of archival, library, and digitized sources from libraries and archives in East Asia, Europe, and the United States, this project investigates the production, regulation, and reading of the Peking Gazette (dibao, jingbao), a distinctive communications channel and news publication of the Qing Empire (1644-1912). Although court gazettes were composed of official documents and communications, the Qing state frequently contracted with commercial copyists and printers in publishing and distributing them. As this dissertation shows, even as the Qing state viewed information control and dissemination as a strategic concern, it also permitted the free circulation of a huge variety of timely political news. Readers including both officials and non-officials used the gazette in order to compare judicial rulings, assess military campaigns, and follow court politics and scandals. As the first full-length study of the Qing gazette, this project shows concretely that the gazette was a powerful factor in late imperial Chinese politics and culture, and analyzes the close relationship between information and imperial practice in the Qing Empire. By arguing that the ubiquitous gazette was the most important link between the Qing state and the densely connected information society of late imperial China, this project overturns assumptions that underestimate the importance of court gazettes and the extent of popular interest in political news in Chinese history.
  • Risen from Chaos: the Development of Modern Education in China, 1905-1948

    Risen from Chaos: the Development of Modern Education in China, 1905-1948

    The London School of Economics and Political Science Risen from Chaos: the development of modern education in China, 1905-1948 Pei Gao A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, March 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 72182 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Eve Richard. Abstract My PhD thesis studies the rise of modern education in China and its underlying driving forces from the turn of the 20th century. It is motivated by one sweeping educational movement in Chinese history: the traditional Confucius teaching came to an abrupt end, and was replaced by a modern and national education model at the turn of the 20th century. This thesis provides the first systematic quantitative studies that examine the rise of education through the initial stage of its development.