Helium Liquefier
PHYS 590B presentation Julia Chang history
1877: liquefaction of oxygen 1882: liquefaction of nitrogen 1898: liquefaction of hydrogen
Louis-Paul Cailletet Raoul-Pierre Pictet Zygmunt Wroblewski Charles Olszewski James Dewar
1901: liquefaction of helium?
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the first liquefaction of helium. Benjamin Bradu. Blog: La Science pour Tous A tribute to WróbleWski and OlszeWski. Henk Kubbinga DOI: 10.1051/epn/2010402 Wikipedia: Timeline of low-temperature technology critical point
Van der Waals equation of state 푎 (푝 + 2) ∗ (푉푚 − 푏) = 푅푇 푉푚
휕푝 휕2푝 = 0, = 0 휕푉 휕푉2
27(푅푇 )2 푅푇 푎 = 퐶 , 푏 = 퐶 64푝퐶 8푝퐶
4 isotherms 1907: 푇퐶 = 5 − 6퐾 푇퐶 표푓퐻푒 = 5.2 퐾
“I had held a perfectly different opinion in consequence of the failure of Olszewski’s Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Dewar’s attempts to make helium liquid, and had even seriously considered (1853-1926) the possibility that the critical temperature of helium, might lie if not at the absolute zero-point, yet exceedingly low.”
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 Dewar flask
Matroshka dolls
liquid air
James Dewar's vacuum inner container of modern circulating alcohol flask in the museum of vacuum flask the Royal Institution terminal section of Kamerlingh Onnes’ helium liquefier
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 Wikipedia: Archivo:Russian-Matroshka Joule-Thomson principle 퐻 = 푈 + 푃푉
Inversion temperature:
휕푇 푉 µ = = (α푇 − 1) 퐽푇 휕푃 퐶 퐻 푃
J-T coefficient for N2 “Boyle-point lay somewhat above this lowest temperature of preliminary cooling (15K), and at least the foundation of the experiment was correct.”
terminal section of Kamerlingh Onnes’ helium liquefier. eco-friendly air conditioners The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 How Bangladeshi inventors are making eco-friendly air conditioners from plastic bottles. The Observers. 1908: liquefication of helium
“I gladly avail myself of the opportunity of pointing out that his (Dewar’s) ingenious discoveries, the use of silvered vacuum glasses, the liquefaction of hydrogen, the absorption of gases in charcoal at low temperatures, together with the theory of Van Der Waals, have had an important share in the liquefaction of helium.”
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 superfluity of liquid helium “It stood out sharply defined like the edge of a knife against the glass wall.”
“The triple-point pressure if it exists lies undoubtedly solid below 1 cm, perhaps also below 7 mm. According to the law of corresponding states the temperature can be estimated at about 3° K at this pressure. The viscosity of the liquid is still very slight at this temperature.”
Phase diagram of water Phase diagram of He4
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 superconductivity
1913 Noble Price of Physics for "his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium".
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 helium liquefier today
First liquefication: 10th,July,1908 4:20 PM-started 7:30 PM-60 cm3 liquid He 8:30 PM-10 cm3 liquid He (for the study of solidification) 9:40 PM-Only a few cm3 left
Price: $5/L
The liquefaction of helium. H. Kamerlingh Onnes. KNAW, Proceedings, 11, 1908-1909, Amsterdam, 1909, pp. 168-185 Take control of your helium supply, APL Thank you